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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">jfPFjYMZQbWw4CY4jW9Gxhj</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00027</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2007000400027</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(07)08800427</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2007000400027</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Relato de Caso</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Arterite de c&#233;lulas gigantes coronariana e infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Godoy</surname>
            <given-names>P&#233;rsio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ara&#250;jo</surname>
            <given-names>Stanley de Almeida</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Paulino J&#250;nior</surname>
            <given-names>Eduardo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lana-Peixoto</surname>
            <given-names>Marco Aur&#233;lio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Belo Horizonte</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">Minas Gerais</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina </institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>04</month>
        <year>2007</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>88</volume>
      <issue>4</issue>
      <fpage>e84</fpage>
      <lpage>e87</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>07</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2006</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>07</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2006</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>15</day>
          <month>12</month>
          <year>2006</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>Arterite de C&#233;lulas Gigantes (ACG) &#233; uma vasculite sist&#234;mica, granulomatosa, mediada por fatores imunit&#225;rios, envolvendo art&#233;rias de grande e m&#233;dio calibre e afetando preferencialmente idosos. A morte decorrente da ACG &#233; rara e resulta principalmente da ruptura da aorta. Neste trabalho &#233; relatado o caso de paciente de 83 anos, que faleceu inesperadamente, durante tratamento de ACG. A necropsia revelou envolvimento inflamat&#243;rio das art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias, com trombose da art&#233;ria descendente anterior esquerda, infarto do mioc&#225;rdio, ruptura da parede anterior do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, hemoperic&#225;rdio e tamponamento card&#237;aco. Infarto do mioc&#225;rdio determinando morte s&#250;bita &#233; uma complica&#231;&#227;o excepcional da ACG.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>Arterite temporal</kwd>
        <kwd>arterite de Horton de c&#233;lulas gigantes</kwd>
        <kwd>infarto do mioc&#225;rdio</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>24</day>
        <month>05</month>
        <year>2007</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>RELATO DE CASO</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Arterite de c&#233;lulas gigantes coronariana e infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio </bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>P&#233;rsio Godoy; Stanley de Almeida Ara&#250;jo; Eduardo Paulino J&#250;nior; Marco Aur&#233;lio Lana-Peixoto</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais &#150; Belo Horizonte, MG</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="back">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Arterite de C&#233;lulas Gigantes (ACG) &#233; uma vasculite sist&#234;mica, granulomatosa, mediada por fatores imunit&#225;rios, envolvendo art&#233;rias de grande e m&#233;dio calibre e afetando preferencialmente idosos. A morte decorrente da ACG &#233; rara e resulta principalmente da ruptura da aorta. Neste trabalho &#233; relatado o caso de paciente de 83 anos, que faleceu inesperadamente, durante tratamento de ACG. A necropsia revelou envolvimento inflamat&#243;rio das art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias, com trombose da art&#233;ria descendente anterior esquerda, infarto do mioc&#225;rdio, ruptura da parede anterior do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, hemoperic&#225;rdio e tamponamento card&#237;aco. Infarto do mioc&#225;rdio determinando morte s&#250;bita &#233; uma complica&#231;&#227;o excepcional da ACG.</p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave:</bold> Arterite temporal, arterite de Horton de c&#233;lulas gigantes, infarto do mioc&#225;rdio.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Arterite de c&#233;lulas gigantes (ACG), arterite temporal ou de Horton &#233; uma vasculite cr&#244;nica granulomatosa sist&#234;mica, que acomete principalmente art&#233;rias de grande e m&#233;dio calibres, notadamente os ramos extracranianos das car&#243;tidas. N&#227;o constitui doen&#231;a rara e pesquisas em necropsias demonstram ser mais comum do que suspeitado clinicamente<sup>1,2</sup>. Raramente ocorre antes dos 50 anos, e a m&#233;dia de idade &#233; acima dos 70 anos, quando constitui a mais prevalente das vasculites. Sua freq&#252;&#234;ncia &#233; duas vezes maior em mulheres. Independentemente do envelhecimento da popula&#231;&#227;o, sua incid&#234;ncia vem aumentando, o que pode indicar a influ&#234;ncia de outros fatores<sup>3</sup>.</p>
    <p>A patog&#234;nese da ACG &#233; controvertida, sendo apontados mecanismos imunit&#225;rios, gen&#233;ticos (HLA DR4), incluindo prefer&#234;ncia racial (europeus caucasianos), ambientais, infecciosos e processos degenerativos relacionados ao envelhecimento<sup>4,5</sup>. As art&#233;rias mais comumente acometidas s&#227;o as temporais e vertebrais.</p>
    <p>A perda da vis&#227;o por neuropatia &#243;ptica isqu&#234;mica anterior &#233; a complica&#231;&#227;o mais temida, al&#233;m de infartos cerebrais e aneurisma da aorta<sup>6</sup>. O &#243;bito diretamente relacionado &#224; ACG &#233; raro e freq&#252;entemente atribu&#237;do ao tratamento insuficiente<sup>6</sup>. A ACG n&#227;o influ&#234;ncia diretamente a sobrevida dos pacientes, cujos &#243;bitos n&#227;o s&#227;o secund&#225;rios a causas diversas das encontradas na popula&#231;&#227;o da mesma idade<sup>2</sup>.</p>
    <p>&#201; aqui relatado um caso excepcional de infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio e morte s&#250;bita por ACG das art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias. Apesar das diversas manifesta&#231;&#245;es no sistema cardiovascular, e mesmo a possibilidade de infarto do mioc&#225;rdio e conseq&#252;ente &#234;xito letal, a ACG &#233; pouco lembrada na pr&#225;tica cardiol&#243;gica<sup>7</sup>.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Relato do Caso</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Paciente do sexo feminino, 83 anos, foi internada no Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas/UFMG relatando dor acentuada nos membros inferiores, principalmente &#224; extens&#227;o das coxas, nos &#250;ltimos sete meses. H&#225; quatro meses apresentava dor ocular e perda seq&#252;encial da vis&#227;o em ambos os olhos, com intervalo de alguns dias. Queixava tamb&#233;m de cefal&#233;ia, adinamia, perda de peso e, posteriormente, dor &#224; movimenta&#231;&#227;o da mand&#237;bula e aparecimento de n&#243;dulos no couro cabeludo.</p>
    <p>O exame f&#237;sico revelou n&#243;dulos subcut&#226;neos no couro cabeludo de at&#233; 2,0 cm de di&#226;metro, m&#243;veis e indolores. PA: 140 x 90 mmHg; FC e de pulso: 72 bpm. A paciente estava alerta e orientada. A acuidade visual era n&#227;o-percep&#231;&#227;o luminosa no olho direito, onde havia catarata total, e percep&#231;&#227;o luminosa no olho esquerdo. A fundoscopia do olho esquerdo mostrava acentuada atrofia &#243;ptica. Havia dificuldade de abertura da boca, com dor na regi&#227;o dos mass&#233;teres.</p>
    <p>Os exames complementares demonstravam hemoglobina de 11,4 g%, hem&#225;cias de 4.500.000/mm<sup>3</sup>, hemat&#243;crito de 36,1%, VCM de 79,4fl, HCM de 26,1 pg, VHS de 110 mm (1 hora), leuc&#243;citos 21.900/mm<sup>3</sup>, plaquetas de 873.000/mm<sup>3</sup>, glicemia: 112 mg/dl, SGOT: 63U/L, SGPT: 29U/L, eletroforese de prote&#237;nas: albumina- 3,44 g%, a1- 0,27 g%, a2- 1,74 g%, b1- 0,98 g%, b2-0,80 g%, g-1,87 g%; prote&#237;na C-reativa positiva: 12 mg/dl.</p>
    <p>A paciente foi submetida a tratamento com metilprednisolona endovenosa, na dose de 250 mg a cada seis horas, analg&#233;sicos e cloreto de pot&#225;ssio. Evoluiu sem modifica&#231;&#245;es significativas do quadro cl&#237;nico e sem anormalidades card&#237;acas, hemodin&#226;micas, respirat&#243;rias ou neurol&#243;gicas, at&#233; que, no terceiro dia ap&#243;s in&#237;cio da corticoterapia, foi encontrada morta no leito.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Necropsia (laudo anatomopatol&#243;gico)</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Arterite de c&#233;lulas gigantes com acentuado acometimento das art&#233;rias temporais (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">fig. 1-A</xref>) e coron&#225;rias (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">fig. 2</xref>). O processo era segmentar, por&#233;m significativo nas art&#233;rias car&#243;tidas internas, vertebrais, basilares, oft&#225;lmicas e ciliares, com obstru&#231;&#227;o de at&#233; 80% da luz. Trombose antiga de uma das art&#233;rias vertebrais, obstruindo 90% da luz. Necrose isqu&#234;mica recent&#237;ssima de raros fasc&#237;culos do nervo &#243;ptico. Necrose focal m&#250;ltipla em organiza&#231;&#227;o no c&#243;rtex cerebelar e mais discretamente no lobo frontal esquerdo e base da ponte. Necrose neuronal seletiva antiga, focal e microsc&#243;pica no c&#243;rtex cerebelar e occipital direito.</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <fig id="f1">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-04-0e84-00027-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p content-type="html">
      <fig id="f2">
        <graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/jfPFjYMZQbWw4CY4jW9Gxhj/610363588cc8497eb20d95b9404d22209c797907.gif"/>
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-04-0e84-00027-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p>Infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio, transmural, medindo aproximadamente 3,0 x 3,0 cm com ruptura da parede anterior do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; conseq&#252;ente hemoperic&#225;rdio e tamponamento card&#237;aco (800 ml de sangue). Trombose recente e obstrutiva da art&#233;ria descendente anterior, ramo da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria esquerda (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">fig. 2-A</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">B</xref>).</p>
    <p>Edema moderado/intenso do enc&#233;falo (peso: 1.200 g); h&#233;rnia do uncus, regi&#227;o orbital posterior e tonsilas cerebelares. Hipotrofia do enc&#233;falo e evid&#234;ncias leves a moderadas de altera&#231;&#245;es neuro-histol&#243;gicas do envelhecimento.</p>
    <p>Arteriosclerose generalizada discreta/moderada (aorta tor&#225;cica e abdominal, car&#243;tidas comuns, vasos da base encef&#225;lica e coron&#225;rias), com placas fibrosadas e calcificadas.</p>
    <p>Carcinoma bronqu&#237;olo-alveolar, multifocal (n&#243;dulos perif&#233;ricos de aproximadamente 1,5 a 2,9 cm de di&#226;metro), em &#225;rea de fibrose cicatricial. Enfisema cr&#244;nico generalizado do adulto.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O American College of Rheumatology define cinco crit&#233;rios cl&#237;nicos para o diagn&#243;stico da ACG: 1) idade igual ou superior a 50 anos; 2) presen&#231;a de uma nova cefal&#233;ia; 3) dolorimento ou diminui&#231;&#227;o do pulso da art&#233;ria temporal; 4) VHS acima de 50 mm/h, e 5) bi&#243;psia da art&#233;ria temporal positiva<sup>8</sup>. Al&#233;m de todos esses dados positivos, a paciente apresentava hist&#243;ria de adinamia, inapet&#234;ncia e perda de peso, febre, n&#243;dulos subcut&#226;neos no couro cabeludo, claudica&#231;&#227;o da mand&#237;bula e perda da vis&#227;o bilateralmente, ilustrando o amplo quadro cl&#237;nico sist&#234;mico da ACG. A claudica&#231;&#227;o da mand&#237;bula se deveu &#224; arterite da art&#233;ria maxilar, com isquemia dos m&#250;sculos da mastiga&#231;&#227;o, sendo sintoma de baixa sensibilidade, mas especificidade de 97,5%<sup>8</sup>.</p>
    <p>Envolvimento ocular na ACG &#233; relatado em 14% a 70% dos casos<sup>5</sup>. A causa mais comum de perda da vis&#227;o na ACG &#233; a neuropatia &#243;ptica isqu&#234;mica anterior arter&#237;tica, por oclus&#227;o de uma ou mais art&#233;rias ciliares posteriores e conseq&#252;ente infarto do nervo &#243;ptico. O acometimento seq&#252;encial de ambos os nervos &#233; comum. Amaurose fugaz &#233; sintoma freq&#252;ente, que antecede a perda visual irrevers&#237;vel. Essa pode surgir, tamb&#233;m, por obstru&#231;&#227;o da art&#233;ria central da retina e da art&#233;ria ciliorretiana<sup>9</sup>. Diplopia pode ocorrer, ocasionalmente, por isquemia dos m&#250;sculos extraoculares.</p>
    <p>As altera&#231;&#245;es oculares s&#227;o consideradas permanentes, obtendo-se, por vezes, estabiliza&#231;&#227;o do processo, e mais raramente discreta melhora com o tratamento<sup>5</sup>. Todavia, a neuropatia &#243;ptica isqu&#234;mica anterior e a perda visual j&#225; foram constatadas na vig&#234;ncia do uso de altas doses de ester&#243;ides, a despeito do desaparecimento das manifesta&#231;&#245;es sist&#234;micas<sup>10</sup>.</p>
    <p>No caso descrito, corroboraram o diagn&#243;stico os altos valores de VHS (acima de 50 mm/hora) e prote&#237;na C-reativa positiva, que possuem sensibilidade acima de 97%. Havia, tamb&#233;m, trombocitose, leucocitose, anemia microc&#237;tica e normocr&#244;mica, aumento de transaminases e eletroforese de prote&#237;nas plasm&#225;ticas compat&#237;veis com o diagn&#243;stico de ACG e observadas nos casos sujeitos a complica&#231;&#245;es<sup>11</sup>.</p>
    <p>A bi&#243;psia da art&#233;ria temporal constitui padr&#227;o de refer&#234;ncia para o diagn&#243;stico. O exame anatomopatol&#243;gico por meio da necropsia permitiu a confirma&#231;&#227;o diagn&#243;stica, mas, sobretudo, a distribui&#231;&#227;o da ACG nos diversos territ&#243;rios arteriais. Observaram-se as les&#245;es classicamente descritas, representadas pela hiperplasia fibrointimal, infiltrado inflamat&#243;rio de c&#233;lulas mononucleares entre a &#237;ntima e a m&#233;dia, fragmenta&#231;&#227;o da limitante el&#225;stica interna e presen&#231;a de c&#233;lulas gigantes (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">fig. 1</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">2B</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">C</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">D</xref>); degenera&#231;&#227;o da camada muscular e infiltrado linfo-histiocit&#225;rio na advent&#237;cia. Esses aspectos morfol&#243;gicos t&#237;picos podem se apresentar sob outros padr&#245;es, inclusive sem processo ativo, resultando em biopsias falso-negativas em 5%-13% dos casos<sup>5</sup>. O espessamento intimal, se presente, pode ter rela&#231;&#227;o com a arteriosclerose, comum em pacientes idosos<sup>1,4</sup>. O diagn&#243;stico diferencial inclui arterite de Takayasu, caracterizada como vasculite granulomatosa acompanhada de acentuada fibrose cicatricial em toda espessura do vaso, que acomete a aorta e seus ramos, podendo atingir as coron&#225;rias; predomina, por&#233;m, nas mulheres com idade inferior aos 50 anos, compondo s&#237;ndromes cl&#237;nicas distintas da ACG<sup>4</sup>. &#201; v&#225;lido salientar que a paciente n&#227;o apresentou quadro cl&#237;nico de polimialgia reum&#225;tica, observada em 40%-60% dos pacientes, como manifesta&#231;&#227;o inicial, simult&#226;nea ou posterior &#224; ACG<sup>12</sup>.</p>
    <p>A aterosclerose, que freq&#252;entemente coexiste com a ACG, possui topografia distinta, preferindo o componente anterior do pol&#237;gono de Willis e o sistema carot&#237;deo. Por seu turno, a ACG afeta mais a circula&#231;&#227;o posterior, tem distribui&#231;&#227;o focal e segmentar nas art&#233;rias vertebrais, raramente pr&#243;ximo ao pol&#237;gono de Willis e, em geral, n&#227;o demonstra les&#245;es ap&#243;s haver perfurado a dura-m&#225;ter, em raz&#227;o da perda das fibras el&#225;sticas da camada m&#233;dia e da l&#226;mina el&#225;stica externa, importantes na fisiopatogenia da doen&#231;a<sup>13</sup>.</p>
    <p>No caso relatado, o processo estendeu-se al&#233;m das art&#233;rias vertebrais, atingindo a basilar (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">fig. 1-B</xref>), sendo observada necrose cerebelar antiga e recente, em correspond&#234;ncia aos vasos arteriais cerebelares. No entanto, a paciente n&#227;o apresentou d&#233;ficits cl&#237;nicos e neurol&#243;gicos relacionados a essas altera&#231;&#245;es.</p>
    <p>O curso cl&#237;nico da ACG, em geral, &#233; autolimitado e n&#227;o fatal, perdura por meses ou anos e pode ser seguido de remiss&#227;o completa. O uso prolongado de corticoester&#243;ides e agentes imunossupressores &#233; indicado com o intuito de evitar reativa&#231;&#227;o do processo inflamat&#243;rio. Seq&#252;elas residuais incluem amaurose, dist&#250;rbios mentais e neurol&#243;gicos<sup>2</sup>. A ACG, em geral, n&#227;o influencia na sobrevida e as causas de &#243;bito n&#227;o diferem da popula&#231;&#227;o em geral da mesma faixa et&#225;ria. &#211;bitos relacionados &#224; ACG ocorrem mais freq&#252;entemente por ruptura da aorta por aneurisma, acidentes vasculares cerebrais, infarto do mioc&#225;rdio e trombose arterial dos membros inferiores<sup>6,14</sup>.</p>
    <p>O acometimento coronariano &#233; raro e o infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio como causa de &#243;bito diretamente relacionada com a ACG &#233; excepcional<sup>6,15,16</sup>, embora haja ind&#237;cios de que tenha presen&#231;a mais significativa nas art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias e participe da g&#234;nese de infartos n&#227;o fatais<sup>17</sup>. A comprova&#231;&#227;o anatomopatol&#243;gica do infarto do mioc&#225;rdio na ACG &#233; ainda mais rara, desconhecendo-se sua preval&#234;ncia real.</p>
    <p>Merece destacar que a paciente apresentou o infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio, no curso do tratamento com altas doses de corticoester&#243;ides. Complica&#231;&#245;es s&#227;o descritas mesmo na vig&#234;ncia de tratamento<sup>6,10,15</sup>.</p>
    <p>O presente caso enfatiza o valor da necropsia na elucida&#231;&#227;o precisa do diagn&#243;stico, particularmente quando ocorre morte s&#250;bita. Embora o diagn&#243;stico de AGC estivesse j&#225; definido por crit&#233;rios cl&#237;nicos, permaneceria indeterminada a causa imediata do &#243;bito e sua rela&#231;&#227;o com a ACG se n&#227;o houvesse sido realizada a necropsia. Vale assinalar a presen&#231;a de carcinoma bronqu&#237;olo alveolar como achado exclusivo ao exame <italic>p&#243;s-mortem</italic>.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="back" fn-type="corresp">
        <label>
          <bold>Correspond&#234;ncia:</bold>
        </label>
        <p> P&#233;rsio Godoy </p>
        <p> Departamento de Anatomia Patol&#243;gica e Medicina Legal da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais </p>
        <p> Av. Prof. Alfredo Balena 190, 5&#186; andar </p>
        <p> 30130-100 &#150; Belo Horizonte, MG </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p>
          <ext-link xlink:href="mailto:persio@medicina.ufmg.br" ext-link-type="email">p&#233;rsio@medicina.ufmg.br</ext-link>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Artigo recebido em 07/11/06; revisado recebido em 07/11/06; aceito em 15/12/06.</p>
  </body>
  <back>
    <ref-list>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Case Report</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Coronary giant cell arteritis and acute myocardial infarction</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>Giant cell arteritis (GCA) is a systemic immune-mediated granulomatous vasculitis of large- and medium-sized arteries mainly affecting elderly people. Death from GCA alone is rare and usually results of ruptured aorta. In this paper is reported a case of a 83-year-old woman who unexpectedly died during treatment of GCA. Necropsy revealed inflammatory involvement of the coronary arteries with left descendent anterior artery thrombosis, myocardial infarct and rupture of the anterior wall of the left ventricle, as well as hemopericardium and cardiac tamponade. Myocardial infarction leading to sudden death is an exceptional complication of GCA.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Temporal arteritis</kwd>
        <kwd>Horton giant dell arteritis</kwd>
        <kwd>myocardial infarction</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>CASE REPORT</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Coronary giant cell arteritis and acute myocardial infarction</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>P&#233;rsio Godoy; Stanley de Almeida Ara&#250;jo; Eduardo Paulino J&#250;nior; Marco Aur&#233;lio Lana-Peixoto</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais &#150; Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil</p>
      <p>
        <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="back-body2">Mailing address</xref>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>ABSTRACT</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Giant cell arteritis (GCA) is a systemic immune-mediated granulomatous vasculitis of large- and medium-sized arteries mainly affecting elderly people. Death from GCA alone is rare and usually results of ruptured aorta. In this paper is reported a case of a 83-year-old woman who unexpectedly died during treatment of GCA. Necropsy revealed inflammatory involvement of the coronary arteries with left descendent anterior artery thrombosis, myocardial infarct and rupture of the anterior wall of the left ventricle, as well as hemopericardium and cardiac tamponade. Myocardial infarction leading to sudden death is an exceptional complication of GCA.</p>
      <p><bold>Key words: </bold>Temporal arteritis; Horton giant dell arteritis; myocardial infarction</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Introduction</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Giant cell arteritis (GCA), temporal arteritis or Horton's arteritis is a systemic chronic granulomatous vasculitis that affects mainly arteries of large and medium caliber, especially the extra-cranial branches of the carotids. It is not a rare disease and necropsy studies show that it is more common than suspected clinically<sup>1,2</sup>. It rarely occurs below 50 years of age, with the mean age &gt; 70 years, when it constitutes the most prevalent vasculitis. Its frequency is 2-fold higher in women. Regardless of population aging, its incidence has been increasing, which can indicate the influence of other factors<sup>3</sup>.</p>
      <p>The pathogenesis of GCA is controversial, with appointed immunological and genetic (HLA DR4) mechanisms, including racial preference (Caucasian Europeans), environmental and infectious factors and degenerative processes related to aging<sup>4,5</sup>. The most commonly affected arteries are the temporal and vertebral arteries.</p>
      <p>Loss of sight due to previous ischemic optic neuropathy is the most feared complication, as well as brain infarctions and aorta aneurysms<sup>6</sup>. Death directly related to GCA is rare and frequently attributed to insufficient treatment<sup>6</sup>. GCA does not directly influence survival of patients whose deaths are not secondary to other causes found in populations of the same age<sup>2</sup>.</p>
      <p>The case reported here is an exceptional acute myocardial infarction and sudden death case due to coronary artery GCA. Despite the several manifestations in the cardiovascular system, and even the possibility of myocardial infarction and consequent lethal outcome, GCA is rarely recalled in the practice of cardiology<sup>7</sup>.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Case Report</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Patient, 83 yrs, female, was admitted at Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas/UFMG due to accentuated lower-limb pain, especially at the thigh extension, in the previous seven months. She had presented ocular pain and progressive loss of sight in both eyes, within an interval of a few days. She also complained of headaches, adinamy, weight loss and later, pain at mandible movement and appearance of scalp nodules.</p>
      <p>Physical examination showed subcutaneous mobile and painless scalp nodules of up to 2 cm of diameter. BP was 140 X 90 mmHg and HR was 72 bpm. The patient was alert and oriented. Visual acuity assessment showed the absence of luminous perception in the right eye, where there was total cataract, and luminous perception in the left eye. Left eye fundoscopy showed accentuated optic atrophy. The patient presented difficulty to open the mouth, with pain at the masseter region.</p>
      <p>Complementary exams showed hemoglobin of 11.4 g/dL, RBC of 4,500,000/mm<sup>3</sup>, hematocrit of 36.1%, MCV of 79.4 fl, MCH of 26.1 pg, ESR of 110 mm (1 hour), leukocytes: 21,900/mm<sup>3</sup>, platelets: 873,000/mm<sup>3</sup>, glycemia: 112 mg/dL, SGOT: 63U/L, SGPT: 29 U/L, protein electrophoresis: albumin &#150; 3.44 g%, a1- 0.27g%, a2- 1.74g%, b1- 0.98g%, b2-0.80g%, g-1.87g%; positive C-reactive protein: 12mg/dl.</p>
      <p>The patient was treated with 250 mg intravenous methylprednisolone every 6 hours, analgesics and potassium chloride. Her evolution was free of significant modifications in the clinical picture and cardiac, hemodynamic, respiratory or neurological abnormalities, until she was found dead in the hospital bed on the third day after the start of the corticoid therapy.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Necropsy (anatomopathological data)</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Giant-cell arteritis with accentuated involvement of the temporal (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_27f1-body2">Figure 1-A</xref>) and coronary (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_27f2-body2">Figure 2</xref>) arteries. The process was segmental, however significant in the internal carotid, vertebral, basilar, ophthalmic and ciliary arteries, with up to 80% of lumen obstruction. A previous thrombosis was observed in one of the vertebral arteries, obstructing 90% of the lumen. Very recent ischemic necrosis of the rare optic nerve fascicle. Multiple focal necrosis in organization in the cerebellar cortex and more discrete in the left frontal lobe and base of the bridge. Old selective focal and microscopic neuronal necrosis. Acute myocardial transmural infarction, measuring approximately 3.0 x 3.0 cm with rupture of the anterior wall of the left ventricle; consequent hemopericardium and heart tamponade (800 ml of blood). Recent and obstructive thrombosis of the anterior descending artery, a branch of the left coronary artery (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_27f2-body2">Figures 2-A</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_27f2-body2">B</xref>).</p>
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      <p>Moderate/intense edema of the encephalon (weight: 1,200g); uncal, posterior orbital region and cerebellar tonsil herniation. Encephalon hypotrophy and mild to moderate evidence of neurohistological alterations caused by aging.</p>
      <p>Mild to moderate generalized atherosclerosis (thoracic and abdominal aorta, common carotids, encephalon base vessels and coronaries), with fibrous and calcified plaques.</p>
      <p>Bronchioloalveolar multifocal carcinoma (peripheral nodules of approximately 1.5 to 2.9 cm of diameter), in a cicatricial fibrosis area. Generalized chronic adult emphysema.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The American College of Rheumatology has defined five clinical criteria for the diagnosis of GCA: 1) age <underline>&gt;</underline> 50 yrs; 2) presence of a new headache; 3) tenderness or decreased pulse of the temporal artery; 4) hemosedimentation velocity (HSV)&gt; 50 mm/hr and 5) positive temporal artery biopsy<sup>8</sup>. In addition to all these positive data, the patient presented a history of adinamy, poor appetite and weight loss, fever, subcutaneous scalp nodules, mandibular claudication and bilateral loss of sight, demonstrating the broad clinical spectrum of GCA. The mandibular claudication is due to the maxillary artery arteritis, with ischemia of the mastication muscles, being a symptom with low sensitivity, but a specificity of 97.5%.</p>
      <p>The ocular involvement in GCA is reported in 14 to 70% of the cases<sup>5</sup>. The most common cause of loss of sight in GCA is the arteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy, due to occlusion of one or more posterior ciliary arteries and consequent optic nerve infarction. The sequential involvement of both nerves is common. Amaurosis fugax is a frequent symptom, which precedes the irreversible loss of sight. This also can arise due to the obstruction of the central artery of the retina and the cilioretinal artery<sup>9</sup>. Diplopia can occur, occasionally, due to ischemia of the extraocular muscles.</p>
      <p>The ocular alterations are considered permanent; sometimes it is possible to obtain the stabilization of the process and more rarely, slight improvement with treatment<sup>5</sup>. Nevertheless, the anterior ischemic optic neuropathy and loss of sight have been verified during the use of high-dose steroids, in spite of the disappearance of the systemic manifestations<sup>10</sup>.</p>
      <p>In the case reported here, the diagnosis was corroborated by the high levels of HSV (&gt; 50 mm/hour) and positive C-reactive protein, which have a sensitivity &gt; 97%. There was also thrombocytosis, leukocytosis, microcytic and normochromic anemia, increase of transaminases and plasma protein electrophoresis compatible with the diagnosis of GCA and observed in cases subject to complications<sup>11</sup>.</p>
      <p>The biopsy of the temporal artery is the gold standard for the diagnosis. The anatomopathological evaluation through the necropsy allowed the confirmation of the diagnosis, but especially, the distribution of the GCA in the several arterial territories. The classically described lesions are observed, represented by fibrointimal hyperplasia, mononuclear cell inflammatory infiltrate between the intima and the media, fragmentation of the internal elastic limitant and the presence of giant cells (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_27f1-body2">Figures 1</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_27f2-body2">2B</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_27f2-body2">C</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_27f2-body2">D</xref>); degeneration of the muscular layer and lymphohistiocytary infiltrate in the adventitia. These typical morphological aspects can present under other patterns, including without an active process, resulting in false-negative biopsies in 5-13% of the cases<sup>5</sup>. The intima thickening, if present, can be related to atherosclerosis, common in the elderly<sup>1,4</sup>. The differential diagnosis includes Takayasu arteritis, characterized as granulomatous vasculitis accompanied by accentuated cicatricial fibrosis throughout the vessel, which affects the aorta and its branches and can affect the coronaries; it is predominant, however, in women younger than 50 yrs, constituting clinical syndromes that are dissimilar from GCA<sup>4</sup>.</p>
      <p>The atherosclerosis, which frequently coexists with GCA, has a distinct topography that favors the anterior component of the polygon of Willis and the carotid system. On the other hand, GCA affects more the posterior circulation, has a focal and segmental distribution in the vertebral arteries, rarely close to the polygon of Willis and, in general, do not exhibit lesions after perforating the dura mater, due to the loss of the elastic fibers of the median layer and the external elastic lamina, important factors in the physiopathogeny of the disease<sup>13</sup>.</p>
      <p>In the reported case, the process extended beyond the vertebral arteries, reaching the basilar artery (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_27f1-body2">Figure 1-B</xref>), with the observation of old and recent cerebellar necrosis corresponding to the cerebellar arterial vessels. However, the patient did not present clinical and neurological deficits related to such alterations.</p>
      <p>The clinical course of GCA is usually auto-limited and non-fatal, can last for months or years and can be followed by complete remission. The prolonged use of corticosteroids and immunosuppressive drugs is indicated with the aim of preventing the reactivation of the inflammatory process. Residual sequelae include amaurosis, mental and neurological disorders<sup>2</sup>. GCA in general, does not influence survival and the causes of death do not differ from the general population in the same age range. GCA-related deaths occur more frequently due to aorta rupture by aneurysm, stroke, myocardial infarction and arterial thrombosis of the lower limbs<sup>6,14</sup>.</p>
      <p>The coronary involvement is rare and acute myocardial infarction (AMI) as a cause of death directly related to GCA is exceptional<sup>6,15,16</sup>, although there is evidence of its more significant presence in the coronary arteries and its participation in the genesis of non-fatal infarctions<sup>17</sup>. The anatomopathological confirmation of myocardial infarction in GCA is rarer, and its real prevalence is yet to be determined.</p>
      <p>It is noteworthy that the patient presented AMI during the course of high-dose corticosteroid therapy. Complications are described even during the course of treatment<sup>6,10,15</sup>.</p>
      <p>The present case emphasizes the importance of the necropsy in the accurate diagnosis elucidation, particularly when there is sudden death. Although the diagnosis of GCA had been established by clinical criteria, the immediate cause of death and its relation with GCA would remain undetermined if the necropsy had not been performed. It is important to mention the presence of bronchioloalveolar carcinoma as an exclusive finding at the post-mortem examination.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fn id="back-body2" fn-type="corresp">
          <label>
            <bold>Mailing address:</bold>
          </label>
          <p> P&#233;rsio Godoy</p>
          <p> Departamento de Anatomia Patol&#243;gica e Medicina Legal da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais</p>
          <p> Av. Prof. Alfredo Balena 190, 5&#186; andar</p>
          <p> 30130-100 &#150; Belo Horizonte, MG - Brazil</p>
          <p> E-mail: </p>
          <p>
            <ext-link xlink:href="mailto:persio@medicina.ufmg.br" ext-link-type="email">p&#233;rsio@medicina.ufmg.br</ext-link>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p>Manuscript received November 07,2006; revised manuscript received November 07,2006; Accepted December 15,2006.</p>
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