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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">wnGwBx93RY9sxV7mTSCX5mS</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00018</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2007000400018</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(07)08800418</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2007000400018</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Perfil do tratamento da insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca na era dos betabloqueadores</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Christiano Pereira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Bacal</surname>
            <given-names>Fernando</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pires</surname>
            <given-names>Philippe Vieira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Mangini</surname>
            <given-names>Sandrigo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Issa</surname>
            <given-names>Victor Sarli</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Moreira</surname>
            <given-names>Silvia Ferreira Ayub</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Chizzola</surname>
            <given-names>Paulo Roberto</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Souza</surname>
            <given-names>Germano Em&#237;lio Concei&#231;&#227;o</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Guimar&#227;es</surname>
            <given-names>Guilherme Veiga</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Bocchi</surname>
            <given-names>Edimar Alcides</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina </institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>04</month>
        <year>2007</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>88</volume>
      <issue>4</issue>
      <fpage>475</fpage>
      <lpage>479</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>27</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2006</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>18</day>
          <month>12</month>
          <year>2006</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>20</day>
          <month>12</month>
          <year>2006</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>OBJETIVOS: A inibi&#231;&#227;o dos sistemas renina-angiotensina-aldosterona (SRAA) e sistema nervoso aut&#244;nomo simp&#225;tico aumentou a perspectiva de sobrevida desses pacientes, al&#233;m de permitir substancial melhora na qualidade de vida. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a realidade do tratamento aplicado e seu impacto sobre a doen&#231;a em pacientes acompanhados em um ambulat&#243;rio especializado em insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca(IC). M&#201;TODOS: Foram estudados 96 pacientes acompanhados no ambulat&#243;rio de Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca e Transplante do Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o, do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo (HC-FMUSP). Os dados foram coletados durante a consulta ambulatorial a partir de prontu&#225;rio m&#233;dico e exame cl&#237;nico. A escolha dos pacientes foi aleat&#243;ria. RESULTADOS: A maior parte dos pacientes encontrava-se em classe funcional II (42,3%) e em est&#225;gio C de evolu&#231;&#227;o (94,9%). A prescri&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dica para os pacientes foi bastante pr&#243;xima do preconizado pelas diretrizes. Aproximadamente 95% recebem inibidores do SRAA (inibidor de ECA - enalapril e captopril - ou antagonista dos receptores de angiotensina-losartan), enquanto 85% dos pacientes recebem, al&#233;m desses, agentes betabloqueadores (carvedilol). A dose m&#233;dia prescrita tamb&#233;m se aproxima das utilizadas nos grandes estudos, e atinge mais de 60% da dose m&#225;xima de cada medica&#231;&#227;o. Os dados hemodin&#226;micos encontrados mostram pacientes est&#225;veis, apesar da intensidade da disfun&#231;&#227;o e do remodelamento ventricular destes. CONCLUS&#195;O: Pacientes portadores de IC acompanhados por equipe m&#233;dica especializada t&#234;m prescri&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dica mais pr&#243;xima do preconizado. Esses pacientes, embora com caracter&#237;sticas marcadas de gravidade da doen&#231;a, conseguem estabilidade hemodin&#226;mica e cl&#237;nica com a otimiza&#231;&#227;o terap&#234;utica adequada.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>Baixo d&#233;bito card&#237;aco</kwd>
        <kwd>insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca</kwd>
        <kwd>ambulat&#243;rio hospitalar</kwd>
        <kwd>sistema resina-angiotensina</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>24</day>
        <month>05</month>
        <year>2007</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>ARTIGO ORIGINAL</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Perfil do tratamento da insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca na era dos betabloqueadores</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Christiano Pereira Silva; Fernando Bacal; Philippe Vieira Pires; Sandrigo Mangini; Victor Sarli Issa; Silvia Ferreira Ayub Moreira; Paulo Roberto Chizzola; Germano Em&#237;lio Concei&#231;&#227;o Souza; Guilherme Veiga Guimar&#227;es; Edimar Alcides Bocchi</bold>
    </p>
    <p> Unidade de Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca e Transplante, Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o (InCor) &#150; Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo (HC-FMUSP) &#150; S&#227;o Paulo, SP</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="back">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVOS:</bold> A inibi&#231;&#227;o dos sistemas renina-angiotensina-aldosterona (SRAA) e sistema nervoso aut&#244;nomo simp&#225;tico aumentou a perspectiva de sobrevida desses pacientes, al&#233;m de permitir substancial melhora na qualidade de vida. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a realidade do tratamento aplicado e seu impacto sobre a doen&#231;a em pacientes acompanhados em um ambulat&#243;rio especializado em insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca(IC). </p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS:</bold> Foram estudados 96 pacientes acompanhados no ambulat&#243;rio de Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca e Transplante do Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o, do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo (HC-FMUSP). Os dados foram coletados durante a consulta ambulatorial a partir de prontu&#225;rio m&#233;dico e exame cl&#237;nico. A escolha dos pacientes foi aleat&#243;ria. </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS:</bold> A maior parte dos pacientes encontrava-se em classe funcional II (42,3%) e em est&#225;gio C de evolu&#231;&#227;o (94,9%). A prescri&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dica para os pacientes foi bastante pr&#243;xima do preconizado pelas diretrizes. Aproximadamente 95% recebem inibidores do SRAA (inibidor de ECA &#150; enalapril e captopril &#150; ou antagonista dos receptores de angiotensina-losartan), enquanto 85% dos pacientes recebem, al&#233;m desses, agentes betabloqueadores (carvedilol). A dose m&#233;dia prescrita tamb&#233;m se aproxima das utilizadas nos grandes estudos, e atinge mais de 60% da dose m&#225;xima de cada medica&#231;&#227;o. Os dados hemodin&#226;micos encontrados mostram pacientes est&#225;veis, apesar da intensidade da disfun&#231;&#227;o e do remodelamento ventricular destes. </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#195;O:</bold> Pacientes portadores de IC acompanhados por equipe m&#233;dica especializada t&#234;m prescri&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dica mais pr&#243;xima do preconizado. Esses pacientes, embora com caracter&#237;sticas marcadas de gravidade da doen&#231;a, conseguem estabilidade hemodin&#226;mica e cl&#237;nica com a otimiza&#231;&#227;o terap&#234;utica adequada.</p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave:</bold> Baixo d&#233;bito card&#237;aco, insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, ambulat&#243;rio hospitalar, sistema resina-angiotensina.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (IC) representa, atualmente, uma das mais prevalentes doen&#231;as do sistema cardiovascular, acarretando elevados custos sociais e econ&#244;micos. Nos Estados Unidos existem, nos dias atuais, cinco milh&#245;es de pessoas portadoras da doen&#231;a, com 550 mil novos casos diagnosticados anualmente<sup>1</sup>. No Brasil, a IC descompensada &#233; respons&#225;vel por 3,18% das interna&#231;&#245;es hospitalares e por 6,97% dos &#243;bitos desses pacientes. Tamb&#233;m responde por 19,6% das causas de interna&#231;&#227;o por doen&#231;as cardiovasculares, que equivalem a 11,7% do total de admiss&#245;es hospitalares no pa&#237;s<sup>2</sup>.</p>
    <p>Nas duas &#250;ltimas d&#233;cadas houve not&#243;rio progresso no tratamento da IC. A introdu&#231;&#227;o dos agentes betabloqueadores e dos inibidores do sistema renina-angiotensina-aldosterona (SRAA) provocou uma n&#237;tida mudan&#231;a no comportamento cl&#237;nico dos pacientes, bem como trouxe a perspectiva de &#237;ndices de sobrevida mais promissores. Grandes estudos mostraram relevantes redu&#231;&#245;es da mortalidade<sup>3-7</sup> como nunca antes havia acontecido no tratamento da IC.</p>
    <p>As possibilidades de otimiza&#231;&#227;o terap&#234;utica e cl&#237;nica, entretanto, encontram como obst&#225;culo a baixa ader&#234;ncia dos pacientes e a relut&#226;ncia de m&#233;dicos em prescreverem certas medica&#231;&#245;es<sup>8</sup>. Diversos pequenos estudos demonstram a baixa prescri&#231;&#227;o dos medicamentos indicados pelas diretrizes internacionais: por exemplo, na Holanda, a prescri&#231;&#227;o de inibidores da enzima conversora de angiotensina (IECA) alcan&#231;a 60%, enquanto os betabloqueadores s&#227;o prescritos para at&#233; 37% dos pacientes<sup>9</sup>. Estima-se que 54% das hospitaliza&#231;&#245;es por IC poderiam ser evitadas com melhor ader&#234;ncia terap&#234;utica<sup>10</sup>. Aliada ao subtratamento, a subdosagem tamb&#233;m n&#227;o permite alcan&#231;ar os resultados obtidos pelos grandes estudos<sup>11</sup>.</p>
    <p>Trabalhos t&#234;m demonstrado melhores resultados cl&#237;nicos em popula&#231;&#245;es com maior ades&#227;o ao tratamento. Flesch e cols.<sup>12</sup> demonstraram que 63% de pacientes alem&#227;es portadores de IC fazem uso cont&#237;nuo de IECA ou bloqueadores do receptor de angiotensina (BRA) e betabloqueadores. Esses pacientes apresentaram redu&#231;&#227;o de 40% sobre interna&#231;&#227;o hospitalar por IC descompensada.</p>
    <p>Recentemente, as cl&#237;nicas de IC, estruturas multidisciplinares com profissionais especializados na doen&#231;a, t&#234;m conseguido melhorar a ades&#227;o dos pacientes n&#227;o apenas &#224; terap&#234;utica medicamentosa, mas &#224; restri&#231;&#227;o hidrossalina e outras medidas n&#227;o-farmacol&#243;gicas. Essas mudan&#231;as de comportamento t&#234;m permitido melhoras nos &#237;ndices de sobrevida e qualidade de vida dos pacientes<sup>13</sup>.</p>
    <p>Este estudo foi realizado com o objetivo de conhecer melhor a forma que a IC &#233; tratada em um ambulat&#243;rio especializado de um hospital quatern&#225;rio. Associado a isso, dados cl&#237;nicos dos pacientes, comorbidades e dados relacionados &#224; doen&#231;a tamb&#233;m foram analisados.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#233;todos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Todos os pacientes estudados s&#227;o acompanhados no ambulat&#243;rio de Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca e Transplante do Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o (InCor) do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo. O ambulat&#243;rio de IC do InCor acompanha pacientes portadores de disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular em diferentes est&#225;gios de evolu&#231;&#227;o, desde os assintom&#225;ticos at&#233; pacientes em preparo para transplante card&#237;aco. Tamb&#233;m s&#227;o acompanhados pacientes j&#225; transplantados na nossa institui&#231;&#227;o. A equipe m&#233;dica &#233; composta por cinco m&#233;dicos assistentes, m&#233;dicos residentes de cardiologia e estagi&#225;rios em IC. A din&#226;mica da consulta &#233; feita por m&#233;dicos residentes, seguindo-se da discuss&#227;o de cada paciente com o assistente do per&#237;odo. Diariamente s&#227;o atendidos aproximadamente 36 pacientes, agendados previamente.</p>
    <p>A sele&#231;&#227;o dos pacientes foi aleat&#243;ria. Durante seis semanas, os tr&#234;s primeiros pacientes atendidos no ambulat&#243;rio foram alocados para o estudo, e eram conhecidos apenas no momento da consulta. Os dados foram coletados durante o atendimento, a partir do prontu&#225;rio m&#233;dico (exames laboratoriais, eletrocardiograma, ecocardiograma e evolu&#231;&#227;o da doen&#231;a) e do exame cl&#237;nico dos pacientes (situa&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica atual, medica&#231;&#227;o em uso, dados hemodin&#226;micos).</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Resultados</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O trabalho mostrou que o intervalo m&#233;dio entre as consultas foi de 4,3&#177;2,3 meses.</p>
    <p>O grupo estudado consistiu de 36 mulheres e 60 homens. Os pacientes eram oriundos em 10,1% dos casos de cidades fora do Estado de S&#227;o Paulo; 50,8% moravam na capital paulista e 38,9% em cidades do interior.</p>
    <p>Na <xref ref-type="table" rid="tabela1">tabela 1</xref> est&#227;o descritas as principais caracter&#237;sticas do grupo estudado.</p>
    <table-wrap id="tabela1">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-04-0475-00018-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>Os dados hemodin&#226;micos m&#233;dios encontrados foram: press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica de 120,9&#177;20,7 mmHg, press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica de 77,7&#177;14,4 mmHg e freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, em batimentos por minuto, de 71&#177;10,1.</p>
    <p>Contrariando dados da literatura, que mostram a baixa ader&#234;ncia ao tratamento preconizado para IC em suban&#225;lises de alguns estudos, a maior parte dos pacientes estudados estava recebendo medica&#231;&#245;es em doses otimizadas ou pr&#243;ximas da dose ideal, de acordo com as principais diretrizes estabelecidas<sup>14-16</sup> (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tabela2">tab. 2</xref>). Medica&#231;&#245;es inibidoras do SRAA (IECA &#150; enalapril e captopril &#150; e BRA &#150; losartan) estavam prescritas para 94,7% dos pacientes, e todos os demais, em raz&#227;o da insufici&#234;ncia renal, recebiam a combina&#231;&#227;o hidralazina-nitrato. Estavam em uso de IECA/BRA associados a betabloqueador (carvedilol) 84,7% da popula&#231;&#227;o. Especificamente sobre o uso de betabloqueadores, entre os 8,4% dos pacientes que n&#227;o estavam usando a medica&#231;&#227;o, 5,2% haviam interrompido o uso por manifestarem sinais cl&#237;nicos de intoler&#226;ncia ao agente (tonturas e hipotens&#227;o), enquanto os demais apresentavam contra-indica&#231;&#245;es para seu uso (broncoespasmo e doen&#231;a arterial perif&#233;rica grave).</p>
    <table-wrap id="tabela2">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-04-0475-00018-gt02.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>Ainda que com a medica&#231;&#227;o otimizada para IC, 11,4% dos pacientes tamb&#233;m usavam agentes anti-hipertensivos (vasodilatadores arteriais &#150; hidralazina &#150; e antagonistas do canal de c&#225;lcio &#150; anlodipina e diltiazem). Estavam anticoagulados (com varfarina) 18,9% dos pacientes, sendo que 10,4% por fibrila&#231;&#227;o ou <italic>flutter atrial permanentes.</italic></p>
    <p>A <xref ref-type="table" rid="tabela2">tabela 2</xref> traz a rela&#231;&#227;o dose prescrita pela dose alvo das medica&#231;&#245;es utilizadas (de acordo com a indica&#231;&#227;o nas principais diretrizes<sup>14-16</sup>) no momento da consulta. As doses-padr&#227;o adotadas foram: captopril 150 mg/dia, enalapril 40 mg/dia, losartan 100 mg/dia e carvedilol 50 mg/dia. Todas as medica&#231;&#245;es citadas s&#227;o padronizadas na institui&#231;&#227;o. Tamb&#233;m foram analisados outros dados bioqu&#237;micos, descritos na <xref ref-type="table" rid="tabela3">tabela 3</xref>.</p>
    <table-wrap id="tabela3">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-04-0475-00018-gt03.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Alguns dados da popula&#231;&#227;o, descritos na <xref ref-type="table" rid="tabela1">tabela 1</xref>, chamam a aten&#231;&#227;o para a gravidade dos pacientes estudados. A importante dilata&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda e a severidade da sua disfun&#231;&#227;o s&#227;o consideradas classicamente como preditoras de mau progn&#243;stico. Considerando esses marcadores, n&#227;o foi surpresa encontrarmos a maior parte dos pacientes em classe funcional III (NYHA) e em est&#225;gio C de evolu&#231;&#227;o (ACC/AHA). A relativa estabilidade hemodin&#226;mica que esses pacientes apresentavam, apesar de toda a gravidade, &#233; merecedora de destaque e, nesta an&#225;lise, &#233; v&#225;lida uma &#234;nfase especial para o papel da terap&#234;utica adequada como suporte para que esse fato ocorresse.</p>
    <p>O &#237;ndice de prescri&#231;&#227;o dos medicamentos indicados pelos consensos e diretrizes internacionais foi bastante relevante, especialmente os IECA/BRA e betabloqueadores, os principais agentes redutores de mortalidade. Absolutamente todos os pacientes analisados faziam uso de IECA ou BRA (este segundo nas situa&#231;&#245;es em que o paciente desenvolvia tosse decorrente do uso de IECA) ou estavam recebendo a combina&#231;&#227;o hidralazina com nitrato, especificamente pacientes portadores de insufici&#234;ncia renal cr&#244;nica com n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de creatinina acima de 2,5 mg/dl. O uso da combina&#231;&#227;o entre um IECA e um BRA, ainda motivo de controv&#233;rsia na literatura<sup>17,18</sup>, n&#227;o foi encontrado em nenhum paciente estudado.</p>
    <p>Observamos tamb&#233;m que os diur&#233;ticos, especialmente os de al&#231;a (furosemida), continuam sendo bastante utilizados, assim como os digit&#225;licos (especificamente a digoxina), agentes aparentemente em descr&#233;dito ap&#243;s n&#227;o demonstrarem melhora na sobrevida, mas que ainda encontram espa&#231;o na prescri&#231;&#227;o de pacientes em classes funcionais mais avan&#231;adas<sup>19</sup>. A terceira classe de medica&#231;&#245;es com influ&#234;ncia na sobrevida s&#227;o os antagonistas de aldosterona, especificamente a espironolactona<sup>20</sup>. Embora na popula&#231;&#227;o estudada apenas 53,1% fizessem uso do agente, 66,6% dos pacientes com indica&#231;&#227;o de utiliz&#225;-lo (CF III e IV) o estavam recebendo.</p>
    <p>Revisando a evolu&#231;&#227;o dos pacientes mediante as descri&#231;&#245;es das consultas nos prontu&#225;rios, percebemos a preocupa&#231;&#227;o em se prescrever doses progressivamente maiores das medica&#231;&#245;es, fato que, comprovadamente, melhora os resultados cl&#237;nicos<sup>21</sup>. As doses m&#233;dias utilizadas de IECA, BRA e betabloqueador foram, no momento do estudo, respectivamente, 69,1%, 61,6% e 68,4% do preconizado. Esses n&#250;meros demonstram a necessidade e a possibilidade que ainda havia, no momento da consulta, de se otimizar o tratamento institu&#237;do. Essa &#233; uma preocupa&#231;&#227;o que deve existir sempre que a condi&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica e hemodin&#226;mica do paciente for favor&#225;vel a essa otimiza&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <p>O uso das medica&#231;&#245;es prescritas em muito se deve &#224; possibilidade de os pacientes receberem gratuitamente os medicamentos ap&#243;s cada consulta, e mensalmente, at&#233; seu retorno ao ambulat&#243;rio. Esse fornecimento &#233; provido pela Secretaria de Sa&#250;de do Estado de S&#227;o Paulo. Tamb&#233;m &#233; relevante o fato de nosso ambulat&#243;rio fazer parte de uma cl&#237;nica de IC. Essa inclui a participa&#231;&#227;o de uma equipe multidisciplinar, formada por enfermeira, assistente social, psic&#243;loga, fisioterapeuta, nutricionista, educador f&#237;sico e odont&#243;logo que acompanham os pacientes periodicamente e promovem trabalhos de conscientiza&#231;&#227;o sobre a doen&#231;a. Os resultados s&#227;o aumento da ades&#227;o terap&#234;utica e redu&#231;&#227;o da taxa de interna&#231;&#227;o hospitalar<sup>13</sup>.</p>
    <p>O porcentual de pacientes com comorbidades intimamente relacionadas com doen&#231;as cardiovasculares (diabete melito, dislipidemia e insufici&#234;ncia renal cr&#244;nica) foi outro dado significativo. O avan&#231;o no tratamento dessas doen&#231;as vem permitindo maior sobrevida aos pacientes, tornando-os mais complexos e instituindo a polifarm&#225;cia entre eles.</p>
    <p>Os resultados de exames laboratoriais mais destacados foram justamente a glicemia de jejum, acima do limite preconizado, e o &#225;cido &#250;rico s&#233;rico, tamb&#233;m elevado. O uso de diur&#233;ticos pode ser considerado um dos respons&#225;veis por esses achados.</p>
    <p><italic>Limita&#231;&#245;es do estudo -</italic> Como este foi um estudo de an&#225;lise transversal, n&#227;o temos condi&#231;&#245;es de analisar desfechos cl&#237;nicos relacionados com o tratamento dos pacientes. Sendo assim, essa popula&#231;&#227;o continuar&#225; sendo acompanhada a fim de se estudar sua evolu&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Conclus&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Ap&#243;s tantos progressos alcan&#231;ados nos &#250;ltimos anos, a IC vem se caracterizando como uma doen&#231;a que exige do m&#233;dico conhecimento e esmero na otimiza&#231;&#227;o do tratamento e na condu&#231;&#227;o do paciente. O surgimento de unidades cl&#237;nicas, com equipes multidisciplinares especializadas no tratamento dessa doen&#231;a, vem proporcionando diferenciados &#237;ndices de ades&#227;o e resultados cl&#237;nicos relevantes.</p>
    <p>Ao objetivar analisar o modo como os pacientes de um ambulat&#243;rio especializado em IC est&#227;o sendo tratados, este trabalho conseguiu demonstrar que esses pacientes t&#234;m prescri&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dica bem mais pr&#243;xima do preconizado pelas diretrizes, com dosagem m&#233;dia das medica&#231;&#245;es tamb&#233;m semelhantes &#224;s dos grandes estudos. Esses dados refor&#231;am a necessidade de expans&#227;o do n&#250;mero de unidades especializadas em IC, tais como as cl&#237;nicas, tanto no modelo que o InCor adotou como contando pelo menos com o apoio de enfermeiras, estrat&#233;gia essa que j&#225; conseguiu demonstrar resultados tamb&#233;m bastante satisfat&#243;rios, como redu&#231;&#227;o de interna&#231;&#245;es n&#227;o-programadas, aumento de tempo livre de eventos e redu&#231;&#245;es de custos hospitalares<sup>22</sup>.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesses</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflitos de interesses pertinentes.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="back" fn-type="corresp">
        <label>
          <bold>Correspond&#234;ncia:</bold>
        </label>
        <p> Christiano Pereira Silva </p>
        <p> Rua Jos&#233; Ramon Urtiza, 181/193A - Morumbi </p>
        <p> 05717-270 &#150; S&#227;o Paulo, SP </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="chrispsilva@cardiol.br">chrispsilva@cardiol.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Artigo recebido em 27/06/06; revisado recebido em 18/12/06; aceito em 20/12/06.</p>
  </body>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Heart failure treatment profile at the beta blockers era</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>OBJECTIVES: The inhibition of the rennin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) and sympathetic autonomous nervous system has increased the perspective of survival in these patients, as well as allowing the improvement of the quality of life. The aim of this study was to evaluate the reality of the treatment employed and its impact on the disease in patients followed at a specialized heart failure (HF) outpatient clinic. METHODS: A sample of 96 patients followed at the HF and Transplant Outpatient Clinic of Heart Institute of the University of S&#227;o Paulo School of Medicine (InCor -HCFMUSP) were evaluated. The data were collected during the ambulatory consultation from the medical files and through physical examination. Patients were randomly selected for the study. RESULTS: Most of the patients were Functional Class II (42.3%) and evolution stage C (94.9%). The medical prescription given to the patients was quite similar to the one recommended by the directives. Approximately 95% of them received RAAS inhibitors (ACE inhibitor - enalapril and captopril - or angiotensin receptor antagonist - losartan), whereas 85% of the patients additionally received beta blockers (carvedilol). The mean dose prescribed was also similar to the one used in large studies and reached more than 60% of the maximum dose for each medication. The hemodynamic data show that patients were stable, despite the intensity of the dysfunction and ventricular remodeling observed in these patients. CONCLUSION: Patients with HF followed by a specialized medical team receive a medical prescription that is closer to the recommended one. These patients, despite the marked characteristics of disease severity, achieve hemodynamic and clinical stability with an adequate therapeutic optimization.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Cardiac output</kwd>
        <kwd>low heart failure</kwd>
        <kwd>outpatient clinic hospital</kwd>
        <kwd>renin- angiotensin system</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>ORIGINAL ARTICLE</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Heart failure treatment profile at the beta blockers era</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Christiano Pereira Silva; Fernando Bacal; Philippe Vieira Pires; Sandrigo Mangini; Victor Sarli Issa; Silvia Ferreira Ayub Moreira; Paulo Roberto Chizzola; Germano Em&#237;lio Concei&#231;&#227;o Souza; Guilherme Veiga Guimar&#227;es; Edimar Alcides Bocchi</bold>
      </p>
      <p> Unidade de Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca e Transplante, Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o (InCor) &#150; Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo (HC-FMUSP) &#150; S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</p>
      <p>
        <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="back-body2">Mailing address</xref>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>SUMMARY</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVES:</bold> The inhibition of the rennin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) and sympathetic autonomous nervous system has increased the perspective of survival in these patients, as well as allowing the improvement of the quality of life. The aim of this study was to evaluate the reality of the treatment employed and its impact on the disease in patients followed at a specialized heart failure (HF) outpatient clinic. </p>
      <p><bold>METHODS:</bold> A sample of 96 patients followed at the HF and Transplant Outpatient Clinic of Heart Institute of the University of S&#227;o Paulo School of Medicine (InCor -HCFMUSP) were evaluated. The data were collected during the ambulatory consultation from the medical files and through physical examination. Patients were randomly selected for the study.</p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS:</bold> Most of the patients were Functional Class II (42.3%) and evolution stage C (94.9%). The medical prescription given to the patients was quite similar to the one recommended by the directives. Approximately 95% of them received RAAS inhibitors (ACE inhibitor &#150; enalapril and captopril &#150; or angiotensin receptor antagonist &#150; losartan), whereas 85% of the patients additionally received beta blockers (carvedilol). The mean dose prescribed was also similar to the one used in large studies and reached more than 60% of the maximum dose for each medication. The hemodynamic data show that patients were stable, despite the intensity of the dysfunction and ventricular remodeling observed in these patients.</p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSION:</bold> Patients with HF followed by a specialized medical team receive a medical prescription that is closer to the recommended one. These patients, despite the marked characteristics of disease severity, achieve hemodynamic and clinical stability with an adequate therapeutic optimization.</p>
      <p><bold>Key words:</bold> Cardiac output, low heart failure, outpatient clinic hospital, renin-angiotensin system.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Introduction</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Heart failure (HF) currently represents one of the most prevalent diseases of the cardiovascular system, resulting in elevated social and economic costs. In the United States there are currently 5 million people with the disease, with 550,000 new cases diagnosed every year<sup>1</sup>. In Brazil, decompensated HF is responsible for 3.18% of hospital admissions and 6.97% of deaths of these patients. It also corresponds to 19.6% of hospital admissions due to cardiovascular causes, which comprehends 11.7% of all hospital admissions in the country<sup>2</sup>.</p>
      <p>In the last two decades there has been remarkable progress in the treatment of HF. The introduction of beta blockers and the rennin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) has caused a noticeable change in the patients' clinical behavior, as well as brought a perspective of more promising survival rates. Large studies have shown important reductions in mortality<sup>3-7</sup>, as never before seen in the treatment of HF.</p>
      <p>However, the possibilities of therapeutic and clinical optimization have had to face patients' low adherence and the physicians' reluctance in prescribing certain medications<sup>8</sup>. Several small studies showed the low incidence of prescription of medications recommended by international directives; in Holland, for instance, the prescription of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor (ACEI) reaches 60%, whereas beta blockers are prescribed to up to 37% of the patients<sup>9</sup>. It is estimated that 57% of the hospital admissions due to HF could be prevented with better therapeutic adherence<sup>10</sup>.</p>
      <p>Coupled with undertreatment, the underdose does not allow reaching the results obtained in the large studies<sup>11</sup>.</p>
      <p>Other studies have demonstrated better clinical results in populations with better treatment adherence. Flesh et al<sup>12</sup> have demonstrated that 63% of the German patients with HF continuously use ACEI, angiotensin receptor blocker (ARB) and beta blockers. These patients presented a decrease of 40% of hospital admissions due to decompensated HF.</p>
      <p>Recently the HF clinics, which are multidisciplinary units with professionals that are specialized in the disease, have been able to improve patients' adherence not only to the drug therapy but also to the restriction of salt intake and other non-pharmacological measures. These life style changes have allowed improvement in patients' survival rates and quality of life<sup>13</sup>.</p>
      <p>The present study aimed at improving the knowledge on how HF is treated in a specialized outpatient clinic in a quaternary hospital. Additionally, the patients' clinical data, comorbidities and data related to the disease were also assessed.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Methods</bold>
      </p>
      <p>All of the patients enrolled in the study are currently being followed at the Heart Failure and Transplant Outpatient Clinic of Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o of Hospital das Clinicas of the University of S&#227;o Paulo School of Medicine (InCor- HCFMUSP). The HF outpatient clinic of InCor follows patients with ventricular dysfunction at different stages of evolution, from asymptomatic ones to those being prepared for heart transplant. Patients who have undergone heart transplant at our institution are also followed there. The medical team consists of 5 assistant physicians, residents in cardiology and physicians specializing in HF. The consultation dynamics is carried out by the resident physicians, followed by the discussion of each patient's case with the assistant of the shift. Approximately 36 previously scheduled consultations take place daily.</p>
      <p>Patients were randomly selected for the present study. During a period of 6 weeks, the first 3 patients seen at the outpatient clinic were selected for the study, which was known only at the moment of the consultation. The data were collected during the consultation from the medical files (laboratory results, electrocardiogram, echocardiogram and disease evolution) and from the patients' clinical examination (current clinical situation, currently used medications, hemodynamic data)</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Results</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The study showed that the mean interval between consultations was 4.3 &#177; 2.3 months. The studied group consisted of 36 women and 60 men. The patients were originally from the capital of the state of S&#227;o Paulo (50.8%), the countryside of the state of S&#227;o Paulo (38.9%) and from cities outside the state of S&#227;o Paulo (10.1%). <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab1-body2">Table 1</xref> shows the main characteristics of the studied group.</p>
      <table-wrap id="tab1-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-04-0475-00018-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>The mean hemodynamic data were: arterial systolic pressure: 120.9 &#177; 20.7 mmHg, arterial diastolic pressure: 77.7 &#177; 14.4 mmHg and heart rate: 71 &#177; 10.1 bpm.</p>
      <p>Dissimilarly from literature data, which show low adherence to the recommended treatment for HF at the subanalysis of some studies, most of the studied patients was receiving optimized doses of medication or doses that were close to the ideal dose, according to the main established directives<sup>14-16</sup> (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab2-body2">Table 2</xref>). RAAS inhibitors (ACEI &#150; enalapril and captopril &#150; and ARB &#150; losartan) were prescribed to 94.7% of the patients, whereas the remainder received the combination hydralazine-nitrate combination due to renal failure. A total of 84.7% of the population received ACEI/ARB associated to a beta blocker (carvedilol). Regarding the use of beta blockers, among the 8.4% of the patients who were not using them, 5.2% had withdrawn the use due to clinical signs of intolerance to the drug (dizziness and hypotension), whereas the remainder presented contraindications to its use (bronchospasm and severe peripheral artery disease).</p>
      <table-wrap id="tab2-body2">
        <label>Table 2</label>
        <p content-type="label"><xref/><sup>14-16</sup>) at the moment of the consultation. The standard doses adopted were: captopril 150 mg/day, enalapril 40 mg/day, losartan 100 mg/day and carvedilol 50 mg/day. All of the reported medications are standardized in the institution.</p>
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-04-0475-00018-gt02-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>Even though they were receiving optimized medication for HF, 11.4% of the patients also received anti-hypertensive drugs (arterial vasodilators &#150; hydralazine &#150; and calcium channel antagonists &#150; amlodipine and diltiazem). A total of 18.9% of the patients also received anticoagulants (warfarin), with 10.4% of them due to permanent fibrillation or atrial flutter.</p>
      <p>Other biochemical data were also assessed, as shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab3-body2">Table 3</xref>.</p>
      <table-wrap id="tab3-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-04-0475-00018-gt03-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Some of the population data disclosed in <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab1-body2">Table 1</xref> show the severity of the disease in the studied patients. The significant left ventricular dilation and the severity of its dysfunction are classically considered as predictors of a bad prognosis. Considering these markers, it was not surprising that most of the patients were considered Functional Class III (NYHA) and evolution stage C (ACC/AHA). The relative hemodynamic stability presented by these patients, despite the severity of the disease, is noteworthy and in this analysis, it is important to emphasize the role of adequate therapeutics for such stability to take place.</p>
      <p>The prescription rate of medications indicated by the international consensuses and directives was quite relevant, especially ACEI/ARB and beta blockers, the main mortality-reducing agents. All of the patients studied used ACEI or ARB (the latter in situations when the patient presented persistent cough due to ACEI use) or were receiving a hydralazine and nitrate combination, specifically patients with chronic renal failure with serum creatinine levels &gt; 2.5 mg/dl. The use of ACEI and ARB combination, still a controversial issue in literature<sup>17,18</sup>, was not prescribed to any of the studied patients.</p>
      <p>We also observed that diuretics, especially the loop ones (furosemide), are still quite often prescribe; these are drugs have apparently fallen out of favor after they failed to demonstrate improvement in survival, but they are still prescribed to patients who present more advanced functional classes (NYHA FC III or IV)<sup>19</sup>. The third class of medications that influence survival are the aldosterone antagonists, specifically spironolactone<sup>20</sup>. Although only 53.1% of the studied population used the drug, 66.6% of the patients with an indication for its use (FC II or IV) were receiving it.</p>
      <p>During the review of patients' evolution through the reading of the consultation description at the medical files, it was observed that there was a concern regarding the prescription of progressively higher doses of medications, which undoubtedly improved the clinical results<sup>21</sup>. The mean doses of ACEI, ARB and beta blockers prescribed were, at the moment of the consultation, respectively: 69.1%, 61.6% and 68.4% of the recommended dose. These figures show the need and the possibility of optimizing the treatment at the moment of the consultation. This is a concern to be kept in mind when the patient's clinical and hemodynamic conditions are favorable to such optimization.</p>
      <p>The use of the prescribed medications is greatly due to the possibility that the patients would receive the medications for free after each consultation, and monthly, until the patient returns to the outpatient clinic. These medications are supplied by the Secretary of Health of the State of S&#227;o Paulo. Also relevant is the fact that our outpatient clinic is part of a Heart Failure Clinic. This includes the participation of a multidisciplinary team, which consists of a nurse, social worker, psychologist, physical therapist, nutritionist, physical educator and dentist, who follow the patients periodically and promote disease awareness. The results are an increase in therapeutic adherence and reduction of the hospital admission rates<sup>13</sup>.</p>
      <p>The percentage of patients with comorbidities that are closely related to cardiovascular diseases (diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia and chronic renal failure) was another significant factor. The advance in the treatment of these diseases has allowed the patients' longer survival, making them more complex and instituting the polypharmacy among them.</p>
      <p>The most important laboratory results were exactly the fasting glycemia that was above the recommended range and serum uric acid, which was also elevated. The use of diuretics can be considered one of the factors responsible for these findings.</p>
      <p><italic>Study limitations -</italic> Considering that the present study was a transversal analysis, it was not possible to analyze clinical outcomes related to the patients' treatment. Thus, this population will continue to be followed in order to allow the study of its clinical evolution.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Conclusion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>After all the advancements reached in the last years, HF has shown to be a disease that requires knowledge and meticulous treatment optimization and patient management from the physician. The appearance of clinical units, with multidisciplinary teams specialized in the treatment of this disease has resulted in differentiated adherence rates and relevant clinical outcomes.</p>
      <p>When aiming at studying how the patients from an outpatient clinic specialized in HF are being treated, the present study was able to demonstrate that such patients receive a medical prescription that is quite close to that recommended by the directives, with mean doses of medications that are also similar to that used in large studies.</p>
      <p>These data reinforce the need of increasing the number of units specialized in HF, such as ours, either using the model adopted by InCor or having at least support from the nursing staff, which has also shown satisfactory results such as the decrease in the number of non-programmed hospital admissions, increased event-free time and reduced hospital costs<sup>22</sup>.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
      </p>
      <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fn id="back-body2" fn-type="corresp">
          <label>
            <bold>Mailing address:</bold>
          </label>
          <p> Christiano Pereira Silva</p>
          <p> Rua Jos&#233; Ramon Urtiza, 181/193A - Morumbi</p>
          <p> 05717-270  &#150; S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</p>
          <p> E-mail: </p>
          <p>
            <email xlink:href="chrispsilva@cardiol.br">chrispsilva@cardiol.br</email>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p>Manuscript received June 27, 2006; revised manuscript received December 18, 2006; accepted December 20, 2006.</p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
