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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">dsLNBzT4T5JtRt5YsxZY7YS</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00010</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2007000500010</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(07)08800510</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2007000500010</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Bases morfol&#243;gicas para o estudo do septo interatrial no feto humano</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Amaral</surname>
            <given-names>Hugo Becker</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Zielinsky</surname>
            <given-names>Paulo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Silveira</surname>
            <given-names>Aron Ferreira da</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Costabeber</surname>
            <given-names>Ijoni</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Nicoloso</surname>
            <given-names>Luiz Henrique</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Souza Filho</surname>
            <given-names>Olmiro Cezimbra de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Salum</surname>
            <given-names>Marcelo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Manica</surname>
            <given-names>Jo&#227;o Luiz</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Zanettini</surname>
            <given-names>Juliana Silveira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Costabeber</surname>
            <given-names>Ane Micheli</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <institution content-type="orgname">Instituto de Cardiologia do Rio Grande do Sul</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Unidade de Cardiologia Fetal </institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff02">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">Rio Grande do Sul</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Santa Maria</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Centro de Ci&#234;ncia da Sa&#250;de </institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Departamento de Morfologia</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>05</month>
        <year>2007</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>88</volume>
      <issue>5</issue>
      <fpage>559</fpage>
      <lpage>564</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>10</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2006</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>18</day>
          <month>10</month>
          <year>2006</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>18</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2006</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>OBJETIVO: Descrever observa&#231;&#245;es morfol&#243;gicas sobre o septo interatrial em fetos normais, especialmente o forame oval e o septo primeiro, de forma a comparar a excurs&#227;o do septo primeiro com o di&#226;metro do forame oval. M&#201;TODOS: As medidas da excurs&#227;o do septo primeiro (ESP) em dire&#231;&#227;o ao &#225;trio esquerdo (AE) e do di&#226;metro do forame oval (DFO) foram realizadas em cora&#231;&#245;es de dez fetos humanos formolizados com 28 a 36 semanas. Os cortes histol&#243;gicos foram feitos no FO, SP, septo segundo e nos AE e AD. RESULTADOS: Os resultados da an&#225;lise anat&#244;mica est&#227;o expressos em amplitude das medidas do DFO e da ESP: 3 fetos com idade gestacional (IG) presumida de 28 semanas, DFO (3,1-3,5 mm) e ESP (2,8-3,1 mm); 4 fetos com IG presumida de 34 semanas, DFO (3,3-3,5 mm) e ESP (4,0-5,0 mm); e 3 fetos com IG presumida de 36 semanas, DFO (3,3-4,5 mm) e ESP (6,0-9,0). Foram identificadas fibras musculares card&#237;acas no SP e no segundo. CONCLUS&#195;O: Pode-se sugerir que o SP apresenta car&#225;ter ativo devido &#224;s fibras musculares que o constituem, influenciando o fluxo sang&#252;&#237;neo atrav&#233;s do FO, a mobilidade do SP e a sua excurs&#227;o para o interior do AE.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>Cora&#231;&#227;o fetal</kwd>
        <kwd>septo card&#237;aco</kwd>
        <kwd>defeitos do septo atrial</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>15</day>
        <month>06</month>
        <year>2007</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>ARTIGO ORIGINAL</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Bases morfol&#243;gicas para o estudo do septo interatrial no feto humano</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Hugo Becker Amaral; Paulo Zielinsky; Aron Ferreira da Silveira; Ijoni Costabeber; Luiz Henrique Nicoloso; Olmiro Cezimbra de Souza Filho; Marcelo Salum; Jo&#227;o Luiz Manica; Juliana Silveira Zanettini; Ane Micheli Costabeber</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Unidade de Cardiologia Fetal do Instituto de Cardiologia do Rio Grande do Sul, Departamento de Morfologia do Centro de Ci&#234;ncia da Sa&#250;de da Universidade Federal de Santa Maria &#150; Porto Alegre, RS</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVO: </bold>Descrever observa&#231;&#245;es morfol&#243;gicas sobre o septo interatrial em fetos normais, especialmente o forame oval e o septo primeiro, de forma a comparar a excurs&#227;o do septo primeiro com o di&#226;metro do forame oval. </p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS: </bold>As medidas da excurs&#227;o do septo primeiro (ESP) em dire&#231;&#227;o ao &#225;trio esquerdo (AE) e do di&#226;metro do forame oval (DFO) foram realizadas em cora&#231;&#245;es de dez fetos humanos formolizados com 28 a 36 semanas. Os cortes histol&#243;gicos foram feitos no FO, SP, septo segundo e nos AE e AD. </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS: </bold>Os resultados da an&#225;lise anat&#244;mica est&#227;o expressos em amplitude das medidas do DFO e da ESP: 3 fetos com idade gestacional (IG) presumida de 28 semanas, DFO (3,1-3,5 mm) e ESP (2,8-3,1 mm); 4 fetos com IG presumida de 34 semanas, DFO (3,3-3,5 mm) e ESP (4,0-5,0 mm); e 3 fetos com IG presumida de 36 semanas, DFO (3,3-4,5 mm) e ESP (6,0-9,0). Foram identificadas fibras musculares card&#237;acas no SP e no segundo. </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#195;O: </bold>Pode-se sugerir que o SP apresenta car&#225;ter ativo devido &#224;s fibras musculares que o constituem, influenciando o fluxo sang&#252;&#237;neo atrav&#233;s do FO, a mobilidade do SP e a sua excurs&#227;o para o interior do AE.</p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave: </bold>Cora&#231;&#227;o fetal, septo card&#237;aco/anatomia e histologia, defeitos do septo atrial.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Introdu&#231;&#227;o </bold>
    </p>
    <p>O desenvolvimento embrion&#225;rio do cora&#231;&#227;o humano depende da intera&#231;&#227;o entre c&#233;lulas, especialmente as mioc&#225;rdicas e as mesenquimais<sup>1-6</sup>. Essa intera&#231;&#227;o &#233; respons&#225;vel pela diferencia&#231;&#227;o e morfog&#234;nese das regi&#245;es espec&#237;ficas card&#237;acas, dentre elas os septos card&#237;acos<sup>7-10</sup>. O coxim endoc&#225;rdico, um aglomerado de c&#233;lulas endoc&#225;rdicas e mesenquimais, &#233; a estrutura que participa diretamente da forma&#231;&#227;o dos septos card&#237;acos e das valvas atrioventriculares<sup>7,11</sup>.</p>
    <p>A septa&#231;&#227;o do &#225;trio primitivo se inicia ao final da quarta semana de gesta&#231;&#227;o por meio da forma&#231;&#227;o, modifica&#231;&#227;o e subseq&#252;ente fus&#227;o do septo primeiro e do septo segundo<sup>12</sup>. O processo de divis&#227;o do &#225;trio primitivo &#233; complexo n&#227;o s&#243; devido &#224; jun&#231;&#227;o do septo com os coxins endoc&#225;rdicos, mas tamb&#233;m devido &#224; necessidade de uma comunica&#231;&#227;o permanente que permita a passagem do fluxo de sangue do &#225;trio direito para o esquerdo<sup>12,13</sup>. O septo primeiro tem sua borda fixada aos coxins endoc&#225;rdicos, delimitando uma comunica&#231;&#227;o interatrial denominada &#243;stio ou forame primeiro que desaparece quando o septo primeiro se funde aos coxins endoc&#225;rdicos. </p>
    <p>Antes do &#243;stio primeiro desaparecer, ocorrem perfura&#231;&#245;es na parte central do septo primeiro provocadas por morte celular programada, formando o &#243;stio ou forame segundo que garante um fluxo cont&#237;nuo de sangue oxigenado do &#225;trio direito para o esquerdo proveniente do ducto venoso<sup>12</sup>. O septo segundo desenvolve-se mais lentamente, &#224; direita do septo primeiro, migrando &#224; medida que o &#243;stio primeiro se fecha e gradativamente se superpondo ao &#243;stio segundo. O septo segundo separa os &#225;trios de modo incompleto e, conseq&#252;entemente, forma-se o forame oval<sup>13</sup>.</p>
    <p>Na vida intra-uterina, o forame oval permite que a maior parte do sangue oxigenado que entra no &#225;trio direito proveniente da veia cava inferior e do ducto venoso passe para o &#225;trio esquerdo. Al&#233;m disso, impede a passagem do sangue na dire&#231;&#227;o oposta, uma vez que o septo primeiro se fecha contra o septo segundo relativamente r&#237;gido. Ap&#243;s o nascimento, o forame oval normalmente se fecha, e o septo interatrial se torna uma parede completa entre os &#225;trios<sup>12</sup>.</p>
    <p>A an&#225;lise celular do septo primeiro j&#225; demonstrou que, nos est&#225;gios iniciais do desenvolvimento, esta estrutura apresenta uma por&#231;&#227;o central muscular, em que os mi&#243;citos t&#234;m &#237;ntimo contato entre si<sup>14</sup>. Al&#233;m dos mi&#243;citos, j&#225; foi descrita a presen&#231;a de tecido mesenquimal no septo primeiro<sup>14-16</sup> e, revestindo o septo primeiro, tem-se o endoc&#225;rdio, composto de c&#233;lulas alongadas e achatadas<sup>17</sup>.</p>
    <p>Estudos ecocardiogr&#225;ficos com Doppler em cores t&#234;m possibilitado in&#250;meros avan&#231;os no campo da fisiologia cardiocirculat&#243;ria fetal, e o conhecimento do mecanismo funcional do forame oval se constitui num dos mais importantes.</p>
    <p>Em trabalhos pr&#233;vios, nosso grupo estudou a mobilidade do septo primeiro, sua evolu&#231;&#227;o durante a vida intra-uterina<sup>18</sup>, sua rela&#231;&#227;o com a presen&#231;a de extra-s&#237;stoles atriais<sup>19,20</sup> e com a fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo<sup>21</sup>. Para avaliar quantitativamente a excurs&#227;o do septo primeiro a cada ciclo card&#237;aco, &#233; medida a excurs&#227;o m&#225;xima do septo primeiro em dire&#231;&#227;o ao &#225;trio esquerdo num corte de 4 c&#226;maras. Foi criado um "&#146;&#237;ndice de excurs&#227;o" do septo primeiro, que relaciona a excurs&#227;o m&#225;xima do septo primeiro ao di&#226;metro atrial esquerdo<sup>20,21</sup>.</p>
    <p>Constituiu-se no objetivo deste trabalho a descri&#231;&#227;o de observa&#231;&#245;es morfol&#243;gicas sobre o septo interatrial em fetos normais, especialmente o forame oval e o septo primeiro, de forma a comparar a excurs&#227;o do septo primeiro com o di&#226;metro do forame oval.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#233;todos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Para a avalia&#231;&#227;o anat&#244;mica foram realizadas as medidas da excurs&#227;o m&#225;xima do septo primeiro em dire&#231;&#227;o ao &#225;trio esquerdo e do di&#226;metro do forame oval dos cora&#231;&#245;es de dez fetos humanos formolizados do acervo do Laborat&#243;rio de Anatomia do Feto e do Rec&#233;m-nascido do Departamento de Morfologia - Centro de Ci&#234;ncias da Sa&#250;de da Universidade com idades gestacionais aproximadas entre 28 e 36 semanas.</p>
    <p>A dissec&#231;&#227;o anat&#244;mica foi efetuada de acordo com a t&#233;cnica convencional, com a retirada dos pulm&#245;es e do cora&#231;&#227;o em monobloco. Subseq&#252;entemente, procedeu-se &#224; ressec&#231;&#227;o dos pulm&#245;es ao n&#237;vel dos hilos e &#224; sec&#231;&#227;o do cora&#231;&#227;o transversalmente ao septo interventricular no sentido do &#225;pice para a base, visualizando-se as cavidades ventriculares com a abertura da parede dos &#225;trios, expondo o septo primeiro, o septo segundo e o forame oval. A medida da excurs&#227;o m&#225;xima do septo primeiro e do di&#226;metro do forame oval foi realizada sob a vis&#227;o de um colposc&#243;pio com 13 aumentos utilizando-se um instrumento de medida adaptado (compasso com duas extremidades met&#225;licas pontiagudas). </p>
    <p>A excurs&#227;o do septo primeiro foi medida apoiando-se uma das extremidades do instrumento de medida no septo segundo e a outra extremidade do instrumento no meio da borda livre do septo primeiro, o qual foi afastado em dire&#231;&#227;o ao &#225;trio esquerdo at&#233; a sua excurs&#227;o m&#225;xima, sem deforma&#231;&#227;o da arquitetura estrutural vizinha. </p>
    <p>A medida do di&#226;metro do forame oval foi efetuada em um &#226;ngulo de 90&#176; em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; medida da excurs&#227;o do septo primeiro, correspondendo a uma linha entre as implanta&#231;&#245;es do septo primeiro. </p>
    <p>Os cortes histol&#243;gicos foram feitos ao n&#237;vel do forame oval, no septo primeiro, no septo segundo e nos &#225;trios direito e esquerdo. As l&#226;minas foram coradas pelo m&#233;todo da hematoxilina-eosina e pela t&#233;cnica de Goldner, em verde claro, para o tecido subendoc&#225;rdico e subepic&#225;rdico. </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Resultados</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Os resultados obtidos na medi&#231;&#227;o das estruturas anat&#244;micas observadas nos cora&#231;&#245;es fetais formolizados s&#227;o observados na <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01">tabela 1</xref>. </p>
    <table-wrap id="tab01">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-05-0559-00010-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>Histologicamente, a observa&#231;&#227;o do septo primeiro e do septo segundo desde a base at&#233; o &#225;pice (corte longitudinal) permitiu a identifica&#231;&#227;o de fibras musculares card&#237;acas em ambos, deduzindo-se que tem contratilidade. Foi poss&#237;vel, ainda, a visualiza&#231;&#227;o de vasos sang&#252;&#237;neos respons&#225;veis pela nutri&#231;&#227;o nesses locais e a presen&#231;a de nervos e neur&#244;nios intramurais do sistema neurovegetativo. Os cortes macro e microsc&#243;picos e suas descri&#231;&#245;es s&#227;o observados nas <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig01">figuras 1 a 7</xref>. </p>
    <fig id="fig01">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-05-0559-00010-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-05-0559-00010-e01.jpg"/></p>
    <p>
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-05-0559-00010-e02.jpg"/></p>
    <p>
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-05-0559-00010-e03.jpg"/></p>
    <p>
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-05-0559-00010-e04.jpg"/></p>
    <p>
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-05-0559-00010-e05.jpg"/></p>
    <p>
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-05-0559-00010-e06.jpg"/></p>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O septo primeiro funciona como uma v&#225;lvula para o fechamento do forame oval quando ocorre a contra&#231;&#227;o atrial durante a vida fetal. Durante a di&#225;stole, o septo primeiro protrui para dentro do &#225;trio esquerdo, permitindo o m&#225;ximo de abertura e de fluxo da direita para a esquerda<sup>22,23</sup>.</p>
    <p>O comportamento ecocardiogr&#225;fico do septo primeiro durante a vida fetal j&#225; foi avaliado por estudos pr&#233;vios de nosso grupo. A rela&#231;&#227;o da mobilidade do septo primeiro com a presen&#231;a de extra-s&#237;stoles atriais foi avaliada em um estudo comparando um grupo de fetos com extra-s&#237;stoles atriais e um grupo de fetos controles normais. Atrav&#233;s do &#237;ndice de redund&#226;ncia (IR), par&#226;metro que &#233; obtido pela raz&#227;o entre a m&#225;xima excurs&#227;o do septo primeiro e o m&#225;ximo di&#226;metro atrial esquerdo na proje&#231;&#227;o de quatro c&#226;maras no ecocardiograma fetal, pode-se observar que, em fetos apresentando extra-s&#237;stoles atriais durante a vida intra-uterina, o septo primeiro apresenta-se mais redundante<sup>16</sup>.</p>
    <p>A mobilidade do septo primeiro tamb&#233;m j&#225; foi observada como par&#226;metro de fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica esquerda. Considerando-se que a mobilidade do septo primeiro pode refletir modifica&#231;&#245;es relacionadas com a press&#227;o atrial esquerda, altera&#231;&#245;es no relaxamento e/ou na complac&#234;ncia do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo podem alterar o comportamento daquela estrutura. Usando-se grupos de fetos de m&#227;es diab&#233;ticas com hipertrofia mioc&#225;rdica septal como modelo de redu&#231;&#227;o da complac&#234;ncia e do relaxamento ventricular esquerdo, pode-se observar que nesta situa&#231;&#227;o a excurs&#227;o do septo primeiro est&#225; reduzida. A hipertrofia deve instalar-se, tamb&#233;m, no septo primeiro. Dessa forma, quanto maior a hipertrofia mioc&#225;rdica do septo interventricular, mais restri&#231;&#227;o ao enchimento ventricular esquerdo e menor a excurs&#227;o do septo primeiro para o interior do &#225;trio esquerdo durante o ciclo card&#237;aco<sup>20,21</sup>. Nesse mesmo estudo, foi sugerido que a excurs&#227;o do septo primeiro possa ser utilizada como &#237;ndice de fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica ventricular mais adequado que os classicamente aceitos, uma vez que apresenta uma rela&#231;&#227;o inversa mais estreita com a hipertrofia do septo interventricular do que os fluxos valvares atrioventriculares.</p>
    <p>Em estudo previamente realizado, tamb&#233;m se observou que a excurs&#227;o m&#225;xima do septo primeiro est&#225; aumentada durante a respira&#231;&#227;o fetal, tendo sido este achado relacionado com um aumento da distensibilidade ventricular esquerda em virtude dos movimentos respirat&#243;rios<sup>24</sup>.</p>
    <p>A hip&#243;tese mais recentemente levantada por nosso grupo tenta explorar a id&#233;ia de que a composi&#231;&#227;o morfol&#243;gica do septo primeiro exerceria influ&#234;ncia direta sobre o seu comportamento ecocardiogr&#225;fico, mais precisamente sobre a sua mobilidade, refletindo no seu &#237;ndice de excurs&#227;o. </p>
    <p>Cada etapa na forma&#231;&#227;o do septo primeiro est&#225; diretamente relacionada com o seu papel na circula&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca fetal. Sua estrutura&#231;&#227;o histol&#243;gica exerce influ&#234;ncia direta sobre o seu comportamento frente ao fluxo sang&#252;&#237;neo que atravessa o forame oval<sup>25,26</sup>.</p>
    <p>Dessa forma, pode-se sugerir que o septo primeiro apresenta car&#225;ter ativo, comportamento este que deve influenciar o fluxo sang&#252;&#237;neo atrav&#233;s do forame oval. Al&#233;m disso, a pr&#243;pria mobilidade do septo primeiro e sua excurs&#227;o para o interior do &#225;trio esquerdo comportam-se n&#227;o somente sob a influ&#234;ncia da press&#227;o atrial esquerda, mas tamb&#233;m de acordo com a contra&#231;&#227;o das fibras musculares que o constituem.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Agradecimentos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>S&#233;rgio Oliveira Silveira, T&#233;cnico de laborat&#243;rio, Departamento de Morfologia, CCS, UFSM.</p>
    <p><bold>Financiamento:</bold> FAPERGS &#150; Funda&#231;&#227;o de Amparo &#224; Pesquisa do Estado do RS, CAPES e CNPq.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesses</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflitos de interesses pertinentes.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="end" fn-type="corresp">
        <label>
          <bold>Correspond&#234;ncia:</bold>
        </label>
        <p> Luiz Henrique Nicoloso </p>
        <p> Av. Princesa Isabel, 370 </p>
        <p> 90620-001 &#150; Porto Alegre, RS </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="zielinsky.pesquisa@cardiologia.org.br">zielinsky.pesquisa@cardiologia.org.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p> Artigo recebido em 18/06/06; revisado recebido em 18/10/06; aceito em 10/11/06.</p>
  </body>
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  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Morphological basis for the study of the interatrial septum in the human fetus</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>OBJECTIVE: To describe morphological features of the interatrial septum in normal fetuses, especially foramen ovale (FO) and septum primum (SP), in order to compare septum primum excursion with foramen ovale diameter. METHODS: Septum primum excursion (SPE) toward the left atrium (LA) and foramen ovale diameter (FOD) were measured in the hearts of ten formaldehyde-fixed human fetuses ranging from 28 to 36 weeks of gestation. Histological sections were obtained from the foramen ovale (FO), septum primum (SP), septum secundum (SS), left atrium (LA), and right atrium (RA). RESULTS: FOD and SPE measurements were the following: FOD 3.1-3.5 mm and SPE 2.8-3.1 mm in three fetuses with presumed gestational age (GA) of 28 weeks; FOD 3.3-3.5 mm, and SP excursion 4.0-5.0 mm in four fetuses with presumed GA of 34 weeks, plus FOD 3.3-4.5 mm and SPE 6.0-9.0 in three fetuses with presumed GA of 36 weeks. Cardiac muscular fibers were identified in both the septum primum and secundum. CONCLUSION: Based on its muscular components, it may be suggested that SP is active in character, influencing blood flow through the FO, SP mobility, and its excursion into the LA.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Fetal heart</kwd>
        <kwd>heart septum</kwd>
        <kwd>heart septal defects, atrial</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>ORIGINAL ARTICLE</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Morphological basis for the study of the interatrial septum in the human fetus</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Hugo Becker Amaral; Paulo Zielinsky; Aron Ferreira da Silveira; Ijoni Costabeber; Luiz Henrique Nicoloso; Olmiro Cezimbra de Souza Filho; Marcelo Salum; Jo&#227;o Luiz Manica; Juliana Silveira Zanettini; Ane Micheli Costabeber</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Fetal Cardiology Unit of the Cardiology Institute of Rio Grande do Sul, and the Morphology Department of the Health Sciences Center of the Federal University of Santa Maria &#150; Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil</p>
      <p>
        <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end-body2">Mailing address</xref>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>SUMMARY</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVE: </bold>To describe morphological features of the interatrial septum in normal fetuses, especially foramen ovale (FO) and septum primum (SP), in order to compare septum primum excursion with foramen ovale diameter.</p>
      <p><bold>METHODS:</bold> Septum primum excursion (SPE) toward the left atrium (LA) and foramen ovale diameter (FOD) were measured in the hearts of ten formaldehyde-fixed human fetuses ranging from 28 to 36 weeks of gestation. Histological sections were obtained from the foramen ovale (FO), septum primum (SP), septum secundum (SS), left atrium (LA), and right atrium (RA).</p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS: </bold>FOD and SPE measurements were the following: FOD 3.1-3.5 mm and SPE 2.8-3.1 mm in three fetuses with presumed gestational age (GA) of 28 weeks; FOD 3.3-3.5 mm, and SP excursion 4.0-5.0 mm in four fetuses with presumed GA of 34 weeks, plus FOD 3.3-4.5 mm and SPE 6.0-9.0 in three fetuses with presumed GA of 36 weeks. Cardiac muscular fibers were identified in both the septum primum and secundum.</p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSION: </bold>Based on its muscular components, it may be suggested that SP is active in character, influencing blood flow through the FO, SP mobility, and its excursion into the LA.</p>
      <p><bold>Key words: </bold>Fetal heart, heart septum/anatomy &amp; histology, heart septal defects, atrial.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Introduction</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Embryonic development of the human heart depends on cell-cell interaction, particularly myocardial and mesenchymal cells<sup>1-6</sup>. This interaction accounts for the differentiation and morphogenesis of specific areas in the heart, among them cardiac septa<sup>7-10</sup>. The endocardial cushion, a clustering of endocardial and mesenchymal cells, plays a direct role in cardiac septa and atrioventricular valve formation<sup>7,11</sup>.</p>
      <p>Partitioning of the primitive atrium begins at the end of the fourth gestational week through formation, modification, and subsequent fusion of the septum primum and septum secundum<sup>12</sup>. The primitive atrium division process is complex not only because the septus primum fuses with endocardial cushions, but also because permanent communication must exist to allow blood flow from the right to the left atrium<sup>12,13</sup>. The septum primum edge is attached to endocardial cushions, delimiting an interatrial communication called ostium or foramen primum, which disappears after fusion of the septum primum to the endocardial cushions<sup>12,13</sup>.</p>
      <p>Before the ostium primum disappears, numerous perforations caused by programmed cell death develop at the center of septum primum, forming the ostium or foramen secundum, which serves as a shunt for oxygenated blood from the ductus venosus to pass from the right to the left atrium<sup>12</sup>. The septum secundum develops more slowly, to the right of the septum primum, migrating as the ostium primum closes and gradually overlapping the ostium secundum. Septum secundum separates the atria incompletely, thereby forming the foramen ovale<sup>13</sup>. </p>
      <p>During intrauterine life, the foramen ovale allows most oxygenated blood entering the right atrium from the inferior vena cava and ductus venosus to pass into the left atrium. It also prevents blood from flowing in the opposite direction, because the septum primum closes against a relatively rigid septum secundum. After birth, the foramen ovale usually closes, and the interatrial septum completely separates atrial chambers<sup>12</sup>. </p>
      <p>Cell analysis has demonstrated that, during the first developmental stages, septum primum has a muscular central portion in which myocytes are in close contact<sup>14</sup>. In addition to myocytes, there is also the aforementioned presence of mesenchymal tissue in the septum primum<sup>14-16</sup>. The septum primum is covered by the endocardium, which is made up of elongated and flattened cells<sup>17</sup>.</p>
      <p>Color Doppler echocardiography has led to major advances in the field of fetal heart and circulatory physiology; therefore, understanding the functional mechanism of foramen ovale is of prime importance.</p>
      <p>In earlier studies, our team analyzed septum primum mobility, its development during intrauterine life<sup>18</sup>, and its relationship with the presence of atrial extrasystoles<sup>19,20</sup> and left ventricular diastolic function<sup>21</sup>. To evaluate septum primum excursion quantitatively at every cardiac cycle, its maximal excursion toward the left atrium is measured in a four-chamber view. An "excursion index" of septum primum was created to correlate its maximal excursion to left atrial diameter<sup>20,21</sup>.</p>
      <p>This study aimed at describing morphological features of the interatrial septum in normal fetuses, especially foramen ovale and septum primum, to compare septum primum excursion with foramen ovale diameter. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Methods</bold>
      </p>
      <p>For anatomical evaluation, both septum primum maximal excursion toward the left atrium and foramen ovale diameter were measured in the hearts of ten formaldehyde-preserved human fetuses (gestational ages between 28 and 36 weeks) from the <italic>Laborat&#243;rio de Anatomia do Feto e do Rec&#233;m-nascido do Departamento de Morfologia do Centro de Ci&#234;ncias da Sa&#250;de da Universidade</italic> (Fetal and New-born Anatomy Laboratory of the Morphology Department of the University&#146;s Health Sciences Center).</p>
      <p>Anatomical dissection was performed according to standard technique, with <italic>en bloc</italic> resection of the heart and lungs. The lungs were then resected at the level of the pulmonary hila, and the heart was cut transversely to the interventricular septum from the apex to the base, allowing ventricular cavities to be visualized by opening the atrial wall and exposing the septum primum, septum secundum, and foramen ovale. Septum primum maximal excursion and foramen ovale diameter were measured under a colposcope with 13x magnification using an adapted measurement device (a caliper with two sharp metal ends).</p>
      <p>Septum primum excursion was measured by fixing one of the ends of the measurement device in the septum secundum and the other in the middle of the free edge of the septum primum, which was pushed toward the left atrium as far as its maximal excursion, without deforming neighboring structures. </p>
      <p>Foramen ovale diameter was measured at a 90&#176; angle in relation to the septum primum excursion measurement, corresponding to a line between septum primum implantation sites. </p>
      <p>Histological sections were obtained from the foramen ovale, septum primum, septum secundum, left atrium, and right atrium. Subendocardial and subepicardial tissue slides were stained using the hematoxylin-eosin method and Goldner&#146;s technique, in light green solution. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Results</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The anatomical measurements of the formaldehyde-preserved fetal hearts are presented in <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01-body2">Table 1</xref>.</p>
      <table-wrap id="tab01-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-05-0559-00010-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>Histological examination of septum primum and septum secundum from the base to the apex (longitudinal section) allowed identification of cardiac muscular fibers in both structures and, hence, the presence of contractility. It also enabled visualization of blood vessels supplying these sites, in addition to intramural nerves and neurons of the neurovegetative system. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig01-body2">Figures 1 through 7</xref> show the macroscopic and microscopic sections and their descriptions.</p>
      <fig id="fig01-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-05-0559-00010-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-05-0559-00010-e01-en.jpg"/></p>
      <p>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-05-0559-00010-e02-en.jpg"/></p>
      <p>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-05-0559-00010-e03-en.jpg"/></p>
      <p>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-05-0559-00010-e04-en.jpg"/></p>
      <p>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-05-0559-00010-e05-en.jpg"/></p>
      <p>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-05-0559-00010-e06-en.jpg"/></p>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>During fetal life, septum primum acts as a valve that closes the foramen ovale when atrial contractions occur. During diastole, septum primum bulges into the left atrium, allowing maximal opening and right-to-left flow<sup>22,23</sup>.</p>
      <p>In previous studies, our team evaluated septum primum echocardiographic behavior during fetal life. The relationship between septum primum mobility and the presence of atrial extrasystoles was assessed in a study comparing a group of fetuses with atrial extrasystoles and a control group of normal fetuses. The redundancy index (RI), defined as the ratio between septum primum maximal excursion and left atrial maximal diameter on fetal echocardiogram (four-chamber view), showed that septum primum is more redundant in fetuses with atrial extrasystoles during intrauterine life<sup>16</sup>. </p>
      <p>Septum primum mobility has proved to be an indicator of left diastolic function. Taking into account that septum primum mobility may reflect changes related to left atrial pressure, alterations in left ventricular relaxation and/or compliance may affect the behavior of the former. With the use of groups of fetuses of diabetic mothers with septal myocardial hypertrophy as a model for decreased left ventricular compliance and relaxation it was noted that, in this situation, septum primum excursion is reduced. Septum primum may also develop hypertrophy. Therefore, the greater the myocardial hypertrophy in the interventricular septum, the more restricted the left ventricular filling and the shorter the septum primum excursion into the left atrium during the cardiac cycle<sup>20,21</sup>. In this same study, it has been suggested that septum primum excursion may be a more suitable index for ventricular diastolic function than those traditionally accepted, since it shows an inverse relationship with interventricular septal hypertrophy and is easier to perform than the atrioventricular valve flow analysis.</p>
      <p>In an earlier study, it was also found that septum primum maximal excursion is increased during fetal breathing, a finding that was related to an increase in left ventricular distensibility due to respiratory movements<sup>24</sup>. </p>
      <p>The most recent hypothesis raised by our team attempts to explore the notion that the morphological composition of septum primum would directly influence its echocardiographic behavior, most notably its mobility, thereby reflecting its excursion index. </p>
      <p>Each stage during septum primum formation is directly related to its role in fetal heart circulation. Its histological structure directly affects its behavior on blood flow that cross the foramen ovale<sup>25,26</sup>.</p>
      <p>Thus, it may be suggested that septum primum is active in character, and this behavior may influence the blood flow through the foramen ovale. Moreover, septum primum mobility itself, as well as its excursion into the left atrium, depends not only on left atrial pressure, but also on its muscle fibers.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Acknowledgements</bold>
      </p>
      <p>We would like to thank S&#233;rgio Oliveira Silveira, laboratory technician, Department of Morphology, CCS, UFSM.</p>
      <p><bold>Supported by:</bold> FAPERGS &#150; Funda&#231;&#227;o de Amparo &#224; Pesquisa do Estado do RS, CAPES and CNPq.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
      </p>
      <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fn id="end-body2" fn-type="corresp">
          <label>
            <bold>Mailing address:</bold>
          </label>
          <p> Luiz Henrique Nicoloso</p>
          <p> Av. Princesa Isabel, 370 </p>
          <p> 90620-001 &#150; Porto Alegre, RS - Brazil</p>
          <p> E-mail: </p>
          <p>
            <email xlink:href="zielinsky.pesquisa@cardiologia.org.br">zielinsky.pesquisa@cardiologia.org.br</email>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p> Manuscript received June 18, 2006; revised manuscript received October 18, 2006; accepted November 10, 2006.</p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
