<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.1 20151215//EN" "https://jats.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/1.1/JATS-journalpublishing1.dtd">
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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">fbXxhrxhdQsnWmgX7874wzd</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00005</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2007000500005</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(07)08800505</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2007000500005</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Tratamento da doen&#231;a arterial coronariana em renais cr&#244;nicos em di&#225;lise do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu - UNESP</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Vieira</surname>
            <given-names>Paula Ferreiro</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Garcia</surname>
            <given-names>Paula Dalsoglio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Bregagnollo</surname>
            <given-names>Edson Antonio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Carvalho</surname>
            <given-names>F&#225;bio Cardoso</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Kochi</surname>
            <given-names>Ana Cl&#225;udia</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Martins</surname>
            <given-names>Antonio S&#233;rgio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Caramori</surname>
            <given-names>Jaqueline Costa Teixeira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Franco</surname>
            <given-names>Roberto Jorge da Silva</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Barretti</surname>
            <given-names>Pasqual</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Martin</surname>
            <given-names>Luis Cuadrado</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Botucatu</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Estadual Paulista</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu </institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>05</month>
        <year>2007</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>88</volume>
      <issue>5</issue>
      <fpage>525</fpage>
      <lpage>530</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>29</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2006</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>02</day>
          <month>01</month>
          <year>2007</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>11</day>
          <month>01</month>
          <year>2007</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>FUNDAMENTO: O tratamento intervencionista da insufici&#234;ncia coronariana &#233; subempregado nos pacientes em di&#225;lise, pois h&#225; poucos estudos comprovando sua efic&#225;cia. OBJETIVO: Avaliar os resultados do tratamento intervencionista da doen&#231;a arterial coronariana em pacientes tratados por di&#225;lise no HC da FMB. M&#201;TODOS: Foram avaliados 34 pacientes em di&#225;lise submetidos &#224; angiografia coronariana entre set/95 e out/04, divididos de acordo com a presen&#231;a ou aus&#234;ncia de les&#227;o coronariana, tipo de tratamento e presen&#231;a ou aus&#234;ncia de diabetes. Os grupos foram comparados de acordo com suas caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas e sobrevida. A sobrevida dos pacientes submetidos a tratamento intervencionista foi comparada &#224; sobrevida geral dos 146 pacientes em di&#225;lise na institui&#231;&#227;o no mesmo per&#237;odo. O tratamento intervencionista foi indicado nas mesmas situa&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas que na popula&#231;&#227;o geral. RESULTADOS: Os 13 pacientes que realizaram coronariografia e n&#227;o exibiam les&#245;es coronarianas apresentaram sobrevida de 100% em 48 meses, contra 35% dos 21 coronarianos no mesmo per&#237;odo. Os diab&#233;ticos coronarianos apresentaram sobrevida inferior aos n&#227;o-diab&#233;ticos. A angioplastia exibiu pior progn&#243;stico quando comparada &#224; cirurgia; entretanto 80% dos submetidos a angioplastia eram diab&#233;ticos. Os 17 pacientes submetidos a procedimentos de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o coronariana apresentaram sobrevida semelhante aos 146 pacientes gerais do servi&#231;o. CONCLUS&#195;O: Esta pequena casu&#237;stica mostra que a revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica, quando indicada, pode ser realizada em pacientes em di&#225;lise. Esta conclus&#227;o &#233; corroborada pelo &#237;ndice de mortalidade semelhante nos dois extratos de pacientes: coronarianos revascularizados e pacientes em di&#225;lise de maneira geral.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>Insufici&#234;ncia renal cr&#244;nica</kwd>
        <kwd>doen&#231;a arterial coronariana</kwd>
        <kwd>revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>15</day>
        <month>06</month>
        <year>2007</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>ARTIGO ORIGINAL</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Tratamento da doen&#231;a arterial coronariana em renais cr&#244;nicos em di&#225;lise do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu &#150; UNESP</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Paula Ferreiro Vieira; Paula Dalsoglio Garcia; Edson Antonio Bregagnollo; F&#225;bio Cardoso Carvalho; Ana Cl&#225;udia Kochi; Antonio S&#233;rgio Martins; Jaqueline Costa Teixeira Caramori; Roberto Jorge da Silva Franco; Pasqual Barretti; Luis Cuadrado Martin</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu &#150; UNESP &#150; Botucatu, SP</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>FUNDAMENTO: </bold>O tratamento intervencionista da insufici&#234;ncia coronariana &#233; subempregado nos pacientes em di&#225;lise, pois h&#225; poucos estudos comprovando sua efic&#225;cia. </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVO: </bold>Avaliar os resultados do tratamento intervencionista da doen&#231;a arterial coronariana em pacientes tratados por di&#225;lise no HC da FMB. </p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS: </bold>Foram avaliados 34 pacientes em di&#225;lise submetidos &#224; angiografia coronariana entre set/95 e out/04, divididos de acordo com a presen&#231;a ou aus&#234;ncia de les&#227;o coronariana, tipo de tratamento e presen&#231;a ou aus&#234;ncia de diabetes. Os grupos foram comparados de acordo com suas caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas e sobrevida. A sobrevida dos pacientes submetidos a tratamento intervencionista foi comparada &#224; sobrevida geral dos 146 pacientes em di&#225;lise na institui&#231;&#227;o no mesmo per&#237;odo. O tratamento intervencionista foi indicado nas mesmas situa&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas que na popula&#231;&#227;o geral. </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS: </bold>Os 13 pacientes que realizaram coronariografia e n&#227;o exibiam les&#245;es coronarianas apresentaram sobrevida de 100% em 48 meses, contra 35% dos 21 coronarianos no mesmo per&#237;odo. Os diab&#233;ticos coronarianos apresentaram sobrevida inferior aos n&#227;o-diab&#233;ticos. A angioplastia exibiu pior progn&#243;stico quando comparada &#224; cirurgia; entretanto 80% dos submetidos a angioplastia eram diab&#233;ticos. Os 17 pacientes submetidos a procedimentos de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o coronariana apresentaram sobrevida semelhante aos 146 pacientes gerais do servi&#231;o. </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#195;O: </bold>Esta pequena casu&#237;stica mostra que a revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica, quando indicada, pode ser realizada em pacientes em di&#225;lise. Esta conclus&#227;o &#233; corroborada pelo &#237;ndice de mortalidade semelhante nos dois extratos de pacientes: coronarianos revascularizados e pacientes em di&#225;lise de maneira geral.</p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave: </bold>Insufici&#234;ncia renal cr&#244;nica, doen&#231;a arterial coronariana, revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>As doen&#231;as cardiovasculares s&#227;o a principal causa de morte em pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia renal cr&#244;nica (IRC) tratados por di&#225;lise, com destaque para a doen&#231;a arterial coronariana (DAC)<sup>1</sup>. As doen&#231;as cardiovasculares respondem por mais da metade dos &#243;bitos dos pacientes em di&#225;lise nos Estados Unidos e na Europa<sup>2,3</sup>. No Brasil, correspondem a 51% do total de &#243;bitos<sup>4</sup>, se somadas as causas de mortalidade card&#237;acas e cerebrovasculares. </p>
    <p>A elevada mortalidade cardiovascular observada entre os renais cr&#244;nicos decorre, pelo menos em parte, da elevada preval&#234;ncia nesses pacientes de fatores de riscos cardiovasculares tradicionais, tais como hipertens&#227;o arterial, diabete melito e hiperlipidemia. A preval&#234;ncia de aterosclerose entre os renais cr&#244;nicos &#233; superior &#224; esperada, o que pode ser imputado &#224; presen&#231;a de outros fatores predisponentes de les&#227;o coronariana e inerentes &#224; condi&#231;&#227;o ur&#234;mica: eleva&#231;&#227;o da lipoprote&#237;na A, hiper-homocisteinemia, aumento do estresse oxidativo, estado inflamat&#243;rio, baixos n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de HDL, al&#233;m da sobrecarga vol&#234;mica associada &#224; insufici&#234;ncia renal<sup>5</sup>. Assim, a doen&#231;a renal cr&#244;nica participa diretamente no processo de aterog&#234;nese<sup>6</sup>.</p>
    <p>O mioc&#225;rdio ur&#234;mico &#233; mais suscet&#237;vel &#224; morte celular ante a agress&#227;o isqu&#234;mica que o mioc&#225;rdio de indiv&#237;duos com fun&#231;&#227;o renal normal<sup>7</sup>. A suscetibilidade &#224; isquemia tamb&#233;m &#233; agravada pela preval&#234;ncia elevada de hipertrofia ventricular entre os ur&#234;micos. A manuten&#231;&#227;o da perfus&#227;o adequada dos mi&#243;citos nessa popula&#231;&#227;o &#233;, portanto, de grande import&#226;ncia.</p>
    <p>Em pacientes transplantados, a principal causa de &#243;bito tamb&#233;m &#233; cardiovascular, com mesmo destaque para DAC<sup>8</sup>. A mortalidade perioperat&#243;ria e a fal&#234;ncia do enxerto renal em pacientes com DAC n&#227;o corrigida s&#227;o elevadas, a ponto de desencorajar a realiza&#231;&#227;o deste procedimento<sup>9</sup>. Portanto, &#233; necess&#225;ria a investiga&#231;&#227;o coronariana de candidatos ao transplante renal. Entretanto, a coronariografia n&#227;o &#233; indicada para todos os renais cr&#244;nicos, por ser invasiva, de elevado custo e n&#227;o isenta de riscos. Dessa maneira, a coronariografia fica reservada &#224;queles pacientes considerados de alto risco para DAC significativa<sup>8</sup>.</p>
    <p>A popula&#231;&#227;o em di&#225;lise cresceu significativamente nos &#250;ltimos anos. Havia no Brasil 15 mil pacientes em di&#225;lise em 1995, n&#250;mero esse triplicado em 2000. Estima-se que haja 70 mil pacientes em tratamento no presente momento<sup>9</sup>. Tal aumento denota acr&#233;scimo na popula&#231;&#227;o de renais cr&#244;nicos com les&#245;es coronarianas, o que ressalta a import&#226;ncia do estudo da DAC em di&#225;lise. </p>
    <p>As diretrizes europ&#233;ias e norte-americanas de tratamento da DAC no portador de IRC<sup>10,11</sup>, bem como a maioria dos especialistas<sup>12-14 </sup>postulam que as indica&#231;&#245;es de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica nesses pacientes devam ser semelhantes &#224;s da popula&#231;&#227;o geral. No entanto, os resultados s&#227;o consideravelmente inferiores se comparados aos obtidos na popula&#231;&#227;o geral, mas superiores se comparados ao progn&#243;stico dos renais cr&#244;nicos que n&#227;o sofreram terapia intervencionista<sup>15,16</sup>. Apenas um estudo controlado e randomizado<sup>17</sup> e poucas casu&#237;sticas sustentam essa conduta, e, de nosso conhecimento, nenhuma casu&#237;stica publicada no Brasil.</p>
    <p>O presente estudo tem por objetivo avaliar os resultados dos tratamentos intervencionistas de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica da DAC em renais cr&#244;nicos tratados por di&#225;lise no HC da Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu (UNESP).</p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#233;todos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Foi realizado estudo prospectivo n&#227;o-concorrente de todos os pacientes em programa de di&#225;lise submetidos a angiografia coronariana no per&#237;odo de setembro de 1995 a outubro de 2004 (34 pacientes). Todos os dados necess&#225;rios ao estudo foram coletados mediante a an&#225;lise dos prontu&#225;rios dos pacientes.</p>
    <p><italic>Crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o - </italic>Pacientes renais cr&#244;nicos submetidos a coronariografia que apresentaram ou n&#227;o les&#227;o ateroscler&#243;tica coronariana, que sofreram ou n&#227;o tratamento intervencionista para insufici&#234;ncia coronariana. Consideraram-se tratamento intervencionista os procedimentos de angioplastia coronariana e cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio. As indica&#231;&#245;es de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o seguiram o proposto pela NKF<sup>11</sup> e EDTA<sup>12</sup>, para manejo da doen&#231;a coronariana em renais cr&#244;nicos, que recomendam tratamento intervencionista, nas mesmas condi&#231;&#245;es de indica&#231;&#227;o dos pacientes n&#227;o-renais cr&#244;nicos.</p>
    <p><italic>Grupos - </italic>A casu&#237;stica foi dividida em diferentes grupos de acordo com os seguintes crit&#233;rios: presen&#231;a ou n&#227;o de les&#227;o coronariana e realiza&#231;&#227;o ou n&#227;o de tratamento intervencionista. Entre os que foram submetidos a tratamento intervencionista, considerou-se ainda a presen&#231;a ou n&#227;o de diabete e o tipo de procedimento realizado. O n&#250;mero de pacientes foi determinado pelo somat&#243;rio de todos os casos que preencheram os crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o e cujos dados estavam dispon&#237;veis para an&#225;lise.</p>
    <p>Dos 34 pacientes submetidos ao exame coronariano, 21 apresentaram positividade para DAC, denominados, assim, como grupo <bold>GOC</bold> (portadores de obstru&#231;&#227;o coronariana). Os 13 pacientes restantes, caracterizados pela aus&#234;ncia de les&#227;o de coron&#225;rias, compreenderam o grupo<bold> GSO</bold> (grupo sem obstru&#231;&#227;o coronariana). No grupo <bold>GOC</bold>, 17 pacientes foram submetidos a tratamento intervencionista, agrupados como <bold>G1</bold>. Tal grupo foi, por sua vez, subdividido quanto &#224; presen&#231;a de diabete em:<bold> G1a </bold>constitu&#237;do por diab&#233;ticos (n=10) e <bold>G1b</bold> por n&#227;o-diab&#233;ticos (n=7). Calcularam-se e compararam-se, ent&#227;o, as sobrevidas desses diferentes grupos.</p>
    <p>O grupo <bold>G1</bold> sofreu ainda outra divis&#227;o, levando-se em conta o procedimento intervencionista adotado. Chamou-se de <bold>Grupo Cir</bold> o grupo de pacientes submetido &#224; cirurgia (n=10) e <bold>Grupo Angio</bold> &#224;queles submetidos &#224; angioplastia (n=7); todos os pacientes submetidos a angioplastia receberam <italic>stent</italic>.</p>
    <p>A sobrevida dos pacientes submetidos a tratamento intervencionista foi tamb&#233;m comparada &#224; sobrevida geral dos 146 pacientes em programa de di&#225;lise (41 diab&#233;ticos e 105 n&#227;o-diab&#233;ticos) na institui&#231;&#227;o no mesmo per&#237;odo (grupo controle). </p>
    <p>O estudo foi realizado de acordo com a resolu&#231;&#227;o 169/96 do Conselho Nacional de Sa&#250;de e aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica em pesquisa da Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu &#150; UNESP.</p>
    <p><italic>Vari&#225;veis avaliadas </italic>- As seguintes vari&#225;veis foram obtidas por an&#225;lise dos prontu&#225;rios m&#233;dicos e transcritas em ficha padronizada: n&#250;mero do prontu&#225;rio, g&#234;nero, idade, ra&#231;a, m&#233;todo dial&#237;tico (hemodi&#225;lise ou di&#225;lise peritoneal), causa da insufici&#234;ncia renal, data de in&#237;cio do programa de di&#225;lise, data da coronariografia, data da interven&#231;&#227;o (quando realizada), data do &#250;ltimo seguimento e situa&#231;&#227;o nesse momento (&#243;bito ou censura, considerada censura a recupera&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o renal, a transfer&#234;ncia para outro Servi&#231;o, o transplante renal ou o paciente vivo e ainda em di&#225;lise), sintomas (compat&#237;veis com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca congestiva), antecedentes pessoais de tabagismo, diabete, hipertens&#227;o arterial e exames complementares (colesterol total, HDL-colesterol e triglic&#233;rides).</p>
    <p>Os dados param&#233;tricos foram expressos como m&#233;dia &#177; desvio-padr&#227;o, enquanto os n&#227;o-param&#233;tricos, como mediana e intervalo interquart&#237;lico. A sobrevida foi expressa em porcentagem no decorrer dos anos. As infer&#234;ncias sobre as vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas foram realizadas pelo teste "t" para amostras independentes e pelo teste do Qui-quadrado (c<sup>2</sup>) para as vari&#225;veis discretas. As curvas de sobrevida foram tra&#231;adas considerando-se tempo de sobrevida a partir do momento da realiza&#231;&#227;o do m&#233;todo intervencionista at&#233; a morte ou censura, bem como a partir do in&#237;cio do programa de di&#225;lise, no sentido de corrigir esse dado para o tempo pr&#233;vio em programa de di&#225;lise.</p>
    <p>Foi realizada a compara&#231;&#227;o da sobrevida dos pacientes dentro dos diferentes grupos e tamb&#233;m em rela&#231;&#227;o ao grupo controle utilizando-se do m&#233;todo estat&#237;stico de t&#225;bua de sobrevida. A infer&#234;ncia estat&#237;stica foi calculada pelo m&#233;todo proposto por Greenwod<sup>18</sup>.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Resultados</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Houve diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significante quanto &#224; sobrevida dos grupos <bold>GOC </bold>(paciente com obstru&#231;&#227;o coronariana) e<bold> GSO </bold>(pacientes sem obstru&#231;&#227;o coronariana). A partir da data da coronariografia, evidenciou-se sobrevida de 100% em 48 meses no grupo <bold>GSO </bold>e de 71% (intervalo de confian&#231;a - IC: 62% a 80%), 35 % (IC:23%-47%) e 23% (IC: 10%-36%) em 12, 48 e 60 meses, respectivamente, para o grupo <bold>GOC</bold> (p&lt;0,05). A sobrevida desses grupos est&#225; expressa na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig01">figura 1</xref>. N&#227;o foi encontrada diferen&#231;a estat&#237;stica quanto &#224; idade, etnia e causa de insufici&#234;ncia renal entre esses dois grupos; com maior freq&#252;&#234;ncia do sexo masculino, no grupo com les&#227;o coronariana (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01">tab. 1</xref>). Quanto &#224;s vari&#225;veis cl&#237;nicas, esses grupos n&#227;o apresentaram diferen&#231;as estatisticamente significantes (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01">tabs. 1</xref> e <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab02">2</xref>). Em rela&#231;&#227;o aos l&#237;pides plasm&#225;ticos, observou-se tend&#234;ncia estat&#237;stica a maior n&#237;vel de colesterol no grupo <bold>GOC </bold>(<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab03">tab. 3</xref>).</p>
    <fig id="fig01">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-05-0525-00005-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    <table-wrap id="tab01">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-05-0525-00005-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <table-wrap id="tab02">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-05-0525-00005-gt02.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <table-wrap id="tab03">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-05-0525-00005-gt03.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>No grupo <bold>GSO</bold>, n&#227;o houve nenhum evento fatal. As causas das 17 mortes ocorridas no grupo <bold>GOC</bold> foram infarto do mioc&#225;rdio em sete casos, tr&#234;s &#243;bitos no per&#237;odo periprocedimento de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o, um &#243;bito por acidente vascular encef&#225;lico, um por edema agudo de pulm&#227;o, um por neoplasia e quatro por infec&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <p>A sobrevida dos pacientes do grupo <bold>G1 </bold>(todos que sofreram interven&#231;&#227;o coronariana) e de seus subgrupos foi calculada a partir da data do procedimento intervencionista e os seguintes valores foram encontrados: grupo <bold>G1</bold>, 59% (IC:36%-82%) em 12 meses, 35% (IC: 21%-49%) de 24 at&#233; 60 meses, com idade do grupo de 59 (57-68) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01">tab. 1</xref>). No mesmo per&#237;odo, o grupo <bold>G1a </bold>(subdivis&#227;o composta pelos diab&#233;ticos do G1) apresentou uma sobrevida de 50% (IC: 29%-61%) em 12 meses contra 78% (IC:65%-91%) do <bold>G1b</bold> (p&lt;0,05). Aos 24 meses, <bold>G1a</bold> e <bold>G1b</bold> apresentaram sobrevida, respectivamente, de 33% (IC:12%-54%) e 41% (IC: 16%-66%). Quanto &#224;s vari&#225;veis demogr&#225;ficas e cl&#237;nicas, esses grupos n&#227;o apresentaram diferen&#231;as estatisticamente significantes (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01">tab. 1</xref> e <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab02">2</xref>). Quanto aos l&#237;pides plasm&#225;ticos, a m&#233;dia dos triglic&#233;rides foi significativamente superior no <bold>G1a, </bold>havendo tend&#234;ncia a n&#237;veis inferiores de HDL-colesterol (0,05&lt;p&lt;0,1). Os valores dos l&#237;pides plasm&#225;ticos est&#227;o expressos na <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab03">tabela 3</xref>.</p>
    <p>A sobrevida geral dos 41 diab&#233;ticos em di&#225;lise no mesmo per&#237;odo (grupo controle) foi de, respectivamente, 64% (IC: 55%-73%) em 12 meses, de 54% (IC: 43%-65%) em 24 meses, 54 % (IC: 43%-65%) em 36 meses e de 39% (IC: 26%-52%) em 48 meses. Tais resultados foram compar&#225;veis com as curvas de sobrevida de <bold>G1a</bold>. Essa compara&#231;&#227;o foi realizada ap&#243;s ajuste que inclu&#237;a no c&#225;lculo da sobrevida dos subgrupos o tempo em di&#225;lise antes do per&#237;odo da interven&#231;&#227;o. Assim, nesse mesmo per&#237;odo, a sobrevida avaliada a partir do in&#237;cio da di&#225;lise dos diab&#233;ticos revascularizados foi de, respectivamente, 65% (IC: 51%-79%) em 12 meses, de 54% (IC: 36% -72%) em 24 meses, 41% (IC: 20% - 62%) em 36 meses e de 41% (IC: 20% - 62%) em 48 meses.</p>
    <p>A sobrevida geral dos 105 n&#227;o-diab&#233;ticos em di&#225;lise no mesmo per&#237;odo (grupo controle) foi de, respectivamente, 79% (IC: 74%-84%) em 12 meses, 70% (IC: 63%-77%) em 24 meses, 66% (IC: 57%-75%) em 36 meses e de 62% (IC: 52%-62%) em 48 meses. Tais resultados foram compar&#225;veis com as curvas de sobrevida de <bold>G1b</bold>. Essa compara&#231;&#227;o foi realizada ap&#243;s ajuste que inclu&#237;a no c&#225;lculo da sobrevida dos subgrupos o tempo em di&#225;lise antes do per&#237;odo da interven&#231;&#227;o. Assim, nesse mesmo per&#237;odo, a sobrevida dos n&#227;o-diab&#233;ticos revascularizados foi de, respectivamente, 81% (IC: 67%-95%) em 12 meses, de 58% (IC: 37%-79%) em 24, 36 e 48 meses.</p>
    <p>Dos 21 pacientes que apresentaram obstru&#231;&#245;es epic&#225;rdicas &#224; coronariografia, quatro n&#227;o realizaram tratamento intervencionista, apesar de haver indica&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica. Um recusou o procedimento e, nos demais, a conduta foi considerada invi&#225;vel, sendo realizado apenas tratamento cl&#237;nico. Dois desses pacientes faleceram com menos de um ano e um se mant&#233;m vivo com seguimento de nove meses.</p>
    <p>Considerando o procedimento de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o adotado (cirurgia ou angioplastia), a sobrevida do grupo <bold>Cir</bold> foi de 71% (IC: 63%-79%) em 12 meses, 37% (IC: 22%-52%) a partir de 24 meses at&#233; os 60 meses, j&#225; a do grupo <bold>Angio</bold> foi de 51% (IC: 40%-62%) em 12 meses e 34% (IC: 17%-51%) em 24 meses (p&lt;0,05 em 12 meses). Os indiv&#237;duos que sofreram procedimento cir&#250;rgico, portanto, apresentaram sobrevida superior aos submetidos &#224; angioplastia. Cabe ressaltar que 80% dos pacientes do grupo <bold>Angio</bold> tinham diabete como causa de sua insufici&#234;ncia renal, enquanto no grupo <bold>Cir</bold> nenhum dos pacientes estava em di&#225;lise por nefropatia diab&#233;tica (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01">tab. 1</xref>), o que resultou em diferen&#231;a estat&#237;stica. O mesmo se aplica &#224; maior freq&#252;&#234;ncia de diabete no grupo <bold>Angio</bold> (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab02">tab. 2</xref>). Em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224;s m&#233;dias dos l&#237;pides plasm&#225;ticos, o grupo <bold>Angio</bold> apresentou n&#237;veis de colesterol e triglic&#233;rides significativamente superiores ao grupo <bold>Cir</bold> (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab03">tab. 3</xref>).</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Nesta casu&#237;stica, composta por renais cr&#244;nicos em di&#225;lise, a sobrevida dos pacientes coronarianos revascularizados foi semelhante &#224; dos renais cr&#244;nicos em geral desse servi&#231;o, o que corrobora a conduta intervencionista, nas mesmas indica&#231;&#245;es da popula&#231;&#227;o geral.</p>
    <p>Alguns estudos, que compararam casu&#237;sticas de renais cr&#244;nicos submetidos &#224; revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica, com s&#233;ries de pacientes n&#227;o-renais cr&#244;nicos submetidos aos mesmos procedimentos, sugerem que a presen&#231;a de insufici&#234;ncia renal implica progn&#243;stico sombrio. Essas observa&#231;&#245;es levaram alguns autores a desencorajar esses procedimentos entre os renais cr&#244;nicos coronarianos. No entanto, nesses trabalhos, n&#227;o houve compara&#231;&#227;o de grupos compostos por renais cr&#244;nicos portadores de DAC com indica&#231;&#227;o de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o que, de fato, foram revascularizados, com pacientes de iguais caracter&#237;sticas nos quais nenhuma interven&#231;&#227;o tenha sido realizada. Existe apenas um trabalho, com pequena amostra, que realizou tal compara&#231;&#227;o com controle randomizado que, apesar de apresentar mortalidade perioperat&#243;ria de 20%, obteve sobrevida de 80% em um ano no grupo interven&#231;&#227;o, e de 20% no mesmo per&#237;odo no grupo de tratamento cl&#237;nico<sup>17</sup>.</p>
    <p>Na presente casu&#237;stica, quando comparadas as sobrevidas de diab&#233;ticos e n&#227;o-diab&#233;ticos, houve diferen&#231;a estat&#237;stica na sobrevida em 12 meses ap&#243;s o procedimento intervencionista (50% e 78%, respectivamente). Dessa maneira, a presen&#231;a de diabete mostrou-se importante fator progn&#243;stico negativo em renais cr&#244;nicos submetidos a revasculariza&#231;&#227;o coronariana.</p>
    <p>Comparando-se a sobrevida da popula&#231;&#227;o de diab&#233;ticos em di&#225;lise, desse Servi&#231;o, com a dos diab&#233;ticos com DAC que sofreram interven&#231;&#227;o no presente estudo (<bold>G1a</bold>), corrigida para o tempo pregresso em di&#225;lise, obtivemos resultados de sobrevida semelhantes. Evidencia-se, assim, que a corre&#231;&#227;o da les&#227;o coronariana aproximou a curva desses dois grupos, uma vez que seria esperado que os pacientes com DAC tivessem sobrevida inferior. J&#225; a sobrevida dos renais cr&#244;nicos n&#227;o-diab&#233;ticos com DAC revascularizados, quando comparada aos renais cr&#244;nicos n&#227;o-diab&#233;ticos do Servi&#231;o, mostrou-se discretamente inferior. Essa diferen&#231;a, no entanto, n&#227;o atingiu signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica, o que nos leva a conclus&#227;o an&#225;loga para os n&#227;o-diab&#233;ticos.</p>
    <p>As causas de morte entre os pacientes com les&#227;o coronariana n&#227;o foram, contudo, apenas de origem cardiovascular. Cinco entre os 17 &#243;bitos deveram-se a outras causas (um decorrente de neoplasia e quatro de infec&#231;&#245;es). Para explicar tal observa&#231;&#227;o, pode-se especular que os portadores de cardiopatias sejam menos resistentes a um evento infeccioso que aqueles com a integridade do sistema cardiovascular preservada.</p>
    <p>Estudos pr&#233;vios<sup>18 </sup>sugerem que pacientes em di&#225;lise, submetidos a tratamento cir&#250;rgico, apresentam maior sobrevida do que aqueles submetidos a interven&#231;&#227;o coronariana percut&#226;nea. No presente estudo, os resultados foram concordantes com a literatura. No entanto, n&#227;o se pode deixar de considerar que, entre o grupo de pacientes submetidos a angioplastia, 90% eram diab&#233;ticos, enquanto apenas 14% eram portadores dessa doen&#231;a no grupo correspondente ao tratamento cir&#250;rgico. A presen&#231;a de diabete pode, portanto, ser encarada como prov&#225;vel causador da maior mortalidade observada no grupo submetido a angioplastia. Ademais, o perfil lip&#237;dico dos diab&#233;ticos foi pior que o dos n&#227;o-diab&#233;ticos. </p>
    <p>Coorte estadunidense multic&#234;ntrica de 15.784 pacientes em di&#225;lise, submetidos a procedimentos invasivos de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica<sup>19</sup>, mostrou sobrevida de 65,7% a 71,5% em 12 meses, 48,2% a 56,4% em 24 meses, e 28,6% a 37,0% em 42 meses. Os dados do presente trabalho aproximam-se dos obtidos no referido estudo que possu&#237;a 44,7% a 47,6% de diab&#233;ticos. A nossa casu&#237;stica, por sua vez, apresenta 58,8% de diab&#233;ticos, o que pode justificar a sobrevida discretamente inferior.</p>
    <p>Dois estudos japoneses<sup>20,21 </sup>mostram sobrevida de pacientes em di&#225;lise submetidos a cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o de 74,5% em 40 meses e 45% em 70 meses no primeiro estudo, e 89%, 84% e 71% para um, tr&#234;s e cinco anos, respectivamente, no segundo estudo. Esses valores mostram-se superiores aos encontrados tanto na presente casu&#237;stica quanto no estudo realizado nos Estados Unidos. H&#225; que ressaltar, entretanto, que a sobrevida em di&#225;lise no Jap&#227;o &#233; superior &#224; dos Estados Unidos. Esses resultados s&#227;o an&#225;logos aos encontrados no presente estudo, na medida em que a sobrevida dos pacientes em di&#225;lise coronarianos revascularizados na casu&#237;stica japonesa acompanha a sobrevida em di&#225;lise daquele pa&#237;s.</p>
    <p>Estudo italiano<sup>22 </sup>mostrou sobrevida de 52,9% em um ano e 47% em dois anos de renais cr&#244;nicos em di&#225;lise submetidos a procedimentos de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o coronariana. Tais resultados foram semelhantes aos obtidos no presente trabalho, com a diferen&#231;a que este possui 58,8% de diab&#233;ticos contra 35% na casu&#237;stica italiana. Os resultados daquele trabalho evidenciam o alto risco da revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica nos pacientes em di&#225;lise; portanto, os seus autores sugerem uma avalia&#231;&#227;o e tratamento precoce da doen&#231;a coronariana nessa popula&#231;&#227;o, id&#233;ia essa compartilhada pelos autores do presente estudo.</p>
    <p>Estudo da sobrevida de renais cr&#244;nicos em di&#225;lise que realizaram cirurgias card&#237;acas (75% revasculariza&#231;&#245;es coronarianas e 25% valvoplastias) mostrou que, em condi&#231;&#245;es eletivas, o risco do procedimento &#233; aceit&#225;vel. Seus pacientes apresentaram expectativa de vida semelhante &#224; da popula&#231;&#227;o em di&#225;lise, sem doen&#231;as card&#237;acas. Ainda que aquele autor<sup>23</sup> n&#227;o tenha estudado isoladamente o procedimento de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o coronariana, seus resultados corroboram os achados deste estudo. </p>
    <p>O presente trabalho possui limita&#231;&#245;es. A amostra avaliada cont&#233;m um n&#250;mero restrito de pacientes, al&#233;m de corresponder &#224; popula&#231;&#227;o em di&#225;lise de um &#250;nico centro. Ainda, o n&#250;mero restrito de pacientes impossibilita a realiza&#231;&#227;o de an&#225;lises m&#250;ltiplas; por&#233;m, de maneira geral, as caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas foram homog&#234;neas entre os grupos. As eventuais diferen&#231;as foram salientadas e o poss&#237;vel impacto das co-morbidades sobre os resultados foram discutidos. Entretanto, apesar do tamanho limitado, &#233; interessante notar que os resultados s&#227;o an&#225;logos &#224;s poucas grandes coortes de outros pa&#237;ses publicadas e que nenhuma coorte brasileira nesse subgrupo de pacientes tenha sido, todavia, publicada. Os dados ora apresentados encorajam a realiza&#231;&#227;o de estudos multic&#234;ntricos que tamb&#233;m avaliem a sobrevida desse grupo particular de pacientes para que possamos, no futuro, obter dados nacionais com n&#250;mero maior de pacientes. </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Conclus&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A presen&#231;a de DAC em renais cr&#244;nicos parece estar associada &#224; pior progn&#243;stico, particularmente quando associada ao diabete. Os resultados ora apresentados, revelando &#237;ndice de complica&#231;&#245;es semelhante ao de pacientes em di&#225;lise de maneira geral, sugerem que a revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica pode ser realizada por equipe experiente nesse grupo espec&#237;fico de pacientes nas mesmas situa&#231;&#245;es em que seria indicada na popula&#231;&#227;o geral. Esses resultados corroboram as condutas propostas pela <italic>National Kidney Foundatio</italic>n<sup>11</sup> e a <italic>European Dialysis and Transplantation Association</italic><sup>12</sup>.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesses</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflitos de interesses pertinentes.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="end" fn-type="corresp">
        <label>
          <bold>Correspond&#234;ncia:</bold>
        </label>
        <p> Luis Cuadrado Martin </p>
        <p> Departamento de Cl&#237;nica M&#233;dica da Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu &#150; Unesp </p>
        <p> Rua Rubi&#227;o J&#250;nior s/n &#150; Botucatu, SP </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="cuadrado@fmb.unesp.br">cuadrado@fmb.unesp.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Artigo recebido em 29/06/06; revisado recebido em 02/01/07; aceito em 11/01/07.</p>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Coronary artery disease treatment in dialysis patients at the Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu - UNESP</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>BACKGROUND: Interventional treatment of coronary insufficiency is underemployed among dialysis patients. Studies confirming its efficacy in this set of patients are scarce. OBJECTIVE: To assess the results of interventional treatment of coronary artery disease in patients undergoing dialysis. METHODS: A total of 34 dialysis patients submitted to coronary angiography between September 1995 and October 2004 were divided according to presence or absence of coronary lesion, type of treatment and presence or absence of diabetes mellitus. The groups were compared according to their clinical and survival characteristics. Survival of patients undergoing interventional treatment was compared to overall survival of 146 dialysis patients at the institution in the same period. Interventional treatment was indicated to the same clinical conditions in the general population. RESULTS: Thirteen patients with no angiography coronary lesions presented a survival rate of 100% in 48 months as compared to 35% of 21 patients with coronary artery disease. Diabetic patients had a lower survival rate compared with non-diabetics. Angioplasty had a worse prognosis compared to surgery; however, 80% of patients undergoing angioplasty were diabetic. Seventeen patients submitted to interventional procedures presented a survival rate similar to that of the others 146 hemodialysis patients without clinical evidence of coronary disease. CONCLUSION: This small series shows that myocardial revascularization, whenever indicated, can be performed in dialysis patients. This conclusion is corroborated by similar mortality rates in two groups of patients: coronary patients submitted to revascularization and overall dialysis patients.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Renal insufficiency, chronic</kwd>
        <kwd>coronary artery disease</kwd>
        <kwd>myocardial revascularization</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>ORIGINAL ARTICLE</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Coronary artery disease treatment in dialysis patients at the <italic>Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu - UNESP</italic></bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Paula Ferreiro Vieira; Paula Dalsoglio Garcia; Edson Antonio Bregagnollo; F&#225;bio Cardoso Carvalho; Ana Cl&#225;udia Kochi; Antonio S&#233;rgio Martins; Jaqueline Costa Teixeira Caramori; Roberto Jorge da Silva Franco; Pasqual Barretti; Luis Cuadrado Martin</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu &#150; UNESP &#150; Botucatu, SP, Brazil</p>
      <p>
        <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end-body2">Mailing address</xref>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>SUMMARY</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>BACKGROUND:</bold> Interventional treatment of coronary insufficiency is underemployed among dialysis patients. Studies confirming its efficacy in this set of patients are scarce.</p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVE: </bold>To assess the results of interventional treatment of coronary artery disease in patients undergoing dialysis.</p>
      <p><bold>METHODS: </bold>A total of 34 dialysis patients submitted to coronary angiography between September 1995 and October 2004 were divided according to presence or absence of coronary lesion, type of treatment and presence or absence of diabetes mellitus. The groups were compared according to their clinical and survival characteristics. Survival of patients undergoing interventional treatment was compared to overall survival of 146 dialysis patients at the institution in the same period. Interventional treatment was indicated to the same clinical conditions in the general population.</p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS: </bold>Thirteen patients with no angiography coronary lesions presented a survival rate of 100% in 48 months as compared to 35% of 21 patients with coronary artery disease. Diabetic patients had a lower survival rate compared with non-diabetics. Angioplasty had a worse prognosis compared to surgery; however, 80% of patients undergoing angioplasty were diabetic. Seventeen patients submitted to interventional procedures presented a survival rate similar to that of the others 146 hemodialysis patients without clinical evidence of coronary disease.</p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSION: </bold>This small series shows that myocardial revascularization, whenever indicated, can be performed in dialysis patients. This conclusion is corroborated by similar mortality rates in two groups of patients: coronary patients submitted to revascularization and overall dialysis patients.</p>
      <p><bold>Key words: </bold>Renal insufficiency, chronic; coronary artery disease, myocardial revascularization.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Introduction</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Cardiovascular diseases, particularly coronary artery disease (CAD), are the major cause of death in patients with chronic renal failure (CRF) treated by dialysis<sup>1</sup>. Cardiovascular diseases account for over 50% of deaths of dialysis patients in the US and Europe<sup>2,3</sup>. In Brazil, they represent 51% of total deaths<sup>4</sup>, if adding up the cardiac and cerebrovascular causes of deaths. </p>
      <p>The high cardiovascular mortality rate seen in chronic renal patients is due, at least partially, to the high prevalence of traditional cardiovascular risk factors in these patients, such as high blood pressure, diabetes mellitus and hyperlipidemia. The prevalence of atherosclerosis in chronic renal patients is higher than expected and might be due to presence of other predisposing factors for coronary artery disease and related to uremia: increased levels of lipoprotein A, hyperhomocysteinemia, increased oxidative stress, inflammatory status, low serum levels of HDL, in addition to the volume overload associated with renal failure<sup>5</sup>. Therefore, chronic renal disease has a direct participation in the process of atherogenesis<sup>6</sup>.</p>
      <p>The myocardium of uremic patients is more susceptible to cell death due to ischemic insult than the myocardium of individuals with normal renal function<sup>7</sup>. Susceptibility to ischemia is also aggravated by the high prevalence of ventricular hypertrophy among uremic patients. Thus, appropriate perfusion of myocytes in this population is very important.</p>
      <p>In transplanted patients, the main cause of death is also of cardiovascular nature, and CAD also stands out<sup>8</sup>. Perioperative mortality and renal graft failure rates in patients with uncorrected CAD are high and the transplant should be discouraged<sup>9</sup>. Therefore, coronary investigation is necessary in renal transplant candidates. However, coronary angiography is not indicated to all chronic renal patients since it is an invasive and high-cost procedure, not exempt form risks. Consequently, coronary angiography is reserved to patients considered as high risk for significant CAD<sup>8</sup>.</p>
      <p>The dialysis population has significantly increased in the past years. There were 15 thousand dialysis patients in Brazil, in 1995, and this number tripled in 2000. It is estimated that 70 thousand patients currently receive this type of treatment<sup>9</sup>. This rise reflects the increased number of chronic renal patients with coronary artery disease and highlights the importance of studying CAD in dialysis patients. </p>
      <p>The European and North American guidelines for the treatment of CAD in individuals with CRF<sup>10,11</sup>, as well as most specialists<sup>12-14</sup>, suggest that the indications for myocardial revascularization in these patients should be similar to those for the general population. However, the results are considerably lower if compared with those obtained in the general population, but higher when compared to the prognosis of chronic renal patients who have not been submitted to interventional therapy<sup>15,16</sup>. Only one randomized controlled study<sup>17</sup> and few case series support this management and, to our knowledge, no series has been reported in Brazil.</p>
      <p>The present study aims to assess the results of interventional treatments for myocardial revascularization in patients with CAD and chronic renal failure being treated with dialysis at the <italic>HC, Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu</italic> (UNESP).</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Methods</bold>
      </p>
      <p>We carried out a prospective, non-concurrent study of all dialysis patients undergoing coronary angiography between September1995 and October 2004 (34 patients). All data necessary to this study were collected through analysis of medical charts. </p>
      <p><italic>Inclusion criteria - </italic>Chronic renal patients submitted to coronary angiography presenting or not coronary atherosclerotic lesion, who were submitted or not to interventional treatment for coronary insufficiency. Interventional treatment included coronary angioplasty and coronary artery bypass graft. The indications for myocardial revascularization followed those proposed by the National Kidney Foundation (NKF)<sup>11</sup> and European Dialysis and Transplantation Association (EDTA)<sup>12</sup>, for the management of coronary artery disease in chronic renal patients, which recommend interventional treatment in the same conditions indicated for chronic non-renal patients. </p>
      <p><italic>Groups - </italic>The individuals were divided into different groups according to the following criteria: presence or absence of coronary artery lesion and performance or not of interventional treatment. In patients undergoing interventional treatment, the presence or absence of diabetes mellitus and the type of procedure performed were also considered. The number of patients was determined by the total number of cases who met the inclusion criteria and whose data were available for analysis.</p>
      <p>Of 34 patients undergoing coronary examination, 21 presented positive results for CAD and they were called group <bold>GCO</bold> (group of patients with coronary occlusion). The remaining 13 patients, characterized by absence of coronary lesion were named group <bold>GNO</bold> (group of patients with no coronary occlusion). In group <bold>GCO</bold>, 17 patients underwent interventional treatment and they were grouped as <bold>G1</bold>. This group was, in turn, subdivided as to presence of diabetes mellitus, as follows:<bold> G1a </bold>composed of diabetic patients (n=10) and <bold>G1b</bold> of non-diabetic patients (n=7). The survival rates in these different groups were calculated and compared. </p>
      <p>Group <bold>G1</bold> was further subdivided according to the interventional procedure used. The group of patients undergoing surgical treatment was called <bold>Group Sur</bold> (n=10) and <bold>Group Angio</bold> comprised patients who underwent angioplasty (n=7); all patients undergoing angioplasty received a stent implantation.</p>
      <p>The survival rate of patients undergoing interventional treatment was also compared to the overall survival of 146 dialysis patients (41 diabetic and 105 non-diabetic patients) at the institution during the same period (control group). </p>
      <p>The study was carried out according to Resolution 169/96 of the <italic>Conselho Nacional de Sa&#250;de</italic> [National Council of Health] and it was approved by the Research Ethics Committee of the <italic>Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu</italic> - UNESP.</p>
      <p><italic>Variables assessed - </italic>The following variables were obtained through analyses of medical charts and transcribed into a standardized form: medical chart number, gender, age, race, dialysis method (hemodialysis or peritoneal dialysis), cause of renal failure, date of first dialysis, date of coronary angiography, date of intervention (when performed), date of last follow-up and status at this moment (death or censure; censure includes recovery of renal function, transference to another service, renal transplantation or a live patient still undergoing dialysis), symptoms (compatible with congestive heart failure), past history of smoking habit, diabetes mellitus, high blood pressure and complementary exams (total cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol and triglycerides).</p>
      <p>The parametric data were expressed as mean &#177; standard deviation, while non-parametric data were expressed as median and interquartile interval. Survival was expressed as percentage throughout years. Inferences in continuous variables were carried out by a "t" test for independent samples and by the chi-square (c<sup>2</sup>) test for discreet variables. The survival curves were traced taking into account survival as from performance of an interventional method until death or censure, as well as from the beginning of dialysis treatment, in order to correct this data for previous period in dialysis program. </p>
      <p>Survival was compared among patients in the different groups and also with the control group by using the statistical method of a survival table. The statistical inference was calculated through the method proposed by Greenwod<sup>18</sup>.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Results</bold>
      </p>
      <p>There was a statistically significant difference regarding survival of patients in groups <bold>GCO </bold>(patients with coronary artery occlusion) and<bold> GNO </bold>(patients with no coronary artery occlusion). After coronary angiography, survival of 100% was observed at 48 months in group <bold>GNO </bold>and 71% (confidence interval - CI: 62%-80%), 35 % (CI: 23%-47%) and 23% (CI: 10%-36%) at 12, 48 and 60 months, respectively, for group <bold>GCO</bold> (p&lt; 0.05). Survival of these groups is expressed in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig01-body2">Figure 1</xref>. No statistical difference was found in terms of age, race and cause of renal failure between these 2 groups; there was a higher percentage of male patients in the group with coronary artery disease (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01-body2">Table 1</xref>). As to clinical variables, these groups did not present statistically significant differences (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01-body2">Tables 1</xref> and <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab02-body2">2</xref>). Concerning plasma lipids, there was a statistical trend towards higher cholesterol levels in group <bold>GCO </bold>(<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab03-body2">Table 3</xref>).</p>
      <fig id="fig01-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-05-0525-00005-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <table-wrap id="tab01-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-05-0525-00005-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <table-wrap id="tab02-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-05-0525-00005-gt02-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <table-wrap id="tab03-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-05-0525-00005-gt03-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>Group <bold>GNO</bold> had no fatal events. The causes of 17 deaths in group <bold>GCO</bold> were seven cases of myocardial infarction, with three deaths during the peri-revascularization procedure period, one death due to stroke, one death due to acute pulmonary edema, one death due to a neoplasm and four deaths caused by infections.</p>
      <p>Survival of patients in group <bold>G1 </bold>(all patients submitted to coronary intervention) and in its subgroups was calculated as from the date of the interventional procedure and the following values were found: group <bold>G1</bold>, 59% (CI: 36%-82%) at 12 months, 35% (CI: 21%-49%) between 24 and 60 months, with group age at 59 (57-68) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01-body2">Table 1</xref>). In the same period, group <bold>G1a </bold>(a subdivision comprising diabetic patients in group G1) presented a survival rate of 50% (CI: 29%-61%) at 12 months <italic>versus</italic> 78% (CI: 65%-91%) in <bold>G1b</bold> (p&lt;0.05). At 24 months, <bold>G1a</bold> and <bold>G1b</bold> presented a survival rate of 33% (CI: 12%-54%) and 41% (CI: 16%-66%), respectively. As to clinical and demographic variables, these groups did not present any statistically significant differences (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01-body2">Tables 1</xref> and <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab02-body2">2</xref>). Concerning plasma lipids, the triglyceride mean level was significantly higher in <bold>G1a, </bold>with a trend towards lower levels of HDL-cholesterol (0.05&lt;p&lt;0.1). The values of plasma lipids are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab03-body2">Table 3</xref>. </p>
      <p>The overall survival of 41 diabetic patients undergoing dialysis during the same period (control group) was respectively, 64% (CI: 55%-73%) at 12 months, 54% (CI: 43%-65%) at 24 months, 54 % (CI: 43%-65%) at 36 months and 39% (CI: 26%-52%) at 48 months. These results were comparable to the survival curves in G1a patients. This comparison was carried out after an adjustment that included &#150; in the calculation of survival in subgroups &#150; the time of dialysis before the intervention period. Therefore, in this same period, the survival evaluated as from the beginning of dialysis in diabetic patients undergoing revascularization procedures was 65% (CI: 51%-79%) at 12 months, 54% (CI: 36% -72%) at 24 months, 41% (CI: 20%-62%) at 36 months and 41% (CI: 20%-62%) at 48 months, respectively.</p>
      <p>The overall survival of 105 non-diabetic patients treated with dialysis in the same period (control group) was 79% (CI: 74%-84%) at 12 months, 70% (CI: 63%-77%) at 24 months, 66% (CI: 57%-75%) at 36 months and 62% (CI: 52%-62%) at 48 months, respectively. These results were comparable to the survival curves in group G1b. This comparison was performed after an adjustment that included &#150; in the calculation of survival in subgroups &#150; the time of dialysis before the intervention period. Therefore, in this same period, the survival of non-diabetic patients undergoing revascularization procedures was was 81% (CI: 67%-95%) at 12 months, 58% (CI: 37%-79%) at 24, 36 and 48 months.</p>
      <p>Of 21 patients who presented epicardial abnormalities at coronary angiography, four did not undergo interventional treatment despite having a clinical indication. One patient refused the procedure and, in the other patients, the procedure was considered unfeasible and they received only medical treatment. Two patients died before one year of treatment and one patient has been followed up for 9 months. </p>
      <p>Considering the revascularization procedure adopted (surgery or angioplasty), the survival rate in group Sur was 71% (CI: 63%-79%) at 12 months, 37% (CI: 22%-52%) between 24 months and 60 months. The survival rates in group Angio were 51% (CI: 40%-62%) at 12 months and 34% (CI: 17%-51%) at 24 months (p&lt;0.05 at 12 months). Therefore, individuals who underwent a surgical procedure presented a higher survival rate than patients submitted to angioplasty. We should emphasize that 80% of patients in group Angio had renal failure due to diabetes mellitus, whereas no patients in group Sur were on dialysis due to diabetic nephropathy (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01-body2">Table 1</xref>), which resulted in a statistical difference. The same applies to the higher rate of diabetes mellitus in group Angio (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab02-body2">Table 2</xref>). As to mean plasma lipids, group Angio presented significantly higher levels of cholesterol and triglycerides than group Sur (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab03-body2">Table 3</xref>).</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>In this group comprising chronic renal patients undergoing dialysis treatment, the survival of coronary artery disease patients submitted to myocardial revascularization was similar that of overall chronic renal patients at this institution, which corroborates the interventional management in the same indications for the general population.</p>
      <p>Some studies comparing case series of chronic renal patients submitted to myocardial revascularization and series of non-chronic renal patients undergoing the same procedures suggest that the presence of renal failure implies a poor prognosis. These findings led some authors to discourage these procedures among chronic renal patients with coronary artery disease. However, in these studies there were no comparisons of groups composed of chronic renal patients with CAD with indication for revascularization who, in fact, underwent myocardial revascularization and patients with similar characteristics who did not undergo any intervention. There is only one study with a small sample that carried out this comparison with a randomized control which, despite showing perioperative mortality rate of 20%, also presented a survival rate of 80%, at one year, in the intervention group, and of 20%, in the same period, in the group undergoing medical treatment<sup>16</sup>.</p>
      <p>In the present series, the comparison of survival rates of diabetic and non-diabetic patients showed a statistical difference at 12 months after the interventional procedure (50% and 78%, respectively). Therefore, diabetes mellitus was an important negative prognostic factor in chronic renal patients undergoing coronary artery bypass graft.</p>
      <p>Comparing the survival of diabetic patients undergoing dialysis at this service with the survival of diabetic patients with CAD who underwent intervention in the present study (<bold>G1a</bold>), corrected for the previous time of dialysis, we obtained similar survival results. The correlation of coronary lesion made the curves of these two groups closer since it was expected that patients with CAD would have shorter survival. On the other hand, survival of non-diabetic chronic renal patients with DAC who underwent myocardial revascularization was slightly lower than when compared with that of non-diabetic chronic renal patients from this service. However, this difference did not reach statistical significance and it leads us to an analogous conclusion in non-diabetic patients.</p>
      <p>The causes of death in patients with coronary artery disease were not solely of cardiovascular nature. Five out of 17 deaths were due to other causes (one was due to a neoplasm and four due to infections). To explain this observation, one could speculate that the patients with heart disease are less resistant to an infectious event than those with a preserved cardiovascular system.</p>
      <p>Previous studies<sup>18 </sup>suggested that dialysis patients undergoing surgical treatment present longer survival than those undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention. The results of the present study were in accordance with the literature. However, we have to consider that, in the group undergoing angioplasty, 90% of patients were diabetic while only 14% had diabetes mellitus in the group treated with surgery. Therefore, diabetes mellitus may be regarded as a probable cause of higher mortality rates seen in the group undergoing angioplasty. Moreover, the lipid profile of diabetic patients was worse than that of non-diabetic patients.</p>
      <p>A multicenter cohort study conducted in the US enrolled 15,784 dialysis patients undergoing invasive procedures of myocardial revascularization<sup>19</sup> and showed survival of 65.7 to 71.5% at 12 months, 48.2 to 56.4% at 24 months, and 28.6 to 37.0% at 42 months. Data from the present study are similar to those reported in the cohort study, which had 44.7% to 47.6% diabetic patients. Our caseload presents 58.8% diabetic patients, which may justify a slightly lower survival rate.</p>
      <p>Two Japanese studies<sup>20,21 </sup>demonstrated survival of dialysis patients undergoing revascularization as 74.5%, at 40 months, and 45%, at 70 months, in the first study and 89%, 84% and 71% at 1, 3 and 5 years, respectively, in the second study. These values are higher than those found both in the present study and in another carried out in the US. However, it should be emphasized that the survival of dialysis patients in Japan is higher than in the US. These results are similar to those found in our study since the survival of dialysis patients with coronary artery disease undergoing revascularization in the Japanese literature follows the survival rate of dialysis patients in that country.</p>
      <p>An Italian study<sup>22 </sup>showed a survival rate of 52.9% at one year and 47% at two years in chronic renal patients treated with dialysis and undergoing coronary revascularization procedures. These results were similar to those obtained in the present study, but the latter has 58.8% diabetic patients as compared to 35% in the Italian series. The results of the Italian study show the high risk of myocardial revascularization in dialysis patients; hence, the authors suggest an early assessment and treatment of coronary artery disease in this population; the authors of the present study share this idea.</p>
      <p>A study on survival in chronic renal patients treated with dialysis undergoing cardiac surgery (75% coronary revascularization and 25% valvuloplasty) showed that, in elective conditions, the risk of the procedure is acceptable. The patients showed a life expectancy similar to the dialysis population with no cardiac diseases. Although that author<sup>23</sup> did not study coronary revascularization procedure separately, his results support findings of this study.</p>
      <p>Our study has some limitations. The sample evaluated has a restricted number of patients and it corresponds to the dialysis population at a single site. In addition, the small sample does not allow multiple analyses; however, by and large, the clinical features were homogeneous in the different groups. The occasional differences were highlighted and the possible impact of comorbidities on the results were discussed. On the other hand, despite the limited size, it is interesting to note that the results are similar to those of few large cohort studies published in other countries, and no Brazilian cohort in this subgroup of patients has been reported. The data presented here foster carrying out multicenter studies which could also assess survival in this specific group of patients, so that, in the future, we can obtain national data with a higher number of patients.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Conclusion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The presence of CAD in chronic renal patients seems to be associated with a worse prognosis, particularly when associated with diabetes mellitus. The results presented here showing a complication rate similar to that found in overall dialysis patients suggest that myocardial revascularization can be performed by a team with experience in this specific group of patients, based on the same conditions as it would be indicated to the general population. These results support the guidelines proposed by the National Kidney Foundation<sup>11</sup> and European Dialysis and Transplantation Association<sup>12</sup>.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
      </p>
      <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fn id="end-body2" fn-type="corresp">
          <label>
            <bold>Mailing address:</bold>
          </label>
          <p> Luis Cuadrado Martin</p>
          <p> Departamento de Cl&#237;nica M&#233;dica da Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu &#150; UNESP</p>
          <p> Rua Rubi&#227;o J&#250;nior s/n</p>
          <p> Botucatu, SP - Brazil</p>
          <p> E-mail: </p>
          <p>
            <email xlink:href="cuadrado@fmb.unesp.br">cuadrado@fmb.unesp.br</email>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p>Manuscript received June 29, 2006; revised manuscript received January 2, 2007, accepted January 11, 2007.</p>
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  </sub-article>
</article>
