<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.1 20151215//EN" "https://jats.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/1.1/JATS-journalpublishing1.dtd">
<article xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" specific-use="sps-1.9" dtd-version="1.1" xml:lang="pt" article-type="case-report">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">8G8z4hPMrD8vj76NnH6YnxS</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00024</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2007000400024</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(07)08800424</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2007000400024</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Relato de Caso</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica em pacientes com art&#233;ria circunflexa an&#244;mala</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Gomes</surname>
            <given-names>Walter J.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Paez</surname>
            <given-names>Rodrigo P.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Alves</surname>
            <given-names>Francisco A.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Tabo&#227;o da Serra</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">OSS</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">SPDM </institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Hospital Geral de Pirajussara</institution>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>04</month>
        <year>2007</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>88</volume>
      <issue>4</issue>
      <fpage>e76</fpage>
      <lpage>e78</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>06</day>
          <month>12</month>
          <year>2006</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>26</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2006</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>28</day>
          <month>10</month>
          <year>2006</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>A anomalia de origem da art&#233;ria circunflexa (Cx) &#233; incomum e apresenta varia&#231;&#245;es de trajeto que podem dificultar a cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica (RM). Dois pacientes evoluindo com angina inst&#225;vel foram submetidos a cinecoronariografia, que revelou, em ambos, les&#227;o triarterial, em que havia tamb&#233;m presen&#231;a de Cx com origem an&#244;mala e trajeto retroa&#243;rtico com les&#227;o obstrutiva grave. Ambos os pacientes foram submetidos a cirurgia de RM com uso de enxerto bilateral de art&#233;ria tor&#225;cica interna (ATI). A cirurgia de RM com uso bilateral de ATI mostrou-se fact&#237;vel em casos de origem an&#244;mala da Cx, que, entretanto, pode constituir dificuldade t&#233;cnica adicional.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>Anastomose de art&#233;ria tor&#225;cica interna-coron&#225;ria</kwd>
        <kwd>ponte de art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria</kwd>
        <kwd>arterosclerose coronariana</kwd>
        <kwd>revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica</kwd>
        <kwd>art&#233;ria tor&#225;cica interna</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>24</day>
        <month>05</month>
        <year>2007</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>RELATO DE CASO</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica em pacientes com art&#233;ria circunflexa an&#244;mala</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Walter J. Gomes; Rodrigo P. Paez; Francisco A. Alves</bold>
    </p>
    <p> Hospital Geral de Pirajussara &#150; OSS-SPDM &#150; Tabo&#227;o da Serra, SP</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="back">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A anomalia de origem da art&#233;ria circunflexa (Cx) &#233; incomum e apresenta varia&#231;&#245;es de trajeto que podem dificultar a cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica (RM). Dois pacientes evoluindo com angina inst&#225;vel foram submetidos a cinecoronariografia, que revelou, em ambos, les&#227;o triarterial, em que havia tamb&#233;m presen&#231;a de Cx com origem an&#244;mala e trajeto retroa&#243;rtico com les&#227;o obstrutiva grave. Ambos os pacientes foram submetidos a cirurgia de RM com uso de enxerto bilateral de art&#233;ria tor&#225;cica interna (ATI). A cirurgia de RM com uso bilateral de ATI mostrou-se fact&#237;vel em casos de origem an&#244;mala da Cx, que, entretanto, pode constituir dificuldade t&#233;cnica adicional.</p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave:</bold> Anastomose de art&#233;ria tor&#225;cica interna-coron&#225;ria, ponte de art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria, arterosclerose coronariana, revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica, art&#233;ria tor&#225;cica interna.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Anomalias cong&#234;nitas das art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias compreendem altera&#231;&#245;es na origem e no trajeto, sendo a incid&#234;ncia dessas anomalias relativamente baixa, variando entre 0,2% e 1,2% da popula&#231;&#227;o<sup>1,2</sup>.</p>
    <p>Anomalia da art&#233;ria circunflexa (Cx) originando-se na por&#231;&#227;o inicial da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria direita ou do seio a&#243;rtico direito &#233; encontrada em 0,45% a 0,67% dos casos de angiografia coronariana, e tem sido associada &#224; maior incid&#234;ncia de aterosclerose e isquemia mioc&#225;rdica, podendo conduzir &#224; morte s&#250;bita<sup>2-4</sup>.</p>
    <p>A varia&#231;&#227;o no trajeto e as caracter&#237;sticas anat&#244;micas dessa Cx an&#244;mala podem dificultar o procedimento de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica desses vasos, j&#225; que essas art&#233;rias sempre apresentam trajeto retroa&#243;rtico, o que imp&#245;e certa dificuldade t&#233;cnica adicional. Relatamos o tratamento cir&#250;rgico de duas variantes anat&#244;micas da origem an&#244;mala da art&#233;ria circunflexa (OAAC), em que em ambos os casos a revasculariza&#231;&#227;o foi poss&#237;vel, com a utiliza&#231;&#227;o de enxertos bilaterais de art&#233;ria tor&#225;cica interna (ATI).</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Relato dos Casos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Dois pacientes do sexo masculino, de 51 e 56 anos de idade, respectivamente, apresentando quadro de angina inst&#225;vel, foram submetidos a estudo cinecoronariogr&#225;fico, que revelou, em ambos, exist&#234;ncia de les&#245;es triarteriais e presen&#231;a de OAAC. No primeiro paciente, a Cx originava-se da por&#231;&#227;o proximal da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria direita, apresentando les&#227;o obstrutiva grave proximal (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">fig. 1A</xref>). No segundo paciente, a Cx nascia de &#243;stio separado no seio a&#243;rtico direito e a les&#227;o esten&#243;tica se localizava no segmento m&#233;dio (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">fig. 2A</xref>). Como esperado, ambas as Cx tinham trajeto retroa&#243;rtico. Os pacientes foram submetidos a cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica (RM). No primeiro paciente, os ramos marginais da Cx, na parede lateral do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, eram de fino calibre (&lt; 1 mm), impossibilitando anastomose adequada. Ent&#227;o, a Cx an&#244;mala foi dissecada desde sua origem no sulco atrioventricular direito e em todo seu trajeto retroa&#243;rtico no seio transverso. O enxerto de ATI direita <italic>in situ</italic> foi anastomosado ao segmento da Cx no seio transverso, por detr&#225;s e al&#233;m da aorta, sem uso de circula&#231;&#227;o extracorp&#243;rea (CEC) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">fig. 1B</xref>). No segundo paciente, a les&#227;o na Cx localizava-se no segmento m&#233;dio e os ramos marginais na parede lateral do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo eram de calibre adequado. O enxerto <italic>in situ</italic> de ATI direita, passado por via retroa&#243;rtica, foi anastomosado ao ramo marginal, com t&#233;cnica convencional (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">fig. 2B</xref>). Em ambos os casos, a art&#233;ria descendente anterior foi revascularizada com uso de enxerto de ATI esquerda, tendo sido confeccionada ponte adicional de veia safena para a art&#233;ria descendente posterior. Os dois pacientes tiveram evolu&#231;&#227;o hospitalar sem intercorr&#234;ncias e continuam em acompanhamento ambulatorial, com evolu&#231;&#227;o est&#225;vel.</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <fig id="f1">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-04-0e76-00024-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <fig id="f2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-04-0e76-00024-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A anomalia de origem da Cx com trajeto retroa&#243;rtico est&#225; associada a morte s&#250;bita, decorrente de isquemia mioc&#225;rdica<sup>5</sup>. O trajeto retroa&#243;rtico do segmento inicial da Cx an&#244;mala faz com que, em condi&#231;&#245;es de esfor&#231;o ou exerc&#237;cio, possa haver compress&#227;o pela aorta e isquemia<sup>2</sup>. Tamb&#233;m tem sido relatada ocorr&#234;ncia documentada de espasmo envolvendo Cx an&#244;mala<sup>6</sup>.</p>
    <p>Ueyama e cols.<sup>7</sup>, estudando os casos de OAAC em s&#233;rie consecutiva de angiocoronariografias, demonstraram que em 35% dos casos a Cx origina-se de um &#243;stio separado no seio a&#243;rtico direito, com o restante saindo como um ramo da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria direita. Em todos os casos, a Cx an&#244;mala tinha trajeto retroa&#243;rtico antes de cursar o sulco atrioventricular esquerdo. Ainda nesse estudo, 80% das Cx an&#244;malas tinham mais de 2 mm de di&#226;metro entre a origem e o in&#237;cio do trajeto no sulco atrioventricular esquerdo. Entretanto, ap&#243;s emergir do sulco atrioventricular esquerdo, 70% dos ramos marginais mediam menos de 1,5 mm, o di&#226;metro m&#237;nimo poss&#237;vel para a realiza&#231;&#227;o de anastomose coronariana com enxerto venoso ou arterial<sup>7</sup>.</p>
    <p>Em ambos os casos aqui relatados, foi poss&#237;vel a utiliza&#231;&#227;o da ATI direita <italic>in situ</italic> para revascularizar a Cx atrav&#233;s do seio transverso, em um caso sem uso de CEC. Essa t&#233;cnica possibilita a conjuga&#231;&#227;o de dois grandes avan&#231;os recentes da cirurgia de RM, ou seja, a t&#233;cnica sem uso de CEC e a utiliza&#231;&#227;o de enxerto duplo de ATI para o sistema coronariano esquerdo<sup>8</sup>.</p>
    <p>No primeiro caso, a ATI direita teve que ser anastomosada &#224; Cx em seu trajeto retroa&#243;rtico, logo ap&#243;s a obstru&#231;&#227;o ateroscler&#243;tica, pelo reduzido calibre dos ramos marginais. No segundo caso, foi poss&#237;vel a realiza&#231;&#227;o da t&#233;cnica convencional, com revasculariza&#231;&#227;o da art&#233;ria marginal na parede lateral, com enxerto de ATI direita.</p>
    <p>Comparada &#224; t&#233;cnica convencional, a RM sem CEC est&#225; associada a melhor resultado imediato, com menor morbidade perioperat&#243;ria e substancial redu&#231;&#227;o de custos<sup>9</sup>. O uso bilateral de ATI proporciona benef&#237;cios adicionais, diminuindo a incid&#234;ncia de eventos cardiovasculares e aumentando a sobrevida em longo prazo, quando comparado ao uso &#250;nico de ATI<sup>10</sup>. Esse benef&#237;cio significativo ocorre quando ambas as ATIs s&#227;o usadas para revascularizar o sistema coronariano esquerdo, sendo observado mesmo em subgrupos de pacientes de mais alto risco, como diab&#233;ticos, idosos e aqueles com disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular<sup>10</sup>.</p>
    <p>Em conclus&#227;o, a revasculariza&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica completa do mioc&#225;rdio &#233; fact&#237;vel em casos de OAAC, com uso de enxerto bilateral de ATI. Entretanto, essa varia&#231;&#227;o pode constituir dificuldade t&#233;cnica ao cirurgi&#227;o por apresentar detalhes anat&#244;micos inusitados. As t&#233;cnicas aqui empregadas mostraram-se efetivas no tratamento das diferentes formas de apresenta&#231;&#227;o da OAAC.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesses</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflitos de interesses pertinentes.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="back" fn-type="corresp">
        <label>
          <bold>Correspond&#234;ncia:</bold>
        </label>
        <p> Walter J. Gomes </p>
        <p> Rua Borges Lagoa, 1080/608 </p>
        <p> 04038-002 &#150; S&#227;o Paulo, SP </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="wjgomes.dcir@epm.br">wjgomes.dcir@epm.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Artigo recebido em 26/05/06; revisado recebido em 28/10/06; aceito em 06/12/06.</p>
  </body>
  <back>
    <ref-list>
      <ref id="B1">
        <mixed-citation>1. Click RL, Holmes Jr DR, Vlietstra RE, Kosinski AS, Kronmal RA. Anomalous coronary arteries: location, degree of atherosclerosis and effect on survival  a report from the Coronary Artery Surgery Study. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1989; 13: 531-7.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Anomalous coronary arteries: location, degree of atherosclerosis and effect on survival - a report from the Coronary Artery Surgery Study</article-title>
          <source>J Am Coll Cardiol</source>
          <date>
            <year>1989</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>531</fpage>
          <lpage>7</lpage>
          <volume>13</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Click</surname>
              <given-names>RL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Holmes Jr</surname>
              <given-names>DR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Vlietstra</surname>
              <given-names>RE</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kosinski</surname>
              <given-names>AS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kronmal</surname>
              <given-names>RA</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B2">
        <mixed-citation>2. Frescura C, Basso C, Thiene G, Corrado D, Pennelli T, Angelini A. Anomalous origin of coronary arteries and risk of sudden death: a study based on an autopsy population of congenital heart disease. Hum Pathol. 1998; 29: 689-95.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Anomalous origin of coronary arteries and risk of sudden death: a study based on an autopsy population of congenital heart disease</article-title>
          <source>Hum Pathol</source>
          <date>
            <year>1998</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>689</fpage>
          <lpage>95</lpage>
          <volume>29</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Frescura</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Basso</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Thiene</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Corrado</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Pennelli</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Angelini</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B3">
        <mixed-citation>3. Page HL Jr, Engel HJ, Campbell WB, Thomas CS Jr. Anomalous origin of the left circumflex coronary artery: recognition, angiographic demonstration and clinical significance. Circulation. 1974; 50 (4): 768-73.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Anomalous origin of the left circumflex coronary artery: recognition, angiographic demonstration and clinical significance</article-title>
          <source>Circulation</source>
          <date>
            <year>1974</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>768</fpage>
          <lpage>73</lpage>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <volume>50</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Page</surname>
              <given-names>HL Jr</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Engel</surname>
              <given-names>HJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Campbell</surname>
              <given-names>WB</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Thomas</surname>
              <given-names>CS Jr</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B4">
        <mixed-citation>4. Chaitman BR, Lesperance J, Saltiel J, Bourassa MG. Clinical, angiographic, and hemodynamic findings in patients with anomalous origin of the coronary arteries. Circulation. 1976; 53 (1): 122-31.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Clinical, angiographic, and hemodynamic findings in patients with anomalous origin of the coronary arteries</article-title>
          <source>Circulation</source>
          <date>
            <year>1976</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>122</fpage>
          <lpage>31</lpage>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <volume>53</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Chaitman</surname>
              <given-names>BR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lesperance</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Saltiel</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bourassa</surname>
              <given-names>MG</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B5">
        <mixed-citation>5. Corrado D, Penelli T, Piovesana P, Thiene G. Anomalous origin of the left circumflex coronary artery from the right aortic sinus of Valsalva and sudden death. Cardiovasc Pathol. 1994; 3: 269-71.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Anomalous origin of the left circumflex coronary artery from the right aortic sinus of Valsalva and sudden death</article-title>
          <source>Cardiovasc Pathol</source>
          <date>
            <year>1994</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>269</fpage>
          <lpage>71</lpage>
          <volume>3</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Corrado</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Penelli</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Piovesana</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Thiene</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B6">
        <mixed-citation>6. Moreira AE, Meireles GC, Ladeira RM, Beltrao PE, Pimenta J. Anomalous origin of the circumflex artery and coronary spasm. Arq Bras Cardiol. 1995; 64 (4): 341-3.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Anomalous origin of the circumflex artery and coronary spasm</article-title>
          <source>Arq Bras Cardiol</source>
          <date>
            <year>1995</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>341</fpage>
          <lpage>3</lpage>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <volume>64</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Moreira</surname>
              <given-names>AE</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Meireles</surname>
              <given-names>GC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ladeira</surname>
              <given-names>RM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Beltrao</surname>
              <given-names>PE</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Pimenta</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B7">
        <mixed-citation>7. Ueyama K, Ramchandani M, Beall AC Jr, Jones JW. Diagnosis and operation for anomalous circumflex coronary artery. Ann Thorac Surg. 1997; 63: 377-81.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Diagnosis and operation for anomalous circumflex coronary artery</article-title>
          <source>Ann Thorac Surg</source>
          <date>
            <year>1997</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>377</fpage>
          <lpage>81</lpage>
          <volume>63</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Ueyama</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ramchandani</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Beall</surname>
              <given-names>AC Jr</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Jones</surname>
              <given-names>JW</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B8">
        <mixed-citation>8. Gomes WJ, Tavares GB, Jaramillo JI, Alves FA, Torrijos JMG, Catani R, et al. Revasculariza&#231;&#227;o da art&#233;ria marginal com uso da art&#233;ria tor&#225;cica interna direita pediculada retro-a&#243;rtica sem circula&#231;&#227;o extracorp&#243;rea. Rev Bras Cir Cardiovasc. 2005; 20 (1): 33-8.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Revasculariza&#231;&#227;o da art&#233;ria marginal com uso da art&#233;ria tor&#225;cica interna direita pediculada retro-a&#243;rtica sem circula&#231;&#227;o extracorp&#243;rea</article-title>
          <source>Rev Bras Cir Cardiovasc</source>
          <date>
            <year>2005</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>33</fpage>
          <lpage>8</lpage>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <volume>20</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Gomes</surname>
              <given-names>WJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Tavares</surname>
              <given-names>GB</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Jaramillo</surname>
              <given-names>JI</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Alves</surname>
              <given-names>FA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Torrijos</surname>
              <given-names>JMG</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Catani</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B9">
        <mixed-citation>9. Buffolo E, Gomes WJ, Andrade JC, Branco JN, Maluf MA, Palma JH, et al. Myocardial revascularization without extracorporeal circulation. Surgical results in 1,090 patients. Arq Bras Cardiol. 1994; 62 (3): 149-53.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Myocardial revascularization without extracorporeal circulation: Surgical results in 1,090 patients</article-title>
          <source>Arq Bras Cardiol</source>
          <date>
            <year>1994</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>149</fpage>
          <lpage>53</lpage>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <volume>62</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Buffolo</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gomes</surname>
              <given-names>WJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Andrade</surname>
              <given-names>JC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Branco</surname>
              <given-names>JN</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Maluf</surname>
              <given-names>MA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Palma</surname>
              <given-names>JH</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B10">
        <mixed-citation>10. Lytle BW, Blackstone    EH, Sabik JF, Houghtaling P, Loop FD, Cosgrove DM. The effect of bilateral internal    thoracic artery grafting on survival during 20 postoperative years. Ann Thorac    Surg. 2004; 78 (6): 2005-14.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>The effect of bilateral internal thoracic artery grafting on survival during 20 postoperative years</article-title>
          <source>Ann Thorac Surg</source>
          <date>
            <year>2004</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>2005</fpage>
          <lpage>14</lpage>
          <issue>6</issue>
          <volume>78</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Lytle</surname>
              <given-names>BW</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Blackstone</surname>
              <given-names>EH</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sabik</surname>
              <given-names>JF</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Houghtaling</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Loop</surname>
              <given-names>FD</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cosgrove</surname>
              <given-names>DM</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
    </ref-list>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Case Report</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Coronary artery bypass surgery in patients with anomalous circumflex artery</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>The anomalous origin of the circumflex artery (Cx) is uncommon and presents course variations that might make the coronary artery bypass surgery (CABG) difficult. Two patients presenting unstable angina were submitted to coronary angiography that disclosed tri-vessel disease and presence of Cx with an anomalous origin and retroaortic course with severe stenosis. Both patients underwent CABG with use of bilateral internal thoracic artery (ITA) grafts. Therefore, CABG with bilateral ITA use is feasible in cases of an anomalous origin of the Cx artery. However, this finding may constitute an additional technical setback.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Internal mammary-coronary artery anastomosis</kwd>
        <kwd>coronary artery bypass</kwd>
        <kwd>coronary arteriosclerosis</kwd>
        <kwd>myocardial revascularization</kwd>
        <kwd>mammary arteries</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>CASE REPORT</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Coronary artery bypass surgery in patients with anomalous circumflex artery</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Walter J. Gomes; Rodrigo P. Paez; Francisco A. Alves</bold>
      </p>
      <p> Hospital Geral de Pirajussara &#150; OSS-SPDM &#150; Tabo&#227;o da Serra, SP, Brazil</p>
      <p>
        <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="back-body2">Mailing address</xref>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>ABSTRACT</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The anomalous origin of the circumflex artery (Cx) is uncommon and presents course variations that might make the coronary artery bypass surgery (CABG) difficult. Two patients presenting unstable angina were submitted to coronary angiography that disclosed tri-vessel disease and presence of Cx with an anomalous origin and retroaortic course with severe stenosis. Both patients underwent CABG with use of bilateral internal thoracic artery (ITA) grafts. Therefore, CABG with bilateral ITA use is feasible in cases of an anomalous origin of the Cx artery. However, this finding may constitute an additional technical setback.</p>
      <p><bold>Key words:</bold> Internal mammary-coronary artery anastomosis; coronary artery bypass; coronary arteriosclerosis; myocardial revascularization; mammary arteries.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Introduction</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Congenital abnormalities of the coronary arteries comprehend origin and course alterations, with the incidence of such anomalies being relatively low, ranging from 0.2% and 1.2% of the population<sup>1,2</sup>.</p>
      <p>The anomalous circumflex artery (Cx) originating from the initial portion of the coronary artery or the right aortic sinus is found in 0.45% to 0.67% of the cases of coronary angiography and has been associated to a higher incidence of atherosclerosis and myocardial ischemia, which can result in sudden death<sup>2-4</sup>.</p>
      <p>Variations in the course and anatomical characteristics of this anomalous circumflex artery can hinder the surgical revascularization of these vessels as these arteries always present a retroaortic course, which brings some additional technical difficulty. We report the surgical treatment of two anatomical variants of anomalous origin of the circumflex artery (Cx), where it was possible, in both cases, to perform the revascularization using bilateral internal thoracic artery (ITA) grafts.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Case Report</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Two male patients aged 51 and 56 years old, respectively, presenting a picture of unstable angina, were submitted to a coronary angiography study that disclosed in both the existence of tri-vessel disease and the presence of anomalous origin of the Cx. In the first patient the Cx originated from the proximal portion of the right coronary artery, with a severe proximal obstructive injury (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_24f1-body2">Figure 1A</xref>). In the second patient, the Cx originated from the separated ostium in the right aortic sinus and the stenosis was located in the mid-aortic segment (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_24f2-body2">Figure 2A</xref>). As expected, both Cx presented a retroaortic course.</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <fig id="en_24f1-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-04-0e76-00024-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <fig id="en_24f2-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-04-0e76-00024-gf02-en.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>The patients were submitted to coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG). In the first patient, the Cx marginal branches in the lateral wall of the LV were fine-caliber vessels (&lt;1 mm), preventing an adequate anastomosis. Therefore, the anomalous Cx was dissected since its origin in the right atrioventricular groove and along its retroaortic course in the transverse sinus. The ITA graft <italic>in situ</italic> was anastomosed to the Cx artery segment in the transverse sinus, from behind and beyond the aorta, without cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_24f1-body2">Figure 1B</xref>). In the second patient, the location of the Cx injury was in the middle segment and the marginal branches of the LV lateral wall had adequate caliber. The right ITA graft <italic>in situ</italic>, going through a retroaortic course, was anastomosed to the marginal branch, with the conventional technique (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_24f2-body2">Figure 2B</xref>). In both cases, the left anterior descending (LDA) artery was revascularized with the use of a left ITA graft and an additional vein graft to the posterior descending artery.</p>
      <p>The patients presented a satisfactory post-surgical evolution with no complications and still currently being followed on an out-patient basis, with stable evolution.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The anomalous Cx origin with retroaortic course is associated to sudden death due to myocardial ischemia. The retroaortic course of the initial segment of the anomalous Cx allows, under conditions of physical exertion or exercise, the compression by the aorta and ischemia<sup>2</sup>. The documented occurrence of spasm involving anomalous Cx has also been reported<sup>6</sup>.</p>
      <p>Ueyama et al<sup>7</sup> studying the cases of anomalous origin of the Cx in a consecutive series of coronary angiographies, showed that in 35% of the cases the Cx originates from a separate ostium in the right aortic sinus, with the remainder of it coming-off as a branch of the right coronary artery. In all cases, the anomalous Cx had a retroaortic course before going through the left atrioventricular groove. This study also showed that 80% of the anomalous Cx had more than 2 mm in diameter between the origin and the beginning of the course in the left atrioventricular groove. However, after emerging from the left atrioventricular groove, 70% of the marginal branches measured less than 1.5 mm, the minimum possible diameter to perform a coronary anastomosis with a venous or arterial graft<sup>7</sup>.</p>
      <p>In both cases reported here, it was possible to use the right ITA <italic>in situ</italic> to perform the revascularization of the Cx through the transverse sinus, in one case, without CPB. This technique allows the joining of two great recent advances in CABG, i.e., the technique without ECC and the use of a bilateral ITA graft for the left coronary system<sup>8</sup>.</p>
      <p>In the first case, the right ITA had to be anastomosed to the Cx along its retroaortic course, just after the atherosclerotic obstruction, due to the small caliber of the marginal branches. In the second case, it was possible to use to conventional technique, with the revascularization of the marginal artery on the lateral wall with the right ITA graft.</p>
      <p>Compared to the conventional technique, off-pump CABG is associated with a better immediate outcome, with lower perioperative morbidity and a significant decrease in costs<sup>9</sup>. The bilateral use of the ITA grafts brings additional benefits, decreasing the incidence of cardiovascular events and increasing long-term survival, when compared to the single use of the ITA<sup>10</sup>. This significant benefit occurs when both ITAs are used for the revascularization of the left coronary system and are observed even in sub-groups of higher-risk patients, such as diabetic patients, the elderly and those with ventricular dysfunction<sup>10</sup>.</p>
      <p>In conclusion, the complete CABG is feasible in cases of anomalous origin of the Cx, with the use of bilateral ITA grafts. However, this variation may constitute an additional technical difficulty for the surgeon, as it presents unexpected anatomical details. The techniques employed here showed to be effective in the treatment of the different presentations of the Cx with an anomalous origin.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
      </p>
      <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fn id="back-body2" fn-type="corresp">
          <label>
            <bold>Mailing address:</bold>
          </label>
          <p> Walter J. Gomes</p>
          <p> Rua Borges Lagoa, 1080/608</p>
          <p> 04038-002 &#150; S&#227;o Paulo, SP</p>
          <p> E-mail: </p>
          <p>
            <email xlink:href="wjgomes.dcir@epm.br">wjgomes.dcir@epm.br</email>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p>Manuscript received May 26, 2006; revised manuscript received October 28, 2006; accepted December 6, 2006.</p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
