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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">MS5Lv5c53kcLBS5r3f3dGrt</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00009</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2007000500009</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(07)08800509</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2007000500009</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Reserva de fluxo coronariano na anemia falciforme</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Souza J&#250;nior</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233; Le&#227;o de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Rodrigues</surname>
            <given-names>Ana Clara Tude</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Buck</surname>
            <given-names>Paula C&#225;ssia</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Guallandro</surname>
            <given-names>Sandra F&#225;tima Menosi</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Mady</surname>
            <given-names>Charles</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff02">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">FM </institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="state">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">FM </institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>05</month>
        <year>2007</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>88</volume>
      <issue>5</issue>
      <fpage>552</fpage>
      <lpage>558</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>16</day>
          <month>10</month>
          <year>2006</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>16</day>
          <month>10</month>
          <year>2006</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>24</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2006</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>FUNDAMENTO: Pacientes com anemia falciforme (FAL) apresentam freq&#252;entemente epis&#243;dios de dor precordial, possuem altera&#231;&#245;es eletrocardiogr&#225;ficas em repouso e exibem altera&#231;&#245;es da estrutura e das fun&#231;&#245;es card&#237;acas. OBJETIVO: Avaliar o efeito dos epis&#243;dios repetitivos de vaso-oclus&#227;o sobre a microcircula&#231;&#227;o coronariana. M&#201;TODOS: Pacientes est&#225;veis com FAL (n = 10, cinco mulheres, 24,4 + 5,4 anos) foram submetidos a medida das velocidades de fluxo coronariano e da reserva de fluxo coronariano (RFC) na art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria descendente anterior por meio de ecocardiografia transesof&#225;gica em estado basal e ap&#243;s hiperemia m&#225;xima, obtida com adenosina intravenosa. Esses pacientes foram comparados a pacientes com tra&#231;o falciforme (TRA, n = 10, cinco mulheres, 27,7 + 3,2 anos), anemia ferropriva (FER, n = 8, oito mulheres, 26,6 + 5,2 anos) e grupo controle (NOR, n = 10, cinco mulheres, 26,3 + 6,3 anos). RESULTADOS: O grupo FAL apresentou aumento das velocidades de fluxo coronariano diast&#243;lico (p &lt; 0,01) em estado basal e durante hiperemia m&#225;xima (67,3 + 14,0 cm/s e 198,2 + 37,9 cm/s, respectivamente), quando comparado aos tr&#234;s outros grupos (TRA, 34,4 + 11,9 cm/s e 114,7 + 36,4 cm/s; FER, 42,4 + 10,4 cm/s e 141,0 + 18,7 cm/s e NOR, 38,1 + 10,0 cm/s e 126,8 + 24,6 cm/s). Entretanto, a RFC foi normal no grupo FAL (3,0 + 0,7) e compar&#225;vel (p = 0,70) aos demais grupos (TRA, 3,4 + 0,8; FER, 3,5 + 1,2 e NOR, 3,4 + 0,8). CONCLUS&#195;O: Apesar de maiores velocidades de fluxo coronariano j&#225; em estado basal e tamb&#233;m durante hiperemia m&#225;xima, a RFC &#233; normal na FAL, o que sugere integridade da microcircula&#231;&#227;o coronariana. Os epis&#243;dios de vaso-oclus&#227;o n&#227;o s&#227;o respons&#225;veis pelos achados cardiol&#243;gicos da doen&#231;a.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>Anemia falciforme</kwd>
        <kwd>microcircula&#231;&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>ecocardiografia</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>15</day>
        <month>06</month>
        <year>2007</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>ARTIGO ORIGINAL</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Reserva de fluxo coronariano na anemia falciforme</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Jos&#233; Le&#227;o de Souza J&#250;nior<sup>I</sup>; Ana Clara Tude Rodrigues<sup>I</sup>; Paula C&#225;ssia Buck<sup>I</sup>; Sandra F&#225;tima Menosi Guallandro<sup>II</sup>; Charles Mady<sup>I</sup></bold>
    </p>
    <p><sup>I</sup>Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas &#150; FMUSP </p>
    <p><sup>II</sup>Disciplina de Hematologia e Hemoterapia do HC &#150; FMUSP - S&#227;o Paulo, SP</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>FUNDAMENTO: </bold>Pacientes com anemia falciforme (FAL) apresentam freq&#252;entemente epis&#243;dios de dor precordial, possuem altera&#231;&#245;es eletrocardiogr&#225;ficas em repouso e exibem altera&#231;&#245;es da estrutura e das fun&#231;&#245;es card&#237;acas. </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVO: </bold>Avaliar o efeito dos epis&#243;dios repetitivos de vaso-oclus&#227;o sobre a microcircula&#231;&#227;o coronariana. </p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS: </bold>Pacientes est&#225;veis com FAL (n = 10, cinco mulheres, 24,4 + 5,4 anos) foram submetidos a medida das velocidades de fluxo coronariano e da reserva de fluxo coronariano (RFC) na art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria descendente anterior por meio de ecocardiografia transesof&#225;gica em estado basal e ap&#243;s hiperemia m&#225;xima, obtida com adenosina intravenosa. Esses pacientes foram comparados a pacientes com tra&#231;o falciforme (TRA, n = 10, cinco mulheres, 27,7 + 3,2 anos), anemia ferropriva (FER, n = 8, oito mulheres, 26,6 + 5,2 anos) e grupo controle (NOR, n = 10, cinco mulheres, 26,3 + 6,3 anos). </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS: </bold>O grupo FAL apresentou aumento das velocidades de fluxo coronariano diast&#243;lico (p &lt; 0,01) em estado basal e durante hiperemia m&#225;xima (67,3 + 14,0 cm/s e 198,2 + 37,9 cm/s, respectivamente), quando comparado aos tr&#234;s outros grupos (TRA, 34,4 + 11,9 cm/s e 114,7 + 36,4 cm/s; FER, 42,4 + 10,4 cm/s e 141,0 + 18,7 cm/s e NOR, 38,1 + 10,0 cm/s e 126,8 + 24,6 cm/s). Entretanto, a RFC foi normal no grupo FAL (3,0 + 0,7) e compar&#225;vel (p = 0,70) aos demais grupos (TRA, 3,4 + 0,8; FER, 3,5 + 1,2 e NOR, 3,4 + 0,8). </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#195;O: </bold>Apesar de maiores velocidades de fluxo coronariano j&#225; em estado basal e tamb&#233;m durante hiperemia m&#225;xima, a RFC &#233; normal na FAL, o que sugere integridade da microcircula&#231;&#227;o coronariana. Os epis&#243;dios de vaso-oclus&#227;o n&#227;o s&#227;o respons&#225;veis pelos achados cardiol&#243;gicos da doen&#231;a. </p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave: </bold>Anemia falciforme, microcircula&#231;&#227;o, ecocardiografia.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A doen&#231;a falciforme &#233; a altera&#231;&#227;o hematol&#243;gica heredit&#225;ria de maior preval&#234;ncia no mundo. Seu gen&#243;tipo anemia falciforme (FAL) representa a forma cl&#237;nica de maior gravidade, com incid&#234;ncia estimada de 1:300 a 1:600 nascimentos de crian&#231;as da ra&#231;a negra<sup>1</sup>. Entretanto, em decorr&#234;ncia da constante miscigena&#231;&#227;o entre os povos, essa doen&#231;a atualmente n&#227;o est&#225; restrita apenas a essa ra&#231;a. Desde o primeiro ano de vida, pacientes com FAL manifestam anemia hemol&#237;tica e fen&#244;menos repetitivos de oclus&#227;o microvascular, o que resulta em isquemia tecidual e conseq&#252;ente les&#227;o org&#226;nica cr&#244;nica. Desse modo, a FAL reduz progressivamente a qualidade e a expectativa de vida<sup>2</sup>.</p>
    <p>A doen&#231;a cardiovascular &#233; uma manifesta&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica freq&#252;ente da FAL e contribui para o aumento da morbidade e da mortalidade desses pacientes. As altera&#231;&#245;es cardiovasculares presentes na FAL s&#227;o mais intensas e persistentes que as produzidas por outras formas de anemia<sup>3</sup>. J&#225; na inf&#226;ncia, todos os pacientes com FAL apresentam hipertrofia card&#237;aca e iniciam progressiva dilata&#231;&#227;o das c&#226;maras card&#237;acas, em especial do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo<sup>4,5</sup>. Al&#233;m disso, estudos histol&#243;gicos t&#234;m demonstrado presen&#231;a de les&#245;es degenerativas nas miofibrilas card&#237;acas e displasia fibromuscular das arter&#237;olas coron&#225;rias<sup>6,7</sup>.</p>
    <p>As altera&#231;&#245;es card&#237;acas encontradas na FAL t&#234;m sido atribu&#237;das &#224; presen&#231;a cr&#244;nica de anemia, sendo secund&#225;rias a sobrecarga de volume e a s&#237;ndrome de alto d&#233;bito card&#237;aco. Por outro lado, as repetidas oclus&#245;es da microcircula&#231;&#227;o coronariana pelos epis&#243;dios de falciza&#231;&#227;o tamb&#233;m podem caracterizar um evento decisivo nos achados card&#237;acos da doen&#231;a. Como v&#225;rios estudos t&#234;m apontado presen&#231;a de isquemia mioc&#225;rdica na FAL, tanto em crian&#231;as como em adultos sem fatores de risco para aterosclerose<sup>8-10</sup>, j&#225; foi proposta a exist&#234;ncia de uma cardiomiopatia falc&#234;mica<sup>11</sup>. Entretanto, at&#233; o presente momento, n&#227;o existem estudos que tenham avaliado a integridade funcional da microcircula&#231;&#227;o coronariana na FAL.</p>
    <p>A reserva de fluxo coronariano (RFC) avaliada pela ecocardiografia Doppler transesof&#225;gica (ETE) tem sido vastamente usada para estudo da integridade da microcircula&#231;&#227;o coronariana em v&#225;rias doen&#231;as<sup>12-14</sup>. Trata-se de um exame seguro, extensivamente validado, com alta resolu&#231;&#227;o espacial e que pode ser utilizado de maneira seriada. O objetivo deste estudo, por meio do uso dessa t&#233;cnica, foi avaliar o papel da microcircula&#231;&#227;o coronariana no desenvolvimento das anormalidades card&#237;acas encontradas na FAL.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#233;todos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Foram estudados, de forma prospectiva, 38 indiv&#237;duos de ambos os sexos, com idade superior a 18 anos (varia&#231;&#227;o de 19 a 39 anos). Do total de pacientes, 10 com FAL e 10 com tra&#231;o falciforme (TRA) foram randomicamente selecionados do ambulat&#243;rio da Disciplina de Hematologia e Hemoterapia do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo. Os pacientes encontravam-se clinicamente est&#225;veis, sem crises &#225;lgicas, interna&#231;&#245;es hospitalares ou transfus&#245;es sangu&#237;neas nos &#250;ltimos tr&#234;s meses que antecederam a realiza&#231;&#227;o do estudo. Nenhum paciente recebia medica&#231;&#227;o citot&#243;xica, como hidroxiur&#233;ia. Pacientes com TRA encontravam-se assintom&#225;ticos e n&#227;o apresentavam anormalidades laboratoriais, como anemia ou altera&#231;&#245;es morfol&#243;gicas das hem&#225;cias. O diagn&#243;stico de ambas as doen&#231;as foi confirmado por meio de eletroforese de hemoglobina (Hb).</p>
    <p>Oito pacientes do sexo feminino com anemia ferropriva cr&#244;nica (FER) e 10 indiv&#237;duos saud&#225;veis (NOR) foram consecutivamente selecionados do Banco de Sangue do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo. A FER foi confirmada pela presen&#231;a de Hb &lt; 12 g/dL, volume corpuscular m&#233;dio das hem&#225;cias (VCM) &lt; 82 &#181;<sup>3</sup>, ferritina s&#233;rica &lt; 9 ng/mL e satura&#231;&#227;o da transferrina &lt; 16%. As pacientes com FER exibiam sintomas atribu&#237;veis &#224; anemia h&#225; mais de um ano, estando cronicamente adaptadas &#224; mesma. A anemia foi ocasionada por hipermenorr&#233;ia secund&#225;ria a mioma uterino em cinco pacientes e defici&#234;ncia alimentar nas demais mulheres. O grupo NOR foi constitu&#237;do por volunt&#225;rios doadores de sangue assintom&#225;ticos, que realizaram a &#250;ltima doa&#231;&#227;o em um intervalo superior a tr&#234;s meses de sua inclus&#227;o no estudo.</p>
    <p>Pacientes com hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica e pulmonar, diabetes, dislipidemia, doen&#231;a da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria ou hist&#243;ria de dor precordial, asma ou doen&#231;a pulmonar obstrutiva, doen&#231;a esof&#225;gica, insufici&#234;ncia renal, acidente vascular cerebral, gravidez, presen&#231;a de anticorpos contra v&#237;rus da imunodefici&#234;ncia humana, alcoolismo e tabagismo n&#227;o foram inclu&#237;dos no estudo. </p>
    <p>O estudo foi realizado de acordo com os termos da Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinque e aprovado pela Comiss&#227;o de &#201;tica em Pesquisa do Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o. Termo de consentimento por escrito foi obtido de todos os participantes do estudo.</p>
    <p><italic>Avalia&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica - </italic>Os participantes do estudo foram submetidos a anamnese e exame f&#237;sico completos, eletrocardiografia de 12 deriva&#231;&#245;es, oximetria de pulso, an&#225;lise de urina, radiografia de t&#243;rax, eletroforese de Hb e testes sangu&#237;neos para an&#225;lise do perfil tanto hematol&#243;gico como bioqu&#237;mico.</p>
    <p><italic>Estudo ecocardiogr&#225;fico - </italic>Os participantes foram submetidos a dieta para alimentos contendo xantinas 24 horas antes do estudo e estavam em jejum de 12 horas. Um investigador que n&#227;o estava ciente dos dados cl&#237;nicos dos participantes realizou todos os exames. O aparelho Acuson, modelo Sequ&#243;ia 512 (Acuson Corporation, Mountain View, Calif&#243;rnia, EUA), foi utilizado para a realiza&#231;&#227;o dos exames, com as medidas ecocardiogr&#225;ficas representando a m&#233;dia aritm&#233;tica de valores obtidos durante pelo menos tr&#234;s ciclos card&#237;acos consecutivos, de boa qualidade t&#233;cnica. Ecocardiografia transtor&#225;cica foi realizada com o uso de transdutor multifreq&#252;&#234;ncia de 3,5 MHz, enquanto a ETE foi realizada com transdutor de alta freq&#252;&#234;ncia V5M de 7 MHz. Monitoriza&#231;&#227;o eletrocardiogr&#225;fica, oximetria de pulso e medida n&#227;o-invasiva da press&#227;o arterial foram continuamente realizadas durante os exames, utilizando equipamento autom&#225;tico n&#227;o-invasivo de monitoriza&#231;&#227;o. Ecocardiografia transtor&#225;cica modo M, guiada pelo modo bidimensional, foi usada para a determina&#231;&#227;o da estrutura e das fun&#231;&#245;es card&#237;acas e os par&#226;metros foram gravados de acordo com as recomenda&#231;&#245;es da Sociedade Americana de Ecocardiografia<sup>15</sup>. Em decorr&#234;ncia da reduzida &#225;rea de superf&#237;cie corp&#243;rea (ASC) dos grupos FAL e FER, as medidas ecocardiogr&#225;ficas foram indexadas. As medidas da fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica foram realizadas usando-se o Doppler puls&#225;til sobre o fluxo transvalvar mitral e em veias pulmonares, de acordo com as recomenda&#231;&#245;es do consenso canadense de ecocardiografia<sup>16</sup>. </p>
    <p>Para a avalia&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda de forma a minimizar a influ&#234;ncia das condi&#231;&#245;es de cargas impostas ao cora&#231;&#227;o que est&#227;o alteradas na FAL, foi utilizado o m&#233;todo validado por Denenberg e cols.<sup>17</sup>, que consiste na raz&#227;o entre o estresse sist&#243;lico parietal final do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (ESFVE) e o &#237;ndice de volume sist&#243;lico final do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (iVSF). O ESFVE foi estimado por m&#233;todo n&#227;o-invasivo, segundo f&#243;rmula de Reichek e cols.<sup>18</sup>.</p>
    <p>Ap&#243;s t&#233;rmino do exame transtor&#225;cico, foi realizada ETE para a determina&#231;&#227;o das velocidades de fluxo coronariano (VFC). A introdu&#231;&#227;o da sonda no es&#244;fago foi precedida de anestesia t&#243;pica da orofaringe com xiloca&#237;na <italic>spray</italic> e administra&#231;&#227;o intravenosa de midazolam, na dose m&#225;xima de 15 mg, para leve seda&#231;&#227;o. A sonda foi posicionada no corte axial basal curto da valva a&#243;rtica, identificando-se a art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria descendente anterior (ADA). O sinal do Doppler puls&#225;til foi ent&#227;o orientado sobre a por&#231;&#227;o proximal da ADA, mantendo-se angula&#231;&#227;o do feixe de ultra-som n&#227;o superior a 30 graus, e as VFC sist&#243;lico e diast&#243;lico foram identificadas e continuamente gravadas em condi&#231;&#245;es basais (VFCbas) e ap&#243;s hiperemia m&#225;xima (VFCm&#225;x), obtida com infus&#227;o intravenosa de adenosina na dose de 140 &#181;g/kg/min, durante seis minutos. Ap&#243;s a administra&#231;&#227;o de adenosina, foram selecionados para an&#225;lise os registros de maiores velocidades de fluxo observadas. A RFC foi calculada como a raz&#227;o entre a velocidade de pico do fluxo diast&#243;lico m&#225;ximo coronariano e a velocidade de pico do fluxo diast&#243;lico basal coronariano<sup>19</sup>. Valores <underline>&lt;</underline> 2,0 foram considerados representativos de redu&#231;&#227;o da RFC. </p>
    <p><italic>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica - </italic>Os resultados foram expressos como m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o. O teste de Kolmogorov-Smirnov foi empregado para avalia&#231;&#227;o da distribui&#231;&#227;o normal em todas as vari&#225;veis quantitativas. Para a determina&#231;&#227;o da diferen&#231;a entre os quatro grupos, foi utilizado o teste de Kruskal-Wallis. Quando se encontrou diferen&#231;a entre eles, foi realizada a compara&#231;&#227;o dois a dois, utilizando-se o teste de Tukey-HSD (<italic>honest significant differences</italic>). O coeficiente de correla&#231;&#227;o de Pearson foi empregado para verifica&#231;&#227;o da correla&#231;&#227;o entre a RFC e as vari&#225;veis cl&#237;nicas, hematol&#243;gicas e ecocardiogr&#225;ficas. Foi considerado como n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica p &lt; 0,05.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Resultados</bold>
    </p>
    <p><italic>Caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas - </italic>As caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas e demogr&#225;ficas dos participantes arrolados no estudo est&#227;o apresentadas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01">tabela 1</xref>. A m&#233;dia da ASC dos grupos FAL e FER foi menor que a observada nos grupos TRA e NOR (p = 0,03). N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;as significativas no n&#237;vel m&#233;dio de Hb observado entre os grupos FAL e FER (p = 0,17) e entre os grupos TRA e NOR (p = 0,39). Entretanto, os grupos FAL e FER apresentaram menores n&#237;veis de Hb que os grupos TRA e NOR (p &lt; 0,01). O grupo FER foi constitu&#237;do apenas por mulheres. A m&#233;dia de idade e a distribui&#231;&#227;o racial foram similares entre os grupos.</p>
    <table-wrap id="tab01">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-05-0552-00009-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p><italic>Estrutura e fun&#231;&#245;es card&#237;acas - </italic>Como pode ser observado na <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab02">tabela 2</xref>, pacientes com FAL apresentaram maiores &#237;ndices de di&#226;metro tanto diast&#243;lico como sist&#243;lico do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, espessura da parede do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo e do septo interventricular, di&#226;metro de ventr&#237;culo direito, di&#226;metro de &#225;trio esquerdo, di&#226;metro de aorta, massa ventricular esquerda, com signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica, quando comparados aos grupos TRA, FER e NOR (p &lt; 0,05). Os par&#226;metros de fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica e de fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo foram similares entre os grupos estudados, &#224; exce&#231;&#227;o da menor rela&#231;&#227;o ESFVE/iVSF no grupo FAL, estatisticamente significativa em compara&#231;&#227;o aos grupos TRA, FER e NOR (p &lt; 0,01). Esses resultados est&#227;o de acordo com os dados pr&#233;vios da literatura<sup>4,5,20,21</sup>.</p>
    <table-wrap id="tab02">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-05-0552-00009-gt02.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p><italic>Velocidades de fluxo coronariano e reserva de fluxo coronariano - </italic>Em condi&#231;&#245;es basais, o grupo FAL apresentou maiores VFCbas diast&#243;lico e sist&#243;lico em compara&#231;&#227;o com os grupos TRA e NOR (p &lt; 0,01). Quando comparado ao grupo FER, o grupo FAL apresentou maiores VFCbas diast&#243;lico e sist&#243;lico, mas a diferen&#231;a da VFCbas sist&#243;lico n&#227;o alcan&#231;ou signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica (p = 0,12). Como pode ser observado na <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab03">tabela 3</xref>, durante infus&#227;o de adenosina, o grupo FAL novamente apresentou maiores valores das VFCm&#225;x diast&#243;lico e sist&#243;lico quando comparados aos dos grupos TRA, FER e NOR, de forma estatisticamente significativa (p &lt; 0,01). Entretanto, houve aumento proporcional da VFCm&#225;x em todos os grupos, em m&#233;dia, de tr&#234;s vezes os valores basais. Assim, a RFC que corresponde &#224; raz&#227;o entre VFCm&#225;x diast&#243;lico e VFCbas diast&#243;lico foi normal nos quatro grupos estudados, n&#227;o havendo diferen&#231;a estat&#237;stica entre eles (p = 0,70), apesar de, em termos porcentuais, ser 14% menor no grupo FAL (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig01">fig. 1</xref>). N&#227;o houve correla&#231;&#227;o estatisticamente significativa entre a RFC e as vari&#225;veis cl&#237;nicas, hematol&#243;gicas, da estrutura card&#237;aca e das VFC. </p>
    <table-wrap id="tab03">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-05-0552-00009-gt03.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <fig id="fig01">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-05-0552-00009-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Neste estudo foi observado que a RFC n&#227;o est&#225; alterada na FAL, comprovando a integridade funcional da microcircula&#231;&#227;o coronariana nessa doen&#231;a. Apesar da maior VFCbas na FAL, a capacidade vasodilatadora dos vasos de resist&#234;ncia coronariana est&#225; preservada e permite adequado aumento na VFCm&#225;x.</p>
    <p>V&#225;rios fatores descritos na literatura poderiam sugerir, em uma primeira an&#225;lise, resultados diferentes dos encontrados neste estudo. </p>
    <p>Em primeiro lugar, a simples presen&#231;a de anemia tem sido apontada como respons&#225;vel pela redu&#231;&#227;o da RFC<sup>19,22,23</sup>. A hipoxia tecidual presente nessas s&#237;ndromes determina queda da resist&#234;ncia arteriolar coronariana, levando ao conseq&#252;ente aumento do fluxo coronariano em estado basal. Assim, j&#225; em estado basal, parte da capacidade vasodilatadora microvascular seria utilizada, limitando a capacidade de aumento do fluxo coronariano durante hiperemia m&#225;xima. Os resultados deste estudo demonstraram que, mesmo com a VFCbas aumentada, a anemia presente nos grupos FAL e FER n&#227;o ocasionou essa redu&#231;&#227;o da VFCm&#225;x, havendo aumento proporcional em compara&#231;&#227;o aos grupos sem anemia, TRA e NOR. Apesar de as maiores VFCbas nos grupos FAL e FER estarem de acordo com resultados de estudos hemodin&#226;micos nas anemias<sup>24,25</sup>, chama a aten&#231;&#227;o a diferen&#231;a nas velocidades encontradas entre os dois grupos, j&#225; que ambos apresentavam concentra&#231;&#227;o de Hb equipar&#225;vel (8,0 &#177; 1,2 g/dL e 9,3 &#177; 0,9 g/dL, respectivamente; p = 0,17). O grupo FAL demonstrou m&#233;dia de VFCbas cerca de 1,6 vez maior que o grupo FER, com diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significativa (p &lt; 0,01). Como mencionado anteriormente, o maior determinante do aumento das VFC nas anemias &#233; a queda da resist&#234;ncia vascular coronariana, ocasionada pela redu&#231;&#227;o do conte&#250;do arterial de oxig&#234;nio. Dados pr&#233;vios sugerem que a FAL, com mesmo n&#237;vel de Hb comparativamente &#224; FER e outras formas de anemia, proporciona maior grau de hipoxemia tecidual<sup>25</sup>.</p>
    <p>Em segundo lugar, a hipertrofia card&#237;aca leva a altera&#231;&#245;es nos padr&#245;es de fluxo coronariano, com redu&#231;&#227;o da VFCm&#225;x<sup>26</sup>. Diante da hipertrofia exc&#234;ntrica encontrada na FAL, tamb&#233;m poderia ser esperada menor RFC. Tanto a hipertrofia como a dilata&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda se desenvolvem como medida compensadora diante da sobrecarga de volume, de forma a diminuir o estresse parietal ventricular e a normalizar o desempenho do cora&#231;&#227;o<sup>27</sup>. Entretanto, o crescimento da microcircula&#231;&#227;o coronariana n&#227;o &#233; proporcional ao aumento da massa card&#237;aca, havendo incremento da resist&#234;ncia vascular coronariana m&#237;nima e queda da perfus&#227;o sangu&#237;nea para o endoc&#225;rdio. Al&#233;m disso, a fibrose intersticial e a hipertrofia da camada m&#233;dia vascular tamb&#233;m contribuem para a redu&#231;&#227;o da capacidade vasodilatadora<sup>28,29</sup>. De maneira comparativa, em doen&#231;as como miocardiopatia dilatada idiop&#225;tica<sup>30</sup> ou insufici&#234;ncia a&#243;rtica cr&#244;nica<sup>31</sup>, ambas com hipertrofia exc&#234;ntrica, existe diminui&#231;&#227;o da RFC e sua presen&#231;a caracteriza um subgrupo de pacientes com aumento da mortalidade, de forma independente do grau de disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda<sup>30</sup>. Entretanto, os resultados deste estudo n&#227;o s&#227;o concordantes com esses relatos. Al&#233;m da RFC normal, tamb&#233;m n&#227;o houve correla&#231;&#227;o entre a RFC e o &#237;ndice de massa do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo no grupo FAL. </p>
    <p>Alguns estudos experimentais t&#234;m demonstrado evid&#234;ncias de aumento da densidade capilar em hipertrofias secund&#225;rias a sobrecarga de volume<sup>32,33</sup>, estimula&#231;&#227;o por tiroxina<sup>34</sup> e tamb&#233;m ap&#243;s treinamento f&#237;sico<sup>35</sup>. Nessas situa&#231;&#245;es, ocorreria crescimento proporcional entre microvasculatura coronariana e hipertrofia do mi&#243;cito. Al&#233;m disso, em seres humanos, resultado semelhante ao deste estudo foi observado em atletas com hipertrofia do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo<sup>36</sup>. Esses dados sugerem que, para a forma&#231;&#227;o da hipertrofia card&#237;aca, a especificidade do est&#237;mulo indutor &#233; importante, sendo alguns deles capazes de induzir tamb&#233;m uma adapta&#231;&#227;o fisiol&#243;gica da microvasculatura coronariana. Fortalecendo essa hip&#243;tese, sabe-se que alguns dos est&#237;mulos capazes de produzir crescimento microvascular est&#227;o presentes nas anemias, como hipoxia tecidual, aumento da velocidade de fluxo sangu&#237;neo e vasodilata&#231;&#227;o microvascular<sup>37</sup>. Al&#233;m disso, tem sido relatada presen&#231;a de marcadores s&#233;ricos de angiog&#234;nese em pacientes com FAL, tanto em estado basal como durante crises de hipoxemia<sup>38</sup>.</p>
    <p>Em terceiro lugar, apesar de o m&#250;sculo card&#237;aco possuir alta taxa de extra&#231;&#227;o de oxig&#234;nio do sangue arterial, o cora&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o apresenta microcircula&#231;&#227;o sinuosa ou pH reduzido, fatores que favorecem o afoi&#231;amento da hem&#225;cia falciforme e sua ader&#234;ncia ao endot&#233;lio vascular. O processo de polimeriza&#231;&#227;o da hemoglobina S (Hb S) n&#227;o ocorre de forma instant&#226;nea. Existe um per&#237;odo, denominado per&#237;odo de retardo, durante o qual &#233; ativada a cascata de eventos formadores da agrega&#231;&#227;o da Hb S. Esse per&#237;odo &#233; atribu&#237;do ao processo de nuclea&#231;&#227;o da hem&#225;cia, em que a Hb S forma pequenos agregados, por&#233;m sem modificar ainda a viscosidade interna da hem&#225;cia. Quando esses agregados alcan&#231;am massa substancial, ocorre r&#225;pida adi&#231;&#227;o de novas unidades de Hb S, formando, ent&#227;o, os pol&#237;meros, que destorcem a hem&#225;cia e levam a sua conforma&#231;&#227;o caracter&#237;stica em foice<sup>39</sup>. O tempo de retardo &#233; estimado em 10 a 15 segundos, sendo inversamente proporcional &#224; concentra&#231;&#227;o intracelular de Hb S nas hem&#225;cias<sup>40</sup>. Caso a Hb S seja reoxigenada dentro desse tempo, a hem&#225;cia n&#227;o apresentar&#225; altera&#231;&#245;es estruturais importantes, n&#227;o aderindo ao endot&#233;lio. Assim, o aumento da velocidade de fluxo sangu&#237;neo coronariano pode atuar como fator protetor, favorecendo r&#225;pido tempo de tr&#226;nsito e oxigena&#231;&#227;o da hem&#225;cia em tempo adequado. Essa a&#231;&#227;o pode evitar que a hem&#225;cia falcizada se ligue ao endot&#233;lio vascular coronariano.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Conclus&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Dessa forma, conclui-se que, apesar de maiores velocidades de fluxo coronariano j&#225; em estado basal e tamb&#233;m durante hiperemia m&#225;xima, a RFC &#233; normal na FAL, o que sugere integridade da microcircula&#231;&#227;o coronariana. Este estudo n&#227;o encontrou evid&#234;ncias de que les&#245;es produzidas pelos vasos de resist&#234;ncia coronarianos sejam respons&#225;veis pelas altera&#231;&#245;es card&#237;acas encontradas na doen&#231;a, sendo estas decorrentes da presen&#231;a cr&#244;nica de anemia.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="end" fn-type="corresp">
        <label>
          <bold>Correspond&#234;ncia:</bold>
        </label>
        <p> Jos&#233; Le&#227;o de Souza J&#250;nior </p>
        <p> Rua Manoel da N&#243;brega, 405/11 </p>
        <p> 04001-082 &#150; S&#227;o Paulo, SP </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="jleaojunior@cardiol.br">jleaojunior@cardiol.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Artigo recebido em 16/10/06; revisado recebido em 16/10/06; aceito em 24/11/06.</p>
  </body>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Coronary flow reserve in sickle cell anemia</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>BACKGROUND: Patients with sickle cell anemia (SCA) frequently present with episodes of chest pain, alterations in the resting electrocardiogram, and changes in cardiac structure and functions. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effect of recurrent episodes of vaso-occlusion on the coronary microcirculation. METHODS: Coronary flow velocity and coronary flow reserve (CFR) of stable patients with SCA (n=10, 5 females, 24.4&#177;5.4 years) were measured in the anterior descending coronary artery with transesophageal echocardiogram at baseline and after intravenous adenosine-induced maximum hyperemia, and compared to those of patients with sickle cell trait (TRA, n=10, 5 females, 27.7&#177;3.2 years), iron deficiency anemia (IRO, n=8, 8 females, 26.6&#177;5.2 years) and control group (NOR, n=10, 5 females, 26.3&#177;6.3 years). RESULTS: The SCA group presented increased diastolic coronary flow velocities (p&lt;0.01) at baseline and during maximum hyperemia (67.3&#177;14.0 and 198.2&#177;37.9 cm/s, respectively) when compared with the other three groups - TRA (34.4&#177;11.9 and 114.7&#177;36.4 cm/s), IRO (42.4&#177;10.4 and 141.0&#177;18.7 cm/s) and NOR (38.1&#177;10.0 and 126.8&#177;24.6 cm/s). However, CFR was normal in the SCA group (3.0&#177;0.7) and comparable (p=0.70) to the other groups - TRA (3.4&#177;0.8), IRO (3.5&#177;1.2), and NOR (3.4&#177;0.8). CONCLUSION: Despite the higher coronary flow velocities already observed at baseline and also during maximum hyperemia, CFR is normal in SCA, which suggests preserved coronary microcirculation. The episodes of vaso-occlusion are not responsible for the cardiologic findings in this disease.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Anemia; sickle cell</kwd>
        <kwd>microcirculation</kwd>
        <kwd>echocardiography</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>ORIGINAL ARTICLE</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Coronary flow reserve in sickle cell anemia</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Jos&#233; Le&#227;o de Souza J&#250;nior<sup>I</sup>; Ana Clara Tude Rodrigues<sup>I</sup>; Paula C&#225;ssia Buck<sup>I</sup>; Sandra F&#225;tima Menosi Guallandro<sup>II</sup>; Charles Mady<sup>I</sup></bold>
      </p>
      <p><sup>I</sup>Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas &#150; FMUSP</p>
      <p><sup>II</sup>Disciplina de Hematologia e Hemoterapia do HC &#150; FMUSP - S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</p>
      <p>
        <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end-body2">Mailing address</xref>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>SUMMARY</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>BACKGROUND: </bold>Patients with sickle cell anemia (SCA) frequently present with episodes of chest pain, alterations in the resting electrocardiogram, and changes in cardiac structure and functions.</p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVE: </bold>To evaluate the effect of recurrent episodes of vaso-occlusion on the coronary microcirculation.</p>
      <p><bold>METHODS: </bold>Coronary flow velocity and coronary flow reserve (CFR) of stable patients with SCA (n=10, 5 females, 24.4&#177;5.4 years) were measured in the anterior descending coronary artery with transesophageal echocardiogram at baseline and after intravenous adenosine-induced maximum hyperemia, and compared to those of patients with sickle cell trait (TRA, n=10, 5 females, 27.7&#177;3.2 years), iron deficiency anemia (IRO, n=8, 8 females, 26.6&#177;5.2 years) and control group (NOR, n=10, 5 females, 26.3&#177;6.3 years).</p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS:</bold> The SCA group presented increased diastolic coronary flow velocities (p&lt;0.01) at baseline and during maximum hyperemia (67.3&#177;14.0 and 198.2&#177;37.9 cm/s, respectively) when compared with the other three groups - TRA (34.4&#177;11.9 and 114.7&#177;36.4 cm/s), IRO (42.4&#177;10.4 and 141.0&#177;18.7 cm/s) and NOR (38.1&#177;10.0 and 126.8&#177;24.6 cm/s). However, CFR was normal in the SCA group (3.0&#177;0.7) and comparable (p=0.70) to the other groups &#150; TRA (3.4&#177;0.8), IRO (3.5&#177;1.2), and NOR (3.4&#177;0.8).</p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSION: </bold>Despite the higher coronary flow velocities already observed at baseline and also during maximum hyperemia, CFR is normal in SCA, which suggests preserved coronary microcirculation. The episodes of vaso-occlusion are not responsible for the cardiologic findings in this disease. </p>
      <p><bold>Key words: </bold>Anemia; sickle cell; microcirculation; echocardiography.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Introduction</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Sickle cell disease is the most prevalent hereditary blood disorder worldwide. The sickle cell anemia (SCA) genotype represents its most severe clinical form, with an estimated incidence of 1:300 to 1:600 births of black children<sup>1</sup>. However, because of the constant miscegenation between peoples, this disease is not restricted to this race any longer. Since the first year of life, patients with SCA present hemolytic anemia and recurrent episodes of microvascular occlusion that result in tissue ischemia and subsequent chronic organ damage. Thus, SCA progressively reduces quality of life and life expectancy<sup>2</sup>. </p>
      <p>Cardiovascular diseases are the most frequent clinical manifestation of SCA and contribute to increase the morbidity and mortality of these patients. Cardiovascular alterations in SCA are more intense and persistent than those produced by other forms of anemia<sup>3</sup>. During childhood, all SCA patients already present cardiac hypertrophy, and a progressive dilatation of the heart chambers starts, especially of the left ventricle<sup>4,5</sup>. Additionally, histological studies have demonstrated the presence of degenerative lesions in cardiac myofibrils and fibromuscular dysplasia of coronary arterioles<sup>6,7</sup>. </p>
      <p>The cardiac alterations found in SCA have been attributed to the chronic presence of anemia, and volume overload, as well as high output syndrome, play a secondary role. On the other hand, recurrent occlusions of the coronary microcirculation due to sickling episodes may also characterize a decisive event in the cardiac findings of the disease. Several studies have pointed to the presence of myocardial ischemia in SCA, both in children and adults with no risk factors for atherosclerosis<sup>8-10</sup>. For this reason, a sickle cell cardiomyopathy has already been proposed<sup>11</sup>. However, up to this moment, no studies evaluating the functional integrity of the coronary microcirculation in SCA are available. </p>
      <p>Coronary flow reserve (CFR) assessed by transesophageal Doppler echocardiography (TDE) has been widely used in the study of the integrity of coronary microcirculation in several diseases<sup>12-14</sup>. TDE is a safe, extensively validated procedure that has a high spatial resolution and can be performed serially. By means of this technique, the objective of this study was to evaluate the role of the coronary microcirculation in the development of the cardiac abnormalities found in SCA.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Methods</bold>
      </p>
      <p>A total of 38 individuals of both genders with age above 18 years (ranging from 19 to 39) were prospectively studied. Ten patients with SCA and 10 patients with sickle cell trait (TRA) were randomly selected from the outpatient clinic of the Discipline of Hematology and Hemotherapy of <italic>Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo.</italic> Patients were clinically stable, with no pain crises, hospitalizations or blood transfusion in the three months prior to the beginning of the study. No patients received cytotoxic drugs such as hydroxyurea. Patients with TRA were asymptomatic and had no laboratory alterations such as anemia or morphologic alterations of erythrocytes. Diagnosis of both diseases was confirmed with hemoglobin electrophoresis.</p>
      <p>Eight female patients with chronic iron deficiency anemia (IRO) and 10 healthy individuals (NOR) were consecutively selected from the Blood Bank of <italic>Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo.</italic> IRO was confirmed by the presence of hemoglobin (Hb) &lt; 12 g/dL, erythrocyte mean corpuscular volume (MCV) &lt; 82 &#181;<sup>3</sup>, serum ferritin &lt; 9 ng/mL and transferrin saturation &lt; 16%. Patients with IRO had had symptoms attributable to anemia for more than a year, and were chronically adapted to it. Anemia resulted from hypermenorrhea secondary to uterine myoma in five patients and nutritional deficiency in the remaining women. The NOR group was comprised of asymptomatic volunteer blood donors who had donated for the last time more than three months prior to admission to the study.</p>
      <p>Patients with systemic and pulmonary hypertension, diabetes, dyslipidemia, coronary artery disease or history of chest pain, asthma or obstructive pulmonary disease, esophageal disease, renal failure, stroke, pregnancy, presence of antibodies against human immunodeficiency virus, alcohol consumption and smoking were not included in the study. </p>
      <p>The study was conducted according to the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki and approved by the Research Ethics Committee of <italic>Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o </italic>(Heart Institute). Awritten consent form was obtained from all participants in the study.</p>
      <p><italic>Clinical assessment - </italic>Complete history taking and physical examination, as well as 12-lead electrocardiogram, pulse oximetry, urinalysis, chest radiograph, hemoglobin electrophoresis, and blood tests for hematological and biochemical profiles were performed for all participants in the study. </p>
      <p><italic>Echocardiographic study - </italic>The participants received a diet with xanthine-containing food 24 hours prior to the study, and had been fasting for 12 hours. An investigator blinded to the participants&#146; clinical data performed all tests. The Acuson Sequoia 512 system &#150; Acuson Corporation, Mountain View, California, USA, was used to perform the tests with echocardiographic measurements representing the arithmetic mean of the values obtained during at least three consecutive cardiac cycles; the results showed good technical quality. Transthoracic echocardiogram was performed with a 3.5 MHz multifrequency transducer, whereas TDE was performed with a 7 mHHz V5M high frequency transducer. Electrocardiographic monitoring, pulse oximetry and non-invasive arterial pressure measurement were continuously performed during the tests, with a non-invasive automatic monitoring instrument. M-mode transthoracic echocardiography guided by the two-dimensional mode was used to determine the cardiac structure and functions, and the parameters were recorded according to the recommendations of the American Society of Echocardiography<sup>15</sup>. Because of the small body surface area (BSA) of the SCA and IRO groups, the echocardiographic measurements were indexed. Diastolic function measurements were performed with pulsed Doppler on the transmitral flow and in pulmonary veins, according to recommendations of the Canadian Consensus on Echocardiography<sup>16</sup>. </p>
      <p>The method validated by Denenberg et al<sup>17</sup> was used to assess the left ventricular function, so as to minimize the influence of the loading conditions imposed to the heart, which are altered in SCA; this method consists in the ratio between left ventricular end-systolic wall stress (LVESS) and the left ventricular end-systolic volume index (iESV). LVESS was estimated by a noninvasive method, according to Reichek et al&#146;s formula<sup>18</sup>.</p>
      <p>After the end of the transthoracic examination, TDE was performed to determine coronary flow velocities. Introduction of the probe into the esophagus was preceded by local anesthesia of the oropharynx with xylocaine spray and intravenous administration of midazolam, at a maximum dose of 15 mg, for mild sedation. The probe was positioned at the basal short-axis section of the aortic valve, with identification of the anterior descending coronary artery (ADA). The pulsed Doppler signal was then oriented over the proximal portion of the ADA, maintaining an ultrasound beam angulation not higher than 30&#186;; systolic and diastolic coronary flow velocities were identified and continuously recorded in baseline conditions (CFVbas) and after maximum hyperemia (CFVmax) obtained after intravenous infusion of adenosine, at a dose of 140 &#181;g/kg/min for six minutes. After adenosine administration, the records of the highest flow velocities observed were selected for analysis. Coronary arterial flow reserve (CFR) was calculated as the ratio between peak hyperemic diastolic coronary flow velocity and peak baseline diastolic coronary flow velocity<sup>19</sup>. Values <underline>&lt;</underline> 2.0 were considered representative of a CFR reduction.</p>
      <p><italic>Statistical analysis - </italic>Results were expressed as mean &#177; standard deviation. The Kolmogorov-Smirnov test was used to evaluate the normal distribution in all quantitative variables. The Kruskal-Wallis test was used for determining the difference between the four groups. When differences were found between them, a pairwise comparison was made using the Tukey &#150; HSD (Honest Significant Differences) test. Pearson&#146;s correlation coefficient was used to verify the correlation between CFR and clinical, hematological and echocardiographic variables. P values &lt; 0.05 were considered statistically significant. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Results</bold>
      </p>
      <p><italic>Clinical characteristics - </italic>Clinical and demographic characteristics of the individuals participating in the study are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01-body2">Table 1</xref>. Mean BSA of the SCA and IRO groups were lower than those observed in the TRA and NOR groups (p=0.03). No significant differences were observed in the mean Hb level between the SCA and IRO groups (p=0.17), and between the TRA and NOR groups (p=0.39). However, both SCA and IRO groups had Hb levels lower than TRA and NOR groups (p&lt;0.01). The IRO group was comprised only of females. Mean age and race distribution were similar between the groups.</p>
      <table-wrap id="tab01-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-05-0552-00009-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p><italic>Cardiac structure and functions - </italic>As shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab02-body2">Table 2</xref>, patients with SCA had higher indexes of left ventricular systolic and diastolic diameter, left ventricular wall and interventricular septal thickness, right ventricular diameter, left atrial diameter, aortic diameter, and left ventricular mass with statistical significance when compared with TRA, IRO and NOR groups &#150; p&lt;0.05. Left ventricular systolic and diastolic function parameters were similar between the groups studied, except for the lower LVESS / iESV ratio in the SCA group, which was statistically significant in comparison with TRA, IRO and NOR groups &#150; p&lt;0.01. These results corroborate previous data from the literature<sup>4,5,20,21</sup>.</p>
      <table-wrap id="tab02-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-05-0552-00009-gt02-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p><italic>Coronary flow velocity and coronary flow reserve - </italic>At baseline, the SCA group had higher systolic and diastolic CFVbas in comparison with TRA and NOR groups (p&lt;0.01). When compared with the IRO group, the SCA group had higher systolic and diastolic CFVbas; however, the systolic CFVbas difference did not reach statistical significance (p=0.12). As shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab03-body2">Table 3</xref>, during adenosine infusion the SCA group also showed higher values of systolic and diastolic CFVmax when compared with the TRA, IRO and NOR groups, with a statistically significant difference &#150; p&lt;0.01. However, a proportional increase of CFVmax was verified in all groups, on average of three times the baseline values. Thus, CFR, which corresponds to the ratio between diastolic CFVmax and diastolic CFVbas was normal in the four study groups, with no statistical difference between them (p=0.70), although it was 14% lower in the SCA group &#150; <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig01-body2">Figure 1</xref>. No statistically significant correlation was observed between CFR and clinical, hematological, cardiac structure, and coronary flow velocity variables. </p>
      <table-wrap id="tab03-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-05-0552-00009-gt03-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <fig id="fig01-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-05-0552-00009-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The present study found no alterations of CFR in SCA, and proved the functional integrity of the coronary microcirculation in this disease. Despite a higher CFVbas in SCA, the vasodilatation capacity of coronary resistance vessels is preserved and allows an adequate increase in CFVmax. </p>
      <p>Several factors described in the literature could suggest, in an initial analysis, results different from those found in this study. First, the bare presence of anemia has been pointed as the responsible for a reduction in CFR<sup>19,22,23</sup>. Tissue hypoxia observed in these syndromes determines a reduction in coronary arteriolar resistance, with a subsequent increase in baseline coronary flow. Thus, part of the microvascular vasodilation capacity would already be used at baseline, thus limiting the capacity of coronary flow increase during maximum hyperemia. Our results show that even with increased CFVbas, anemia observed in the SCA and IRO groups did not result in this reduction of CFVmax, with a proportional increase occurring in comparison with the groups without anemia, TRA and NOR.</p>
      <p>Although higher values of CFVbas in the SCA and IRO groups corroborate the results of hemodynamic studies in anemias<sup>24,25</sup>, the difference in velocities found between the two groups claims attention, since both present similar hemoglobin concentration &#150; 8.0&#177;1.2 and 9.3&#177;0,9 g/dL, respectively &#150; p=0.17. The SCA group had a mean CFBbas approximately 1.6 times higher than that of the IRO group, with a statistically significant difference &#150; p&lt; 0.01. As previously mentioned, the most important factor determining the increase in coronary flow velocity in anemia is the decrease in coronary vascular resistance resulting from the reduction in arterial oxygen content. Previous data suggest that SCA with a similar Hb level in comparison with IRO and other forms of anemia causes a higher degree of tissue hypoxemia<sup>25</sup>. </p>
      <p>Second, cardiac hypertrophy leads to alterations in coronary flow patterns with reduction of CFVmax<sup>26</sup>. In light of the eccentric hypertrophy found in SCA, a lower CFR could also be expected. Left ventricular hypertrophy and dilatation develop as a compensatory measure in response to volume overload, so as to reduce the ventricular wall stress and normalize the cardiac performance<sup>27</sup>. However, growth of the coronary microcirculation is not proportional to the increase in the cardiac mass, with an increased minimum coronary vascular resistance and decreased blood flow to the endocardium being observed. In addition, interstitial fibrosis and vascular media hypertrophy also contribute to the reduction of vasodilation capacity<sup>28,29</sup>. Comparatively, in diseases such as idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy<sup>30</sup> or in chronic aortic regurgitation<sup>31</sup>, both with eccentric hypertrophy, a reduction in CFR is observed, and its presence characterizes a subgroup of patients with increased mortality, regardless of the degree of left ventricular dysfunction<sup>30</sup>. However, our results do not corroborate these reports. Also, in addition to a normal CFR, no correlation between CFR and left ventricular mass index was observed in the SCA group .</p>
      <p>Some experimental studies have demonstrated evidences of increased capillary density in hypertrophies secondary to volume overload<sup>32,33</sup>, thyroxin stimulation<sup>34</sup>, and also following physical training<sup>35</sup>. In these situations, a proportional growth would occur between the coronary microvasculature and myocyte hypertrophy. Additionally, in humans, a result similar to that of the present study was observed in athletes with left ventricular hypertrophy<sup>36</sup>. These data suggest that the specificity of the inducing stimulus is important to the development of cardiac hypertrophy, and some of them are also able to induce a physiologic adaptation of the coronary microvasculature. In support of this hypothesis, some of the stimuli able to produce microvascular growth such as tissue hypoxia, increased blood flow velocity, and microvascular vasodilation are known to be present in anemias<sup>37</sup>. Additionally, the presence of serum markers of angiogenesis has been reported in patients with SCA, both at baseline and during painful crises<sup>38</sup>.</p>
      <p>Third, although the heart muscle has a high rate of oxygen extraction from the arterial blood, the heart does not have a sinuous microcirculation or reduced pH, which are factors that favor red cell sickling and its adherence to the vascular endothelium. The hemoglobin S polymerization process does not occur instantaneously. There is a period of time, called delay time, during which the cascade of events leading to HbS aggregation is activated. This period is attributed to the process of red cell nucleation, in which HbS forms small clusters, however without modifying the inner red cell viscosity yet. When these clusters grow to form a substantial mass, a rapid addition of new HbS units occurs, thus forming polymers that distort the red cells and lead to the characteristic conformation of a sickle<sup>39</sup>. Delay time is estimated at 10 to 15 sec, and is inversely proportional to the intracellular concentration of HbS in the erythrocytes<sup>40</sup>. If the HbS is reoxygenated within this period of time, the erythrocyte will not present significant structural alterations and will not adhere to the endothelium. Therefore, increased coronary blood flow velocity may act as a protective factor, thus favoring a rapid transit time and erythrocyte oxygenation in adequate time. This action may prevent sickled cells from binding to the coronary vascular endothelium.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Conclusion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Thus, we conclude that despite higher coronary flow velocities at baseline and also during maximum hyperemia, CFR is normal in SCA, which suggests integrity of the coronary microcirculation. This study did not find evidence that the lesions produced by coronary resistance vessels are responsible for the cardiac alterations found in this disease, so such alterations result from the chronic presence of anemia.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fn id="end-body2" fn-type="corresp">
          <label>
            <bold>Mailing address:</bold>
          </label>
          <p> Jos&#233; Le&#227;o de Souza J&#250;nior</p>
          <p> Rua Manoel da N&#243;brega, 405/11</p>
          <p> 04001-082 &#150; S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</p>
          <p> E-mail: </p>
          <p>
            <email xlink:href="jleaojunior@cardiol.br">jleaojunior@cardiol.br</email>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p>Manuscript received October 16, 2006; revised manuscript received October 16, 2006; accepted November 24, 2006.</p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
