<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.1 20151215//EN" "https://jats.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/1.1/JATS-journalpublishing1.dtd">
<article xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" specific-use="sps-1.9" dtd-version="1.1" xml:lang="pt" article-type="research-article">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">yqssq85QcRw7zYWwYYRvn9H</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00006</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2007000500006</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(07)08800506</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2007000500006</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>O teste ergom&#233;trico &#233; fact&#237;vel, eficaz e custo-efetivo na predi&#231;&#227;o de eventos cardiovasculares no paciente muito idoso, quando comparado &#224; cintilografia de perfus&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Vacanti</surname>
            <given-names>Luciano Janussi</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sposito</surname>
            <given-names>Andrei Carvalho</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>S&#233;spedes</surname>
            <given-names>Luciano</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sarpi</surname>
            <given-names>Ma&#237;ra</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ramires</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233; Antonio F.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff04"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Bortnick</surname>
            <given-names>Anna E.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff05"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Bras&#237;lia</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">DF</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o-DF</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff05">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Boston</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">MA</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Brigham and Women&#8217;s Hospital</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Departament of Internal Medicine </institution>
        <country country="US">USA</country>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff03">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Santos</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Funda&#231;&#227;o Lus&#237;ada</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Ci&#234;ncias M&#233;dicas de Santos </institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff04">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas </institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff02">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Bras&#237;lia</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">Distrito Federal</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de Bras&#237;lia</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina </institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>05</month>
        <year>2007</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>88</volume>
      <issue>5</issue>
      <fpage>531</fpage>
      <lpage>536</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>24</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2006</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>26</day>
          <month>10</month>
          <year>2006</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>11</day>
          <month>09</month>
          <year>2006</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>OBJETIVO: Definir o valor progn&#243;stico e a custo-efetividade do teste ergom&#233;trico (TE) em compara&#231;&#227;o &#224; cintilografia de perfus&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica com dipiridamol (DIP) em indiv&#237;duos com &gt; 75 anos de idade. M&#201;TODOS: Foram avaliados, consecutiva e prospectivamente, 66 pacientes (40% homens), com m&#233;dia de idade de 81 &#177; 5 anos. Desses pacientes, 57% eram hipertensos, 38% eram dislipid&#234;micos e 28%, diab&#233;ticos. O protocolo de Bruce para rampa foi adaptado, obtendo-se o valor progn&#243;stico do TE pelo escore de Duke. RESULTADOS: A dura&#231;&#227;o do TE, o porcentual da freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca m&#225;xima preconizada e o duplo produto no pico do exerc&#237;cio foram, respectivamente, de 7 &#177; 3 minutos, 95 &#177; 9% e 24.946 &#177; 4.576 (bpm x mmHg). O TE e a DIP apresentaram resultados positivos para isquemia mioc&#225;rdica similares (21% vs 15%, respectivamente). A concord&#226;ncia entre os testes foi de 88% (Kappa 0,63, p &lt; 0,01). Durante 685 &#177; 120 dias, ocorreram nove eventos maiores: seis &#243;bitos, duas s&#237;ndromes coronarianas agudas e uma revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica. As vari&#225;veis associadas aos eventos maiores foram: idade (83 &#177; 6 anos vs 80 &#177; 4 anos; p = 0,048); sexo masculino (78% vs 33%; p = 0,02); infradesn&#237;vel do ST (1,0 &#177; 1,0 mm vs 0,25 &#177; 0,6 mm; p = 0,01); escore de Duke alto e intermedi&#225;rio, unificados num &#250;nico grupo (44 vs 2%; p = 0,001); e DIP anormal (44% vs 10%; p = 0,02). CONCLUS&#195;O: O TE, nessa popula&#231;&#227;o muito idosa, foi eficaz, fact&#237;vel e diagn&#243;stico, de forma semelhante &#224; DIP, por&#233;m com maior predi&#231;&#227;o de eventos maiores e com custo inferior.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>Teste de esfor&#231;o</kwd>
        <kwd>efic&#225;cia</kwd>
        <kwd>an&#225;lise custo-benef&#237;cio</kwd>
        <kwd>doen&#231;as cardiovasculares</kwd>
        <kwd>idosos de 80 anos ou mais</kwd>
        <kwd>cintilografia</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>15</day>
        <month>06</month>
        <year>2007</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>ARTIGO ORIGINAL</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>O teste ergom&#233;trico &#233; fact&#237;vel, eficaz e custo-efetivo na predi&#231;&#227;o de eventos cardiovasculares no paciente muito idoso, quando comparado &#224; cintilografia de perfus&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Luciano Janussi Vacanti<sup>I</sup>; Andrei Carvalho Sposito<sup>II</sup>; Luciano S&#233;spedes<sup>III</sup>; Ma&#237;ra Sarpi<sup>III</sup>; Jos&#233; Antonio F. Ramires<sup>IV</sup>; Anna E. Bortnick<sup>V</sup></bold>
    </p>
    <p><sup>I</sup>Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o &#150; InCor-DF - Bras&#237;lia, DF </p>
    <p><sup>II</sup>Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Bras&#237;lia - UNB - Bras&#237;lia, DF </p>
    <p><sup>III</sup>Faculdade de Ci&#234;ncias M&#233;dicas de Santos, Funda&#231;&#227;o Lus&#237;ada - Santos, SP </p>
    <p><sup>IV</sup>Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas &#150; FMUSP - S&#227;o Paulo, SP </p>
    <p><sup>V</sup>Brigham and Women&#146;s Hospital, Departament of Internal Medicine - Boston, MA, USA</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVO: </bold>Definir o valor progn&#243;stico e a custo-efetividade do teste ergom&#233;trico (TE) em compara&#231;&#227;o &#224; cintilografia de perfus&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica com dipiridamol (DIP) em indiv&#237;duos com <underline>&gt;</underline> 75 anos de idade. </p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS: </bold>Foram avaliados, consecutiva e prospectivamente, 66 pacientes (40% homens), com m&#233;dia de idade de 81 &#177; 5 anos. Desses pacientes, 57% eram hipertensos, 38% eram dislipid&#234;micos e 28%, diab&#233;ticos. O protocolo de Bruce para rampa foi adaptado, obtendo-se o valor progn&#243;stico do TE pelo escore de Duke. </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS: </bold>A dura&#231;&#227;o do TE, o porcentual da freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca m&#225;xima preconizada e o duplo produto no pico do exerc&#237;cio foram, respectivamente, de 7 &#177; 3 minutos, 95 &#177; 9% e 24.946 &#177; 4.576 (bpm x mmHg). O TE e a DIP apresentaram resultados positivos para isquemia mioc&#225;rdica similares (21% <italic>vs</italic> 15%, respectivamente). A concord&#226;ncia entre os testes foi de 88% (Kappa 0,63, p &lt; 0,01). Durante 685 &#177; 120 dias, ocorreram nove eventos maiores: seis &#243;bitos, duas s&#237;ndromes coronarianas agudas e uma revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica. As vari&#225;veis associadas aos eventos maiores foram: idade (83 &#177; 6 anos <italic>vs</italic> 80 &#177; 4 anos; p = 0,048); sexo masculino (78% <italic>vs</italic> 33%; p = 0,02); infradesn&#237;vel do ST (1,0 &#177; 1,0 mm <italic>vs</italic> 0,25 &#177; 0,6 mm; p = 0,01); escore de Duke alto e intermedi&#225;rio, unificados num &#250;nico grupo (44 <italic>vs</italic> 2%; p = 0,001); e DIP anormal (44% <italic>vs</italic> 10%; p = 0,02). </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#195;O: </bold>O TE, nessa popula&#231;&#227;o muito idosa, foi eficaz, fact&#237;vel e diagn&#243;stico, de forma semelhante &#224; DIP, por&#233;m com maior predi&#231;&#227;o de eventos maiores e com custo inferior.</p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave: </bold>Teste de esfor&#231;o, efic&#225;cia, an&#225;lise custo-benef&#237;cio, doen&#231;as cardiovasculares, idosos de 80 anos ou mais, cintilografia.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O muito idoso (<underline>&gt;</underline> 75 anos) representa o segmento da popula&#231;&#227;o mundial que mais cresce. Nesses pacientes, a doen&#231;a arterial coronariana (DAC) &#233; geralmente silenciosa ou de apresenta&#231;&#227;o at&#237;pica, grave, e respons&#225;vel pela principal causa de morbidade e de mortalidade<sup>1,2</sup>. Tais particularidades justificam a detec&#231;&#227;o mais precoce da doen&#231;a. Nesse contexto, os cl&#237;nicos geralmente se preocupam com os eventuais riscos de les&#245;es musculoesquel&#233;ticas com a realiza&#231;&#227;o do teste ergom&#233;trico (TE) e, por isso, tendem a investigar a DAC pelos m&#233;todos de imagem com estresse farmacol&#243;gico. Entretanto, al&#233;m da detec&#231;&#227;o da DAC, o TE oferece vantagens adicionais. Inicialmente, a padroniza&#231;&#227;o do TE como primeiro exame a ser solicitado pode melhorar a custo-efetividade da detec&#231;&#227;o da DAC nesse segmento, em virtude da maior probabilidade pr&#233;-teste de DAC desses indiv&#237;duos<sup>3</sup>. Em segundo lugar, al&#233;m da detec&#231;&#227;o da isquemia mioc&#225;rdica, outras informa&#231;&#245;es relevantes podem ser obtidas pelo m&#233;todo, tais como capacidade funcional e avalia&#231;&#227;o do comportamento cronotr&#243;pico e da resposta da press&#227;o arterial, intra e p&#243;s-esfor&#231;o. Essas informa&#231;&#245;es s&#227;o essenciais na determina&#231;&#227;o do progn&#243;stico<sup>3-6</sup>. No entanto, at&#233; o presente momento a literatura &#233; bastante escassa no que se refere ao uso do TE como ferramenta tanto diagn&#243;stica como progn&#243;stica numa popula&#231;&#227;o muito idosa. Logo, o principal objetivo do presente estudo &#233; avaliar se o TE &#233; fact&#237;vel, custo-eficaz e no m&#237;nimo t&#227;o informativo quanto a cintilografia de perfus&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica com dipiridamol (DIP) na estratifica&#231;&#227;o do risco cardiovascular do paciente muito idoso. </p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#233;todos</bold>
    </p>
    <p><italic>Popula&#231;&#227;o - </italic>De janeiro a setembro de 2002, 79 indiv&#237;duos com idade igual ou superior a 75 anos foram consecutivamente avaliados no ambulat&#243;rio do Hospital Estadual Guilherme &#193;lvaro, em Santos, Estado de S&#227;o Paulo. Desses pacientes, 13 (16%) que apresentavam anormalidades eletrocardiogr&#225;ficas ao repouso (n = 7) ou limita&#231;&#227;o f&#237;sica importante para o exerc&#237;cio (n = 6) foram exclu&#237;dos do estudo. A amostra do estudo, portanto, consistiu de 66 indiv&#237;duos (26 homens), com m&#233;dia de idade de 81 &#177; 5 anos. Todos os medicamentos foram suspensos por per&#237;odo equivalente a cinco meias-vidas antes da data do teste. O estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica da institui&#231;&#227;o e todos os pacientes assinaram o consentimento livre esclarecido.</p>
    <p><italic>Teste ergom&#233;trico - </italic>Foi utilizado o protocolo de Bruce, precedido de um minuto de aquecimento com velocidade de 1,0 mph, sem inclina&#231;&#227;o, adaptado para rampa, com incrementos gradativos e suaves de velocidade e inclina&#231;&#227;o<sup>7</sup>. Foi realizada monitoriza&#231;&#227;o cont&#237;nua da eletrocardiografia (ECG) de 12 deriva&#231;&#245;es acrescida de CM5, com <italic>software</italic> Ergo PC 13 para Windows, com medidas da press&#227;o arterial ao repouso, a cada tr&#234;s minutos de exerc&#237;cio, no pico do esfor&#231;o e a cada minuto da recupera&#231;&#227;o. O teste era interrompido por exaust&#227;o; eleva&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica (PAD) &gt; 120 mmHg nos normotensos e &gt; 140 mmHg nos hipertensos; eleva&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica (PAS) &gt; 260 mmHg; queda sustentada da PAS; manifesta&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica de precordialgia t&#237;pica intensa; infradesn&#237;vel do segmento ST <underline>&gt;</underline> 3 mm; supradesn&#237;vel do segmento ST <underline>&gt;</underline> 2 mm em deriva&#231;&#227;o sem presen&#231;a de onda Q; arritmia ventricular complexa; aparecimento de taquicardia supraventricular sustentada, taquicardia atrial e fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial; bloqueio atrioventricular de 2&#186; ou 3&#186; graus; sinais de insufici&#234;ncia ventricular esquerda; e fal&#234;ncia dos sistemas de monitoriza&#231;&#227;o e/ou registro. A presen&#231;a de sintomas t&#237;picos ou de infradesn&#237;vel retificado ou descendente do segmento ST <underline>&gt;</underline> 1,0 mm ou infradesn&#237;vel ascendente do segmento ST <underline>&gt;</underline> 1,5 mm, a 0,08 segundo do ponto J, ou ainda de supradesn&#237;vel do segmento ST <underline>&gt;</underline> 1,0 mm caracterizava a positividade do teste. O mesmo era considerado eficaz se o indiv&#237;duo atingisse, no m&#237;nimo, 85% da freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (FC) m&#225;xima preconizada (220 - idade). Definiu-se hipertens&#227;o reativa ao esfor&#231;o como o achado de valores de PAS &gt; 220 mmHg e/ou eleva&#231;&#227;o de 15 mmHg ou mais da PAD. A medida indireta do consumo m&#225;ximo de oxig&#234;nio (VO<sub>2</sub>max), em METs, foi calculada automaticamente pelo <italic>software</italic>. O duplo produto foi obtido pela multiplica&#231;&#227;o da FC m&#225;xima obtida pela PAS do pico do esfor&#231;o<sup>3</sup>. </p>
    <p>O escore de risco de Framingham para futuros eventos coronarianos foi calculado conforme as diretrizes internacionais. Resumidamente, os paciente foram avaliados conforme o g&#234;nero e de acordo com as seguintes vari&#225;veis: idade, colesterol total, colesterol da lipoprote&#237;na de alta densidade (HDL-colesterol), press&#227;o arterial e presen&#231;a ou aus&#234;ncia de tabagismo. Com a soma da pontua&#231;&#227;o obtinha-se a estimativa da taxa de risco para futuros eventos no per&#237;odo de 10 anos. Os participantes foram estratificados em tr&#234;s categorias, de acordo com o risco predito em 10 anos: baixo risco (<underline>&lt;</underline> 10%), risco intermedi&#225;rio (&gt; 10% e <underline>&lt;</underline> 20%) e alto risco (&gt; 20%)<sup>8</sup>. O escore de Duke (ED) e o escore de Veterans (EV) foram calculados com base nas caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas e nas informa&#231;&#245;es obtidas no TE, conforme descrito na literatura<sup>9,10</sup>. O ED e o EV, de forma resumida, foram assim calculados: </p>
    <p><bold>EV =</bold> D duplo produto (10<sup>-3</sup>) - 10 (infradesn&#237;vel do ST de repouso + infarto pr&#233;vio + revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica pr&#233;via) - 4 (infradesn&#237;vel do ST durante o TE);</p>
    <p><bold>ED =</bold> tempo de exerc&#237;cio - (5 x infradesn&#237;vel do ST) - (4 x &#237;ndice de angina), com &#237;ndice de angina codificado como: 0 - sem angina, 1 - angina presente e 2 - angina limitante, motivando a interrup&#231;&#227;o do TE. Pacientes com ED <underline>&gt;</underline> 5 foram classificados como baixo risco; aqueles com ED &lt; 5 a -10, como risco intermedi&#225;rio; e aqueles com ED &lt; -10, como alto risco<sup>9</sup>.</p>
    <p><italic>Cintilografia de perfus&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica - </italic>Todos os pacientes foram submetidos a cintilografia de perfus&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica com tecn&#233;cio-99m sestamibi no intervalo m&#225;ximo de uma semana do TE. O protocolo consistia de duas fases, realizadas em dois dias diferentes: ao repouso e ap&#243;s o uso de vasodilatador (dipiridamol por via intravenosa na dose de 0,56 mg/kg em quatro minutos). Foi realizada monitoriza&#231;&#227;o cont&#237;nua de ECG de 12 deriva&#231;&#245;es, com medidas da press&#227;o arterial ao repouso, a cada tr&#234;s minutos de estresse farmacol&#243;gico, no pico e a cada minuto da recupera&#231;&#227;o. A aquisi&#231;&#227;o de imagens e a reconstru&#231;&#227;o foram realizadas conforme as diretrizes da Sociedade Americana de Cardiologia Nuclear<sup>11</sup>. </p>
    <p>A interpreta&#231;&#227;o das imagens foi subjetiva e semiquantitativa e realizada por um observador independente qualificado. Os casos duvidosos foram reavaliados por outro observador. Foram classificados como negativos os exames com distribui&#231;&#227;o homog&#234;nea do radiotra&#231;ador no ventr&#237;culo esquerdo ao estresse e ao repouso. Os defeitos fixos presentes em ambas as imagens foram definidos como fibrose e os defeitos transit&#243;rios, como isquemia. </p>
    <p><italic>Evolu&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica e acompanhamento - </italic>Foram realizados acompanhamento cl&#237;nico por telefone e consulta de prontu&#225;rio em todos os pacientes arrolados ap&#243;s a realiza&#231;&#227;o dos testes, sendo definidos como eventos maiores: morte (card&#237;aca ou n&#227;o); s&#237;ndromes coronarianas agudas (SCA), como infarto do mioc&#225;rdio e angina inst&#225;vel, e revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica (percut&#226;nea ou cir&#250;rgica). O diagn&#243;stico de SCA foi obtido conforme: a) a hist&#243;ria cl&#237;nica de desconforto precordial t&#237;pico de isquemia; b) as altera&#231;&#245;es em tra&#231;ados seriados de ECG (infra ou supradesn&#237;vel do segmento ST); e c) o aumento e a queda das enzimas card&#237;acas (no caso de infarto do mioc&#225;rdio).</p>
    <p><italic>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica - </italic>Os dados foram expressos como m&#233;dias e desvio padr&#227;o e em todos os testes o n&#237;vel de rejei&#231;&#227;o da hip&#243;tese de nulidade foi fixado em 0,05 ou 5% (a <underline>&lt;</underline> 0,05). O teste de Kolmogorov-Smirnov foi aplicado para analisar as vari&#225;veis quantitativas. As freq&#252;&#234;ncias nas vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas foram comparadas pelo teste de Fisher. An&#225;lise univariada foi realizada pelo teste <italic>t</italic> para os dados param&#233;tricos e pelo teste de Mann-Whitney para os n&#227;o-param&#233;tricos. Os indiv&#237;duos foram comparados de acordo com as vari&#225;veis preditoras de eventos pelo m&#233;todo de Kaplan-Meier e teste de <italic>log-rank</italic>. Foi utilizado modelo de Cox para que se obtivesse RC com intervalo de confian&#231;a de 95% (IC 95%). Para os c&#225;lculos estat&#237;sticos, foi utilizado o <italic>software</italic> SPSS 10.0 para Windows.</p>
    <p><italic>Custo-efetividade - </italic>O custo do TE e o custo da DIP foram estimados em R$ 77,50 e R$ 486,00, respectivamente, com base na tabela da Associa&#231;&#227;o M&#233;dica Brasileira de 1999, vigente no in&#237;cio do estudo, e em US$ 175.00 e US$ 840,00, respectivamente, com base em estudos pr&#233;vios para compara&#231;&#227;o internacional<sup>12</sup>. A raz&#227;o de custo-efetividade foi definida como o custo por evento detectado pela DIP anormal e pelo TE de intermedi&#225;rio ou alto riscos, conforme o ED<sup>13</sup>. </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Resultados</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Foram capazes de realizar o TE 66 indiv&#237;duos (39% homens) com m&#233;dia de idade de 81 &#177; 5 anos (75 a 94 anos). Dentre esses indiv&#237;duos, 41 (62%) apresentavam hipertens&#227;o, 27 (41%) dislipidemia, 16 (24%) diabetes, cinco (8%) sobrepeso, um (1,5%) tabagismo e 31 (48%) tinham co-morbidades: osteoartrite (n=22), desordens afetivas (n=3), vertigem (n=3) e seq&#252;elas de acidentes cerebrovasculares (n=3). DAC pr&#233;via confirmada foi observada em 12 (18%) pacientes. Precordialgia at&#237;pica e t&#237;pica foram observadas em 18 (28%) e em 8 (12%) dos pacientes, respectivamente, e os demais 40 indiv&#237;duos (60%) estavam assintom&#225;ticos antes dos testes.</p>
    <p>N&#227;o foi observada complica&#231;&#227;o durante ou ap&#243;s o exame e 92% dos testes foram eficazes. Os exames foram encerrados, em m&#233;dia, aos 95 &#177; 9% da freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca predita para a idade. A dura&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dia do exame foi de 7,2 &#177; 2,5 minutos, alcan&#231;ando duplo produto de 24.109 &#177; 4.541 (bpm x mmHg) e 7 &#177; 2 METs.</p>
    <p><italic>Concord&#226;ncia entre o teste ergom&#233;trico e a cintilografia de perfus&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica com dipiridamol - </italic>Observou-se isquemia mioc&#225;rdica em 10 indiv&#237;duos (15%) durante a DIP e em 14 (21%) durante o TE; desses pacientes, tr&#234;s (4,5%) apresentaram angina durante o TE e 58 indiv&#237;duos (88%) apresentaram exames concordantes. Todos os indiv&#237;duos que tiveram DIP positiva tamb&#233;m tiveram TE positivo para isquemia mioc&#225;rdica. Os TE negativos n&#227;o foram confirmados pela DIP em dois casos (4%) e DIP negativas n&#227;o foram confirmadas pelo TE em seis casos (43%). A correla&#231;&#227;o geral de concord&#226;ncia entre ambos os exames foi de 0,63 (p &lt; 0,01, Kappa). </p>
    <p><italic>Evolu&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica - </italic>Todos os indiv&#237;duos inclu&#237;dos no estudo foram acompanhados clinicamente. Ocorreram seis &#243;bitos, uma cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica e dois epis&#243;dios de SCA (angina inst&#225;vel) ap&#243;s 685 &#177; 118 dias (300 a 836 dias) de acompanhamento depois da realiza&#231;&#227;o dos testes (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01">tab. 1</xref>). Dois indiv&#237;duos faleceram ap&#243;s eventos coronarianos agudos, dois tiveram morte s&#250;bita e dois faleceram durante tratamento de infec&#231;&#227;o do trato respirat&#243;rio. </p>
    <table-wrap id="tab01">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-05-0531-00006-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>Ao se comparar os pacientes que apresentaram eventos cardiovasculares com aqueles que apresentaram evolu&#231;&#227;o sem eventos, foram observadas diferen&#231;as estatisticamente significativas em rela&#231;&#227;o a idade, sexo, presen&#231;a de infradesnivelamento do segmento ST, ED, presen&#231;a de isquemia durante a DIP e freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca m&#225;xima ao teste (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab02">tabs. 2</xref> e <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab03">3</xref>). As demais vari&#225;veis estudadas n&#227;o apresentaram diferen&#231;as estatisticamente significativas entre os grupos (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab02">tabs. 2</xref> e <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab03">3</xref>). Mesmo ap&#243;s a exclus&#227;o dos dois pacientes em tratamento para infec&#231;&#227;o pulmonar, as diferen&#231;as permaneceram significativas em rela&#231;&#227;o ao sexo (p=0,01), &#224; presen&#231;a de infradesnivelamento do segmento ST (p=0,04), ao ED (p&lt;0,001) e &#224; presen&#231;a de isquemia durante a DIP (p=0,009). Nessa segunda an&#225;lise, o alto risco no escore de Framingham (p=0,04) e a presen&#231;a de precordialgia t&#237;pica (p=0,04) tornaram-se significativamente associadas aos eventos cardiovasculares. As demais vari&#225;veis mantiveram-se sem associa&#231;&#227;o aos eventos.</p>
    <table-wrap id="tab02">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-05-0531-00006-gt02.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <table-wrap id="tab03">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-05-0531-00006-gt03.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>Em virtude dos achados da an&#225;lise univariada, foi realizada uma curva atuarial separando os pacientes pelo ED e pela DIP anormal. A an&#225;lise pela curva de Kaplan-Meier demonstrou que pacientes com DIP positiva apresentaram maior probabilidade de eventos durante o acompanhamento que aqueles com resultados negativos (<italic>log rank</italic>; p = 0,02) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig01">fig. 1A</xref>). De forma semelhante, os pacientes com ED alto ou intermedi&#225;rio apresentaram maior probabilidade de eventos que aqueles com ED baixo (<italic>log rank</italic>; p = 0,0006) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig01">fig. 1B</xref>). O modelo de regress&#227;o de Cox foi ajustado para que se obtivesse a RC de eventos. As co-vari&#225;veis inclu&#237;das nesse modelo foram: idade, sintomas sugestivos de isquemia mioc&#225;rdica, escore de Framingham, ED, EV, DIP positiva, capacidade funcional ao TE, hipertens&#227;o, tabagismo, diabete, sobrepeso, dislipidemia, DAC pr&#233;via, e uso de &#225;cido acetilsalic&#237;lico, betabloqueadores ou estatinas. Ap&#243;s o ajuste de tais vari&#225;veis, somente duas foram identificadas como vari&#225;veis independentes e preditoras dos eventos: a idade (RC 1,2, IC 95% 1,0-1,4, p=0,03) e os pacientes com ED alto ou intermedi&#225;rio (RC 8,5, IC 95% 2-35,6, p=0,003).</p>
    <fig id="fig01">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-05-0531-00006-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    <p><italic>Custo-efetividade - </italic>A raz&#227;o de custo-efetividade de se aplicar DIP ou TE para prever um evento foi de R$ 3.564,00 e de R$ 568,20, respectivamente. Quando considerado o escore de risco de Framingham, a raz&#227;o de custo-efetividade para realizar DIP para predizer um evento foi de R$ 8.748,00 para indiv&#237;duos de baixo risco, de R$ 4.374,00 para indiv&#237;duos de risco intermedi&#225;rio e de R$ 1.458,00 para indiv&#237;duos de alto risco. A raz&#227;o de custo-efetividade de se aplicar TE para o mesmo prop&#243;sito foi de R$ 1.395,00, R$ 697,50 e R$ 232,50, respectivamente. </p>
    <p>A raz&#227;o de custo-efetividade (em tarifas de reembolso americanas para efeito de compara&#231;&#227;o na literatura internacional) ao se aplicar DIP ou TE para prever um evento foi de US$ 6,160.00 e de US$ 1,283.00, respectivamente. Quando considerado o escore de risco de Framingham, a raz&#227;o de custo-efetividade para realizar DIP para predizer um evento foi de US$ 15,120.00 para indiv&#237;duos de baixo risco, de US$ 7,560.00 para indiv&#237;duos de risco intermedi&#225;rio e de US$ 2,520.00 para indiv&#237;duos de alto risco. A raz&#227;o de custo-efetividade de se aplicar TE para o mesmo prop&#243;sito foi de US$ 3,150.00, US$ 1,575.00 e US$ 525.00, respectivamente. </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Este &#233; o primeiro estudo que comparou prospectivamente a DIP com o TE realizado em rampa, para estimar o risco cardiovascular de uma popula&#231;&#227;o muito idosa. Os resultados demonstraram que: a) o TE em rampa &#233; seguro e fact&#237;vel em indiv&#237;duos muito idosos; b) ambos os teste s&#227;o concordantes na detec&#231;&#227;o de isquemia mioc&#225;rdica e c) a estratifica&#231;&#227;o em indiv&#237;duos com ED alto ou intermedi&#225;rio foi superior &#224; DIP positiva na predi&#231;&#227;o de eventos cardiovasculares.</p>
    <p>A despeito da preocupa&#231;&#227;o geral com o risco de les&#245;es musculoesquel&#233;ticas durante o TE, os achados deste estudo revelaram que o TE &#233; seguro e fact&#237;vel no muito idoso. Prova disso &#233; que mais de 88% dos pacientes atingiram a freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca subm&#225;xima prevista para a idade. Vale a pena ressaltar que 48% dos participantes da amostra tinham co-morbidades, como doen&#231;as osteoarticulares, acidente vascular cerebral pr&#233;vio, depress&#227;o e vertigem, que n&#227;o foram limitantes para a realiza&#231;&#227;o do TE. A alta preval&#234;ncia de co-morbidades em nossa popula&#231;&#227;o tamb&#233;m &#233; descrita em popula&#231;&#245;es dos Estados Unidos e Europa<sup>14-16</sup>. Nos muito idosos, assim como nos adultos jovens<sup>17</sup>, h&#225; grande concord&#226;ncia entre o TE e a DIP. De forma similar &#224; observada nos mais jovens, a discord&#226;ncia entre ambos os exames foi mais alta nos pacientes com TE anormal que naqueles com TE normal (43% <italic>vs</italic> 4%). Essa observa&#231;&#227;o refor&#231;a a indica&#231;&#227;o do TE como primeiro teste a ser solicitado para a detec&#231;&#227;o de DAC. Al&#233;m disso, o uso do ED agrega valor na estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco, provavelmente em virtude de o escore incorporar dois marcadores progn&#243;sticos obtidos com o TE: a capacidade m&#225;xima de exerc&#237;cio (tempo de dura&#231;&#227;o), um dos mais consistentes marcadores progn&#243;sticos, e a isquemia induzida por esfor&#231;o.</p>
    <p>Em contraste aos achados deste estudo, Kwok e cols.<sup>18</sup>, avaliando indiv&#237;duos com 75 anos de idade ou mais, n&#227;o obtiveram do ED valor preditivo adequado na predi&#231;&#227;o de eventos. Uma poss&#237;vel explica&#231;&#227;o para a inconsist&#234;ncia entre os estudos pode residir no protocolo utilizado. O protocolo de Bruce, utilizado no estudo de Kwok, apresenta grandes e desiguais incrementos de carga, resultando em rela&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o-linear entre o trabalho e o consumo mioc&#225;rdio de oxig&#234;nio, o que reduz a acur&#225;cia da determina&#231;&#227;o indireta do consumo m&#225;ximo de oxig&#234;nio (VO<sub>2</sub>max) e contribui para a interrup&#231;&#227;o precoce do TE na popula&#231;&#227;o muito idosa<sup>19,20</sup>. Conseq&#252;entemente, grande propor&#231;&#227;o de pacientes n&#227;o foi capaz de caminhar o suficiente (cinco minutos ou mais) para ser estratificada como baixo risco no ED. Na verdade, no estudo de Kwok e cols.<sup>18</sup>, a dura&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dia do TE foi de cinco minutos e apenas 26% dos pacientes foram classificados como de baixo risco. Em contraste, a dura&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dia do TE neste estudo foi de sete minutos e 92% dos pacientes foram classificados como de baixo risco.</p>
    <p>Dados de 1998 do sistema p&#250;blico de sa&#250;de americano (Medicare) demonstram que a indica&#231;&#227;o da DIP foi tr&#234;s vezes superior &#224; do TE<sup>3</sup>. Isso significa que foram gastos cerca de US$ 820 milh&#245;es e de US$ 56 milh&#245;es na detec&#231;&#227;o de isquemia mioc&#225;rdica pela DIP e pelo TE, respectivamente. Essa discrep&#226;ncia &#233; provavelmente ainda maior se considerados apenas os exames realizados na popula&#231;&#227;o muito idosa. Para as pr&#243;ximas duas d&#233;cadas, espera-se que a popula&#231;&#227;o americana com 80 anos de idade ou mais dobre de tamanho<sup>21</sup>. Assim, uma estrat&#233;gia escalonada, em que o TE seria o m&#233;todo de primeira escolha, provavelmente reduziria os custos atuais e futuros com o cuidado &#224; sa&#250;de dos idosos.</p>
    <p><italic>Limita&#231;&#245;es - </italic>A maior limita&#231;&#227;o do presente estudo &#233; o fato de n&#227;o ter tido poder estat&#237;stico suficiente para avaliar os cl&#225;ssicos fatores de risco para DAC como preditores de eventos cardiovasculares nessa popula&#231;&#227;o muito idosa. Futuros estudos s&#227;o necess&#225;rios para avaliar esse quesito. Entretanto, dentro da linha de seu principal objetivo, este estudo teve poder suficiente para demonstrar a superioridade do ED obtido com o TE em rampa sobre a presen&#231;a de defeitos transit&#243;rios da DIP. Vale ressaltar a limita&#231;&#227;o menor do escore de risco de Framingham no quesito idade, que n&#227;o pontua de forma diferente os pacientes acima dos 74 anos, ou seja, indiv&#237;duos com 75 anos t&#234;m a mesma pontua&#231;&#227;o daqueles com 85 anos de idade. Todavia, os outros escores dispon&#237;veis tamb&#233;m possuem a mesma limita&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Conclus&#245;es</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Os achados deste estudo demonstraram que o TE &#233; seguro, fact&#237;vel, custo-eficaz e superior &#224; DIP na predi&#231;&#227;o do risco cardiovascular no indiv&#237;duo muito idoso. Tais achados podem beneficiar a redu&#231;&#227;o de custos na detec&#231;&#227;o de isquemia mioc&#225;rdica e na estratifica&#231;&#227;o do muito idoso.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesses</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflitos de interesses pertinentes.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="end" fn-type="corresp">
        <label>
          <bold>Correspond&#234;ncia:</bold>
        </label>
        <p> Luciano Janussi Vacanti </p>
        <p> Avenida Coronel Joaquim Montenegro, 81/22 </p>
        <p> 11035-001 &#150; Santos, SP </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="lvacanti@cardiol.br">lvacanti@cardiol.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Artigo recebido em 11/09/06; revisado recebido em 26/10/06, aceito em 24/11/06.</p>
  </body>
  <back>
    <ref-list>
      <ref id="B1">
        <label>1</label>
        <mixed-citation>1. Statistics NCfH. Data Warehouse on Trends in Health and Aging. [acesso em 2006 may 12]. Available on <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/agingact.htm">http://wwwcdcgov/ nchs/agingacthtm</ext-link>&gt;.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="book">
          <source>Statistics NCfH: Data Warehouse on Trends in Health and Aging</source>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B2">
        <mixed-citation>2. Fleg JL, Gerstenblith G, Zonderman AB, Becker    LC, Weisfeldt ML, Costa PT Jr, et al. Prevalence and prognostic significance    of exercise-induced silent myocardial ischemia detected by thallium scintigraphy    and electrocardiography in asymptomatic volunteers. Circulation. 1990;81:428-36.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Prevalence and prognostic significance of exercise-induced silent myocardial ischemia detected by thallium scintigraphy and electrocardiography in asymptomatic volunteers</article-title>
          <source>Circulation</source>
          <date>
            <year>1990</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>428</fpage>
          <lpage>36</lpage>
          <volume>81</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Fleg</surname>
              <given-names>JL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gerstenblith</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Zonderman</surname>
              <given-names>AB</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Becker</surname>
              <given-names>LC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Weisfeldt</surname>
              <given-names>ML</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Costa</surname>
              <given-names>PT Jr</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B3">
        <mixed-citation>3. Gibbons J, Balady GJ, Bricker JT, Chaitman    BR, Fletcher GF, Froelicher VF, et al. ACC/AHA 2002 Guideline Update for Exercise    Testing: Summary Article. A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American    Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Committee to Update the    1997 Exercise Testing Guidelines). Circulation. 2002;106:1883.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>ACC/AHA 2002 Guideline Update for Exercise Testing: Summary Article. A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Committee to Update the 1997 Exercise Testing Guidelines)</article-title>
          <source>Circulation</source>
          <date>
            <year>2002</year>
          </date>
          <volume>106</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Gibbons</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Balady</surname>
              <given-names>GJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bricker</surname>
              <given-names>JT</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Chaitman</surname>
              <given-names>BR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Fletcher</surname>
              <given-names>GF</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Froelicher</surname>
              <given-names>VF</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B4">
        <mixed-citation>4. Goraya T. Prognostic value of treadmill exercise    testing in the elderly persons. Ann Intern Med. 2000;132:862-70.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Prognostic value of treadmill exercise testing in the elderly persons</article-title>
          <source>Ann Intern Med.</source>
          <date>
            <year>2000</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>862</fpage>
          <lpage>70</lpage>
          <volume>132</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Goraya</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B5">
        <mixed-citation>5. Wilkoff BL, Miller RE. Exercise testing for    chronotropic assessment. Cardiol Clin. 1992;10(4):705-17.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Exercise testing for chronotropic assessment</article-title>
          <source>Cardiol Clin.</source>
          <date>
            <year>1992</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>705</fpage>
          <lpage>17</lpage>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <volume>10</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Wilkoff</surname>
              <given-names>BL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Miller</surname>
              <given-names>RE</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B6">
        <mixed-citation>6. Mundal RKS, Sandvik L, Eriksen G, Thaulow    E, Erikssen J. Exercise blood pressure predicts mortality from myocardial infarction.    Hypertension. 1996;27:324-9.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Exercise blood pressure predicts mortality from myocardial infarction</article-title>
          <source>Hypertension</source>
          <date>
            <year>1996</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>324</fpage>
          <lpage>9</lpage>
          <volume>27</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Mundal</surname>
              <given-names>RKS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sandvik</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Eriksen</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Thaulow</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Erikssen</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B7">
        <mixed-citation>7. Vacanti LJ, Sespedes LBH, Sarpi MO. O teste    ergom&#233;trico &#233; &#250;til, seguro e eficaz, mesmo em indiv&#237;duos    muito idosos, com 75 anos ou mais. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2004;82:147-50. </mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>O teste ergom&#233;trico &#233; &#250;til, seguro e eficaz, mesmo em indiv&#237;duos muito idosos, com 75 anos ou mais</article-title>
          <source>Arq Bras Cardiol.</source>
          <date>
            <year>2004</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>147</fpage>
          <lpage>50</lpage>
          <volume>82</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Vacanti</surname>
              <given-names>LJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sespedes</surname>
              <given-names>LBH</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sarpi</surname>
              <given-names>MO</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B8">
        <mixed-citation>8. Wilson PW, DAgostino RB, Levy D, Belanger    AM, Silbershatz H, Kannel WB. Prediction of coronary heart disease using risk    factor categories. Circulation. 1998;97(18):1837-47.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Prediction of coronary heart disease using risk factor categories</article-title>
          <source>Circulation</source>
          <date>
            <year>1998</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>1837</fpage>
          <lpage>47</lpage>
          <issue>18</issue>
          <volume>97</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Wilson</surname>
              <given-names>PW</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>D&#8217;Agostino</surname>
              <given-names>RB</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Levy</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Belanger</surname>
              <given-names>AM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Silbershatz</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kannel</surname>
              <given-names>WB</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B9">
        <mixed-citation>9. Mark DB, Shaw L, Harrell FE Jr, Hlatky MA,    Lee KL, Bengtson JR, et al. Prognostic value of a treadmill exercise score in    outpatients with suspected coronary artery disease. N Engl J Med. 1991;325:849-53.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Prognostic value of a treadmill exercise score in outpatients with suspected coronary artery disease</article-title>
          <source>N Engl J Med.</source>
          <date>
            <year>1991</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>849</fpage>
          <lpage>53</lpage>
          <volume>325</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Mark</surname>
              <given-names>DB</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Shaw</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Harrell</surname>
              <given-names>FE Jr</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hlatky</surname>
              <given-names>MA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lee</surname>
              <given-names>KL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bengtson</surname>
              <given-names>JR</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B10">
        <mixed-citation>10. Lai S, Kaykha A, Yamazaki T, Goldstein M,    Spin JM, Myers J, et al. Treadmill scores in elderly men. J Am Coll Cardiol.    2004;43(4):606-15.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Treadmill scores in elderly men</article-title>
          <source>J Am Coll Cardiol.</source>
          <date>
            <year>2004</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>606</fpage>
          <lpage>15</lpage>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <volume>43</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Lai</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kaykha</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Yamazaki</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Goldstein</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Spin</surname>
              <given-names>JM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Myers</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B11">
        <mixed-citation>11. Port SC. Imaging Guidelines for Nuclear Cardiology    Procedures, Part 2. J Nucl Cardiol. 1999;6:G47-84.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Imaging Guidelines for Nuclear Cardiology Procedures, Part 2</article-title>
          <source>J Nucl Cardiol.</source>
          <date>
            <year>1999</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>G47</fpage>
          <lpage>84</lpage>
          <volume>6</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Port</surname>
              <given-names>SC</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B12">
        <mixed-citation>12. Berman DS, Hachamovitch R, Kiat H, Cohen    I, Cabico JA, Wang FP, et al. Incremental value of prognostic testing in patients    with known or suspected ischemic heart disease: a basis for optimal utilization    of exercise technetium-99m sestamibi myocardial perfusion single-photon emission    computed tomography. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1995; 26 (3): 639-47.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Incremental value of prognostic testing in patients with known or suspected ischemic heart disease: a basis for optimal utilization of exercise technetium-99m sestamibi myocardial perfusion single-photon emission computed tomography</article-title>
          <source>J Am Coll Cardiol.</source>
          <date>
            <year>1995</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>639</fpage>
          <lpage>47</lpage>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <volume>26</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Berman</surname>
              <given-names>DS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hachamovitch</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kiat</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cohen</surname>
              <given-names>I</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cabico</surname>
              <given-names>JA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Wang</surname>
              <given-names>FP</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B13">
        <mixed-citation>13. Hachamovitch R, Berman DS, Kiat H, Cohen    I, Friedman JD, Shaw LJ. Value of stress myocardial perfusion single photon    emission computed tomography in patients with normal resting electrocardiograms:    an evaluation of incremental prognostic value and cost-effectiveness. Circulation.    2002;105(7):823-9.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Value of stress myocardial perfusion single photon emission computed tomography in patients with normal resting electrocardiograms: an evaluation of incremental prognostic value and cost-effectiveness</article-title>
          <source>Circulation</source>
          <date>
            <year>2002</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>823</fpage>
          <lpage>9</lpage>
          <issue>7</issue>
          <volume>105</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Hachamovitch</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Berman</surname>
              <given-names>DS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kiat</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cohen</surname>
              <given-names>I</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Friedman</surname>
              <given-names>JD</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Shaw</surname>
              <given-names>LJ</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B14">
        <mixed-citation>14. Manton KG, Gu X. Changes in the prevalence    of chronic disability in the United States black and nonblack population above    age 65 from 1982 to 1999. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2001;98(11):6354-9.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Changes in the prevalence of chronic disability in the United States black and nonblack population above age 65 from 1982 to 1999</article-title>
          <source>Proc Natl Acad Sci USA</source>
          <date>
            <year>2001</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>6354</fpage>
          <lpage>9</lpage>
          <issue>11</issue>
          <volume>98</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Manton</surname>
              <given-names>KG</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gu</surname>
              <given-names>X</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B15">
        <mixed-citation>15. Freedman VA, Martin LG, Schoeni RF. Recent    trends in disability and functioning among older adults in the United States:    a systematic review. JAMA. 2002;288(24):3137-46.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Recent trends in disability and functioning among older adults in the United States: a systematic review</article-title>
          <source>JAMA</source>
          <date>
            <year>2002</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>3137</fpage>
          <lpage>46</lpage>
          <issue>24</issue>
          <volume>288</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Freedman</surname>
              <given-names>VA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Martin</surname>
              <given-names>LG</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Schoeni</surname>
              <given-names>RF</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B16">
        <mixed-citation>16. Ebrahim S, Papacosta O, Wannamethee G, Adamson    J. Social inequalities and disability in older men: prospective findings from    the British regional heart study. Soc Sci Med. 2004;59(10):2109-20.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Social inequalities and disability in older men: prospective findings from the British regional heart study</article-title>
          <source>Soc Sci Med.</source>
          <date>
            <year>2004</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>2109</fpage>
          <lpage>20</lpage>
          <issue>10</issue>
          <volume>59</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Ebrahim</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Papacosta</surname>
              <given-names>O</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Wannamethee</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Adamson</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B17">
        <mixed-citation>17. Mattera JA, Arain SA, Sinusas AJ, Finta L,    Wackers FJ. Exercise testing with myocardial perfusion imaging in patients with    normal baseline electrocardiograms: cost savings with a stepwise diagnostic    strategy. J Nucl Cardiol. 1998;5(5):498-506.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Exercise testing with myocardial perfusion imaging in patients with normal baseline electrocardiograms: cost savings with a stepwise diagnostic strategy</article-title>
          <source>J Nucl Cardiol.</source>
          <date>
            <year>1998</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>498</fpage>
          <lpage>506</lpage>
          <issue>5</issue>
          <volume>5</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Mattera</surname>
              <given-names>JA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Arain</surname>
              <given-names>SA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sinusas</surname>
              <given-names>AJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Finta</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Wackers</surname>
              <given-names>FJ</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B18">
        <mixed-citation>18. Kwok JM, Miller TD, Hodge DO, Gibbons RJ.    Prognostic value of the Duke treadmill score in the elderly. J Am Coll Cardiol.    2002;39(9):1475-81.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Prognostic value of the Duke treadmill score in the elderly</article-title>
          <source>J Am Coll Cardiol.</source>
          <date>
            <year>2002</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>1475</fpage>
          <lpage>81</lpage>
          <issue>9</issue>
          <volume>39</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Kwok</surname>
              <given-names>JM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Miller</surname>
              <given-names>TD</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hodge</surname>
              <given-names>DO</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gibbons</surname>
              <given-names>RJ</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B19">
        <mixed-citation>19. Inoguchi T, Yamashita T, Umeda F, Mihara    O. High incidence of silent myocardial ischemia in elderly patients with non    insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2000;47(1):37-44.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>High incidence of silent myocardial ischemia in elderly patients with non insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus</article-title>
          <source>Diabetes Res Clin Pract.</source>
          <date>
            <year>2000</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>37</fpage>
          <lpage>44</lpage>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <volume>47</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Inoguchi</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Yamashita</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Umeda</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mihara</surname>
              <given-names>O</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B20">
        <mixed-citation>20. Hashimoto A, Palmer E. Complications of excercise    and pharmacologic stress tests: differences in younger and elderly patients.    J Nucl Cardiol. 1999;6:612-9.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Complications of excercise and pharmacologic stress tests: differences in younger and elderly patients</article-title>
          <source>J Nucl Cardiol.</source>
          <date>
            <year>1999</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>612</fpage>
          <lpage>9</lpage>
          <volume>6</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Hashimoto</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Palmer</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B21">
        <label>21</label>
        <mixed-citation>21. U.S. Census Bureau. International database. Table 094. Midyear population, by age and sex. [acesso em 2006 nov 10]. Available: &lt;<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.census.gov/population/">http://www.census.gov/population/</ext-link> <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.projections/natdet-D1A.html">www/projections/natdet-D1A.html</ext-link>&gt;.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="book">
          <source>International database: Table 094. Midyear population, by age and sex</source>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
    </ref-list>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">In comparison to the myocardial perfusion scintigraphy, a treadmill stress test is a viable, efficient and cost effective option to predict cardiovascular events in elderly patients</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>OBJECTIVE: To define the prognostic value and cost-effectiveness of the treadmill stress test (TST) in comparison to the dipyridamole myocardial perfusion scintigraphy (DIP), in individuals &gt;75 years of age. METHODS: Consecutive and prospective assessment of 66 patients (40% male) aged 81 &#177; 5 years of which 57% were hypertensive, 38% had dyslipidemia and 28% were diabetics. The Bruce protocol was adapted for a tilt treadmill and the TST prognostic value was obtained using the Duke treadmill score. RESULTS: The TST duration, recommended maximum heart rate percentage and double product at peak exercise were respectively: 7 &#177; 3 minutes, 95 &#177; 9% and 24,946 &#177; 4,576 (bpm x mmHg). The TST and DIP presented similar positive results for myocardial ischemia (21% vs 15%, respectively). The correlation between the tests was 88% (Kappa 0.63, p&lt;0.01). During 685 &#177; 120 days of follow-up, nine major events occurred: 6 deaths, 2 acute coronary syndromes and 1 myocardial revascularization. The variables associated with the major events were: age (83 &#177; 6 vs 80 &#177; 4 years; p=0.048), male gender (78% vs 33%; p=0.02), ST segment depression (1 &#177; 1 mm vs 0.25 &#177; 0.6 mm; p= 0.01), high or intermediate risk determined by the Duke treadmill score - combined in one group (44% vs 2%; p=0.001) and abnormal DIP (44% vs 10%, p= 0.02). CONCLUSION: For this elderly population, the TST was an efficient and viable option with a similar diagnostic value in comparison to the DIP. However, the TST was more accurate in the prediction of major events and offers a lower cost.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Exercise test</kwd>
        <kwd>efficacy</kwd>
        <kwd>costo-benefit analysis</kwd>
        <kwd>cardiovascular diseases</kwd>
        <kwd>aged, 80 and over</kwd>
        <kwd>radionuclide imaging</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>ORIGINAL ARTICLE</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>In comparison to the myocardial perfusion scintigraphy, a treadmill stress test is a viable, efficient and cost effective option to predict cardiovascular events in elderly patients</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Luciano Janussi Vacanti<sup>I</sup>; Andrei Carvalho Sposito<sup>II</sup>; Luciano S&#233;spedes<sup>III</sup>; Ma&#237;ra Sarpi<sup>III</sup>; Jos&#233; Antonio F. Ramires<sup>IV</sup>; Anna E. Bortnick<sup>V</sup></bold>
      </p>
      <p><sup>I</sup>Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o &#150; InCor-DF - Bras&#237;lia, DF</p>
      <p><sup>II</sup>Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Bras&#237;lia - UNB - Bras&#237;lia, DF</p>
      <p><sup>III</sup>Faculdade de Ci&#234;ncias M&#233;dicas de Santos, Funda&#231;&#227;o Lus&#237;ada - Santos, SP</p>
      <p><sup>IV</sup>Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas &#150; FMUSP - S&#227;o Paulo, SP</p>
      <p><sup>V</sup>Brigham and Women&#146;s Hospital, Departament of Internal Medicine - Boston, MA, USA</p>
      <p>
        <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end-body2">Mailing address</xref>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>SUMMARY</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVE: </bold>To define the prognostic value and cost-effectiveness of the treadmill stress test (TST) in comparison to the dipyridamole myocardial perfusion scintigraphy (DIP), in individuals <underline>&gt;</underline>75 years of age.</p>
      <p><bold>METHODS: </bold>Consecutive and prospective assessment of 66 patients (40% male) aged 81 &#177; 5 years of which 57% were hypertensive, 38% had dyslipidemia and 28% were diabetics. The Bruce protocol was adapted for a tilt treadmill and the TST prognostic value was obtained using the Duke treadmill score.</p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS: </bold>The TST duration, recommended maximum heart rate percentage and double product at peak exercise were respectively: 7 &#177; 3 minutes, 95 &#177; 9% and 24,946 &#177; 4,576 (bpm x mmHg). The TST and DIP presented similar positive results for myocardial ischemia (21% <italic>vs</italic> 15%, respectively). The correlation between the tests was 88% (Kappa 0.63, p&lt;0.01). During 685 &#177; 120 days of follow-up, nine major events occurred: 6 deaths, 2 acute coronary syndromes and 1 myocardial revascularization. The variables associated with the major events were: age (83 &#177; 6 <italic>vs</italic> 80 &#177; 4 years; p=0.048), male gender (78% <italic>vs</italic> 33%; p=0.02), ST segment depression (1 &#177; 1 mm <italic>vs</italic> 0.25 &#177; 0.6 mm; p= 0.01), high or intermediate risk determined by the Duke treadmill score &#150; combined in one group (44% <italic>vs</italic> 2%; p=0.001) and abnormal DIP (44% <italic>vs</italic> 10%, p= 0.02).</p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSION: </bold>For this elderly population, the TST was an efficient and viable option with a similar diagnostic value in comparison to the DIP. However, the TST was more accurate in the prediction of major events and offers a lower cost.</p>
      <p><bold>Key words: </bold>Exercise test; efficacy; costo-benefit analysis; cardiovascular diseases; aged, 80 and over; radionuclide imaging.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Introduction</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The elderly (<underline>&gt;</underline> 75 years) represent the fastest growing population segment in the world. In these individuals, coronary artery disease (CAD) symptoms are usually silent or atypical, severe and the main cause of morbidity and mortality<sup>1,2</sup>. These idiosyncrasies justify early disease detection. In these circumstances, doctors are usually concerned about the potential risk of musculoskeletal lesions from a treadmill stress test (TST) and consequently tend to investigate CAD using imaging methods and pharmacological induced stress. However, in addition to the detection of CAD, the TST offers other advantages. First, standardizing the TST as the first test to be requested could improve the cost-effectiveness of CAD detection in this segment, owing to the greater probability of CAD before testing in these individuals<sup>3</sup>. Second, in addition to detecting myocardial ischemia, other relevant information can be obtained using this method such as: functional capacity, and assessment of chronotropic behavior and blood pressure response during and after exertion. This information is essential to determine the prognosis<sup>3-6</sup>. Nevertheless, to date there is very little information in medical literature concerning TSTs as a diagnostic and prognostic tool in the elderly population. Therefore, the main objective of the present study is to evaluate whether the TST is a viable and cost efficient option that is equivalent to the dipyridamole myocardial perfusion scintigraphy to stratify cardiovascular risk in elderly patients. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Methods</bold>
      </p>
      <p><italic>Population - </italic>Between January and September 2002, 79 individuals, <underline>&gt;</underline>75 years of age were consecutively assessed in the outpatient clinic at the Guilherme &#193;lvaro State Hospital in Santos, SP. From these, 13 patients (16%) who presented abnormalities during the electrocardiography at rest (n=7) or significant physical exercise limitations (n=6) were excluded from the study. Therefore, the study sample consisted of 66 individuals (26 males) with an average age of 81 &#177; 5 years. All medications were suspended for a timeframe equivalent to five half-lives of the respective drugs before the test date. The study was approved by the Institution&#146;s Ethics Committee and all patients signed a free and informed consent form.</p>
      <p><italic>Treadmill stress test - </italic>The Bruce treadmill test protocol was used, preceded by a 1 minute warm-up at a speed of 1.0 mph, with no slope, and adapted for a tilt treadmill with gradual and moderate increases of speed and slope<sup>7</sup>. The patients were continually monitored with a 12 lead ECG that was also equipped with a CM5 bipolar lead using the software Ergo PC 13 for Windows. Blood pressure measurements were taken at rest, after every three minutes of exercise, at peak exertion and every minute during recovery. The test was stopped due to exhaustion; elevated diastolic blood pressure (DBP), &gt;120mm/Hg for normotensive patients and &gt;140mm/Hg for hypertensive patients; elevated systolic blood pressure (SBP), &gt;260mm/Hg; a sustained SBP drop; clinical manifestation of intense chest pain; depression of the ST segment <underline>&gt;</underline> 3mm; elevation of the ST segment <underline>&gt;</underline> 2mm on leads without a Q wave; complex ventricular arrhythmia; onset of sustained supraventricular tachycardia, atrial tachycardia, atrial fibrillation, 2<sup>nd</sup> or 3<sup>rd</sup> degree atrioventricular block; signs of left ventricular failure; or failure in the monitoring and/or recording systems. The test was considered positive when one of the following was observed: typical symptoms, a straight or concave ST segment depression <underline>&gt;</underline>1.0 mm or a convex ST segment depression <underline>&gt;</underline>1.5 mm, at 0.08 seconds from the J point, or even a ST segment elevation <underline>&gt;</underline>1.0 mm. The test was considered efficient if the individual attained at least 85% of the maximum heart rate (HR) recommended for the patient&#146;s age (220 &#150; age). Exertion induced hypertension was defined as SBP values &gt;220 mmHg and/or elevation of DBP by 15mmHg or more. Indirect measurements of maximum oxygen consumption (VO<sub>2</sub>max) in METs was calculated automatically by the software. The double product was obtained by multiplying the maximum heart rate obtained by the systolic blood pressure at peak exertion<sup>3</sup>. </p>
      <p>Calculation of the Framingham risk score for future coronary events was conducted in accordance with international guidelines. Briefly, the patients were evaluated according to gender and the following variables: age, total cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, blood pressure and whether or not they were smokers. The estimated risk for events within the next ten years was obtained from the total number of points. The participants were stratified in 3 categories, according to the predicted ten year risk: low risk (<underline>&lt;</underline>10%), intermediate risk (&gt;10% but <underline>&lt;</underline>20%) and high risk (&gt;20%)<sup>8</sup>. The Duke treadmill score (DTS) and Veterans score (VS) were calculated based on clinical characteristics and information obtained during the TST, as described in literature<sup>9,10</sup>. Briefly, the DTS and VS were calculated as shown below: </p>
      <p><bold>VS</bold> = D Double product (10<sup>-3</sup>) - 10 (ST segment depression at rest + prior infarction + prior myocardial revascularization) - 4 (ST segment depression during the TST);</p>
      <p><bold>DTS</bold> = exercise time - (5 x ST segment depression) - (4 x angina scale). The angina scale was classified as: 0 &#150; no angina, 1 &#150; presence of angina and 2 &#150; limiting angina (reason to stop the TST). Patients with a DTS <underline>&gt;</underline>5 were classified as low risk; &lt;5 to (-10) as intermediate risk and when &lt;(-10) as high risk<sup>9</sup>. </p>
      <p><italic>Myocardial perfusion scintigraphy - </italic>All patients were submitted to myocardial perfusion scintigraphy with technetium-99m-sestamibi within at maximum one week of the treadmill stress test. The protocol consisted of two stages, conducted on two different days: at rest and after administration of a vasodilator (0.56 mg/kg of intravenous dipyridamole for 4 minutes). The patients were monitored continuously with a 12 lead ECG and blood pressure measurements were taken at rest, after every three minutes of pharmacological stress, at peak stress and every minute during recovery. Image acquisition and reconstruction were conducted in accordance with the guidelines of the American Society of Nuclear Cardiology<sup>11</sup>. </p>
      <p>Subjective and semi-quantitative image interpretation was performed by a qualified independent observer. Questionable cases were reevaluated by another observer. Tests that showed a uniform distribution of the radioactive tracer in the left ventricle at rest and under stress were considered negative. Stationary defects shown on both images were defined as fibrosis, and transient defects as ischemia. </p>
      <p><italic>Clinical evolution and follow-up - </italic>Clinical follow-up, after the tests were completed, was conducted by telephone and by consulting the medical charts of the patients enrolled in the study. Major events were classified as: death (any cause), acute coronary syndromes (ACS) [myocardial infarction and unstable angina], and myocardial revascularization (percutaneous or surgical). The diagnosis for ACS was obtained from: a) medical history of ischemic chest pain; b) alterations in electrocardiogram serial readings (depression or elevation of the ST segment) and c) rise and fall of cardiac enzymes (in the case of myocardial infarction).</p>
      <p><italic>Statistical analysis - </italic>Data were expressed as averages and standard deviations and the null hypothesis rejection level was established as 0.05 or 5% (a <underline>&lt;</underline> 0.05) for all tests. The Kolmogorov-Smirnov test was used to analyze quantitative variables. The categorical variable frequencies were compared using the Fisher test. Univariate analysis was conducted using the Student&#146;s t-test for parametric data and the Mann-Whitney test for non-parametric data. The individuals were compared according to event predictive variables using the Kaplan-Meier method and log-rank test. The Cox model was used to obtain the odds ratio with a confidence interval of 95% (CI). Statistical calculations were conducted with the computer program SPSS version 10.0 for Windows.</p>
      <p><italic>Cost-effectiveness - </italic>The respective costs of the TST and DIP were estimated at seventy-seven Reals and fifty cents R$ 77,50 and four hundred and eighty-six Reals R$ 486,00 based on the 1999 Brazilian Medical Association table, which was in force at the beginning of the study. For international comparison purposes, the respective costs based on previous studies were one hundred and seventy-five US dollars US$175 and eight hundred and forty US dollars US$840<sup>12</sup>. The cost-effectiveness ratio was defined as the cost per event detected on the abnormal DIP and on an intermediate or high risk DTS according to the TST<sup>13</sup>. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Results</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Sixty-six individuals (39% males) with an average age of 81 &#177; 5 years (75 to 94 years) were able to perform the TST. Among them, 41 (62%) presented hypertension, 27 (41%) dyslipidemia, 16 (24%) diabetes, 5 (8%) were overweight, 1 (1.5%) was a smoker and 31 (48%) had comorbidities: osteoarthritis (n=22), affective disorders (n=3), vertigo (n=3) and sequelae due to strokes (n=3). Confirmed prior CAD was observed in 12 (18%) patients. Atypical chest pain was observed in 18 (28%) and typical chest pain in 8 (12%) of the patients. The remaining 40 individuals (60%) were asymptomatic before the tests.</p>
      <p>No complications were observed during or after the test and 92% of the tests were efficacious. The tests were stopped, on average, at 95 &#177; 9% of the heart rate predicted for the patient&#146;s age. Average test duration was 7.2 &#177; 2.5 minutes, attaining a double product of 24,109 &#177; 4,541 (bpm x mmHg) and 7 &#177; 2 METs.</p>
      <p><italic>Consonance between the TST and DIP</italic> - Myocardial ischemia was observed in 10 individuals (15%) during the DIP and in 14 (21%) during the TST, of which 3 (4.5%) presented angina during the TST. Fifty-eight individuals (88%) presented corresponding TST and DIP tests. All individuals that had positive DIP tests also had positive TST tests for myocardial ischemia. The negative TST tests were not confirmed by DIP in 2 cases (4%), and in 6 cases (43%) the negative DIP tests were not confirmed by the TST. The overall consensus between the two tests was 0.63 (p&lt;0.01, Kappa). </p>
      <p><italic>Clinical evolution</italic> - All individuals included in the study received clinical follow-up. During the 685 days &#177; 118 days (300 to 836 days) of follow-up after the tests had been conducted there were six deaths, one myocardial revascularization surgery and two episodes of acute coronary syndromes (unstable angina) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01-body2">Table 1</xref>). Two individuals died after acute coronary events, two suffered from sudden death and two died during treatment of a respiratory tract infection.</p>
      <table-wrap id="tab01-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-05-0531-00006-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>Comparison of the patients who presented cardiovascular events with those who presented an uneventful evolution revealed statistically significant differences in relation to age, gender, presence of ST segment depression, DTS, presence of ischemia during DIP and maximum heart rate during the test (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab02-body2">Tables 2</xref> and <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab03-body2">3</xref>). The remaining study variables did not present statistically significant differences between the groups (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab02-body2">Tables 2</xref> and <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab03-body2">3</xref>). Even after excluding two patients who were being treated for pulmonary infection, the differences remain significant in relation to gender (p=0.01), ST segment depression (p=0.04), DTS (p&lt;0.001) and the presence of ischemia during DIP (p=0.009). During the second analysis, the Framingham high risk score (p=0.04) and the presence of typical chest pain (p=0.04) were significantly associated with cardiovascular events. The other variables remained unrelated to events.</p>
      <table-wrap id="tab02-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-05-0531-00006-gt02-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <table-wrap id="tab03-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-05-0531-00006-gt03-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>Owing to the univariate analysis findings, an actuarial curve was generated to separate the patients according to abnormal DTS and DIP. Analysis of the Kaplan-Meier curve demonstrated that patients with a positive DIP presented a greater possibility to have events during follow-up than those with negative results (Log Rank p=0.02) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig01-body2">Figure 1A</xref>). Similarly, the patients with a DTS of high or intermediate risk presented a greater possibility of events than those with a DTS of low risk (Log Rank p=0.0006) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig01-body2">Figure 1B</xref>). The Cox regression model was adjusted to obtain the odds ratio for events. The co-variables included in this model were: age, indicative symptoms of myocardial ischemia, Framingham score, DTS, VS, positive DIP, functional capacity during the TST, hypertension, smoking, diabetes, excess weight, dyslipidemia, prior CAD and use of ASA, beta blockers or statins. After adjustment of these variables, only two were identified as independent and predictive variables for events: age (OR 1.2, CI 95%, 1.0 - 1.4, p=0.03) and an intermediate or high risk DTS (OR 8.5, CI 95%, 2 - 35.6, p=0.003).</p>
      <fig id="fig01-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-05-0531-00006-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p><italic>Cost-effectiveness - </italic>The cost-effectiveness ratio to perform a DIP or TST to predict an event was three thousand five hundred and sixty-four Reals (R$ 3.564,00) and five hundred and sixty-eight Reals and twenty cents (R$ 568,20), respectively. When the Framingham risk score was taken into consideration, the cost-effectiveness ratio to perform a DIP to predict an event was eight thousand seven hundred and forty-eight Reals (R$ 8.748,00) for low risk individuals, four thousand three hundred and seventy-four Reals (R$ 4.374,00) for intermediate risk individuals and one thousand four hundred and fifty-eight Reals (R$ 1.458,00) for high risk individuals. The cost-effectiveness ratios to perform a TST to predict an event were R$ 1.395,00, R$ 697,50 and R$ 232,50, respectively. </p>
      <p>The cost-effectiveness ratios (in American reimbursement rates for comparison with international literature) for the DIP and TST to predict an event were six thousand one hundred and sixty US dollars (US$ 6,160) and one thousand two hundred and eighty-three US dollars (U$ 1,283) respectively. When the Framingham risk score was taken into consideration, the cost &#150; effectiveness ratios to perform a DIP to predict an event were fifteen thousand one hundred and twenty US dollars (US$15,120) for low risk individuals, seven thousand five hundred and sixty US dollars (US$7,560) for intermediate risk individuals and two thousand five hundred and twenty US dollars (US$2,520) for high risk individuals. The cost &#150; effectiveness ratios to perform a TST to predict an event were US$ 3,150, US$ 1,575 and US$ 525, respectively. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This is the first study to prospectively compare the DIP to a tilt TST in order to estimate cardiovascular risk in an elderly population. Our results demonstrate that: (i) a tilt TST is a safe and viable option for elderly individuals; (ii) both tests are equally reliable to detect myocardial ischemia, and (iii) stratification of individuals with high or intermediate risk according to the DTS was superior to the positive myocardial perfusion scintigraphy to predict cardiovascular events.</p>
      <p>Despite the general concern regarding the risk of musculoskeletal lesions during the TST, our findings reveal that the TST is a safe and viable option for the elderly. This was proved by the fact that more than 88% of the patients achieved the sub-maximum heart rate proposed for their age. It should be emphasized that 48% of the participants in the sample had comorbidities such as: osteoarticular diseases, prior strokes, depression and vertigo that were not limiting factors for the TST. The high prevalence of comorbidities in our population is also described in American and European populations<sup>14-16</sup>. In the elderly, similar to young adults<sup>17</sup>, there is great deal of agreement between the TST and DIP. Similar to younger individuals, the disagreement between the two tests was higher for the patients with an abnormal TST than those with a normal TST (43% <italic>vs</italic> 4%). This observation reinforces the indication of the TST as the first test to be requested for CAD detection. Additionally, value-added risk stratification is obtained with the Duke treadmill score. This is probably due to the fact that the score incorporates two prognostic markers obtained from the TST. Maximum exercise capacity (duration), is one of the most consistent prognostic markers along with exercise induced ischemia.</p>
      <p>Contrary to our findings, Kwok et al<sup>18</sup> did not obtain an adequate predictive value from the DTS to predict events in individuals <underline>&gt;</underline> 75 years. One possible explanation for this inconsistency between these two studies could reside in the protocol used. The Bruce protocol used in the Kwok et al<sup>18</sup> study, presents large and unequal load increments resulting in a nonlinear relation between the work and myocardial oxygen consumption, reducing the accuracy of the indirect determination of maximum oxygen consumption (VO<sub>2</sub> max) and contributes to early TST interruption in the elderly population<sup>19,20</sup>. Consequently, a large percentage of patients were not able to walk long enough (<underline>&gt;</underline>5 minutes) to be stratified as low risk on the DTS. Actually, in the Kwok et al<sup>18</sup> study, the average TST duration was 5 minutes and only 26% of the patients were classified as low risk. In contrast, our patients had and average duration of 7 minutes and 92% of the patients were classified as low risk.</p>
      <p>Data from the American Public Healthcare System (Medicare) in 1998 demonstrate that DIP indications were three times higher than for TSTs<sup>3</sup>. In other words, approximately US$820 million was spent on DIPs to detect myocardial ischemia versus US$56 million for TSTs. This discrepancy would probably be even higher if only the tests conducted on the elderly population were considered. It is expected that the American population <underline>&gt;</underline> 80 years will double over the next twenty years<sup>21</sup>. Therefore, a progressive strategy to establish the TST as first method to be used would probably reduce current and future geriatric health care costs.</p>
      <p><italic>Limitations - </italic>The greatest limitation of the present study was that it did not have sufficient statistical power to evaluate the classic CAD risk factors as indicators for cardiovascular events in this elderly population. Further studies are required to evaluate this issue. Nevertheless, within the scope of our main objective, the study had sufficient power to demonstrate that the DTS score obtained from the tilt TST is superior to the presence of transient defects on the myocardial perfusion scintigraphy. A less significant limitation should be noted in relation to the Framingham risk score and the patient&#146;s age, as no distinction is made for patients over 74 years. Or in other words, the scores for 75 year old individuals and 85 year old individuals are the same. Nevertheless, all other available scores also have this limitation.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Conclusions</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Our findings demonstrate that the TST is a safe, viable and cost-effective option that is superior to the myocardial perfusion scintigraphy to predict cardiovascular risk in the elderly. These findings can contribute to cost reductions in the detection of myocardial ischemia and stratification of the elderly.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
      </p>
      <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fn id="end-body2" fn-type="corresp">
          <label>
            <bold>Mailing address:</bold>
          </label>
          <p> Luciano Janussi Vacanti</p>
          <p> Avenida Coronel Joaquim Montenegro, 81/22</p>
          <p> Santos, SP - Brazil</p>
          <p> E-mail: </p>
          <p>
            <email xlink:href="lvacanti@cardiol.br">lvacanti@cardiol.br</email>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p>Manuscript received September 11, 2006; revised manuscript received October 26, 2006; accepted November 24, 2006.</p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
