<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.1 20151215//EN" "https://jats.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/1.1/JATS-journalpublishing1.dtd">
<article xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" specific-use="sps-1.9" dtd-version="1.1" xml:lang="pt" article-type="brief-report">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">SZ9kYXL3xkpdHXDfd657ffG</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00030</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2007000400030</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(07)08800430</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2007000400030</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Imagem</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Ap&#234;ndice atrial esquerdo: imagem ecocardiogr&#225;fica transtor&#225;cica tridimensional em tempo real</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Vieira</surname>
            <given-names>Marcelo Luiz Campos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Tavares</surname>
            <given-names>Gl&#225;ucia M. P.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Cury</surname>
            <given-names>Alexandre</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lira Filho</surname>
            <given-names>Edgar B.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Cordovil</surname>
            <given-names>Adriana</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Rodrigues</surname>
            <given-names>Ana C. T.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>M&#244;naco</surname>
            <given-names>Cl&#225;udia G.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Naccarato</surname>
            <given-names>Gustavo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Fischer</surname>
            <given-names>Cl&#225;udio H.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Morhy</surname>
            <given-names>Samira S.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein</institution>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>04</month>
        <year>2007</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>88</volume>
      <issue>4</issue>
      <fpage>e95</fpage>
      <lpage>e98</lpage>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>24</day>
        <month>05</month>
        <year>2007</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>IMAGEM</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Ap&#234;ndice atrial esquerdo: imagem ecocardiogr&#225;fica transtor&#225;cica tridimensional em tempo real</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Marcelo Luiz Campos Vieira; Gl&#225;ucia M. P. Tavares; Alexandre Cury; Edgar B. Lira Filho; Adriana Cordovil; Ana C. T. Rodrigues; Cl&#225;udia G. M&#244;naco; Gustavo Naccarato; Cl&#225;udio H. Fischer; Samira S. Morhy</bold>
    </p>
    <p> Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein &#150; S&#227;o Paulo, SP</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="back">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave:</bold> Ap&#234;ndice atrial, ecocardiografia tridimensional.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O desenvolvimento da ecocardiografia transtor&#225;cica tridimensional em tempo real possibilitou a identifica&#231;&#227;o estrutural card&#237;aca a partir de novos planos de observa&#231;&#227;o<sup>1-4</sup>.</p>
    <p>Esse fato torna-se especialmente relevante quando a observa&#231;&#227;o anat&#244;mica traduz implica&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas progn&#243;sticas como na identifica&#231;&#227;o de imagens de trombos em &#225;trio esquerdo ou em ap&#234;ndice atrial esquerdo. Na maioria das situa&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas, a pesquisa de imagens de trombos intra-atriais com o emprego da ecocardiografia transtor&#225;cica bidimensional n&#227;o possibilita informa&#231;&#227;o anat&#244;mica segura para a defini&#231;&#227;o diagn&#243;stica. O uso da ecocardiografia transesof&#225;gica bidimensional multiplanar proporcionou acr&#233;scimo de informa&#231;&#227;o diagn&#243;stica para a discrimina&#231;&#227;o de massas intra-atriais em decorr&#234;ncia do emprego de transdutores com maior freq&#252;&#234;ncia de emiss&#227;o ultra-s&#244;nica, da maior proximidade da estrutura estudada e da possibilidade de obten&#231;&#227;o de imagens de melhor qualidade de defini&#231;&#227;o estrutural. No entanto, constitui modalidade ecocardiogr&#225;fica semi-invasiva e que ainda n&#227;o permite a observa&#231;&#227;o estrutural em todos os planos anat&#244;micos de observa&#231;&#227;o (limita&#231;&#227;o principal para a identifica&#231;&#227;o estrutural a partir dos planos card&#237;acos frontais e transversais com observa&#231;&#227;o dos an&#233;is das valvas atrioventriculares, pulmonar e a&#243;rtica). A ecocardiografia transtor&#225;cica tridimensional em tempo real proporciona avan&#231;o da an&#225;lise anat&#244;mica, porque possibilita a rota&#231;&#227;o das estruturas card&#237;acas a partir dos tr&#234;s planos prim&#225;rios de defini&#231;&#227;o estrutural (plano &#237;nfero-superior, plano m&#233;dio-lateral e plano de profundidade ou de eleva&#231;&#227;o), e tamb&#233;m da composi&#231;&#227;o estrutural a partir da an&#225;lise nos planos compostos ou planos diagonais. A aquisi&#231;&#227;o das imagens &#233; feita em tempo real, podendo a imagem final ser obtida a partir da proje&#231;&#227;o de interesse do cl&#237;nico ou do cirurgi&#227;o. No caso demonstrado, pode-se observar a an&#225;lise ecocardiogr&#225;fica transtor&#225;cica bidimensional do ap&#234;ndice atrial esquerdo (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="figura1">fig. 1</xref>) e a imagem ecocardiogr&#225;fica transtor&#225;cica tridimensional em tempo real do ap&#234;ndice atrial esquerdo em diferentes planos de observa&#231;&#227;o (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2a">figs. 2A</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2b">2B</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2c">2C</xref>), como a partir do plano frontal (em face).</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <fig id="f2a">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-04-0e95-00030-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <fig id="f2b">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-04-0e95-00030-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <fig id="f2c">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-04-0e95-00030-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <fig id="figura1">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-04-0e95-00030-gf04.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>Atualmente, a ecocardiografia transesof&#225;gica ainda &#233; a t&#233;cnica ecocardiogr&#225;fica mais apropriada para a visibiliza&#231;&#227;o do ap&#234;ndice atrial esquerdo e para a investiga&#231;&#227;o de trombos intracavit&#225;rios, apresentando evid&#234;ncias fundamentadas em an&#225;lises com grande n&#250;mero de pacientes. Estudos futuros s&#227;o necess&#225;rios para a defini&#231;&#227;o do impacto diagn&#243;stico e progn&#243;stico dos achados anat&#244;micos obtidos com o emprego da ecocardiografia transtor&#225;cica tridimensional em tempo real.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesses</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflitos de interesses pertinentes.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Refer&#234;ncias</bold>
    </p>
    <p>1. Roelandt JRT, Yao J, Karsprazak JD. Three-dimensional echocardiography. Curr Opin Cardiol. 1998; 13: 386-98.</p>
    <p>2. De Simone R, Glombitza G, Vahl CF, Meinzer HP, Hagl S. Three-dimensional Doppler: techniques and clinical applications. Eur Heart J. 1999; 20: 619-27.</p>
    <p>3. Kisslo J, Firek B, Takahiro O, Kang DH, Fleishman CE, Stetten G, et al. Real-time volumetric echocardiography: the technology and the possibilities. Echocardiography. 2000; 17: 773-9.</p>
    <p>4. Kwan J, Shiota T, Agler DA, Popovic ZB, Qin JX, Gillinov MA, et al. Geometric differences of the mitral apparatus between ischemic and dilated cardyomyopathy with significant mitral regurgitation: real-time three-dimensional echocardiography study. Circulation. 2003; 107: 1135-40.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="back" fn-type="corresp">
        <label>
          <bold>Correspond&#234;ncia:</bold>
        </label>
        <p> Marcelo Luiz Campos Vieira </p>
        <p> Rua Cardoso de Melo, 463/21 </p>
        <p> 04548-002 &#150; S&#227;o Paulo, SP </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="mlvieira@cardiol.br">mlvieira@cardiol.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Artigo recebido em 20/06/06; revisado recebido em 21/09/06; aceito em 21/10/06.</p>
  </body>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Image</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Left atrial appendage: real-time three-dimensional transthoracic echocardiographic image</article-title>
      </title-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>IMAGE</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Left atrial appendage: real-time three-dimensional transthoracic echocardiographic image</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Marcelo Luiz Campos Vieira; Gl&#225;ucia M. P. Tavares; Alexandre Cury; Edgar B. Lira Filho; Adriana Cordovil; Ana C. T. Rodrigues; Cl&#225;udia G. M&#244;naco; Gustavo Naccarato; Cl&#225;udio H. Fischer; Samira S. Morhy</bold>
      </p>
      <p> Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein &#150; S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</p>
      <p>
        <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="back-body2">Mailing address</xref>
      </p>
      <p><bold>Key words:</bold> Atrial appendage; three-dimensional echocardiography.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Introduction</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The development of real-time three-dimensional transthoracic echocardiography enabled the identification of cardiac structures with baseon new observation planes<sup>1-4</sup>.</p>
      <p>This fact becomes especially relevant when anatomical observation translates into prognostic clinical implications, such as in the identification of images of thrombi in the left atrium or left atrial appendage. In most clinical situations, the investigation of intra-atrial images of thrombi with the use of two-dimensional transthoracic echocardiography does not allow anatomical information reliable enough for a diagnostic definition. Use of multiplane bidimensional transesophagic echocardiography enabled additional diagnostic information for discrimination of intra-atrial masses caused by the use of transducers with a greater ultrasound emission frequency, at a greater proximity to the structure of interest, providing images with a better quality of structural definition. Nevertheless, this semi-invasive echocardiographic modality does not yet allow structural from all anatomic planes of observation (a primary limitation for structural identification based on frontal and transversal cardiac planes, with observation point in atrioventricular, pulmonary, and aortic valve rings).</p>
      <p>Real-time three-dimensional transthoracic echocardiography is an advancement in anatomical analysis because it allows a rotation of heart structures based on three primary planes of structural definition (infero-superior plane, mid-lateral plane, and depth or elevation plane), as well as a structural composition based on the analysis of composite planes or diagonal planes. Image acquisition is made in real-time, and the final image may be obtained by the projection of interest to the clinician or surgeon.</p>
      <p>In the case shown, we observe the two-dimensional transthoracic echocardiographic analysis of the left atrial appendage (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_30f1-body2">Figure 1</xref>), and the real-time three-dimensional transthoracic image of the left atrial appendage from different observation planes (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_30f2a-body2">Figures 2A</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_30f2b-body2">2B</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_30f2c-body2">2C</xref>), as from the frontal plane (<italic>en face</italic>). Currently, transesophagic echocardiography is still the most appropriate echocardiographic technique for visualization of the left atrial appendage and investigation of intracavitary thrombi, as it shows evidence based on analyses with a large number of patients. Further studies are needed for a definition of the diagnostic and prognostic impact of the anatomical findings obtained by the use of real-time three-dimensional transthoracic echocardiography.</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <fig id="en_30f1-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-04-0e95-00030-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <fig id="en_30f2a-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-04-0e95-00030-gf02-en.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <fig id="en_30f2b-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-04-0e95-00030-gf03-en.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <fig id="en_30f2c-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-04-0e95-00030-gf04-en.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
      </p>
      <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
      <p>1. Roelandt JRT, Yao J, Karsprazak JD. Three-dimensional echocardiography. Curr Opin Cardiol. 1998; 13: 386-98.</p>
      <p>2. De Simone R, Glombitza G, Vahl CF, Meinzer HP, Hagl S. Three-dimensional Doppler: techniques and clinical applications. Eur Heart J. 1999; 20: 619-27.</p>
      <p>3. Kisslo J, Firek B, Takahiro O, Kang DH, Fleishman CE, Stetten G, et al. Real-time volumetric echocardiography: the technology and the possibilities. Echocardiography. 2000; 17: 773-9.</p>
      <p>4. Kwan J, Shiota T, Agler DA, Popovic ZB, Qin JX, Gillinov MA, et al. Geometric differences of the mitral apparatus between ischemic and dilated cardyomyopathy with significant mitral regurgitation: real-time three-dimensional echocardiography study. Circulation. 2003; 107: 1135-40.</p>
      <p>
        <fn id="back-body2" fn-type="corresp">
          <label>
            <bold>Mailing address:</bold>
          </label>
          <p> Marcelo Luiz Campos Vieira</p>
          <p> Rua Cardoso de Melo, 463/21</p>
          <p> 04548-002 &#150; S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</p>
          <p> E-mail: </p>
          <p>
            <email xlink:href="mlvieira@cardiol.br">mlvieira@cardiol.br</email>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p>Article received on June 20, 2006, Article revised on September 21<sup>st</sup>, 2006 Accepted on October 21<sup>st</sup>, 2006</p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
