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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">8yDGHYbfz4szSG8jhSyPcFm</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00021</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2007000400021</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(07)08800421</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2007000400021</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Medida da press&#227;o arterial em crian&#231;as e adolescentes: recomenda&#231;&#245;es das diretrizes de hipertens&#227;o arterial e pr&#225;tica m&#233;dica atual</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Maria Alayde Mendon&#231;a da</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Rivera</surname>
            <given-names>Ivan Romero</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Souza</surname>
            <given-names>Maria Goretti Barbosa de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Carvalho</surname>
            <given-names>Antonio Carlos de Camargo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff02">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Macei&#243;</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">AL</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Alagoas</institution>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>04</month>
        <year>2007</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>88</volume>
      <issue>4</issue>
      <fpage>491</fpage>
      <lpage>495</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>11</day>
          <month>09</month>
          <year>2006</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>08</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2006</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>14</day>
          <month>12</month>
          <year>2006</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>OBJETIVO: Identificar, em crian&#231;as e adolescentes (7 a 17 anos, rede p&#250;blica e privada de ensino), a freq&#252;&#234;ncia de indiv&#237;duos j&#225; submetidos &#224; medida da press&#227;o arterial (MPA), o n&#250;mero de vezes, os locais em que foi realizada a aferi&#231;&#227;o e o resultado informado. M&#201;TODOS: Estudo transversal. Amostragem por conglomerados em 40 escolas, n&#237;vel fundamental e m&#233;dio, sorteadas. C&#225;lculo da amostra baseado na preval&#234;ncia esperada de HAS em crian&#231;as e adolescentes. Protocolo: question&#225;rio sobre realiza&#231;&#227;o pr&#233;via de MPA (em caso afirmativo, quantas vezes, quando foi a &#250;ltima medida, o local e o resultado da medida) e duas MPA. Vari&#225;veis independentes: sexo, faixa et&#225;ria, classe econ&#244;mica, escola p&#250;blica ou privada. RESULTADOS: Amostra constitu&#237;da de 1253 estudantes 1215 responderam ao question&#225;rio (97%) 531 do sexo masculino m&#233;dia de 12,4 &#177; 3 anos. Preval&#234;ncia de HAS: 7,7% 348 estudantes (29%) j&#225; haviam medido a PA (54% 1 vez 35% 2 a 4 vezes 11% 5 ou mais) 53% h&#225; menos de 1 ano. Posto de Sa&#250;de, resid&#234;ncia, hospital e consult&#243;rio foram os locais mais mencionados (27%, 16%, 15% e 14%, respectivamente). Houve associa&#231;&#227;o significante entre pr&#233;via MPA com faixa et&#225;ria de 15 a 17 anos, classes econ&#244;micas A e B e ser estudante de escola privada. CONCLUS&#195;O: Apesar das recomenda&#231;&#245;es, h&#225; baixa freq&#252;&#234;ncia de MPA (29%) em crian&#231;as e adolescentes, demonstrando que a mesma n&#227;o foi ainda incorporada na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>Press&#227;o arterial</kwd>
        <kwd>crian&#231;a</kwd>
        <kwd>adolescentes</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>24</day>
        <month>05</month>
        <year>2007</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>ARTIGO ORIGINAL</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Medida da press&#227;o arterial em crian&#231;as e adolescentes: recomenda&#231;&#245;es das diretrizes de hipertens&#227;o arterial e pr&#225;tica m&#233;dica atual</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Maria Alayde Mendon&#231;a da Silva; Ivan Romero Rivera; Maria Goretti Barbosa de Souza; Antonio Carlos de Camargo Carvalho</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Universidade Federal de Alagoas, Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo &#150; Macei&#243;, AL, S&#227;o Paulo, SP</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="back">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVO:</bold> Identificar, em crian&#231;as e adolescentes (7 a 17 anos, rede p&#250;blica e privada de ensino), a freq&#252;&#234;ncia de indiv&#237;duos j&#225; submetidos &#224; medida da press&#227;o arterial (MPA), o n&#250;mero de vezes, os locais em que foi realizada a aferi&#231;&#227;o e o resultado informado. </p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS:</bold> Estudo transversal. Amostragem por conglomerados em 40 escolas, n&#237;vel fundamental e m&#233;dio, sorteadas. C&#225;lculo da amostra baseado na preval&#234;ncia esperada de HAS em crian&#231;as e adolescentes. Protocolo: question&#225;rio sobre realiza&#231;&#227;o pr&#233;via de MPA (em caso afirmativo, quantas vezes, quando foi a &#250;ltima medida, o local e o resultado da medida) e duas MPA. Vari&#225;veis independentes: sexo, faixa et&#225;ria, classe econ&#244;mica, escola p&#250;blica ou privada. </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS:</bold> Amostra constitu&#237;da de 1253 estudantes 1215 responderam ao question&#225;rio (97%) 531 do sexo masculino m&#233;dia de 12,4 &#177; 3 anos. Preval&#234;ncia de HAS: 7,7% 348 estudantes (29%) j&#225; haviam medido a PA (54% 1 vez 35% 2 a 4 vezes 11% 5 ou mais) 53% h&#225; menos de 1 ano. Posto de Sa&#250;de, resid&#234;ncia, hospital e consult&#243;rio foram os locais mais mencionados (27%, 16%, 15% e 14%, respectivamente). Houve associa&#231;&#227;o significante entre pr&#233;via MPA com faixa et&#225;ria de 15 a 17 anos, classes econ&#244;micas A e B e ser estudante de escola privada. </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#195;O:</bold> Apesar das recomenda&#231;&#245;es, h&#225; baixa freq&#252;&#234;ncia de MPA (29%) em crian&#231;as e adolescentes, demonstrando que a mesma n&#227;o foi ainda incorporada na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica.</p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave:</bold> Press&#227;o arterial, crian&#231;a / epidemiologia, adolescentes / epidemiologia.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Segundo a Organiza&#231;&#227;o Mundial de Sa&#250;de (OMS), a hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica (HAS) acomete 600 milh&#245;es de pessoas e &#233; respons&#225;vel por 7,1 milh&#245;es de mortes anualmente, o que corresponde a 13% da mortalidade global<sup>1</sup>.</p>
    <p>No Brasil, a preval&#234;ncia estimada em adultos &#233; de 20%, havendo rela&#231;&#227;o da HAS com 80% dos casos de acidente vascular encef&#225;lico e com 60% dos casos de doen&#231;a isqu&#234;mica do cora&#231;&#227;o<sup>2,3</sup>.</p>
    <p>H&#225; evid&#234;ncias cl&#237;nicas incontestes de que a redu&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o arterial em hipertensos associa-se a redu&#231;&#245;es na morbidade e na mortalidade decorrentes da HAS<sup>4-12</sup>.</p>
    <p>Apesar da incorpora&#231;&#227;o na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica de m&#233;todos complementares para o diagn&#243;stico da HAS, tais como MAPA e MRPA<sup>13</sup>, a medida da press&#227;o arterial por m&#233;todo indireto e t&#233;cnica auscultat&#243;ria continua a ser considerada o procedimento padr&#227;o para tal finalidade<sup>13-16</sup>.</p>
    <p>Os estudos epidemiol&#243;gicos realizados no Brasil nas &#250;ltimas d&#233;cadas t&#234;m demonstrado que a preval&#234;ncia de HAS nos adultos varia de 22,3% a 43,9%, e em crian&#231;as e adolescentes, de 0,8% a 8,2%<sup>14,17</sup>.</p>
    <p>Nesses &#250;ltimos, a incorpora&#231;&#227;o da medida da press&#227;o arterial na avalia&#231;&#227;o pedi&#225;trica de rotina tem permitido o diagn&#243;stico mais precoce de HAS secund&#225;ria em indiv&#237;duos assintom&#225;ticos, bem como o aparecimento precoce de HAS prim&#225;ria<sup>18</sup>, chamando a aten&#231;&#227;o para o fato de que essa &#250;ltima forma, preponderante em adultos, inicia-se na inf&#226;ncia<sup>19-20</sup>.</p>
    <p>A HAS prim&#225;ria em crian&#231;as e adolescentes est&#225; associada a excesso de peso, n&#237;vel reduzido de atividade f&#237;sica, ingest&#227;o inadequada de frutas e vegetais e consumo excessivo de s&#243;dio e de &#225;lcool<sup>15</sup>. Assim como em adultos, adolescentes com HAS estabelecida desenvolvem les&#227;o de &#243;rg&#227;os-alvo, incluindo hipertrofia ventricular esquerda<sup>15</sup>.</p>
    <p>Por isso, as Diretrizes Nacionais de Hipertens&#227;o Arterial t&#234;m progressivamente estabelecido os m&#233;todos para a medida da press&#227;o arterial em crian&#231;as e adolescentes, bem como os par&#226;metros a serem utilizados na classifica&#231;&#227;o de hipertensos e n&#227;o-hipertensos<sup>14,21-23</sup>.</p>
    <p>Atualmente considera-se obrigat&#243;ria a medida da press&#227;o arterial a partir dos tr&#234;s anos de idade, anualmente, ou antes dessa idade quando a crian&#231;a apresenta antecedentes m&#243;rbidos neonatais, doen&#231;as renais ou fatores de risco familiar<sup>14</sup>. H&#225; ainda a recomenda&#231;&#227;o de realiza&#231;&#227;o rotineira da medida da press&#227;o arterial em ambiente escolar<sup>14</sup>. N&#227;o h&#225; ainda, entretanto, evid&#234;ncias de que essas recomenda&#231;&#245;es tenham sido incorporadas na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica pedi&#225;trica.</p>
    <p>O presente trabalho tem como objetivo identificar, em amostra populacional de crian&#231;as e de adolescentes, a freq&#252;&#234;ncia de indiv&#237;duos que j&#225; foram submetidos &#224; medida da press&#227;o arterial, o n&#250;mero de vezes a que foram submetidos, os locais em que foi realizada a aferi&#231;&#227;o e o resultado que lhes foi informado.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#233;todos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>No ano letivo de 2001, foi realizado estudo epidemiol&#243;gico observacional, transversal, com a finalidade de identificar a preval&#234;ncia de fatores de risco cardiovascular (risco de sobrepeso, sobrepeso, obesidade, tabagismo, hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica e sedentarismo), em amostra representativa de crian&#231;as (7 a &lt; 10 anos) e adolescentes (10 a 17 anos), de ambos os g&#234;neros, matriculados nas escolas de ensino fundamental e m&#233;dio das redes p&#250;blica (municipal, estadual e federal) e particular da cidade de Macei&#243;.</p>
    <p>Os resultados desse estudo, os crit&#233;rios utilizados para o c&#225;lculo e sele&#231;&#227;o da amostra, para a defini&#231;&#227;o das vari&#225;veis investigadas e do consentimento para a participa&#231;&#227;o foram previamente publicados<sup>24,25</sup>.</p>
    <p>Para a classifica&#231;&#227;o econ&#244;mica foi escolhido o Crit&#233;rio de Classifica&#231;&#227;o Econ&#244;mica Brasil (CCEB)<sup>26</sup>, o qual permite estratificar a popula&#231;&#227;o em cinco classes econ&#244;micas (de A at&#233; E), baseado nas respostas do entrevistado, quanto &#224; posse de bens, presen&#231;a de empregada mensalista e grau de instru&#231;&#227;o do chefe da fam&#237;lia. A classifica&#231;&#227;o em pontos permite uma infer&#234;ncia sobre a m&#233;dia da renda familiar: classe A &#150; R$ 6.220,50; classe B &#150; R$ 2.236,50; classe C &#150; R$ 927,00; classe D &#150; R$ 424,00 e classe E &#150; R$ 207,00.</p>
    <p>Como parte do protocolo de investiga&#231;&#227;o os alunos responderam a um question&#225;rio estruturado contendo perguntas sobre a realiza&#231;&#227;o pr&#233;via de medidas da press&#227;o arterial.</p>
    <p>As quest&#245;es relacionadas a essa vari&#225;vel foram: a) Sua press&#227;o arterial j&#225; foi medida antes desse momento?; para aqueles que responderam afirmativamente a essa primeira, as quest&#245;es seguintes eram formuladas: b) Quantas vezes?; c) H&#225; quanto tempo realizou a &#250;ltima medida?; d) Em que local?; e) Voc&#234; foi informado se ela estava alta, baixa ou normal?</p>
    <p>Para an&#225;lises de associa&#231;&#227;o, a amostra foi distribu&#237;da em dois grupos: A &#150; crian&#231;as e adolescentes que admitiram haver aferido previamente a press&#227;o arterial; B &#150; crian&#231;as e adolescentes que admitiram nunca haver aferido a press&#227;o arterial at&#233; aquele momento. As vari&#225;veis independentes analisadas foram: faixa et&#225;ria, g&#234;nero, classe econ&#244;mica, tipo de escola.</p>
    <p>A an&#225;lise de associa&#231;&#227;o foi feita atrav&#233;s do teste do Qui-quadrado ou do Teste Exato de Fisher, em tabelas de associa&#231;&#227;o, sendo estabelecido o n&#237;vel de 5% para a rejei&#231;&#227;o da hip&#243;tese de nulidade.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Resultados</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Foram avaliados 1.253 estudantes, dos quais, 1.215 (97%) responderam ao question&#225;rio sobre medida pr&#233;via da press&#227;o arterial e 38 (3%) n&#227;o responderam.</p>
    <p>Eram 531 do g&#234;nero masculino (43,7%) e 684 do g&#234;nero feminino (56,3%), com m&#233;dia de idade de 12,4&#177;2,9 anos. Havia 236 crian&#231;as (7 a 9 anos), 638 pr&#233;-adolescentes (10 a 14 anos) e 341 adolescentes (15 a 17 anos).</p>
    <p>Dentre os estudantes, 258 (21,2%) eram de escolas particulares e 957 (78,8%) de escolas p&#250;blicas, sendo estes &#250;ltimos provenientes de escolas estaduais (724), municipais (181) e federal (52).</p>
    <p>Quanto &#224; classifica&#231;&#227;o econ&#244;mica, observou-se que 69 estudantes pertenciam &#224; classe A (5,7%), 151 &#224; classe B (12,4%), 333 &#224; classe C (27,4%), 548 &#224; classe D (45,1%) e 114 &#224; classe E (9,4%). Para a pesquisa de associa&#231;&#227;o de vari&#225;veis, considerou-se em conjunto as classes A+B e as classes C+D+E.</p>
    <p>A distribui&#231;&#227;o dos estudantes que mediram ou n&#227;o previamente a press&#227;o arterial segundo a faixa et&#225;ria, o g&#234;nero, a classe econ&#244;mica e o tipo de escola encontra-se na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">tabela 1</xref>. A an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica demonstrou associa&#231;&#227;o significante entre a medida pr&#233;via da press&#227;o arterial com a faixa et&#225;ria dos adolescentes, com as classes econ&#244;micas A e B e com o fato do aluno estudar em escola privada (p&lt;0,0001).</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="t1">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-04-0491-00021-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p>Quanto ao n&#250;mero de vezes em que a press&#227;o arterial foi previamente aferida, 189 estudantes mediram apenas uma vez (54 %), 122 mediram de duas a quatro vezes (35 %) e 37 mediram cinco ou mais vezes (11%).</p>
    <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o h&#225; quanto tempo foi realizada a &#250;ltima medida da press&#227;o arterial, 162 estudantes responderam que h&#225; mais de um ano (47%) e 186, que h&#225; menos de um ano (53%).</p>
    <p>O Posto de Sa&#250;de foi o local da aferi&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o arterial para 96 estudantes (27%); 57 mencionaram que aferiram na pr&#243;pria resid&#234;ncia (16%), 52 durante atendimento hospitalar (15%), 47 em consulta com o pediatra (14%), 44 na escola (13%) e 52 em outros locais, como farm&#225;cias, por exemplo (15%). Dez estudantes mencionaram dois locais de medida da press&#227;o arterial e tr&#234;s mencionaram tr&#234;s locais, tendo sido acima computado apenas o &#250;ltimo deles.</p>
    <p>Segundo o resultado da medida da press&#227;o arterial, 240 estudantes haviam sido informados que a press&#227;o arterial estava normal (69%), 41 que a press&#227;o estava baixa (12%), 12 que a press&#227;o estava alta (3%) e 55 n&#227;o recordaram esse dado (16%). As medidas da press&#227;o arterial realizada durante a presente investiga&#231;&#227;o demonstraram press&#227;o arterial elevada em 3/12 estudantes com diagn&#243;stico pr&#233;vio de press&#227;o arterial elevada, 1/41 com diagn&#243;stico pr&#233;vio de press&#227;o arterial baixa, 21/240 com diagn&#243;stico pr&#233;vio de press&#227;o arterial normal e 3/55 que n&#227;o recordavam o resultado anterior.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Como parte integrante do exame f&#237;sico, a medida da press&#227;o arterial deve ser realizada em todas as consultas m&#233;dicas, independentemente da faixa et&#225;ria do paciente a ser avaliado.</p>
    <p>Inqu&#233;rito nacional, realizado por meio de question&#225;rios enviados a m&#233;dicos cl&#237;nicos, cardiologistas e nefrologistas em 1999, com retorno de 14,1% dos question&#225;rios, demonstrou que 85,8% referiram medir a press&#227;o arterial de seus pacientes adultos em 100% das consultas realizadas<sup>27</sup>. Analisando prontu&#225;rios m&#233;dicos de pacientes adultos, em primeiras consultas, em 23 servi&#231;os m&#233;dicos de diferentes modalidades assistenciais de Salvador, Bahia, em 1982 e depois em 1991, Lessa e cols. constataram o registro da medida da press&#227;o arterial em 18,7% e 35,9%, respectivamente, das consultas<sup>28</sup>.</p>
    <p>Apesar de diferen&#231;as nas fontes de informa&#231;&#227;o utilizadas, na abrang&#234;ncia das especialidades m&#233;dicas e da &#225;rea geogr&#225;fica estudada, parece claro que, mesmo nos adultos, nos quais a morbidade e mortalidade da HAS encontra-se bem estabelecida, n&#227;o se conseguiu at&#233; o momento que todos os m&#233;dicos realizem sempre a aferi&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o arterial de todos os seus pacientes. Provavelmente isso justifica o fato de que estudos populacionais brasileiros demonstrem que de 32% a 44% dos nossos adultos hipertensos ainda desconhecem essa condi&#231;&#227;o<sup>29-31</sup>. N&#227;o h&#225;, at&#233; o momento, estudos brasileiros semelhantes envolvendo pediatras.</p>
    <p>No presente estudo, com 1,215 estudantes de sete a 17 anos, apenas 28,6% admitiram haver medido previamente a press&#227;o arterial. Oliveira e cols. <sup>32</sup>, no estudo de Belo Horizonte, com 1.005 estudantes de seis a 18 anos, informaram que menos da metade havia sido submetida previamente &#224; medida da press&#227;o arterial<sup>32</sup>. Trabalho realizado em Macei&#243; por Lima &amp; Rivera<sup>33</sup>, mediante a aplica&#231;&#227;o de question&#225;rios a 51 m&#233;dicos de 38 dos 54 Postos de Sa&#250;de da rede SUS, demonstrou que 94% desses n&#227;o aferem rotineiramente a press&#227;o arterial em crian&#231;as, 45% desconhecem os crit&#233;rios diagn&#243;sticos de HAS em crian&#231;as e adolescentes e apenas 34% dos postos possuem manguitos para essas faixas et&#225;rias.</p>
    <p>A medida pr&#233;via da press&#227;o arterial ocorreu mais freq&#252;entemente em adolescentes do que em pr&#233;-adolescentes ou crian&#231;as (49,%, 22% e 19%, respectivamente). Analisando a freq&#252;&#234;ncia de medida da press&#227;o arterial em servi&#231;os de emerg&#234;ncia pedi&#225;trica nos Estados Unidos, Silverman e cols. constataram que 66% dos usu&#225;rios tiveram sua press&#227;o arterial aferida, por&#233;m mais freq&#252;entemente na faixa et&#225;ria dos adolescentes do que das crian&#231;as<sup>34</sup>. Os autores conclu&#237;ram que, apesar de existir grande varia&#231;&#227;o na freq&#252;&#234;ncia de medida da press&#227;o arterial nos diferentes servi&#231;os de emerg&#234;ncia pedi&#225;trica, ela aumenta &#224; medida que aumenta a idade do paciente; seria de esperar que em servi&#231;os dessa natureza esse ato faria parte inconteste da avalia&#231;&#227;o de todos os pacientes. Em consultas pedi&#225;tricas de rotina, portanto, essa freq&#252;&#234;ncia parece ser realmente ainda mais baixa e tamb&#233;m deve ocorrer mais comumente em faixas et&#225;rias mais elevadas.</p>
    <p>Em nosso estudo, foi tamb&#233;m observado que 54% dos estudantes que mediram previamente a press&#227;o arterial o fizeram apenas uma vez e 53% admitiram que a medida foi realizada h&#225; menos de um ano. Essas observa&#231;&#245;es parecem corroborar o fato de que a medida da press&#227;o arterial ainda n&#227;o &#233; executada corriqueiramente nas crian&#231;as e nos primeiros anos da adolesc&#234;ncia.</p>
    <p>Al&#233;m disso, essa experi&#234;ncia foi mais freq&#252;entemente vivenciada por alunos de classe econ&#244;mica mais elevada, estudantes de escolas privadas.</p>
    <p>Em conjunto, esses achados apontam para o conhecimento de que, em nosso meio, a medida da press&#227;o arterial n&#227;o se encontra ainda realmente incorporada &#224; cl&#237;nica pedi&#225;trica de rotina, de uma maneira geral, e, quando realizada, os adolescentes de classes econ&#244;micas mais abastadas s&#227;o os que com maior freq&#252;&#234;ncia receber&#227;o esse cuidado e poder&#227;o beneficiar-se do resultado obtido, em termos de preven&#231;&#227;o ou terap&#234;utica. Quanto a esse &#250;ltimo aspecto, o fato de 31% dos estudantes admitirem que sua press&#227;o arterial foi medida em casa ou outro ambiente (e n&#227;o em consultas de sa&#250;de) mostra que, nesses casos, o ato de medir a press&#227;o provavelmente n&#227;o resultou em nenhuma a&#231;&#227;o espec&#237;fica de sa&#250;de. O que tamb&#233;m ocorreu com os 12 estudantes que foram informados estar com a PA elevada na &#233;poca da aferi&#231;&#227;o, mas n&#227;o foram orientados a realizar avalia&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dica por esse motivo.</p>
    <p>O fato de a HAS ter baixa preval&#234;ncia na inf&#226;ncia e adolesc&#234;ncia e de apresentar-se em indiv&#237;duos assintom&#225;ticos deve estar contribuindo para a n&#227;o-incorpora&#231;&#227;o da medida da press&#227;o arterial no atendimento pedi&#225;trico at&#233; o momento. Al&#233;m disso, na faixa pedi&#225;trica, a medida da press&#227;o envolve a escolha de manguitos adequados ao bra&#231;o da crian&#231;a/adolescente, a utiliza&#231;&#227;o de curvas de crescimento para identifica&#231;&#227;o do percentil de altura segundo a idade e o g&#234;nero e a identifica&#231;&#227;o do percentil de press&#227;o arterial em tabelas espec&#237;ficas, o que demanda mais equipamentos e maior disponibilidade de tempo do que a realiza&#231;&#227;o da medida em adultos<sup>14-18</sup>.</p>
    <p>Tendo em vista o inquestion&#225;vel e importante papel do pediatra na preven&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria dos fatores de risco para aterosclerose desde a inf&#226;ncia<sup>35</sup>, os dados aqui apresentados apontam para a necessidade de novos estudos acerca das atitudes e pr&#225;ticas atualmente realizadas, n&#227;o apenas na detec&#231;&#227;o e controle da HAS, mas dos demais fatores de risco cardiovascular nos jovens brasileiros. Uma estrat&#233;gia decisiva para mudarmos o futuro da doen&#231;a cardiovascular no Brasil.</p>
    <p><bold>Financiamento:</bold> Funda&#231;&#227;o de Amparo &#224; Pesquisa do Estado de Alagoas.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesses</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflitos de interesses pertinentes.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="back" fn-type="corresp">
        <label>
          <bold>Correspond&#234;ncia:</bold>
        </label>
        <p> Maria Alayde Mendon&#231;a da Silva </p>
        <p> Avenida M&#225;rio de Gusm&#227;o, 1281/404 </p>
        <p> 57035-000 &#150; Macei&#243;, AL </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="malayde@cardiol.br">malayde@cardiol.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Artigo recebido em 11/09/06; revisado recebido em 08/11/06; aceito em 14/12/06.</p>
  </body>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Blood pressure measurement in children and adolescents: guidelines of high blood pressure recommendations and current clinical practice</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>OBJECTIVE: To determine, in a school-based sample of children and adolescents, aged from 7 to 17 years, of both gender, in public and private schools, the frequency of students already submitted to blood pressure measure. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was carried out, sampling from a population pool of elementary and middle schools, randomly selected. The sample was calculated based on the expected prevalence of hypertension for the age group. Data were collected through a questionnaire. Blood pressure was measured twice and hypertension was defined as mean systolic and/or diastolic blood pressure over the 95th percentile. Independent variables studied: sex; age groups; economic status; public/private school. RESULTS: The final sample included 1253 students. The response rate was 97%: 1215 students; 531 males; mean age 12,4&#177;3 years (236 from 7 to 9 years; 638 from 10 to 14 years; 341 from 15 to 17 years). Prevalence of hypertension was 7.7%; 348 students (29%) were already submitted to blood pressure measures (54% once; 35% 2 to 4 times; 11% 5 or more times). High economic status, private school and adolescent group were significantly associated to previous blood pressure measure. CONCLUSION: Despite of pediatric consensus statements and guidelines recommendations about importance of blood pressure measure at every examination after age 3 years, there is a very low frequency of this practice (29%) in children and adolescents.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Blood pressure</kwd>
        <kwd>child</kwd>
        <kwd>adolescents</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>ORIGINAL ARTICLE</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Blood pressure measurement in children and adolescents: guidelines of high blood pressure recommendations and current clinical practice</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Maria Alayde Mendon&#231;a da Silva; Ivan Romero Rivera; Maria Goretti Barbosa de Souza; Antonio Carlos de Camargo Carvalho</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Universidade Federal de Alagoas, Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo &#150; Macei&#243;, AL, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</p>
      <p>
        <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="back-body2">Mailing address</xref>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>SUMMARY</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVE:</bold> To determine, in a school-based sample of children and adolescents, aged from 7 to 17 years, of both gender, in public and private schools, the frequency of students already submitted to blood pressure measurements.</p>
      <p><bold>METHODS:</bold> A cross-sectional study was carried out, sampling from a population pool of elementary and middle schools, randomly selected. The sample was calculated based on the expected prevalence of hypertension for the age group. Data were collected through a questionnaire. Blood pressure was measured twice and hypertension was defined as mean systolic and/or diastolic blood pressure over the 95th percentile. Independent variables studied: sex; age groups; economic status; public/private school.</p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS:</bold> The final sample included 1253 students. The response rate was 97%: 1215 students; 531 males; mean age 12,4&#177;3 years (236 from 7 to 9 years; 638 from 10 to 14 years; 341 from 15 to 17 years). Prevalence of hypertension was 7.7%; 348 students (29%) were already submitted to blood pressure measures (54% once; 35% 2 to 4 times; 11% 5 or more times). High economic status, private school and adolescent group were significantly associated to previous blood pressure measurement.</p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSION:</bold> Despite of pediatric consensus statements and guidelines recommendations about importance of blood pressure measure at every examination after age 3 years, there is a very low frequency of this practice (29%) in children and adolescents.</p>
      <p><bold>Key words:</bold> Blood pressure; child / epidemiology; adolescents / epidemiology.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Introduction</bold>
      </p>
      <p>According to the World Health Organization (WHO), Systemic Arterial Hypertension (SAH) affects 600 million people and is responsible for 7.1 million deaths annually, which corresponds to 13% of the worldwide mortality<sup>1</sup>.</p>
      <p>In Brazil, the estimated prevalence in adults is 20%, with a correlation between SAH and 80% of stroke and 60% of ischemic heart disease cases<sup>2,3</sup>. There is uncontested clinical evidence that blood pressure decrease in hypertensive individuals is associated to reductions in morbidity and mortality caused by SAH<sup>4-12</sup>.</p>
      <p>Despite the incorporation of complementary methods for the diagnosis of SAH into clinical practice such as the Ambulatory Monitoring of Blood Pressure (AMBP) and the Home Monitoring of Blood Pressure (HMBP)<sup>13</sup>, the measurement of blood pressure by the indirect method and the auscultation technique are still considered the standard procedure<sup>13-16</sup>.</p>
      <p>The epidemiological studies carried out in Brazil in the last decades have demonstrated that the prevalence of SAH in adults varies from 22.3 to 43.9% and from 0.8 to 8.2% in children and adolescents<sup>14-17</sup>.</p>
      <p>Among the latter, the addition of blood pressure measurement to the pediatric assessment has allowed an earlier diagnosis of secondary SAH in asymptomatic individuals, as well as the diagnosis of early-onset primary SAH <sup>18</sup>, showing that the latter, which is predominant among adults, starts in childhood<sup>19-20</sup>.</p>
      <p>Primary SAH in children and adolescents is associated to excess weight, reduced physical activity, inadequate fruit and vegetable intake and excess of sodium and alcohol intake<sup>15</sup>. As well as among adults, adolescents with established SAH develop target-organ lesions, including left ventricular hypertrophy<sup>15</sup>.</p>
      <p>Therefore, the Brazilian Directives for Arterial Hypertension have progressively established the methods for arterial pressure measurement in children and adolescents as well as the parameters to be used in the classification of hypertensive and non-hypertensive individuals<sup>14,21-23</sup>.</p>
      <p>Currently, the measurement of arterial hypertension is considered to be mandatory after 3 years of age, annually, or before that age when the child presents a morbid neonatal background, renal diseases or familial risk factors <sup>14</sup>. Additionally, the routine measurement of blood pressure at school is also recommended<sup>14</sup>. There is, however, no evidence to date that such recommendations have been incorporated into pediatric clinical practice.</p>
      <p>The presents study aims at identifying, in a population sample of children and adolescents, the frequency of individuals who have been previously submitted to blood pressure (BP) measurement, the number of times and where the measurement was carried out and the informed results.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Methods</bold>
      </p>
      <p>During the school year of 2001, an epidemiological observational transversal study was carried out, aiming at identifying the prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors (overweight risk, overweight, obesity, smoking, systemic arterial hypertension, and sedentarism), in a representative sample of children (7 to &lt;10 years) and adolescents (10 to 17 years), of both genders, who attended Public Elementary and High Schools (City, State and Federal Schools) and private Elementary and High Schools in the city of Maceio, state of Alagoas, Brazil.</p>
      <p>The results of this study, the criteria used for the calculation and selection of the sample, for the definition of the assessed variables and the informed consent for participation have been previously published<sup>24,25</sup>.</p>
      <p>The Brazil Economical Classification Criterion (CCEB)<sup>26</sup> was chosen for the socioeconomic status classification, which allows the stratification of the population in five socioeconomic classes (from A to E) based on the interviewee's responses regarding assets, presence of maid in the family's house and degree of schooling of the head of the family. The classification score allows an inference about the mean monthly family income: social class A &#150; R$ 6,220. 50; social class B &#150; R$ 2,236.50; social class C &#150; R$ 927.00; social class D &#150; R$ 424.00 and social class E &#150; R$ 207.00.</p>
      <p>As part of the investigation the students answered a structured questionnaire consisting of questions about previous BP measurements.</p>
      <p>The questions related to this variable were: a) Has your blood pressure ever been measured before?; for those who answered affirmatively to this first question, the following questions were asked: b) How many times?; c) When was the last time your pressure was measured?; d) Where was it measured?; e) Were you told whether it was high, low or normal?</p>
      <p>For association analyses, the sample was distributed in two groups: A &#150; children and adolescents who admitted having their BP previously measured; B &#150; children and adolescents who admitted never having their BP measured until that moment. The independent variables assessed were: age range, gender, socioeconomic status, type of school.</p>
      <p>The association analysis was carried out by Chi-square Test or Fisher's Exact Test in Association tables and the nullity hypothesis rejection level was set at 5%.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Results</bold>
      </p>
      <p>A total of 1,253 students were evaluated, of which 1,215 (97%) answered the questionnaire on the previous measurement of BP and 38 (3%) did not answer; 531 were males (43.7%) and 684 were females (56.3%), with a mean age of 12.4 &#177; 2.9 years. There were 236 children (7 to 9 yrs), 638 pre-adolescents (10 to 14 yrs) and 341 adolescents (15 to 17 yrs).</p>
      <p>Among the students, 258 (21.2%) were from private schools and 957 (78.8%) were from public ones, with the latter attending state (724), city (181) and federal schools (52).</p>
      <p>Regarding the socioeconomic status classification, it was observed that 69 students belonged to social class A (5.7%) 151 to social class B (12.4%), 333 to class C (27.4%), 548 to class D (45.1%) and 114 to class E (9.4%). For the analysis of the association of variables, classes A+B were considered jointly, as well as classes C+ D + E.</p>
      <p>The distribution of students that had BP previously measured or not according to age range, gender, socioeconomic status and type of school is shown in Table 1. The statistical analysis showed a significant association between a previous measurement of BP and the adolescents' age range, social classes A and B and the fact that the student attended a private school (p&lt;0.0001).</p>
      <p>Regarding the number of times BP had been previously measured, 189 students had it measured only once (54%), 122 had 2 to 4 previous measurements (35%) and 37 had 5 or more previous measurements (11%).</p>
      <p>As for the last time the pressure had been measured, 162 students had had it measured more than 1 year before (47%) and 186 (53%) less than 1 year before.</p>
      <p>The Basic Health Unit was the place where 96 students (27%) had their BP measured; 57 (16%) mentioned having it measured at home, 52 (15%) during ER procedures, 47 (14%) at the pediatric clinic, 44 (13%) at school and 52 (15%) at other places such as pharmacies, for instance. Ten students mentioned two places where they had their BP measured and 3 mentioned 3 places, but only the last place was recorded.</p>
      <p>According to the BP measurement results, 240 students (69%) had been told their BP was normal, 41 (12%) had been told their BP was low, 12 (3%) had been told their BP was high and 55 (16%) did not recall this information. The BP measurements performed during the present investigation showed elevated BP in 3/12 students with a previous diagnosis of high arterial pressure, in 1/41 with a previous diagnosis of low arterial pressure, in 21/240 with a previous diagnosis of normal arterial pressure and in 3/55 who did not recall the previous BP measurement result.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>As part of the physical examination, the BP measurement must be carried out at every medical consultation, regardless of the age range of the patient to be assessed.</p>
      <p>A national survey carried out through questionnaires sent to clinicians, cardiologists and nephrologists in 1999, with a return of 14.1% of the questionnaires, showed that 85.8% of the clinicians referred measuring their adult patients' BP in 100% of the medical consultations<sup>27</sup>. Analyzing medical files of adult patients, at the first consultation, in 23 medical service centers of different assistential modalities in Salvador, Bahia, in 1982 and later in 1991, Lessa, Costa and Daltro verified that the BP measurement had been carried out in 18.7% and 35.9% of the consultations, respectively<sup>28</sup>.</p>
      <p>Despite the different information sources used, the range of medical specialties and the geographical area assessed, it seems evident that, even adult patients, for whom the SAH morbimortality is well established, lack BP measurement by their physicians. This probably justifies the fact that Brazilian population studies show that 32% to 44% of our adult hypertensive individuals are unaware of their condition <sup>29-31</sup>. To date, there have not been similar studies involving the pediatric population.</p>
      <p>In the present study, among 1,215 students, from 7 to 17 years, only 28.6% admitted having had their BP previously measured. Oliveira et al<sup>32</sup>, in a study carried out in Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, with 1,005 students from 6 to 18 years, reported that less than 50% had been previously submitted to BP measurement<sup>32</sup>. A study carried out in Maceio, Alagoas, by Lima &amp; Rivera<sup>33</sup>, through questionnaires sent to 51 clinicians from 38 of the 54 Basic Health Units (BHU) of the Public Health System (SUS) showed that 94% of them did not routinely measure BP in children, 45% are unaware of the diagnostic criteria of SAH in children and adolescents and only 34% of the BHU had cuffs for these age ranges.</p>
      <p>The previous measurement of BP occurred more frequently in adolescents than in pre-adolescents or children (49%, 22% and 19%, respectively). When analyzing the frequency of the BP measurement in pediatric emergency services in the USA, Silverman <italic>et al</italic> verified that 66% of the users had their BP measured; however, this measurement was more frequent in adolescents than in children<sup>34</sup>. The authors concluded that, despite the large variation in the frequency of BP measurement in the different pediatric emergency services, it increased with the patient's age; it would be expected that in such services, BP measurement would be an indispensable part of all patients' assessment. During routine pediatric consultations, however, this frequency seems to be really low and must also occur more commonly in the older age ranges.</p>
      <p>The present study also showed that 54% of the students who had previously undergone BP measurement, had it measured only once and 53% admitted that the measurement had been carried out less than a year before. These observations seem to corroborate the fact that the BP measurement is not routinely carried out in children and during the first years of adolescence.</p>
      <p>Additionally, BP measurement was more frequently experienced by the students with a higher social status, who attended private schools.</p>
      <p>Together, these findings show that, in our country, BP measurement is yet to be incorporated to the routine clinical pediatric assessment, generally speaking, and when it is performed, adolescents with a higher social status will be the ones who more often undergo this practice and will be able to benefit from the obtained results, regarding prevention or treatment. As for the latter, the fact that 31% of the students admitted that their BP was measured at home or another place (and not during a medical consultation) shows that, in these cases, the act of measuring BP probably did not result in any specific health intervention. This also happened with the 12 students who were told they had high BP at the time of the measurement, but were not referred to a physician as a result of the BP measurement.</p>
      <p>The fact that SAH has a low prevalence in childhood and adolescence and also that it can be observed in asymptomatic individuals must certainly contribute to the non-incorporation of BP measurement to the routine pediatric assessment to date. Additionally, in the pediatric age range, BP measurement involves the choice of adequate cuffs for the child's/adolescent's arm, the use of growth curves for the identification of height percentile according to age and gender and the identification of BP percentiles in specific tables, which would require more equipment and more time availability than the measurement carried out in adults<sup>14-18</sup>.</p>
      <p>Considering the incontestable and important role of the pediatrician in the primary prevention of risk factors for atherosclerosis since childhood<sup>35</sup>, the data presented here show the need for further studies on the attitudes and practices currently carried out, not only in the detection and control of SAH, but also of the other cardiovascular risk factors in young Brazilian individuals. A decisive strategy is needed to change the future of cardiovascular disease in Brazil.</p>
      <p><bold>Supported by:</bold> Funda&#231;&#227;o de Amparo &#224; Pesquisa do Estado de Alagoas.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
      </p>
      <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fn id="back-body2" fn-type="corresp">
          <label>
            <bold>Mailing address:</bold>
          </label>
          <p> Maria Alayde Mendon&#231;a da Silva</p>
          <p> Avenida M&#225;rio de Gusm&#227;o, 1281/404</p>
          <p> 57035-000 &#150; Macei&#243;, AL - Brazil</p>
          <p> E-mail: </p>
          <p>
            <email xlink:href="malayde@cardiol.br">malayde@cardiol.br</email>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p>Manuscript received September 11, 2006; revised manuscript received November 8, 2006; accepted December 14, 2006.</p>
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  </sub-article>
</article>
