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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">cfwnTHjGMBbbH7mW6kZZ43D</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00008</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2007000500008</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(07)08800508</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2007000500008</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Efeitos do uso da adrenalina na anestesia local odontol&#243;gica em portador de coronariopatia</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Neves</surname>
            <given-names>Ricardo Sim&#245;es</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Neves</surname>
            <given-names>Itamara Lucia Itagiba</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Giorgi</surname>
            <given-names>Dante Marcelo Artigas</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Grupi</surname>
            <given-names>Cesar Jos&#233;</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>C&#233;sar</surname>
            <given-names>Lu&#237;s Antonio Machado</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Hueb</surname>
            <given-names>Whady</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Grinberg</surname>
            <given-names>Max</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="state">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">FM </institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>05</month>
        <year>2007</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>88</volume>
      <issue>5</issue>
      <fpage>545</fpage>
      <lpage>551</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>13</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2007</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>28</day>
          <month>12</month>
          <year>2006</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>04</day>
          <month>10</month>
          <year>2006</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>FUNDAMENTO: A literatura &#233; controversa no que se refere ao uso de vasoconstritores para anestesia local em cardiopatas, havendo preocupa&#231;&#227;o com a indu&#231;&#227;o de descompensa&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca. OBJETIVO: Avaliar par&#226;metros eletrocardiogr&#225;ficos e de press&#227;o arterial durante procedimento odontol&#243;gico restaurador sob anestesia local com e sem vasoconstritor em portadores de doen&#231;a arterial coron&#225;ria. M&#201;TODOS: Neste estudo foram avaliados 62 pacientes. As idades variaram de 39 a 80 anos (m&#233;dia de 58,7 + 8,8) anos, sendo 51 pacientes (82,3%) do sexo masculino. Do total de pacientes, 30 foram randomizados para receber anestesia com lidoca&#237;na 2% com adrenalina (grupo LCA) e os demais para lidoca&#237;na 2% sem vasoconstritor (grupo LSA). Todos foram submetidos a monitoriza&#231;&#227;o ambulatorial da press&#227;o arterial e eletrocardiografia din&#226;mica por 24 horas. Foram considerados tr&#234;s per&#237;odos: 1) basal (registros obtidos durante os 60 minutos que antecederam o procedimento); 2) procedimento (registros obtidos desde o in&#237;cio da anestesia at&#233; o final do procedimento) e 3) das 24 horas. RESULTADOS: Houve eleva&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o arterial do per&#237;odo basal para o procedimento nos dois grupos quando analisados separadamente; quando confrontados, n&#227;o apresentaram diferen&#231;a entre si. A freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca n&#227;o se alterou nos dois grupos. Depress&#227;o do segmento ST &gt; 1 mm n&#227;o ocorreu durante os per&#237;odos basal e procedimento. Arritmias em n&#250;mero superior a 10 por hora estiveram presentes durante o procedimento em sete pacientes (12,5%), sendo quatro (13,8%) do grupo que recebeu anestesia sem adrenalina e tr&#234;s (11,1%) do grupo com adrenalina. CONCLUS&#195;O: N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a em rela&#231;&#227;o a comportamento da press&#227;o arterial, freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, evid&#234;ncia de isquemia e arritmias entre os grupos. O uso de vasoconstritor mostrou-se seguro dentro dos limites do estudo.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>Adrenalina</kwd>
        <kwd>anestesia local</kwd>
        <kwd>restaura&#231;&#227;o dent&#225;ria permanente</kwd>
        <kwd>arterosclerose coron&#225;ria</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>15</day>
        <month>06</month>
        <year>2007</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>ARTIGO ORIGINAL</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Efeitos do uso da adrenalina na anestesia local odontol&#243;gica em portador de coronariopatia</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Ricardo Sim&#245;es Neves; Itamara Lucia Itagiba Neves; Dante Marcelo Artigas Giorgi; Cesar Jos&#233; Grupi; Lu&#237;s Antonio Machado C&#233;sar; Whady Hueb; Max Grinberg</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas &#150; FMUSP &#150; S&#227;o Paulo, SP</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>FUNDAMENTO: </bold>A literatura &#233; controversa no que se refere ao uso de vasoconstritores para anestesia local em cardiopatas, havendo preocupa&#231;&#227;o com a indu&#231;&#227;o de descompensa&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca. </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVO: </bold>Avaliar par&#226;metros eletrocardiogr&#225;ficos e de press&#227;o arterial durante procedimento odontol&#243;gico restaurador sob anestesia local com e sem vasoconstritor em portadores de doen&#231;a arterial coron&#225;ria. </p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS: </bold>Neste estudo foram avaliados 62 pacientes. As idades variaram de 39 a 80 anos (m&#233;dia de 58,7 + 8,8) anos, sendo 51 pacientes (82,3%) do sexo masculino. Do total de pacientes, 30 foram randomizados para receber anestesia com lidoca&#237;na 2% com adrenalina (grupo LCA) e os demais para lidoca&#237;na 2% sem vasoconstritor (grupo LSA). Todos foram submetidos a monitoriza&#231;&#227;o ambulatorial da press&#227;o arterial e eletrocardiografia din&#226;mica por 24 horas. Foram considerados tr&#234;s per&#237;odos: 1) basal (registros obtidos durante os 60 minutos que antecederam o procedimento); 2) procedimento (registros obtidos desde o in&#237;cio da anestesia at&#233; o final do procedimento) e 3) das 24 horas. </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS: </bold>Houve eleva&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o arterial do per&#237;odo basal para o procedimento nos dois grupos quando analisados separadamente; quando confrontados, n&#227;o apresentaram diferen&#231;a entre si. A freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca n&#227;o se alterou nos dois grupos. Depress&#227;o do segmento ST &gt; 1 mm n&#227;o ocorreu durante os per&#237;odos basal e procedimento. Arritmias em n&#250;mero superior a 10 por hora estiveram presentes durante o procedimento em sete pacientes (12,5%), sendo quatro (13,8%) do grupo que recebeu anestesia sem adrenalina e tr&#234;s (11,1%) do grupo com adrenalina. </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#195;O: </bold>N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a em rela&#231;&#227;o a comportamento da press&#227;o arterial, freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, evid&#234;ncia de isquemia e arritmias entre os grupos. O uso de vasoconstritor mostrou-se seguro dentro dos limites do estudo.</p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave: </bold>Adrenalina/efeitos adversos, anestesia local, restaura&#231;&#227;o dent&#225;ria permanente, arterosclerose coron&#225;ria.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A literatura &#233; controversa em rela&#231;&#227;o ao uso de vasoconstritores em anestesia local odontol&#243;gica para cardiopatas. A maioria dos trabalhos foi realizada com pacientes saud&#225;veis<sup>1-10</sup> ou com grupos de portadores de cardiopatias de diversas etiologias<sup>11,12</sup>. Al&#233;m disso, muitos autores<sup>13-15</sup> n&#227;o se valeram de um grupo controle na compara&#231;&#227;o dos efeitos do anest&#233;sico com e sem vasoconstritor, o que dificulta a transfer&#234;ncia desses resultados para pacientes com doen&#231;a arterial coron&#225;ria.</p>
    <p>Neste estudo foi investigado o comportamento da press&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica e da eletrocardiografia de 24 horas (sistema Holter) em pacientes com manifesta&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica de angina est&#225;vel sob controle farmacol&#243;gico, teste ergom&#233;trico positivo e cinecoronariografia demonstrando obstru&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria <underline>&gt;</underline> 70% em pelo menos uma das principais art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias, submetidos a procedimentos odontol&#243;gicos restauradores, sob uso de agente anest&#233;sico com e sem vasoconstritor.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#233;todos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Este estudo incluiu 62 pacientes acompanhados no ambulat&#243;rio da Unidade Cl&#237;nica de Coronariopatia Cr&#244;nica do Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, sendo 51 (82,3%) do sexo masculino. A faixa et&#225;ria variou de 39 a 80 anos (m&#233;dia de 58,7 &#177; 8,8 anos). O &#237;ndice de massa corporal (IMC) variou de 18,8 a 39,4 kg/m<sup>2</sup> (m&#233;dia de 27,4 kg/m<sup>2</sup>).</p>
    <p>Diagn&#243;stico de hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica foi atribu&#237;do a 24 (38,7%) pacientes e foi constatado diabetes em 24 (38,7%) pacientes. Todos os pacientes mantiveram-se sob uso de seus medicamentos para doen&#231;a arterial coron&#225;ria e eventuais co-morbidades, com destaque para betabloqueadores adren&#233;rgicos (87,1%), hipolipemiantes (87,1%), antiagregantes plaquet&#225;rios (83,9%) e nitratos (54,8%).</p>
    <p>Os pacientes, selecionados ap&#243;s aprova&#231;&#227;o pela Comiss&#227;o de &#201;tica da institui&#231;&#227;o, receberam orienta&#231;&#245;es verbais quanto ao estudo e seus riscos e assinaram o Termo de Consentimento Livre e Esclarecido depois da leitura do documento.</p>
    <p>Os crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o dos pacientes foram:</p>
    <p>- Pessoais: pacientes de ambos os sexos, com idade variando entre 30 e 80 anos;</p>
    <p>- Cl&#237;nicos: portadores de doen&#231;a arterial coron&#225;ria com obstru&#231;&#227;o da luz do vaso <underline>&gt;</underline> 70% e teste ergom&#233;trico positivo comprovando isquemia do mioc&#225;rdio, e aus&#234;ncia de infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio recente (menos de tr&#234;s meses);</p>
    <p>- Odontol&#243;gicos: dentado total ou parcial necessitando de restaura&#231;&#227;o em dente canino, pr&#233;-molar ou molar inferior.</p>
    <p>Os crit&#233;rios de n&#227;o-inclus&#227;o foram:</p>
    <p>- Cl&#237;nicos: portadores de neoplasias, septicemia, angina inst&#225;vel e hipertens&#227;o arterial maligna, e gestantes.</p>
    <p>Por meio da cinecoronariografia, foram identificados sete (11,3%) pacientes com les&#227;o uniarterial, 18 (29%) com les&#227;o biarterial e 37 (59,7%) com les&#227;o triarterial.</p>
    <p>Do total de pacientes, 30 foram randomizados para receber anestesia com solu&#231;&#227;o de lidoca&#237;na a 2% com adrenalina 1:100.000, que compuseram o grupo LCA, e 32 foram randomizados para lidoca&#237;na a 2% sem vasoconstritor, que compuseram o grupo LSA. Desses pacientes, 15 receberam um cartucho (1,8 ml) de solu&#231;&#227;o de lidoca&#237;na a 2% com adrenalina 1:100.000 e 15 receberam dois cartuchos (3,6 ml). Outros 15 pacientes receberam um cartucho (1,8 ml) de solu&#231;&#227;o de lidoca&#237;na a 2% sem vasoconstritor e 17 receberam dois cartuchos (3,6 ml).</p>
    <p>Todos os pacientes foram monitorizados com eletrocardiografia (sistema Holter) e press&#227;o arterial ambulatorial (MAPA) por 24 horas segundo a rotina institucional.</p>
    <p>Os pacientes foram orientados a informar sobre a ocorr&#234;ncia de epis&#243;dios de dor ou desconforto tor&#225;cico, registrando o hor&#225;rio do evento no di&#225;rio fornecido pelo Servi&#231;o de Holter. </p>
    <p>Os per&#237;odos de registro foram considerados como se segue:</p>
    <p>- Per&#237;odo basal: uma hora antes do in&#237;cio da anestesia;</p>
    <p>- Per&#237;odo do procedimento: in&#237;cio da anestesia at&#233; a sa&#237;da do paciente da cadeira odontol&#243;gica;</p>
    <p>- Per&#237;odo p&#243;s-procedimento: completa&#231;&#227;o das 24 horas.</p>
    <p>Para avalia&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica, da press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica e da freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, foram consideradas as m&#233;dias dos registros obtidos durante o per&#237;odo basal, o per&#237;odo do procedimento e o per&#237;odo p&#243;s-procedimento (das 24 horas).</p>
    <p>Para diagn&#243;stico de evento isqu&#234;mico foi considerada eleva&#231;&#227;o <underline>&gt;</underline> 1 mm ou depress&#227;o horizontal ou descendente <underline>&gt;</underline> 1 mm do segmento ST a partir da linha de base, persistindo por pelo menos um minuto e revertendo &#224; linha de base por pelo menos um minuto, durante o per&#237;odo basal, o per&#237;odo do procedimento e o per&#237;odo p&#243;s-procedimento (das 24 horas).</p>
    <p>Para avalia&#231;&#227;o de arritmias card&#237;acas, foi considerado o n&#250;mero de extra-s&#237;stoles ventriculares e de extra-s&#237;stoles supraventriculares superior a 10 por hora<sup>16</sup>, durante os per&#237;odos estudados.</p>
    <p><italic>Procedimento odontol&#243;gico - </italic>Foi realizado um procedimento restaurador por paciente (30 no grupo LCA e 32 no grupo LSA), utilizando-se a t&#233;cnica anest&#233;sica do bloqueio do nervo alveolar inferior<sup>17</sup> para todos os pacientes.</p>
    <p><italic>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica - </italic>As vari&#225;veis quantitativas foram analisadas pela observa&#231;&#227;o dos valores m&#237;nimos e m&#225;ximos e pelo c&#225;lculo de m&#233;dias, desvios padr&#227;o e medianas, enquanto para as vari&#225;veis qualitativas foram calculadas as freq&#252;&#234;ncias absolutas e relativas.</p>
    <p>O teste <italic>t</italic> de <italic>Student</italic><sup>18</sup> foi usado para compara&#231;&#227;o entre dois grupos em rela&#231;&#227;o a m&#233;dias e a an&#225;lise de vari&#226;ncia<sup>19</sup> em rela&#231;&#227;o a um fator, com compara&#231;&#245;es m&#250;ltiplas realizadas por meio do teste de Bonferroni<sup>18</sup>, para compara&#231;&#227;o entre quatro grupos. O teste exato de Fisher<sup>18</sup> foi utilizado para testar a homogeneidade dos grupos em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224;s propor&#231;&#245;es.</p>
    <p>A an&#225;lise de vari&#226;ncia com medidas repetidas<sup>19</sup> foi aplicada para averiguar o comportamento dos grupos, considerando as condi&#231;&#245;es estudadas. Os testes n&#227;o-param&#233;trico de Friedman<sup>18</sup> e n&#227;o-param&#233;trico de Mann-Whitney<sup>18</sup> foram utilizados quando a suposi&#231;&#227;o de normalidade dos dados foi rejeitada.</p>
    <p>O n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia utilizado para os testes foi de 5% (p = 0,05).</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Resultados</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Quanto &#224; dura&#231;&#227;o dos procedimentos, a faixa do grupo LCA foi mais ampla (12 a 94 minutos, m&#233;dia de 35 &#177; 15 minutos), enquanto a faixa de dura&#231;&#227;o do grupo LSA foi mais curta (22 a 69 minutos, m&#233;dia de 40 &#177; 2 minutos). No entanto, as m&#233;dias nos dois grupos foram iguais (p = 0,200), n&#227;o tendo sido registrados eventos cl&#237;nicos.</p>
    <p><italic>Comportamento da press&#227;o arterial - </italic>Houve eleva&#231;&#227;o tanto da press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica como da press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica do per&#237;odo basal para o per&#237;do do procedimento nos dois grupos quando avaliados separadamente (14 mmHg e 5-7 mmHg, respectivamente), por&#233;m n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a entre os grupos LCA e LSA em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; compara&#231;&#227;o das m&#233;dias da press&#227;o arterial entre per&#237;odo basal e procedimento (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01">tabs. 1</xref> e <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab02">2</xref>). </p>
    <table-wrap id="tab01">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-05-0545-00008-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <table-wrap id="tab02">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-05-0545-00008-gt02.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>N&#227;o foi observada diferen&#231;a na compara&#231;&#227;o das m&#233;dias entre os per&#237;odos basal, procedimento, vig&#237;lia e sono em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica (p = 0,2076) e &#224; press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica (p = 0,5936) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig01">fig. 1</xref>).</p>
    <fig id="fig01">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-05-0545-00008-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>O n&#250;mero de cartuchos da solu&#231;&#227;o anest&#233;sica aplicada (um ou dois cartuchos), com ou sem adrenalina, n&#227;o mostrou diferen&#231;a entre os grupos LCA e LSA em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; compara&#231;&#227;o das m&#233;dias da press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica (p = 0,2083) e da press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica (p = 0,1183) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig02">fig. 2</xref>). N&#227;o foi registrada influ&#234;ncia do uso ou n&#227;o de medica&#231;&#227;o betabloqueadora adren&#233;rgica.</p>
    <fig id="fig02">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-05-0545-00008-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
    <p><italic>Eletrocardiografia ambulatorial de 24 horas - </italic>A an&#225;lise eletrocardiogr&#225;fica de 24 horas foi poss&#237;vel em 56 pacientes. Em decorr&#234;ncia de problemas t&#233;cnicos no registro (artefatos e ru&#237;dos &gt; 2%), seis pacientes foram exclu&#237;dos, tr&#234;s do grupo LSA e tr&#234;s do grupo LCA.</p>
    <p>Os grupos LCA e LSA n&#227;o apresentaram diferen&#231;a quanto &#224; compara&#231;&#227;o das m&#233;dias da freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca entre os per&#237;odos basal e procedimento (p = 0,1967), nas 24 horas (p = 0,8417) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab03">tabs. 3</xref> e <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab04">4</xref>), e quanto &#224; avalia&#231;&#227;o em fun&#231;&#227;o do n&#250;mero de cartuchos da solu&#231;&#227;o anest&#233;sica aplicada (um ou dois cartuchos com ou sem adrenalina).</p>
    <table-wrap id="tab03">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-05-0545-00008-gt03.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <table-wrap id="tab04">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-05-0545-00008-gt04.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p><italic>Desn&#237;vel do segmento ST - </italic>Depress&#227;o do segmento ST foi observada em 10 (17,9%) pacientes, todas acima de 1 mm a partir da linha de base, e desses pacientes seis (20,7%) pertenciam ao grupo LSA e quatro (14,8%), ao LCA. N&#227;o foi observada diferen&#231;a entre os grupos (p = 0,731). N&#227;o ocorreram eventos durante os per&#237;odos basal e procedimento e todos os epis&#243;dios n&#227;o incidiram antes de completadas duas horas do t&#233;rmino do procedimento odontol&#243;gico.</p>
    <p><italic>Arritmias card&#237;acas - </italic>Durante a monitoriza&#231;&#227;o de 24 horas, o ritmo predominante foi o sinusal. Extra-s&#237;stoles supraventriculares e/ou extra-s&#237;stoles ventriculares durante as 24 horas estiveram presentes em 17 (30,4%) pacientes, sendo 10 (34,5%) do grupo LSA e sete (25,9%) do LCA, por&#233;m durante o per&#237;odo do procedimento apenas sete (12,5%) pacientes apresentaram arritmias, quatro (13,8%) do grupo LSA e tr&#234;s (11,1%) do LCA, mas n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a entre os grupos (p = 1,00).</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Este estudo foi aplicado a pacientes que apresentavam doen&#231;a arterial coron&#225;ria com obstru&#231;&#227;o da luz do vaso <underline>&gt;</underline> 70%, a maioria (59,7%) com les&#227;o triarterial. Houve preval&#234;ncia de homens (82,3%), o que se mostrou concordante com a literatura<sup>20,21</sup>.</p>
    <p>Fatores de risco cl&#225;ssicos para doen&#231;a arterial coron&#225;ria foram freq&#252;entes, especialmente o dist&#250;rbio metab&#243;lico, como diabetes melito (38,7% <italic>vs</italic> 7,5% da m&#233;dia populacional), e a condi&#231;&#227;o circulat&#243;ria, como hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica (38,7% <italic>vs</italic> 20% da m&#233;dia populacional)<sup>22</sup>.</p>
    <p>A prevalente utiliza&#231;&#227;o de betabloqueadores adren&#233;rgicos, &#225;cido acetilsalic&#237;lico, hipolipemiantes e nitratos mostrou-se igualmente de acordo com a observada em s&#233;ries de portadores de doen&#231;a arterial coron&#225;ria<sup>20,23,24</sup>. Neste estudo, 87,1% dos pacientes que faziam uso de betabloqueadores adren&#233;rgicos e 54,8% dos que usavam nitratos assemelharam-se aos 60% e 85%, respectivamente, encontrados por Leviner e cols.<sup>25</sup>; todavia, foram mais elevados que os &#237;ndices reportados por Cintron e cols.<sup>13</sup> (27,5% e 32,5%), encontrados em uma amostra de 40 pacientes com recente infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio.</p>
    <p>A sele&#231;&#227;o dos pacientes em fun&#231;&#227;o da necessidade de dent&#237;stica objetivou a homogeneiza&#231;&#227;o das fases do estudo. Isso proporcionou a uniformiza&#231;&#227;o do tempo de procedimento &#224;s doses de anest&#233;sico, o que habitualmente n&#227;o acontece em procedimentos endod&#244;nticos e cir&#250;rgicos, contribuindo, dessa forma, para reduzir a sempre cogitada influ&#234;ncia do estresse.</p>
    <p>Al&#233;m disso, visando ao aspecto pr&#225;tico, o tratamento de c&#225;ries &#233; o procedimento prevalente no cotidiano do consult&#243;rio odontol&#243;gico. Cumpre salientar, contudo, que, apesar dessa habitualidade, poucos pesquisadores, dentre eles Leviner e cols.<sup>25</sup>, Cioffi e cols.<sup>26</sup>, Corah<sup>27</sup> e Oliver e Hirschman<sup>28</sup>, estudaram os efeitos do vasoconstritor em pacientes submetidos a anestesia odontol&#243;gica para tratamento restaurador.</p>
    <p>Os resultados deste estudo demonstraram aumento significativo da press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica e da press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica nos dois grupos de pacientes, tanto no per&#237;odo basal como no per&#237;odo do procedimento, quando analisados separadamente. Contudo, n&#227;o foi observada diferen&#231;a de comportamento quando comparados os dois grupos (LCA e LSA) nos per&#237;odos basal, procedimento, vig&#237;lia e sono. </p>
    <p>Ocorreu o mesmo quando os grupos foram comparados em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; dose da solu&#231;&#227;o anest&#233;sica recebida: 1,8 ml (um cartucho) e 3,6 ml (dois cartuchos). Assim, a eleva&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica ocorreu independentemente da presen&#231;a ou da aus&#234;ncia do vasoconstritor na solu&#231;&#227;o anest&#233;sica, devendo ser creditada ao ato do procedimento odontol&#243;gico em geral.</p>
    <p>Os &#237;ndices deste estudo se contrap&#245;em aos encontrados por Cintron e cols.<sup>13</sup>, que, ao utilizarem o mesmo tipo de anest&#233;sico usado nesta pesquisa, n&#227;o observaram altera&#231;&#245;es na press&#227;o arterial antes, durante e ap&#243;s o procedimento. Esses autores, por&#233;m, injetaram volume menor de anest&#233;sico e, conseq&#252;entemente, menor quantidade de vasoconstritor (10 &#181;g <italic>vs</italic> 18 &#181;g ou 36 &#181;g neste estudo).</p>
    <p>Vaderheyden e cols.<sup>15</sup> e Findler e cols.<sup>29</sup> encontraram &#237;ndices menores que os deste estudo, embora em amostras menores (20 e 26 pacientes, respectivamente) e sem um grupo controle comparando os efeitos de anest&#233;sicos com e sem vasoconstritor. </p>
    <p>Outros autores<sup>11,12</sup> avaliaram grupos heterog&#234;neos, portadores de cardiopatias de diversas etiologias, o que tornou dif&#237;cil a compara&#231;&#227;o com os achados deste estudo pela disparidade da amostra.</p>
    <p>A possibilidade de intera&#231;&#245;es adversas entre betabloqueadores adren&#233;rgicos n&#227;o-espec&#237;ficos tem sido sugerida<sup>30,31</sup> como fator de indu&#231;&#227;o de aumento exagerado da press&#227;o arterial; contudo, esse comportamento n&#227;o ocorreu com os pacientes deste estudo, a maioria (54,8%) em uso de betabloqueadores adren&#233;rgicos n&#227;o-seletivos.</p>
    <p>A avalia&#231;&#227;o da freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca n&#227;o mostrou diferen&#231;a entre os per&#237;odos basal e do procedimento nos dois grupos estudados, mesmo considerando a aplica&#231;&#227;o de um ou dois cartuchos da solu&#231;&#227;o anest&#233;sica, por&#233;m a interfer&#234;ncia da medica&#231;&#227;o betabloqueadora adren&#233;rgica deve ser considerada. Os resultados deste estudo s&#227;o semelhantes aos &#237;ndices encontrados por Cintron e cols.<sup>13</sup> e tamb&#233;m confirmados por Findler<sup>29</sup>, por&#233;m se contrap&#245;em aos dados de Leviner e cols.<sup>25</sup>, autores que tamb&#233;m estudaram portadores de doen&#231;a arterial coron&#225;ria.</p>
    <p>A avalia&#231;&#227;o do segmento ST n&#227;o mostrou sinais de isquemia mioc&#225;rdica durante os per&#237;odos basal e procedimento. Epis&#243;dios isqu&#234;micos foram observados em 10 pacientes deste estudo, todos ocorrendo pelo menos duas horas ap&#243;s o t&#233;rmino do procedimento. N&#227;o houve crit&#233;rio para associar esses resultados ao uso do vasoconstritor, uma vez que seis dos pacientes que apresentaram isquemia pertenciam ao grupo LSA, ou seja, isentos do efeito vasoconstritor da adrenalina.</p>
    <p>Ao se analisar as informa&#231;&#245;es do di&#225;rio em que os pacientes faziam anota&#231;&#245;es, n&#227;o foi poss&#237;vel correlacionar o hor&#225;rio das isquemias com os relatos dos pacientes.</p>
    <p>Os dados obtidos sugerem que os epis&#243;dios isqu&#234;micos registrados decorreram da pr&#243;pria doen&#231;a do paciente. No entanto, todos os pacientes eram medicados, o que pode ter contribu&#237;do, pois outros pesquisadores<sup>32</sup> constataram que o uso de medica&#231;&#245;es pode diminuir a incid&#234;ncia e a dura&#231;&#227;o de epis&#243;dios de isquemia durante as atividades di&#225;rias.</p>
    <p>Os resultados desta pesquisa se superp&#245;em aos dados encontrados por Vanderheyden e cols<sup>15</sup>. Hasse e cols.<sup>12</sup> observaram que a incid&#234;ncia de desn&#237;vel do segmento ST foi significativamente maior em pacientes cardiopatas em compara&#231;&#227;o com o grupo de n&#227;o-cardiopatas, embora esses autores tenham estabelecido o crit&#233;rio de 0,5 mm ao inv&#233;s de 1 mm, conforme o que &#233; aceito pelos cardiologistas como padr&#227;o<sup>33,34</sup> de indicador de depress&#227;o ou eleva&#231;&#227;o do segmento ST, observando, dessa forma, a incid&#234;ncia de falsos positivos.</p>
    <p>Diversos autores<sup>12,35</sup> t&#234;m observado a presen&#231;a de arritmias em pacientes normais durante tratamento odontol&#243;gico, exacerbadas principalmente em pacientes com doen&#231;a cardiovascular. Arritmias card&#237;acas em n&#250;mero superior a 10 por hora<sup>16</sup> ocorreram em 12,5% dos pacientes deste estudo durante o procedimento odontol&#243;gico, por&#233;m apresentaram n&#250;mero proporcionalmente maior durante as 24 horas e n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a entre os grupos LSA e LCA.</p>
    <p>Este estudo evidenciou que o uso de 0,018 mg ou de 0,036 mg de adrenalina no anest&#233;sico local foi seguro e bem tolerado pelos pacientes. Mais observa&#231;&#245;es nessa linha de pesquisa, com outros grupos espec&#237;ficos de portadores de cardiopatias, s&#227;o desej&#225;veis para a benefic&#234;ncia da rela&#231;&#227;o dentista-m&#233;dico-paciente.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Conclus&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a de comportamento da press&#227;o arterial com o uso de anest&#233;sico local com vasoconstritor em rela&#231;&#227;o ao sem vasoconstritor. A freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca n&#227;o se alterou com o uso de anest&#233;sico com ou sem vasoconstritor. N&#227;o houve evid&#234;ncia de isquemia mioc&#225;rdica e de indu&#231;&#227;o de arritmia card&#237;aca quando da utiliza&#231;&#227;o dos dois tipos de anest&#233;sico durante o procedimento odontol&#243;gico em pacientes sob controle farmacol&#243;gico, a maioria em uso de betabloqueadores adren&#233;rgicos. </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesses</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflitos de interesses pertinentes.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="end" fn-type="corresp">
        <label>
          <bold>Correspond&#234;ncia:</bold>
        </label>
        <p> Ricardo Sim&#245;es Neves </p>
        <p> Rua Alves Guimar&#227;es 689/11 </p>
        <p> 05410-001 &#150; S&#227;o Paulo, SP </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="ricardo.neves@incor.usp.br">ricardo.neves@incor.usp.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Artigo recebido em 04/10/06, revisado recebido em 28/12/06, aceito em 13/02/07.</p>
  </body>
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              <surname>Allen</surname>
              <given-names>RE</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lambson</surname>
              <given-names>GO</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
    </ref-list>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Effects of epinephrine in local dental anesthesia in patients with coronary artery disease</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>BACKGROUND: The use of vasoconstrictors for local anesthesia in patients with coronary heart disease is controversial in the literature, and there is concern regarding risk of cardiac decompensation. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate electrocardiographic and blood pressure parameters during restorative dental procedure under local anesthesia with and without a vasoconstrictor in patients with coronary artery disease. METHODS: Sixty-two patients were included in the study, ages ranging from 39 to 80 (mean 58.7 &#177; 8.8), 51 (83.2%) of whom were male. Thirty patients were randomly assigned to receive 2% lidocaine with epinephrine (epinephrine group), and the remaining patients, 2% lidocaine without epinephrine (non-epinephrine group) for local anesthesia. All patients underwent 24-hour ambulatory blood pressure monitoring and dynamic electrocardiography. Three periods were considered in the study: 1) baseline - recordings obtained during the 60 minutes prior to the procedure; 2) procedure - recordings obtained from the beginning of anesthesia to the end of the procedure and 3) 24 hours. RESULTS: There was an increase in blood pressure in both groups during the procedure, compared with baseline values; but when the two groups were compared no significant difference was detected between them. Heart rate remained unchanged in both groups. No ST-segment depression &gt; 1 mm occurred either at baseline or during the procedure. Seven patients (12.5%) experienced more than ten arrhythmia episodes per hour during the procedure, four (13.8%) in the non-epinephrine group and three (11.1%) in the epinephrine group. CONCLUSION: No difference was observed in blood pressure, heart rate, or evidence of ischemia and arrhythmias in either group. The use of vasoconstrictor has proved to be safe within the range of the present study.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Epinephrine</kwd>
        <kwd>anesthesia, local</kwd>
        <kwd>dental restoration, permanent</kwd>
        <kwd>coronary arteriosclerosis</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>ORIGINAL ARTICLE</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Effects of epinephrine in local dental anesthesia in patients with coronary artery disease</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Ricardo Sim&#245;es Neves; Itamara Lucia Itagiba Neves; Dante Marcelo Artigas Giorgi; Cesar Jos&#233; Grupi; Lu&#237;s Antonio Machado C&#233;sar; Whady Hueb; Max Grinberg</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas &#150; FMUSP &#150; S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</p>
      <p>
        <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end-body2">Mailing address</xref>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>SUMMARY</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>BACKGROUND: </bold>The use of vasoconstrictors for local anesthesia in patients with coronary heart disease is controversial in the literature, and there is concern regarding risk of cardiac decompensation.</p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVE: </bold>To evaluate electrocardiographic and blood pressure parameters during restorative dental procedure under local anesthesia with and without a vasoconstrictor in patients with coronary artery disease.</p>
      <p><bold>METHODS: </bold>Sixty-two patients were included in the study, ages ranging from 39 to 80 (mean 58.7 &#177; 8.8), 51 (83.2%) of whom were male. Thirty patients were randomly assigned to receive 2% lidocaine with epinephrine (epinephrine group), and the remaining patients, 2% lidocaine without epinephrine (non-epinephrine group) for local anesthesia. All patients underwent 24-hour ambulatory blood pressure monitoring and dynamic electrocardiography. Three periods were considered in the study: 1) baseline &#150; recordings obtained during the 60 minutes prior to the procedure; 2) procedure &#150; recordings obtained from the beginning of anesthesia to the end of the procedure and 3) 24 hours.</p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS: </bold>There was an increase in blood pressure in both groups during the procedure, compared with baseline values; but when the two groups were compared no significant difference was detected between them. Heart rate remained unchanged in both groups. No ST-segment depression &gt; 1 mm occurred either at baseline or during the procedure. Seven patients (12.5%) experienced more than ten arrhythmia episodes per hour during the procedure, four (13.8%) in the non-epinephrine group and three (11.1%) in the epinephrine group.</p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSION: </bold>No difference was observed in blood pressure, heart rate, or evidence of ischemia and arrhythmias in either group. The use of vasoconstrictor has proved to be safe within the range of the present study.</p>
      <p><bold>Key words: </bold>Epinephrine/adverse effects; anesthesia, local; dental restoration, permanent; coronary arteriosclerosis.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Introduction</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The literature is controversial regarding the use of vasoconstrictors in local dental anesthesia in patients with heart disease. Most studies were conducted either with healthy patients<sup>1-10</sup> or those with heart disease of various etiologies<sup>11,12</sup>. In addition, many authors<sup>13-15</sup> failed to include a control group comparing the effects of the anesthetic with and without a vasoconstrictor, making it difficult to extrapolate these results to CAD patients. We investigated the behavior of systemic blood pressure and 24-hour electrocardiogram (Holter monitoring) in patients with clinical symptoms of stable angina and on drug therapy, positive exercise testing, and angiographically proven coronary stenosis &gt; 70% in at least one major artery and who underwent restorative dental treatment under anesthesia with and without a vasoconstrictor.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Methods</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Sixty-two patients were followed up on at the outpatient clinic of the Coronary Care Unit of Incor (Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas Heart Institute of the University of S&#227;oPaulo Medical School), 51 (82.3%) of whom were male. Ages ranged from 39 to 80 (mean 58.7 &#177; 8.8), and body mass index (BMI), from 18.8 to 39.4 (mean 27.4).</p>
      <p>Twenty-four patients (38.7%) were diagnosed with systemic hypertension and 24, with diabetes (38.7%) All patients continued their medication for coronary artery disease and possible comorbidities, especially beta-blockers (87.1%), lipid-lowering agents (87.1%), antiplatelets (83.9%), and nitrates (54.8%).</p>
      <p>Patients were enrolled after Institutional Ethics Committee approval, and all of them read and signed an Informed Consent after receiving thorough verbal explanation of the study and its attendant risks. </p>
      <p>Inclusion criteria were the following:</p>
      <p>- Personal: patients of both genders from 30 to 80 years of age;</p>
      <p>- Clinical: patients with coronary artery disease ( <underline>&gt;</underline> 70% lumen stenosis) and exercise stress test positive for myocardial ischemia performed within less than three months in the absence of recent acute myocardial infarction;</p>
      <p>- Dental: fully or partially dentate requiring lower molar, premolar, or canine restoration.</p>
      <p>Exclusion criteria were the following:</p>
      <p>- Clinical: neoplasias, septicemia, pregnancy, unstable angina, and malignant hypertension.</p>
      <p>Coronary angiography revealed single-vessel disease in seven (11.3%) patients, two-vessel disease in 18 (29%) patients, and three-vessel disease in 37 (59.7%) patients.</p>
      <p>Thirty patients were randomly assigned to receive 2% lidocaine and 1:100,000 epinephrine (epinephrine group), and 32 to receive 2% lidocaine without epinephrine (non-epinephrine group) for local anesthesia. In the epinephrine group, 15 patients were given one anesthetic cartridge (1.8 mL) of 2% lidocaine plus 1:100,000 epinephrine and 15 patients, two anesthetic cartridges (3.6mL). In the non-epinephrine group, 15 patients were given one cartridge of lidocaine 2% without vasoconstrictor and 17 patients, two cartridges.</p>
      <p>All patients underwent 24-hour electrocardiography (Holter) and ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (ABPM). They were instructed to report any chest pain or discomfort, noting the time of the event in the diary provided by the Holter Laboratory. Three recording periods were considered: 1) baseline &#150; one hour before anesthesia; 2) procedure &#150; from the beginning of anesthesia until the patient left the dental chair; post-procedure &#150; until the 24 hours were completed.</p>
      <p>To assess systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), and heart rate (HR), the mean values recorded during these three periods were considered.</p>
      <p>An ischemic episode was defined as either ST-segment elevation <underline>&gt;</underline> 1-mm or horizontal or downsloping ST-segment depression <underline>&gt;</underline>1mm from baseline, lasting for at least one minute and reverting to baseline levels for at least one minute during the study periods (baseline, procedure and post-procedure).</p>
      <p>The presence of cardiac arrhythmia was considered when more than ten ventricular extrasystoles (VES) and supraventricular extrasystoles (SVES)<sup>16</sup> occurred per hour during the study periods.</p>
      <p><italic>Dental procedure - </italic>Each patient (30 in the epinephrine group and 32 in the non-epinephrine group) underwent a single restorative procedure under inferior alveolar nerve block anesthesia. </p>
      <p><italic>Statistical analysis -</italic> For quantitative variables, minimum and maximum values were observed and means, medians, and standard deviations were calculated. For qualitative variables, the absolute and relative frequencies were calculated.</p>
      <p>The following tests were used: Student&#146;s <italic>t</italic> test to compare means between two groups; one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA)<sup>19</sup>, using Bonferroni&#146;s multiple comparison test<sup>18</sup>, to compare four groups; Fisher&#146;s exact test for proportions; repeated-measures ANOVA<sup>19</sup> to assess groups behavior taking into account the medical conditions studied; in addition to Friedman&#146;s nonparametric test and the Mann-Whitney nonparametric<sup>18</sup> test when the assumption of data normality was rejected. The significance level was set at 5% (p = 0.05).</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Results</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Duration of procedures: length range was wider in the epinephrine group (12 to 94 minutes, mean 35 &#177; 15) than in the non-epinephrine group (22 to 69 minutes, mean 40 &#177; 2). However, means between both groups did not differ (p = 0,200). No clinical events were observed.</p>
      <p><italic>Blood pressure behavior - </italic>There was a rise in systolic and diastolic blood pressure from baseline to the procedure in both groups (14 mm Hg and 5 to 7 mmHg, respectively), when they were evaluated separately. However, when the epinephrine and non-epinephrine groups were compared, no significant difference was found (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01-body2">Tables 1</xref> and <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab02-body2">2</xref>). Moreover, no differece was found when mean systolic (p = 0.2076) and diastolic (p = 0.5936) blood pressure were compared between the baseline, procedure, sleep and wake periods (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig01-body2">Figure 1</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="tab01-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-05-0545-00008-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <table-wrap id="tab02-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-05-0545-00008-gt02-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <fig id="fig01-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-05-0545-00008-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>The number of anesthetic cartridges used, one (1 c) or two (2 c) with or without epinephrine, did not differ between the epinephrine and non-epinephrine groups regarding mean systolic (p = 0.2083) and diastolic (p = 0.1183) blood pressure (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig02-body2">Figure 2</xref>), and there was no influence by the use or not of beta-blockers.</p>
      <fig id="fig02-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-05-0545-00008-gf02-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p><italic>24-hour ambulatory electrocardiography - </italic>Fifty-six patients underwent 24-hour electrocardiography. For technical reasons (motion artifacts and noise &gt; 2%), six patients were excluded from the study: three from the non-epinephrine group and three from the epinephrine group.</p>
      <p>Mean heart rate did not differ between the epinephrine and non-epinephrine groups at baseline, during the procedure (p = 0.1967), and over the 24 hours (p = 0.8417) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab03-body2">Tables 3</xref> and <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab04-body2">4</xref>), as well as in the assessment based on the number of anesthetic cartridges used, that is, one or two with or without epinephrine.</p>
      <table-wrap id="tab03-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-05-0545-00008-gt03-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <table-wrap id="tab04-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-05-0545-00008-gt04-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p><italic>ST-segment depression - </italic>Ten patients (17.9%) had ST-segment depression greater than 1 mm from baseline, six (20.7%) in the non-epinephrine group (14.8%) and four (14.8%) in the epinephrine group, but no significant difference was found between both groups (p = 0.731). No events were recorded at baseline or during the procedure, and all episodes occurred at least two hours after the dental procedure had been completed.</p>
      <p><italic>Cardiac arrhythmias - </italic>Sinus rhythm prevailed throughout the 24-hour monitoring period. Over the 24 hours, 17 patients (30.4%), ten (34.5%) belonging to the non-epinephrine group and seven (25.9%) belonging to the epinephrine group, experienced supraventricular extrasystoles (SVES) and/or ventricular extrasystoles (VES). During the procedure, however, only seven (12.5%) patients had arrhythmias, four (13.8%) in the non-epinephrine group and three (11.1%) in the epinephrine group, but no significant difference was found between the two groups (p = 1.00).</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This study included CAD patients with <underline>&gt;</underline> 70% of lumen stenosis; most of them (59.7%) had triple-vessel disease. In keeping with the literature<sup>20,21</sup>, the study sample was predominantly male (82.3%).</p>
      <p>The presence of classical risk factors for coronary artery disease was common, particularly metabolic disorders, such as diabetes mellitus (38.7% <italic>vs </italic>7.5% of the population mean), and circulatory conditions, such as systemic hypertension (38.7% <italic>vs </italic>20% of the population mean)<sup>22</sup>.</p>
      <p>The prevailing use of beta-blockers, acetylsalicylic acid, lipid-lowering agents, and nitrates is also consistent with that found in a series of CAD patients<sup>20,23,24</sup>. The percentages of patients on beta-blockers and nitrates (87.1% and 54.8%, respectively) were similar to those reported by Leviner et al<sup>25</sup> (60% and 85%, respectively), in 1992; nevertheless, these rates were higher than those reported by Cintron et al<sup>13</sup> (27.5% and 32.5%) in a sample of 40 patients with recent acute myocardial infarction. </p>
      <p>In order to make all study phases homogeneous, patients were enrolled based on their need of dental care. This approach enabled the length of the procedure and anesthetic dosages to be standardized, something that usually is not seen in endodontic and surgical procedures, thereby contributing to reduce the influence of stress, which has always been borne in mind.</p>
      <p>Moreover, for practical purposes, caries treatment is the predominant procedure in dental office daily routine. In spite of this, few researchers, among them Leviner et al<sup>25</sup>, Cioffi et al<sup>26</sup>, Corah<sup>27,</sup> and Oliver et al<sup>28</sup>, have studied the effects of vasoconstrictors in patients undergoing dental anesthesia for restorative treatment.</p>
      <p>In this study, there was a significant increase in SBP and DBP in both groups of patients from baseline to the procedure, when they were analyzed separately. However, when both groups were compared, no significant difference was found (baseline, procedure, sleep, and wake periods). </p>
      <p>The same was true regarding the anesthetic solution dosage delivered: 1.8 ml (one cartridge) and 3.6 ml (two cartridges). Therefore, in our opinion, blood pressure increase was independent of the presence or absence of vasoconstrictor in the anesthetic solution, and should be attributed to the dental procedure in general.</p>
      <p>Our rates contrast with those reported by Cintron et al<sup>13</sup>, who did not detect changes in blood pressure before, during or after the procedure, using the same kind of anesthetic solution. These authors, however, used a lower amount of anesthetic agent and, thus, less vasoconstrictor (10 &#181;g <italic>vs</italic> 18 or 36 &#181;g in our study).</p>
      <p>Vaderheyden et al<sup>15</sup> and Findler et al<sup>29</sup> reported lower rates than ours, but in smaller samples (20 and 26 patients, respectively); in addition, they failed to include a control group to compare the effects of anesthetics with and without vasoconstrictors. </p>
      <p>Other authors<sup>11,12</sup> have evaluated heterogeneous groups, that is, patients with heart diseases of various etiologies, thus making it difficult to compare their results with our findings.</p>
      <p>It has been suggested that adverse drug interactions between nonspecific beta-blockers<sup>30, 31</sup> may cause an excessive rise in blood pressure; however, this was not the case with our patients, most of whom (54.8%) were taking nonselective beta-blockers.</p>
      <p>No change in HR was found from baseline to the procedure in both of the study groups, with either one or two cartridges of anesthetic solution; however, beta-blocker influence should be considered. Our rates are similar to those reported by other authors who studied CAD patients, such as Cintron et al<sup>13</sup> and Findler<sup>29</sup>, but unlike those reported by Leviner et al<sup>25</sup>.</p>
      <p>ST-segment assessment showed no evidence of myocardial ischemia either at the baseline period or during the procedure. Ten patients experienced ischemic episodes, and all of them occurred at least two hours after the procedure had been completed. In our opinion, there were no grounds to associate these results to vasoconstrictor use, since as many as six patients who had ischemia belonged to the non-epinephrine group and, thus, were free of the vasoconstrictive effect of this drug.</p>
      <p>Analyzing the data in the patients&#146; diaries, we could not correlate the time of ischemia with their reports. Our data strongly suggest that the recorded ischemic episodes were secondary to the heart disease itself. However, this might be explained by the fact that all patients were medicated, since other investigators<sup>32</sup> have found that the use of medication may reduce both the incidence and duration of ischemia episodes during normal daily life activities.</p>
      <p>Our data superimpose those reported by Vanderheyden et al (1989)<sup>15</sup>. In the study of Hasse et al<sup>12</sup>, however, the incidence of ST-segment depression was significantly higher in CAD patients than in non-CAD patients. These authors, though, established a criterion of 0.5 mm, rather than 1 mm, considered indicative of ST-segment depression or elevation by cardiologists<sup>33,34</sup>, thus producing false positives. </p>
      <p>Several authors<sup>12,35</sup> have detected arrhythmias in normal patients undergoing dental treatment, but these are particularly exacerbated in patients with cardiovascular disease. In our study, 12.5% patients experienced more than ten cardiac arrhythmias per hour during the dental procedure<sup>16</sup>, a figure that rose proportionally over the 24 hours. However, no difference was found between the epinephrine and non-epinephrine groups.</p>
      <p>The use of 0.018 mg or 0.036 mg of epinephrine in the local anesthetic solution was safe and well tolerated by all patients. Further studies with specific groups of cardiac patients are needed for the benefit of the dentist-physician-patient relationship. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Conclusion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>We came to the conclusion that blood pressure did not behave differently with epinephrine-containing and epinephrine-free anesthetic solution. Heart rate did not change during the procedure, nor was there evidence of myocardial ischemia and cardiac arrhythmia, using anesthetic solution with and without vasoconstrictor, in patients taking drugs, the majority of whom were on beta-blockers. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
      </p>
      <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fn id="end-body2" fn-type="corresp">
          <label>
            <bold>Mailing address:</bold>
          </label>
          <p> Ricardo Sim&#245;es Neves</p>
          <p> Rua Alves Guimar&#227;es 689/11</p>
          <p> 05410-001 &#150; S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</p>
          <p> E-mail: </p>
          <p>
            <email xlink:href="ricardo.neves@incor.usp.br">ricardo.neves@incor.usp.br</email>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p>Manuscript received October 4, 2006; revised manuscript received December 28, 2006; accepted February 13, 2007.</p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
