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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">tcW5yYjjJ6yJsgWrVDbvqMv</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00003</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2007000500003</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(07)08800503</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2007000500003</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Forame oval patente e acidente vascular cerebral isqu&#234;mico em jovens: associa&#231;&#227;o causal ou estat&#237;stica?</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Negr&#227;o</surname>
            <given-names>Edson Marcio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Brandi</surname>
            <given-names>Ivar Viana</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Nunes</surname>
            <given-names>Simone Vilela</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>T&#225;vora</surname>
            <given-names>Daniel Gurgel Fernandes</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Nakayama</surname>
            <given-names>Mauro</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Beraldo</surname>
            <given-names>Paulo Sergio Siebra</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff02">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Belo Horizonte</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state"/>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Rede SARAH de Hospitais de Reabilita&#231;&#227;o</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Bras&#237;lia</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state"/>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Rede SARAH de Hospitais de Reabilita&#231;&#227;o</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff03">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Fortaleza</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state"/>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Rede SARAH de Hospitais de Reabilita&#231;&#227;o</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>05</month>
        <year>2007</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>88</volume>
      <issue>5</issue>
      <fpage>514</fpage>
      <lpage>520</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>17</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2006</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>20</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2006</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>20</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2006</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>OBJETIVOS: Determinar se h&#225; evid&#234;ncias de uma rela&#231;&#227;o causal entre forame oval patente (FOP) e acidente vascular cerebral isqu&#234;mico (AVCI) criptog&#234;nico em jovens. Analisar essa rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; luz dos crit&#233;rios de causalidade. M&#201;TODOS: Avaliaram-se, retrospectivamente, 168 pacientes jovens com AVCI, divididos em dois grupos: criptog&#234;nico e de causa definida. Como parte da rotina, os pacientes foram submetidos a pesquisa de FOP por ecocardiograma transesof&#225;gico e/ou Doppler transcraniano, ambos associados ao teste de bolhas. Demonstrada a associa&#231;&#227;o estat&#237;stica univariada entre FOP e AVCI, procedeu-se a an&#225;lise multivariada. RESULTADOS: Ap&#243;s an&#225;lise multivariada, a associa&#231;&#227;o FOP e AVCI criptog&#234;nico mostrou-se ainda estatisticamente significante, com raz&#227;o de chance (RCajustada de 3,3 (IC95% 1,5-7,4). O n&#250;mero total de les&#245;es no enc&#233;falo tamb&#233;m apresentou associa&#231;&#227;o significativa com o AVCI criptog&#234;nico (RCajustada= 0,4 IC95% 0,2-0,9). A associa&#231;&#227;o FOP e AVCI criptog&#234;nico satisfez todos os crit&#233;rios de causalidade. CONCLUS&#195;O: A rela&#231;&#227;o causal entre o FOP e o AVCI criptog&#234;nico em jovens &#233; altamente prov&#225;vel. Esse fato deve ser considerado na decis&#227;o terap&#234;utica.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>Forame oval</kwd>
        <kwd>defeitos do septo interatrial</kwd>
        <kwd>acidente cerebrovascular</kwd>
        <kwd>ecocardiografia transesofagiana</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>15</day>
        <month>06</month>
        <year>2007</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>ARTIGO ORIGINAL</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Forame oval patente e acidente vascular cerebral isqu&#234;mico em jovens: associa&#231;&#227;o causal ou estat&#237;stica?</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Edson Marcio Negr&#227;o<sup>I</sup>; Ivar Viana Brandi<sup>II</sup>; Simone Vilela Nunes<sup>III</sup>; Daniel Gurgel Fernandes T&#225;vora<sup>III</sup>; Mauro Nakayama<sup>III</sup>; Paulo Sergio Siebra Beraldo<sup>I</sup></bold>
    </p>
    <p><sup>I</sup>Hospital SARAH - Bras&#237;lia, DF </p>
    <p><sup>II</sup>Hospital SARAH &#150; Belo Horizonte, MG </p>
    <p><sup>III</sup>Hospital SARAH &#150; Fortaleza, CE</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVOS: </bold>Determinar se h&#225; evid&#234;ncias de uma rela&#231;&#227;o causal entre forame oval patente (FOP) e acidente vascular cerebral isqu&#234;mico (AVCI) criptog&#234;nico em jovens. Analisar essa rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; luz dos crit&#233;rios de causalidade. </p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS: </bold>Avaliaram-se, retrospectivamente, 168 pacientes jovens com AVCI, divididos em dois grupos: criptog&#234;nico e de causa definida. Como parte da rotina, os pacientes foram submetidos a pesquisa de FOP por ecocardiograma transesof&#225;gico e/ou Doppler transcraniano, ambos associados ao teste de bolhas. Demonstrada a associa&#231;&#227;o estat&#237;stica univariada entre FOP e AVCI, procedeu-se a an&#225;lise multivariada. </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS: </bold>Ap&#243;s an&#225;lise multivariada, a associa&#231;&#227;o FOP e AVCI criptog&#234;nico mostrou-se ainda estatisticamente significante, com raz&#227;o de chance (RC<sub>ajustada</sub> de 3,3 (IC95% 1,5-7,4). O n&#250;mero total de les&#245;es no enc&#233;falo tamb&#233;m apresentou associa&#231;&#227;o significativa com o AVCI criptog&#234;nico (RC<sub>ajustada</sub>= 0,4 IC95% 0,2-0,9). A associa&#231;&#227;o FOP e AVCI criptog&#234;nico satisfez todos os crit&#233;rios de causalidade. </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#195;O: </bold>A rela&#231;&#227;o causal entre o FOP e o AVCI criptog&#234;nico em jovens &#233; altamente prov&#225;vel. Esse fato deve ser considerado na decis&#227;o terap&#234;utica.</p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave: </bold>Forame oval, defeitos do septo interatrial, acidente cerebrovascular, ecocardiografia transesofagiana.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O acidente vascular cerebral isqu&#234;mico (AVCI) &#233; a principal causa de morbidade na popula&#231;&#227;o brasileira<sup>1</sup>. Apesar de predominar em faixas et&#225;rias elevadas, seu impacto socioecon&#244;mico &#233; maior quando acomete pacientes jovens. Nessa popula&#231;&#227;o, a incid&#234;ncia anual de eventos isqu&#234;micos &#233; estimada entre 6 e 26:100.000<sup>2</sup>. Em centros terci&#225;rios, at&#233; 12% dos pacientes internados possuem menos de 45 anos<sup>3</sup>. Nos jovens, apesar de extensa investiga&#231;&#227;o, at&#233; 40% dos casos n&#227;o t&#234;m sua etiologia definida, sendo denominados criptog&#234;nicos<sup>4</sup>. Nas duas &#250;ltimas d&#233;cadas tem-se atribu&#237;do &#224; embolia paradoxal, da qual o forame oval patente (FOP) &#233; o principal exemplo, participa&#231;&#227;o significativa nesses casos. A associa&#231;&#227;o estat&#237;stica entre eventos cerebrovasculares isqu&#234;micos e FOP j&#225; foi amplamente demonstrada, inclusive por nosso grupo, em an&#225;lises univariadas<sup>5,6</sup>. O presente estudo tem por objetivo verificar se a associa&#231;&#227;o FOP e AVCI apresenta uma rela&#231;&#227;o de causalidade ou trata-se apenas de rela&#231;&#227;o estat&#237;stica. Al&#233;m de uma an&#225;lise multivariada, tamb&#233;m avaliamos a referida associa&#231;&#227;o considerando os consagrados crit&#233;rios de causalidade<sup>7</sup>.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#233;todos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Foram inclu&#237;dos retrospectivamente, todos os pacientes com AVCI diagnosticado entre 15 e 45 anos de idade, internados consecutivamente nas unidades de Bras&#237;lia, Salvador, S&#227;o Lu&#237;s e Fortaleza, integrantes da Rede Sarah de Hospitais de Reabilita&#231;&#227;o, entre janeiro de 2003 e novembro de 2004. Al&#233;m da avalia&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica e neurol&#243;gica, os pacientes foram submetidos a exames hematol&#243;gicos b&#225;sicos e pesquisa de trombofilias. Foram realizadas tomografia computadorizada e/ou resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica nuclear de enc&#233;falo, Doppler de art&#233;rias vertebrais e car&#243;tidas, bem como ecocardiograma transtor&#225;cico. Quando pertinente, angiorresson&#226;ncia de enc&#233;falo e/ou arteriografia cerebral.</p>
    <p>Os casos foram classificados como criptog&#234;nicos ou n&#227;o, ap&#243;s an&#225;lise por um neurologista (IVB ou SVN), de acordo com os crit&#233;rios de TOAST adaptados para este estudo (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01">tab.1</xref>)<sup>8</sup>. Os casos com avalia&#231;&#227;o considerada incompleta por um dos dois neurologistas foram exclu&#237;dos.</p>
    <table-wrap id="tab01">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-05-0514-00003-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p><italic>Procedimentos - </italic>Especificamente, com a finalidade de investigar a presen&#231;a de <italic>shunt</italic> direito-esquerdo, os pacientes foram submetidos a ecocardiograma transesof&#225;gico e/ou Doppler transcraniano, ambos associados ao teste de infus&#227;o de macrobolhas. Os ecocardiogramas foram realizados por um &#250;nico examinador (EMN). Os equipamentos de ecocardiografia utilizados foram da marca ATL, modelo HDI 5000, com sonda transesof&#225;gica multiplanar (freq&#252;&#234;ncia de 4 a 7 MHz). Antes da introdu&#231;&#227;o do transdutor foi utilizada apenas lidoca&#237;na <italic>spray</italic> para anestesia da orofaringe. No Doppler transcraniano, os equipamentos utilizados foram da marca Pionner-Nicolet, modelo 530, e o exame foi conduzido segundo t&#233;cnica-padr&#227;o<sup>9</sup> pelas respectivas equipes de neurologia de cada hospital participante. O teste foi considerado positivo quando era observado pelo menos um sinal hiperintenso precoce (at&#233; 10 segundos ap&#243;s a infus&#227;o das macrobolhas)<sup>10</sup>.</p>
    <p>No ecocardiograma transesof&#225;gico, o teste de bolhas foi definido como positivo quando eram visibilizados pelo menos tr&#234;s macrobolhas no interior do &#225;trio esquerdo, at&#233; o quinto ciclo card&#237;aco, ap&#243;s a opacifica&#231;&#227;o m&#225;xima do &#225;trio direito. No caso de at&#233; 9 macrobolhas no &#225;trio esquerdo, o <italic>shunt</italic> foi considerado pequeno; moderado, entre 10 e 29 macrobolhas; e importante, acima de 30 macrobolhas.</p>
    <p>Pacientes com teste de bolhas positivo no Doppler transcraniano e que, por algum motivo, n&#227;o realizaram ecocardiograma transesof&#225;gico foram exclu&#237;dos do estudo, pela impossibilidade de se determinar a causa do <italic>shunt</italic>. Pacientes que realizaram apenas o Doppler transcraniano, mas com teste de bolhas negativo, foram categorizados como forame oval n&#227;o-patente pelo elevado valor preditivo negativo desse exame para o diagn&#243;stico do <italic>shunt</italic> direito-esquerdo<sup>11</sup>.</p>
    <p><italic>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica - </italic>Os dados coletados foram armazenados numa planilha Excel (Microsoft Excel 2003) e a an&#225;lise inferencial conduzida no Epinfo (vers&#227;o 6.04d). Todo o processamento estat&#237;stico da an&#225;lise multivariada foi conduzido no SPSS (vers&#227;o 13).</p>
    <p>As vari&#225;veis candidatas a serem testadas como independentes, no modelo final, foram consideradas com base nas evid&#234;ncias cl&#237;nicas, informa&#231;&#245;es contidas na literatura e an&#225;lise univariada, nesse caso, adotando como crit&#233;rio de decis&#227;o um p &lt; 0,15. A an&#225;lise univariada examinou tabelas de conting&#234;ncia e a associa&#231;&#227;o estat&#237;stica foi aferida para o valor p &lt; 0,05. A <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab02">tabela 2</xref> detalha todas as vari&#225;veis consideradas.</p>
    <table-wrap id="tab02">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-05-0514-00003-gt02.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>O m&#233;todo multivariado utilizado foi a regress&#227;o log&#237;stica m&#250;ltipla, onde a vari&#225;vel dependente foi o tipo de AVCI, dicotomizado entre criptog&#234;nico ou n&#227;o<sup>12</sup>. Para sele&#231;&#227;o das vari&#225;veis que permaneceram no modelo de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica foi utilizado o processo de sele&#231;&#227;o para tr&#225;s (<italic>backward elimination</italic>), ficando no modelo final todas as vari&#225;veis que apresentaram valor de p&lt; 0,05.</p>
    <p>Pacientes nos quais algumas das vari&#225;veis n&#227;o contavam com as respostas necess&#225;rias foram desconsiderados.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Resultados</bold>
    </p>
    <p>No total, foram internados 175 pacientes. Quatro foram exclu&#237;dos por avalia&#231;&#227;o incompleta. Dois n&#227;o cooperaram para a realiza&#231;&#227;o do ecocardiograma transesof&#225;gico e tamb&#233;m n&#227;o realizaram o Doppler transcraniano. Um paciente apresentou teste de bolhas positivo no Doppler transcraniano, mas n&#227;o cooperou para a realiza&#231;&#227;o do ecocardiograma transesof&#225;gico. Assim, foram considerados para a an&#225;lise univariada 168 pacientes. Destes, 55% eram do sexo feminino. A m&#233;dia de idade foi de 33,9 anos &#177; 9,3 (DP). A preval&#234;ncia dos fatores de risco tradicionais n&#227;o divergiu entre pacientes com AVCI criptog&#234;nico e n&#227;o criptog&#234;nico, tendo sido observado dislipidemia (40%), tabagismo (32,5%), hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica (35%) e diabete melito (5%).</p>
    <p>Noventa e oito pacientes (58,4%) realizaram ecocardiograma transesof&#225;gico e Doppler transcraniano; 34 (20,2%) submeteram-se somente ao primeiro e 36 (21,4%), apenas ao Doppler transcraniano.</p>
    <p>Oitenta e oito casos foram considerados criptog&#234;nicos (52%). Os casos de etiologia definida, de acordo com a classifica&#231;&#227;o de TOAST modificada, foram de cardioembolismo (28%), aterosclerose de grande art&#233;ria (17%), oclus&#227;o de pequeno vaso (11%) e AVCI de outra etiologia (determinada) ou com duas ou mais causas (44%). A preval&#234;ncia do FOP em toda a amostra foi de 28% (47/168; IC95% 21,3 &#150; 35,4). Quando foram considerados apenas os casos de etiologia definida, a preval&#234;ncia do FOP foi de apenas 15% (12/80). No subgrupo de AVCI classificados como criptog&#234;nicos, o FOP esteve presente em 40% dos casos (35/88). Essa diferen&#231;a mostrou-se significativa, configurando uma raz&#227;o de chances bruta de 3,7 (IC 95% 1,8-7,9).</p>
    <p>Para a an&#225;lise multivariada, 20 pacientes, nos quais alguma das vari&#225;veis n&#227;o contava com as respostas necess&#225;rias, foram desconsiderados. As caracter&#237;sticas desses pacientes foram indistingu&#237;veis dos demais 148 que permaneceram na an&#225;lise.</p>
    <p>Com base na an&#225;lise univariada, tr&#234;s vari&#225;veis foram consideradas na regress&#227;o log&#237;stica: FOP, n&#250;mero total de les&#245;es no enc&#233;falo e hiper-homocisteinemia. Do total de vari&#225;veis consideradas no modelo final apenas duas se associaram com o tipo de AVCI: presen&#231;a de FOP (RC<sub>ajustada</sub>=3,3 IC95% 1,5-7,4) e n&#250;mero total de les&#245;es no enc&#233;falo (RC<sub>ajustada</sub>=0,4 IC95% 0,2-0,9) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab03">tab.3</xref>). O mesmo modelo foi testado, agora substituindo FOP por intensidade do <italic>shunt</italic>, demonstrando que o AVCI criptog&#234;nico associa-se a <italic>shunts</italic> mais intensos (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig01">fig.1</xref>). Foram testadas intera&#231;&#245;es entre as vari&#225;veis de interesse, sem mudan&#231;a no modelo final.</p>
    <table-wrap id="tab03">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-05-0514-00003-gt03.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <fig id="fig01">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-05-0514-00003-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O presente estudo demonstrou, mediante uma an&#225;lise multivariada, que pacientes jovens (menos de 45 anos), com AVCI de causa indeterminada, podem ter sua etiologia relacionada &#224; presen&#231;a de um forame oval patente. Especificamente, constatamos que essa associa&#231;&#227;o foi mais importante naqueles casos em que o <italic>shunt</italic> foi mais intenso. Al&#233;m de uma associa&#231;&#227;o, esses resultados falam a favor de uma rela&#231;&#227;o causal entre FOP e AVCI. Confirmada essa hip&#243;tese, as possibilidades etiol&#243;gicas para os casos de AVCI e ataque isqu&#234;mico transit&#243;rio devem ser ampliadas, incluindo a pat&#234;ncia do forame oval.</p>
    <p>Dentro desse contexto, al&#233;m do diagn&#243;stico do FOP, o ecocardiograma transesof&#225;gico tamb&#233;m possibilita a descri&#231;&#227;o de v&#225;rias caracter&#237;sticas morfofuncionais do septo interatrial que permitem classific&#225;-lo como de risco para o AVCI<sup>13-16</sup>. Encontramos, nesse estudo, que o <italic>shunt</italic> mais intenso apresentou uma associa&#231;&#227;o significativa com o AVCI de etiologia n&#227;o-definida, mesmo quando ajustado para as demais vari&#225;veis independentes. Dois aspectos merecem destaque. Primeiro, o fato de que, dentro dos crit&#233;rios de causalidade, a rela&#231;&#227;o dose-efeito est&#225; sendo atendida<sup>7</sup>, o que, considerando os demais, fala a favor da rela&#231;&#227;o etiol&#243;gica do FOP nos casos de AVCI criptog&#234;nico. O segundo fato tem implica&#231;&#245;es terap&#234;uticas, demonstrando que a intensidade do <italic>shunt</italic> deva ser um dos principais fatores na estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco para indica&#231;&#227;o de fechamento do FOP. De fato, v&#225;rios artigos j&#225; consideram essa possibilidade, por&#233;m, em conjunto com outros fatores que n&#227;o inclu&#237;mos na presente an&#225;lise, como presen&#231;a concomitante de aneurisma do septo interatrial e v&#225;lvula de Eustachio proeminente. Al&#233;m do FOP, apenas uma outra vari&#225;vel mostrou-se como preditora independente para o AVCI criptog&#234;nico ou de causa definida, que foi o total de les&#245;es encef&#225;licas. Quando tr&#234;s ou mais les&#245;es foram identificadas no enc&#233;falo pelos exames de imagem (tomografia computadorizada e ou resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica nuclear - RMN) houve uma chance 64% maior de o AVCI ser de causa definida (RC<sub>ajustada</sub>=0,36 IC95%, 0,15 a 0,86). &#201; importante destacar que o total de les&#245;es tem aqui duas interpreta&#231;&#245;es, n&#227;o excludentes. Pode representar a presen&#231;a de les&#245;es m&#250;ltiplas, de um mesmo evento isqu&#234;mico e/ou les&#245;es de eventos temporalmente distintos. Como nossos pacientes foram investigados numa fase tardia do AVCI, n&#227;o tivemos como distinguir essas duas possibilidades. De qualquer forma, podemos inferir que, no AVCI, no qual a participa&#231;&#227;o do FOP &#233; considerada suspeita, a recorr&#234;ncia e ou les&#245;es m&#250;ltiplas s&#227;o relativamente baixas, pelo menos quando comparado com causas cardioemb&#243;licas mais freq&#252;entes, como a fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial e a cardiopatia chag&#225;sica. Importante destacar que expressivos 118 dos 168 pacientes (70%) realizaram o estudo de imagem encef&#225;lica com RMN, que &#233; considerado o melhor m&#233;todo para esse tipo de an&#225;lise.</p>
    <p>Embora n&#227;o tenha sido apontada como vari&#225;vel independente na regress&#227;o log&#237;stica, a an&#225;lise univariada mostrou que a hiper-homocisteinemia se associou com o tipo de AVCI (RC=0,5 IC95%, 0,31 a 0,81; p=0,038). Diversos estudos, um dos quais produzido na nossa Institui&#231;&#227;o<sup>17</sup>, demonstram a participa&#231;&#227;o da hiper-homocisteinemia em eventos isqu&#234;micos encef&#225;licos como fator de risco independente. No caso em particular da presente investiga&#231;&#227;o, a associa&#231;&#227;o observada, pelo menos na an&#225;lise univariada, foi no sentido de uma associa&#231;&#227;o do AVCI de causa definida com n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos elevados de homociste&#237;na. O fato de essa vari&#225;vel n&#227;o ter permanecido no modelo final deve ser interpretado com cautela, tendo em vista as limita&#231;&#245;es inerentes a estudos com an&#225;lise multivariada<sup>18</sup>, al&#233;m do fato de que, possivelmente, essa vari&#225;vel n&#227;o se comporte de forma diferente entre AVCI de causa definida ou n&#227;o.</p>
    <p>Quanto &#224; trombofilia, constatamos que n&#227;o houve associa&#231;&#227;o com AVCI criptog&#234;nico, tanto na an&#225;lise univariada, como multivariada. Ou seja, 18,2% dos pacientes com AVCI criptog&#234;nico eram portadores de algum tipo de trombofilia, contra 14,5% entre aqueles com AVCI de causa definida. As trombofilias podem ser classificadas como, predominantemente, arterial ou venosa. No contexto da presente an&#225;lise pesquisamos somente as trombofilias venosas, j&#225; que essas, potencialmente, poderiam estar relacionadas com a embolia paradoxal. Em que pese o fato de existir evid&#234;ncia de associa&#231;&#227;o entre muta&#231;&#227;o do gene da protrombina (trombofilia venosa) e AVCI criptog&#234;nico<sup>19,20</sup>, n&#227;o disp&#250;nhamos &#224; &#233;poca dessa dosagem. Dos 26 pacientes com trombofilia venosa, a grande maioria (21 casos, 81%) ocorria por defici&#234;ncia de prote&#237;na S. A associa&#231;&#227;o de trombofilia venosa e o tipo de AVCI ainda &#233; uma quest&#227;o em aberto na literatura, com v&#225;rios estudos conflitantes. Nossos resultados apontam para a inexist&#234;ncia dessa associa&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <p>As demais vari&#225;veis testadas (idade, g&#234;nero, dislipidemia, hipertens&#227;o arterial, diabete melito, anticoncepcional oral e tabagismo), mesmo na an&#225;lise univariada, n&#227;o se mostraram associadas com o tipo de AVCI. Entretanto, todas essas vari&#225;veis s&#227;o consideradas como fatores de risco tradicionais para doen&#231;as cerebrovasculares. Nesse sentido, devemos destacar dois aspectos que possam justificar nossos resultados. Primeiramente, o fato de tratar-se de uma s&#233;rie de pacientes jovens, com menos de 45 anos, onde a preval&#234;ncia desses fatores &#233; relativamente baixa. O segundo aspecto prende-se ao fato de que o delineamento do presente estudo n&#227;o permite tirar conclus&#245;es sobre fatores de risco para o AVCI, j&#225; que todos os indiv&#237;duos envolvidos encontravam-se com esse diagn&#243;stico. O que se est&#225; avaliando &#233;, na verdade, os fatores associados ao tipo de evento: com ou sem causa definida. Nesse sentido foi que encontramos somente a presen&#231;a de FOP (incluindo a intensidade do <italic>shunt</italic>) e o n&#250;mero de les&#245;es encef&#225;licas, como associadas ao tipo de AVCI.</p>
    <p>Tendo essas considera&#231;&#245;es como pano de fundo, entendemos que a melhor forma de conduzirmos as discuss&#245;es que envolvem a possibilidade de uma rela&#231;&#227;o causal deva seguir preceitos estabelecidos para situa&#231;&#245;es pr&#233;vias equivalentes. Dentro desse panorama &#233; que resgatamos os consagrados crit&#233;rios de causalidade<sup>7,20</sup>, destacando as evid&#234;ncias dispon&#237;veis na literatura sobre uma poss&#237;vel associa&#231;&#227;o, ou n&#227;o, entre FOP e AVCI. Assim, elaboramos a <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab04">tabela 4</xref>, onde tentamos responder aos nove crit&#233;rios de causalidade no presente contexto. Considerando a base de conhecimento at&#233; o momento acumulada, acreditamos que a melhor resposta para essa quest&#227;o possivelmente vir&#225; com a divulga&#231;&#227;o dos ensaios cl&#237;nicos randomizados, ora em curso, comparando a efetividade do fechamento do FOP <italic>versus</italic> o tratamento cl&#237;nico e a recorr&#234;ncia de AVCI. At&#233; l&#225;, resta-nos refletir, com base nas evid&#234;ncias dispon&#237;veis, sobre uma prov&#225;vel rela&#231;&#227;o causal e suas repercuss&#245;es no processo decis&#243;rio terap&#234;utico. </p>
    <table-wrap id="tab04">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-05-0514-00003-gt04.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>
      <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesses</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflitos de interesses pertinentes.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="end" fn-type="corresp">
        <label>
          <bold>Correspond&#234;ncia:</bold>
        </label>
        <p> Edson Marcio Negr&#227;o </p>
        <p> SQN 212, bloco E ap.311, Asa Norte </p>
        <p> 70864-050 &#150; Bras&#237;lia, DF </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="emarcio@terra.com.br">emarcio@terra.com.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p> Artigo recebido em 20/07/06; revisado recebido em 20/07/06; aceito em 17/08/06.</p>
  </body>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Patent foramen ovale and ischemic stroke in young people: statistical association or causal relation?</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>OBJECTIVES: To determine if there are evidences of a causal relation between patent foramen ovale (PFO) x cryptogenic ischemic stroke (IS) in the young population and to analyze this relation in terms of causal criteria. METHODS: A total of 168 young patients with IS was retrospectively evaluated and divided into two groups: cryptogenic and with a defined cause. As a routine procedure, the patients underwent investigation of the PFO by means of transesophageal echocardiogram and/or transcranial Doppler sonography, both of them associated with the bubble test. Multivariate analysis was performed after demonstration of univariate statistical association between PFO x IS. RESULTS: After multivariate analysis, the association between PFO x cryptogenic IS was still statistically significant with odds ratio (adjusted OR = 3.3; 95% CI: 1.5-7.4). The total number of cerebral lesions also presented a significant association with cryptogenic IS (adjusted OR = 0.4; 95% CI: 0.2-0.9). The association between PFO and cryptogenic IS met all the causality criteria. CONCLUSION: The causal relation between PFO and cryptogenic IS in the young population is highly probable. This fact should be considered in the therapeutic decision.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Patent foramen ovale</kwd>
        <kwd>atrial septal defects</kwd>
        <kwd>cerebrovascular accident</kwd>
        <kwd>transesophageal echocardiography</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>ORIGINAL ARTICLE</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Patent foramen ovale and ischemic stroke in young people: statistical association or causal relation?</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Edson Marcio Negr&#227;o<sup>I</sup>; Ivar Viana Brandi<sup>II</sup>; Simone Vilela Nunes<sup>III</sup>; Daniel Gurgel Fernandes T&#225;vora<sup>III</sup>; Mauro Nakayama<sup>III</sup>; Paulo Sergio Siebra Beraldo<sup>I</sup></bold>
      </p>
      <p><sup>I</sup>Hospital SARAH - Bras&#237;lia, DF</p>
      <p><sup>II</sup>Hospital SARAH &#150; Belo Horizonte, MG</p>
      <p><sup>III</sup>Hospital SARAH &#150; Fortaleza, CE</p>
      <p>
        <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end-body2">Mailing address</xref>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>SUMMARY</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVE: </bold>To determine if there are evidences of a causal relation between patent foramen ovale (PFO) x cryptogenic ischemic stroke (IS) in the young population and to analyze this relation in terms of causal criteria.</p>
      <p><bold>METHODS: </bold>A total of 168 young patients with IS was retrospectively evaluated and divided into two groups: cryptogenic and with a defined cause. As a routine procedure, the patients underwent investigation of the PFO by means of transesophageal echocardiogram and/or transcranial Doppler sonography, both of them associated with the bubble test. Multivariate analysis was performed after demonstration of univariate statistical association between PFO x IS.</p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS: </bold>After multivariate analysis, the association between PFO x cryptogenic IS was still statistically significant with odds ratio (adjusted OR = 3.3; 95% CI: 1.5-7.4). The total number of cerebral lesions also presented a significant association with cryptogenic IS (adjusted OR=0.4; 95% CI: 0.2-0.9). The association between PFO and cryptogenic IS met all the causality criteria.</p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSION: </bold>The causal relation between PFO and cryptogenic IS in the young population is highly probable. This fact should be considered in the therapeutic decision.</p>
      <p><bold>Key words: </bold>Patent foramen ovale, atrial septal defects, cerebrovascular accident, transesophageal echocardiography.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Introduction</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Ischemic stroke (IS) is the main cause of morbidity in the Brazilian population<sup>1</sup>. Although it is more prevalent in higher age groups, its socioeconomic impact is greater when it affects young patients. In this population, the annual incidence of ischemic events is estimated between 6 and 26:100,000<sup>2</sup>. At tertiary centers, up to 12% of patients admitted are aged under 45 years<sup>3</sup>. In the young population, despite extensive investigation, up to 40% of cases do not have a clear etiology and are called cryptogenic<sup>4</sup>. In the last two decades a significant portion of such cases has been attributed to paradoxical embolism and the main example is the patent foramen ovale (PFO). The statistical association between ischemic cerebrovascular events and PFO has already been widely documented in univariate analyses, including those carried out by our group<sup>5,6</sup>. This current study intends to assess if the association between PFO and IS presents a causal relation or if there is just a statistical relation. In addition to a multivariate analysis, we also evaluated this association considering the well known causality criteria<sup>7</sup>. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Methods</bold>
      </p>
      <p>We retrospectively included all the patients with diagnosis of IS aged 15 to 45 years who had been consecutively admitted at the centers located in Brasilia, Salvador, Sao Luis and Fortaleza that are part of <italic>Rede Sarah de Hospitais de Reabilita&#231;&#227;o</italic> (Sarah Network of Rehabilitation Hospitals) between January 2003 and November 2004. In addition to clinical and neurological evaluation, the patients underwent basic hematological tests and study of thrombophilias. Patients also underwent computed tomography and/or nuclear magnetic resonance of the brain, Doppler examination of vertebral and carotid arteries, as well as transthoracic echocardiogram. When applicable, patients also underwent brain resonance angiography and/or cerebral arteriography. </p>
      <p>The cases were classified as cryptogenic or non-cryptogenic after analysis carried out by a neurologist (Ivar Viana Brandi or Simone Vilela Nunes), according to the TOAST criteria adapted for this study (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01-body2">Table 1</xref>)<sup>8</sup>. Cases with evaluation considered incomplete by one of the two neurologists were excluded.</p>
      <table-wrap id="tab01-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-05-0514-00003-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p><italic>Procedures </italic>- Specifically, with the aim of investigating the presence of right-left shunt, the patients underwent transesophageal echocardiogram and/or transcranial Doppler, both associated with the injection of macrobubbles. Echocardiograms were performed by a single examiner (Edson Marcio Negr&#227;o ). The echocardiography equipment used was an ATL, model HDI 5000, with multiplanar transesophageal probe (frequency between 4 and 7 MHz). Before insertion of the transducer, only spray lidocaine was used for anesthesia of oropharynx. Transcranial Doppler was performed with a Pionner-Nicolet equipment model 530 and the examination was conducted according to the standard technique<sup>9</sup> by the respective neurology teams of each participating hospital. The test was considered positive when at least one early hyperintense signal was observed (up to 10 seconds after infusion of macrobubbles)<sup>10</sup>. </p>
      <p>In the transesophageal echocardiogram, the bubble test was defined as positive when at least three macrobubbles were visualized inside the left atrium up to the fifth cardiac cycle after maximum opacification of the right atrium. The shunt was considered small when up to nine macrobubbles were present in the left atrium; it was moderate when there were between 10 and 29 macrobubbles and marked shunt was defined with more than 30 macrobubbles in the left atrium. </p>
      <p>Patients with a positive bubble test in the transcranial Doppler sonography who, for some reason, did not undergo transesophageal echocardiogram were excluded from the study due to the impossibility to determine the cause of shunt. Patients who underwent only transcranial Doppler sonography but had a negative bubble test were classified as non-patent foramen ovale due to the high negative predictive value of this exam for the diagnosis of right to left shunt<sup>11</sup>. </p>
      <p><italic>Statistical analysis - </italic>The data collected were stored in an Excel spreadsheet (Microsoft Excel 2003) and differential analysis was conducted using Epinfo (version 6.04d). All the statistical processing of the multivariate analysis was conducted in SPSS (version 13).</p>
      <p>The candidate variables to be tested as independent in the final model were considered on the basis of clinical evidence, information available in the literature and univariate analysis, and in this case the decision criterion had a p value &lt; 0.15. Univariate analysis examined contingency tables and the statistical association was checked for p &lt; 0.05. <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab02-body2">Table 2</xref> shows the details of all the variables considered.</p>
      <table-wrap id="tab02-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-05-0514-00003-gt02-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>The multivariate method used was multiple logistic regression, where the dependent variable was the type of IS dichotomized between cryptogenic and non-cryptogenic.<sup>12</sup> For selection of the variables that remained in the logistic regression model a backward elimination process was used, and all variables with p &lt; 0.05 remained in the final model.</p>
      <p>Patients whose variables did not have the required responses were excluded from the study.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Results</bold>
      </p>
      <p>A total of 175 patients was admitted to this study. Four patients were excluded due to incomplete evaluation. Two patients did not cooperate with the transesophageal echocardiogram and also did not undergo transcranial Doppler sonography. One patient presented a positive bubble test in transcranial Doppler but did not cooperate with the transesophageal echocardiogram. Therefore, 168 patients were considered for univariate analysis; 55% of them were females. The mean age was 33.9 years &#177; 9.3 (SD). The prevalence of traditional risk factors did not differ among patients with cryptogenic and non-cryptogenic IS, and the patients presented dyslipidemia (40%), smoking habit (32.5%), systemic arterial hypertension (35%) and diabetes mellitus (5%).</p>
      <p>Ninety-eight patients (58.4%) underwent transesophageal echocardiogram and transcranial Doppler sonography; 34 (20.2%) patients underwent only the first procedure and 36 (21.4%) patients were only submitted to transcranial Doppler sonography. </p>
      <p>Eighty-eight cases were considered cryptogenic (52%). According to modified TOAST classification, cases of defined etiology were those involving cardioembolism (28%), atherosclerosis of a great artery (17%), occlusion of a small vessel (11%) and IS of a different etiology (established) or with two or more causes (44%). The prevalence of PFO in the whole sample was 28% (47/168; 95% CI: 21.3 &#150; 35.4). However, the prevalence of PFO was 15% (12/80) when only the defined etiology cases were considered. In the subgroup of IS cases classified as cryptogenic, PFO was present in 40% of patients (35/88). This difference was significant and represented a raw odds ratio of 3.7 (95% CI: 1.8 - 7.9).</p>
      <p>In the multivariate analysis of 20 patients, some variables did not have the required responses; hence they were excluded from the study. The characteristics of these patients were not distinct from those of the 148 patients who remained in the analysis.</p>
      <p>Based on the univariate analysis, three variables were considered in the logistic regression: PFO, total number of brain lesions and hyperhomocysteinemia. From the total of variables considered in the final model, only two were associated with the type of IS: presence of PFO (adjusted OR = 3.3; 95% CI: 1.5&#150;7.4) and the total number of cerebral lesions (adjusted OR = 0.4; 95% CI: 0.2-0.9) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab03-body2">Table 3</xref>). The same model was tested, this time replacing PFO by shunt intensity, and it showed that cryptogenic IS was associated with more intense shunts (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig01-body2">Figure 1</xref>). We tested the interactions among the interest variables without a change in the final model.</p>
      <table-wrap id="tab03-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-05-0514-00003-gt03-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <fig id="fig01-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-05-0514-00003-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>By means of a multivariate analysis, the current study showed that young patients (younger than 45 years) with IS of undetermined cause may have their etiology related to the presence of a patent foramen ovale. Specifically, we confirmed that this association was more important in the cases with more intense shunts. In addition to an association, these results point to a causal relation between PFO and IS. Once this hypothesis is confirmed, the etiological possibilities for the cases of IS and transient ischemic attack should be broadened and they should include the cases of patent foramen ovale.</p>
      <p>In this context, in addition to diagnosis of PFO, the transesophageal echocardiogram also allows the description of several morphological and functional characteristics of the interatrial septum that enable its classification as a risk for IS<sup>13-16</sup>. In this study we found that the more intense shunt presented a significant association with IS of undefined cause, even when it was adjusted for other independent variables. Two aspects should be emphasized: the first is the fact that the dose-effect relation meets the causality criteria<sup>7</sup>, which points to the etiological relation of PFO in the cases of cryptogenic IS if others criteria are taken into account. The second fact has therapeutic implications showing that the shunt intensity should be one of the main factors in the risk stratification for indication of PFO closure. Actually, several articles have already considered this possibility; however, they included other factors that we have not considered in this current analysis, such as the concomitant presence of interatrial septum aneurism and prominent Eustachian valve. In addition to PFO, only one other variable was an independent predictor for cryptogenic IS or IS of defined cause, and this was the total number of brain lesions. When three or more lesions were identified in the brain by means of imaging exams (computed tomography and/or magnetic resonance imaging &#150; MRI) there was an increased 64% chance that the IS had a defined cause (adjusted OR = 0.36; 95% CI: 0.15-0.86). It is important to emphasize that the total number of lesions has two non-excluding interpretations. It may represent the presence of multiple lesions of the same ischemic event and/or lesions of temporally distinct events. Since our patients were investigated at a late stage of IS, we could not distinguish these two possibilities. In any case, we can infer that in cases of IS in which there is a suspition of PFO, the recurrence and/or multiple lesions are relatively low, at least when compared with more frequent cardioembolic causes, such as atrial fibrillation and Chagasic cardiopathy. It is noteworthy that the expressive number of 118 out of 168 patients (70%) underwent the brain imaging study with MRI, which is considered the best method for this type of analysis.</p>
      <p>Although it has not been pointed as an independent variable in the logistic regression, the univariate analysis showed that hyperhomocysteinemia was associated with the type of IS (OR = 0.5; 95% CI: 0.31 &#150; 0.81; P= 0.038). Several studies, including one study carried out in our Institution<sup>17</sup>, showed the participation of hyperhomocysteinemia in cerebral ischemic events as an independent risk factor. In this specific investigation, the association observed &#150; at least in the univariate analysis &#150; was in the sense of an association between IS of defined cause and high serum levels of homocystein. The fact that this variable did not remain in the final model must be cautiously interpreted, given the limitations inherent to studies with multivariate analysis<sup>18</sup>, in addition to the fact that this variable possibly does not behave differently in IS of defined and undefined cause.</p>
      <p>As to thrombophilia, we did not detect any association with cryptogenic IS, both in the univariate and multivariate analyses, i.e., 18.2% of patients with cryptogenic IS had some type of thrombophilia compared with 14.5% of patients with IS of undefined cause. Thrombophilias can be classified as predominantly arterial or venous. In the context of the current analysis we only evaluated venous thrombophilias, since they could be potentially related with paradoxical embolism. Although there is evidence of the association between mutation of the prothrombin gene (venous thrombophilia) and cryptogenic IS<sup>19,20</sup>, this measurement was not available to us at that time. Out of 26 patients with venous thrombophilia, the great majority (21 cases or 81%) was caused by protein S deficiency. The association between venous thrombophilia and the type of IS is an open question in the literature, with several conflicting studies. Our results pointed to non-existence of this association.</p>
      <p>The other variables tested (age, gender, dyslipidemia, arterial hypertension, diabetes mellitus, oral contraceptives and smoking), even in the univariate analysis, were not associated with the type of IS. On the other hand, all these variables are considered as traditional risk factors for cerebrovascular diseases. In this sense, we should emphasize two aspects that can justify our results. First, the fact that we had a series of young patients aged under 45 years, in whom the prevalence of those factors is relatively low. The second aspect is the fact that the design of the current study does not allow us to draw any conclusions about the risk factors for IS, since all individuals affected presented this diagnosis. In fact, what we are evaluating are the factors associated with the type of event: with or without a defined cause. In this sense, we only found the presence of PFO (including the shunt intensity) and the number of brain lesions to be associated with the type of IS. </p>
      <p>With these considerations as a background, we understand that the best way to conduct the discussions involving the possibility of a causal relationship should follow principles established for previously equivalent situations. In this scenario we reestablish the well accepted causality criteria<sup>7,20</sup> and emphasize the evidences available in the literature about a possible association between PFO and IS. Therefore, we prepared <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab04-body2">Table 4</xref> where we try to answer the nine causality criteria in the present context. Considering the knowledge accumulated up to this moment, we believe that the best answer to this question will possibly come with the release of currently ongoing randomized clinical trials comparing the effectiveness of PFO closure <italic>versus</italic> clinical treatment and the recurrence of IS. Until then, we can only ponder on the basis of the available evidence about a probable causal relation and its repercussions in therapeutic decisions.</p>
      <table-wrap id="tab04-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-05-0514-00003-gt04-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>
        <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
      </p>
      <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fn id="end-body2" fn-type="corresp">
          <label>
            <bold>Mailing address:</bold>
          </label>
          <p> Edson Marcio Negr&#227;o</p>
          <p> SQN 212, bloco E ap.311, Asa Norte</p>
          <p> 70864-050 &#150; Bras&#237;lia, DF</p>
          <p> E-mail: </p>
          <p>
            <email xlink:href="emarcio@terra.com.br">emarcio@terra.com.br</email>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p>Manuscript received July 20, 2006; revised manuscript received July 20, 2006; accepted August 17, 2006.</p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
