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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">tVzXScBKJrf8stHHVcpmLYx</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00015</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2007000400015</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(07)08800415</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2007000400015</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Hipertens&#227;o arterial e alguns fatores de risco em uma capital brasileira</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Jardim</surname>
            <given-names>Paulo C&#233;sar B. Veiga</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Gondim</surname>
            <given-names>Maria do Ros&#225;rio Peixoto</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Monego</surname>
            <given-names>Estelamaris Tronco</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Moreira</surname>
            <given-names>Humberto Graner</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Vitorino</surname>
            <given-names>Priscila Valverde de Oliveira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Souza</surname>
            <given-names>Weimar Kunz Sebba Barroso</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Scala</surname>
            <given-names>Luiz C&#233;sar Naz&#225;rio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Goi&#226;nia</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state"/>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Goi&#225;s</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdades de Medicina / Enfermagem / Nutri&#231;&#227;o </institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>04</month>
        <year>2007</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>88</volume>
      <issue>4</issue>
      <fpage>452</fpage>
      <lpage>457</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>05</day>
          <month>10</month>
          <year>2006</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>10</day>
          <month>10</month>
          <year>2005</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>21</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2006</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>OBJETIVO: Estimar a preval&#234;ncia da hipertens&#227;o arterial (HA) e de alguns fatores de risco cardiovasculares na popula&#231;&#227;o adulta de uma capital brasileira. M&#201;TODOS: Estudo descritivo, observacional e transversal, de base populacional, fundamentado em inqu&#233;rito domiciliar de amostra aleat&#243;ria simples (&gt;18a). Question&#225;rios padronizados, colhidas informa&#231;&#245;es sociodemogr&#225;ficas, realizadas medidas de PA (duas tomadas), peso, altura, circunfer&#234;ncia abdominal. Dados armazenados (programa Microsoft Access) e analisados atrav&#233;s do programa Epi Info 6. Foi considerada &#250;ltima medida da PA (crit&#233;rio de HA &#177;140x90 mmHg). RESULTADOS: Avaliamos 1.739 pessoas (87% do previsto). Predom&#237;nio do sexo feminino (65,4%), m&#233;dia de idade de 39,7 anos (&#177;15,6). A preval&#234;ncia de HA foi de 36,4%, sendo maior entre homens (41,8%) que entre mulheres (31,8%). Encontrada correla&#231;&#227;o positiva da HA com IMC, circunfer&#234;ncia da cintura (CC) e faixa et&#225;ria, enquanto o sexo feminino representou fator de prote&#231;&#227;o para o risco de hipertens&#227;o. Preval&#234;ncia de sobrepeso 30,0% e de obesidade 13,6%. Sobrepeso maior entre as mulheres e obesidade entre os homens. Tabagismo teve preval&#234;ncia de 20,1%, mais freq&#252;ente entre homens (27,1%) que entre mulheres (16,4%). Sedentarismo presente em 62,3% da popula&#231;&#227;o, sem diferen&#231;as entre os sexos. H&#225;bito da ingest&#227;o regular de bebidas alco&#243;licas em 44,4% dos indiv&#237;duos, mais freq&#252;ente entre homens. CONCLUS&#195;O: Indicadores de HA e de outros fatores de risco cardiovascular (em particular sobrepeso/obesidade) mostram-se elevados. Esses dados refor&#231;am a necessidade da implementa&#231;&#227;o de medidas objetivas em &#226;mbito nacional, visando combater esses agravos &#224; sa&#250;de, com vistas &#224; redu&#231;&#227;o da morbidade e mortalidade por DCV.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>Epidemiologia da hipertens&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>hipertens&#227;o arterial</kwd>
        <kwd>press&#227;o arterial</kwd>
        <kwd>fatores de risco</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>24</day>
        <month>05</month>
        <year>2007</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>ARTIGO ORIGINAL</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Hipertens&#227;o arterial e alguns fatores de risco em uma capital brasileira</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Paulo C&#233;sar B. Veiga Jardim; Maria do Ros&#225;rio Peixoto Gondim; Estelamaris Tronco Monego; Humberto Graner Moreira; Priscila Valverde de Oliveira Vitorino; Weimar Kunz Sebba Barroso Souza; Luiz C&#233;sar Naz&#225;rio Scala</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Liga de Hipertens&#227;o das Faculdades de Medicina / Enfermagem / Nutri&#231;&#227;o e Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Universidade Federal de Goi&#225;s - Goi&#226;nia, GO</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="back">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVO:</bold> Estimar a preval&#234;ncia da hipertens&#227;o arterial (HA) e de alguns fatores de risco cardiovasculares na popula&#231;&#227;o adulta de uma capital brasileira. </p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS:</bold> Estudo descritivo, observacional e transversal, de base populacional, fundamentado em inqu&#233;rito domiciliar de amostra aleat&#243;ria simples (&gt;18a). Question&#225;rios padronizados, colhidas informa&#231;&#245;es sociodemogr&#225;ficas, realizadas medidas de PA (duas tomadas), peso, altura, circunfer&#234;ncia abdominal. Dados armazenados (programa Microsoft Access) e analisados atrav&#233;s do programa Epi Info 6. Foi considerada &#250;ltima medida da PA (crit&#233;rio de HA &#177;140x90 mmHg). </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS:</bold> Avaliamos 1.739 pessoas (87% do previsto). Predom&#237;nio do sexo feminino (65,4%), m&#233;dia de idade de 39,7 anos (&#177;15,6). A preval&#234;ncia de HA foi de 36,4%, sendo maior entre homens (41,8%) que entre mulheres (31,8%). Encontrada correla&#231;&#227;o positiva da HA com IMC, circunfer&#234;ncia da cintura (CC) e faixa et&#225;ria, enquanto o sexo feminino representou fator de prote&#231;&#227;o para o risco de hipertens&#227;o. Preval&#234;ncia de sobrepeso 30,0% e de obesidade 13,6%. Sobrepeso maior entre as mulheres e obesidade entre os homens. Tabagismo teve preval&#234;ncia de 20,1%, mais freq&#252;ente entre homens (27,1%) que entre mulheres (16,4%). Sedentarismo presente em 62,3% da popula&#231;&#227;o, sem diferen&#231;as entre os sexos. H&#225;bito da ingest&#227;o regular de bebidas alco&#243;licas em 44,4% dos indiv&#237;duos, mais freq&#252;ente entre homens. </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#195;O:</bold> Indicadores de HA e de outros fatores de risco cardiovascular (em particular sobrepeso/obesidade) mostram-se elevados. Esses dados refor&#231;am a necessidade da implementa&#231;&#227;o de medidas objetivas em &#226;mbito nacional, visando combater esses agravos &#224; sa&#250;de, com vistas &#224; redu&#231;&#227;o da morbidade e mortalidade por DCV.</p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave:</bold> Epidemiologia da hipertens&#227;o, hipertens&#227;o arterial, press&#227;o arterial, fatores de risco.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A relev&#226;ncia da hipertens&#227;o arterial (HA) como importante fator de risco cardiovascular (FRCV), sua alta preval&#234;ncia mundial e o aumento da probabilidade de desfechos circulat&#243;rios fatais ou n&#227;o-fatais quando a ela est&#227;o associados outros fatores de risco tornam muito importante o conhecimento de sua ocorr&#234;ncia nacional e regional, assim como a correla&#231;&#227;o com outros poss&#237;veis fatores potencialmente desencadeantes de eventos cardiocirculat&#243;rios<sup>1-6</sup>.</p>
    <p>Os dados epidemiol&#243;gicos brasileiros relativos a risco cardiovascular, apesar de j&#225; se mostrarem consistentes pela exist&#234;ncia de estudos bem delineados e representativos, ainda est&#227;o restritos a algumas regi&#245;es, o que acaba deixando algumas d&#250;vidas se as informa&#231;&#245;es existentes representam o pa&#237;s como um todo<sup>6-12</sup>.</p>
    <p>Outro aspecto que merece considera&#231;&#227;o &#233; a modifica&#231;&#227;o no perfil da popula&#231;&#227;o brasileira com rela&#231;&#227;o aos h&#225;bitos alimentares e de vida, que indica uma exposi&#231;&#227;o cada vez mais intensa a riscos cardiovasculares. A mudan&#231;a nas quantidades de alimentos ingeridos e na pr&#243;pria composi&#231;&#227;o da dieta provocou altera&#231;&#245;es significativas do peso corporal e distribui&#231;&#227;o da gordura, com o aumento progressivo da preval&#234;ncia de sobrepeso ou obesidade da popula&#231;&#227;o. Adicione-se a isso a baixa freq&#252;&#234;ncia &#224; pr&#225;tica de atividade f&#237;sica, que tamb&#233;m contribui no delineamento desse quadro<sup>13-14</sup>.</p>
    <p>No Estado de Goi&#225;s, assim como no restante do pa&#237;s, as doen&#231;as cardiovasculares representam a maior causa de morbidade e mortalidade, sendo fundamental conhecer a magnitude dos FRCV com a finalidade de efetuar um planejamento de sa&#250;de capaz de intervir de forma eficaz nessa realidade<sup>15</sup>.</p>
    <p>O reconhecimento de que a modifica&#231;&#227;o dos h&#225;bitos de vida com a preven&#231;&#227;o do aparecimento dos fatores de risco (FR) e o tratamento adequado de desvios da normalidade quando estabelecidos (HA, obesidade, sedentarismo, dislipidemias, dentre outros) modificam a hist&#243;ria evolutiva desses agravos torna ainda mais estrat&#233;gico o conhecimento de sua preval&#234;ncia<sup>11,16-19</sup>.</p>
    <p>Com o objetivo de determinar a preval&#234;ncia da hipertens&#227;o arterial e de alguns outros fatores de risco cardiovasculares, bem como suas correla&#231;&#245;es em uma regi&#227;o do Brasil desenhou-se um estudo denominado "Projeto Centro-Oeste de Pesquisa", que abrange os Estados de Goi&#225;s e Mato Grosso, e teve o financiamento do Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa (CNPq).</p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#233;todos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Trata-se de estudo com delineamento transversal, de base populacional, por meio de inqu&#233;rito domiciliar, com processo de amostragem aleat&#243;ria por conglomerados.</p>
    <p>Para o desenvolvimento deste estudo, foram utilizados dados do estudo da preval&#234;ncia e do conhecimento da hipertens&#227;o arterial e alguns fatores de risco em uma regi&#227;o do Brasil, projeto aprovado e financiado pelo Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa (CNPq) e realizado pela equipe da Liga de Hipertens&#227;o Arterial da Universidade Federal de Goi&#225;s, em parceria com a Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso.</p>
    <p>O tamanho da amostra para o munic&#237;pio de Goi&#226;nia foi calculado considerando-se uma popula&#231;&#227;o de 1.004.098 habitantes, uma preval&#234;ncia estimada de HA de 20% (brasileiros adultos), intervalo de confian&#231;a de 95% e erro de estima&#231;&#227;o de 10% 7, 20. &#192; amostra obtida (n=1.534) foram acrescidos 30% para cobrir as perdas (n=1.994), e foram investigados 1.739 indiv&#237;duos, representando 87% da amostra prevista.</p>
    <p>Os domic&#237;lios foram selecionados por amostragem probabil&#237;stica, por conglomerados, em duas etapas. A primeira consistiu na identifica&#231;&#227;o, junto ao IBGE, dos setores censit&#225;rios utilizados na Pesquisa Nacional por Amostragem de Domic&#237;lios (PNAD) de 1998 na zona urbana do munic&#237;pio de Goi&#226;nia, tendo sido selecionados 115 desses setores. A partir do c&#225;lculo do tamanho da amostra, foram sorteados, de forma aleat&#243;ria e sistem&#225;tica, os domic&#237;lios de cada setor.</p>
    <p>Nos domic&#237;lios selecionados, foi entrevistado apenas um morador sorteado dentre aqueles maiores de 18 anos, com a finalidade de evitar a interdepend&#234;ncia de informa&#231;&#227;o entre entrevistados. Foram exclu&#237;das do sorteio gestantes e m&#227;es de crian&#231;as menores de seis meses e moradores que estivessem hospitalizados. No caso de recusa ou de o indiv&#237;duo sorteado n&#227;o ter sido encontrado ap&#243;s duas visitas, o domicilio era exclu&#237;do da amostra, sendo substitu&#237;do pela primeira resid&#234;ncia &#224; esquerda.</p>
    <p>Cada entrevista era conduzida por uma dupla de pesquisadores, devidamente treinados para aplica&#231;&#227;o do question&#225;rio e realiza&#231;&#227;o das medidas objetivas, incluindo press&#227;o arterial (PA), peso, altura e circunfer&#234;ncia da cintura. Um manual detalhado de instru&#231;&#245;es orientava o treinamento e a condu&#231;&#227;o das entrevistas. Todos os entrevistadores utilizavam camiseta e crach&#225; de identifica&#231;&#227;o do estudo, assim como carta de apresenta&#231;&#227;o personalizada. As entrevistas foram realizadas no per&#237;odo de junho a dezembro de 2002.</p>
    <p>O question&#225;rio utilizado foi avaliado previamente em um estudo piloto, sendo corrigidas as falhas na compreens&#227;o das perguntas. As informa&#231;&#245;es eram referentes a sexo, idade, dados socioecon&#244;micos (escolaridade, n&#250;mero de moradores na resid&#234;ncia, renda per capita mensal), h&#225;bitos de vida (alimenta&#231;&#227;o, tabagismo, etilismo, pr&#225;tica de atividade f&#237;sica); conhecimento sobre a press&#227;o arterial e tratamento de hipertens&#227;o porventura existente. Foram tamb&#233;m obtidos os valores das medidas objetivas da PA, peso, altura e circunfer&#234;ncia da cintura.</p>
    <p>As vari&#225;veis inclu&#237;das no presente estudo foram:</p>
    <p>&#149; Socioecon&#244;micas e demogr&#225;ficas: sexo; idade (em anos completos, categorizados nas faixas et&#225;rias: 18-29, 30-39, 40-49, 50-59, <underline>&gt;</underline>74); escolaridade (em anos de estudo: 0-3 anos, 4-8 anos e <underline>&gt;</underline>9 anos); renda familiar mensal (at&#233; &#189;, entre &#189; e 1, entre 1 e 3 e &gt; 3 sal&#225;rios m&#237;nimos).</p>
    <p>&#149; H&#225;bitos de vida: tabagismo, consumo de bebida alco&#243;lica e atividade f&#237;sica foram avaliados, tendo como base um grupo de quest&#245;es padronizadas pela Organizaci&#243;n Panamericana de la Salud (1997), no protocolo do estudo CARMEN (Conjunto de A&#231;&#245;es para a Redu&#231;&#227;o Multifatorial de Enfermidades N&#227;o-Transmiss&#237;veis)<sup>21</sup>. Com rela&#231;&#227;o ao tabagismo, os participantes foram categorizados em tr&#234;s grupos: os que nunca fumaram, os ex-fumantes (aqueles que pararam de fumar h&#225; mais de seis meses) e os fumantes (fumam atualmente ou pararam de fumar h&#225; menos de seis meses). O consumo de &#225;lcool foi avaliado a partir de quest&#245;es sobre o consumo de bebidas alco&#243;licas (sim/n&#227;o), o tipo de bebida, a freq&#252;&#234;ncia e a quantidade (doses, garrafas, ta&#231;as ou copos) consumida durante a semana anterior, sendo ent&#227;o determinada a quantidade de gramas de etanol por dia<bold><sup>1,3,22</sup></bold>.</p>
    <p>&#149; Atividade f&#237;sica: a atividade f&#237;sica ocupacional foi avaliada em quatro categorias de intensidade de esfor&#231;o: 1) sedent&#225;rio &#150; fica sentado a maior parte do tempo ou executa apenas atividades do lar de pouco esfor&#231;o f&#237;sico; 2) leve &#150; caminha bastante enquanto trabalha, por&#233;m sem levantar ou carregar objetos pesados; 3) moderado &#150; movimenta-se freq&#252;entemente e carrega algum peso; 4) intenso &#150; exerce trabalho extenuante, que requer carregar objetos pesados. A atividade f&#237;sica nos momentos de lazer foi categorizada em: 1) sedent&#225;rio &#150; nenhuma atividade f&#237;sica, apenas atividades como ler e assistir televis&#227;o; 2) leve &#150; atividades f&#237;sicas ocasionais, tais como caminhar, andar de bicicleta e fazer exerc&#237;cios leves; 3) moderado &#150; atividade f&#237;sica regular (correr, gin&#225;stica, nata&#231;&#227;o, jogos de equipe); 4) intensa &#150; treinar v&#225;rias vezes por semana pesadamente ou participar de competi&#231;&#245;es esportivas regularmente. Neste estudo, as categorias 3 e 4 foram agrupadas em raz&#227;o do pequeno n&#250;mero de indiv&#237;duos na categoria 4.</p>
    <p>&#149; Press&#227;o arterial: por se tratar de pesquisa de campo, com grande n&#250;mero de pesquisadores e, portanto, sujeita a uma grande margem de erro, utilizou-se aparelhos semi-autom&#225;ticos OMRON &#150; HEM 705 CP para a medida da press&#227;o arterial. Cada entrevistado teve sua press&#227;o aferida duas vezes: uma no in&#237;cio da entrevista e outra ao final, com intervalo m&#237;nimo de cinco minutos entre elas. Para fins de an&#225;lise, foi considerada a segunda medida da press&#227;o arterial. Foi definido como hipertenso, segundo crit&#233;rios estabelecidos pelas IV Diretrizes Brasileira de Hipertens&#227;o Arterial, o indiv&#237;duo que apresentou press&#227;o sist&#243;lica <underline>&gt;</underline>140 mmHg (PAS<underline>&gt;</underline>140 mmHg) e/ou press&#227;o diast&#243;lica <underline>&gt;</underline>90 mmHg (PAD<underline>&gt;</underline>90 mmHg), ou indiv&#237;duos sabidamente hipertensos que estivessem em uso regular de medica&#231;&#227;o anti-hipertensiva cujos n&#237;veis press&#243;ricos estivessem elevados ou n&#227;o no momento da entrevista<bold><sup>1,23,24</sup>.</bold></p>
    <p>&#149; Antropometria: todas as medidas antropom&#233;tricas foram realizadas de forma padronizada. Para o peso, utilizou-se balan&#231;a eletr&#244;nica marca Plenna, modelo Giant Lithium, com capacidade para 150 kg e precis&#227;o de 100 g. Os indiv&#237;duos foram pesados descal&#231;os e com roupas leves. Para medir a altura, utilizou-se estadi&#244;metro port&#225;til marca Seca, com precis&#227;o de 0,1 cm. A medida da circunfer&#234;ncia da cintura (CC) foi realizada com fita m&#233;trica inextens&#237;vel no ponto m&#233;dio entre a crista il&#237;aca anterior superior e a &#250;ltima costela. Uma CC&lt;80 cm, 80 cm a 88 cm e <underline>&gt;</underline>88 cm para as mulheres e &lt;94 cm, 94 cm a 102 cm e <underline>&gt;</underline>102 para os homens foi classificada em adequada, aumentada e muito aumentada, respectivamente<sup>1</sup>. O &#237;ndice de massa corp&#243;rea (IMC) foi obtido dividindo-se o peso em quilogramas pelo quadrado da altura em metros. Os valores de IMC foram classificados em: IMC&lt;18,5 kg/m&#178; (baixo peso); IMC de 18,5-24,9 kg/m&#178; (normal); IMC de 25-29,9 (sobrepeso) e IMC<underline>&gt;</underline>30 kg/m&#178; (obesidade).</p>
    <p>Os dados das entrevistas foram armazenados no gerenciador de banco de dados Microsoft Access<sup>&#174;</sup> 2000. Todos os question&#225;rios foram revisados e os dados foram duplamente digitados e posteriormente validados.</p>
    <p>Inicialmente, foram feitas estimativas de preval&#234;ncias, calculadas m&#233;dias e as raz&#245;es de <italic>odds ratio</italic> brutas com intervalos de confian&#231;a (IC 95%). Foi testada a associa&#231;&#227;o entre as diversas vari&#225;veis e a presen&#231;a de hipertens&#227;o arterial usando-se o teste x<sup>2</sup> com n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia de 5%. Para estimar o efeito independente das vari&#225;veis de controle sobre o desfecho (hipertens&#227;o arterial) foi utilizada an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica m&#250;ltipla, e foram testadas no modelo as vari&#225;veis que apresentaram p &lt;0,20 na an&#225;lise bivariada. Para an&#225;lise utilizou-se o STATA (vers&#227;o 7.0)<sup>17</sup>. As an&#225;lises estat&#237;sticas foram corrigidas pelo delineamento complexo da amostra, por meio da utiliza&#231;&#227;o do conjunto de comandos <italic>svy</italic>, que consideram a estrutura complexa da amostra, incorporando nas an&#225;lises os pesos amostrais associados a cada conglomerado da amostra. Foi utilizado o n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia de 5%.</p>
    <p>O projeto deste estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica em Pesquisa do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Universidade Federal de Goi&#225;s.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Resultados</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Dos 1.739 indiv&#237;duos entrevistados, 64,9% eram do sexo feminino. A m&#233;dia de idade foi de 39,7 anos (DP=15,6 anos), sendo a mediana de 38 anos.</p>
    <p>Foram detectados 551 indiv&#237;duos com press&#227;o arterial maior ou igual a 140 e/ou 90 mmHg (PAs<underline>&gt;</underline>140 mmHg e/ou PAd<underline>&gt;</underline>90 mmHg) e 82 indiv&#237;duos em uso de medicamentos anti-hipertensivos, totalizando 633 pessoas (36,4%) classificadas como hipertensas (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="figura1">fig.1</xref>). A preval&#234;ncia de HA foi de 41,8% (IC95%: 38,0% - 45,7%) nos homens e 31,8% (IC95%: 28,1% - 35,7%) nas mulheres.</p>
    <fig id="figura1">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-04-0452-00015-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>A preval&#234;ncia de HA foi maior entre os homens e aumentou com a idade (p&lt;0,001), sendo de 16,7% na faixa et&#225;ria de 18 a 29 anos, aumentando progressivamente at&#233; 73,9% naqueles acima de 60 anos. A escolaridade apresentou associa&#231;&#227;o inversa com a HA, com preval&#234;ncia de 47,5% entre aqueles com menos anos de estudo, e 28,0% naqueles com mais de nove anos de estudo (p&lt;0,001). A renda <italic>per capita</italic> e a situa&#231;&#227;o conjugal dos entrevistados n&#227;o apresentaram associa&#231;&#227;o com a HA (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">tab.1</xref>).</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="t1">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-04-0452-00015-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p>Quanto ao estilo de vida e vari&#225;veis relacionadas &#224; sa&#250;de, apresentaram maior preval&#234;ncia de HA: os ex-fumantes, os que referiam consumo regular de bebidas alco&#243;licas, os que realizavam atividade f&#237;sica moderada ou intensa no trabalho, os que apresentavam algum grau de excesso de peso e aqueles que tinham a circunfer&#234;ncia da cintura aumentada ou muito aumentada (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">tab.2</xref>).</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="t2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-04-0452-00015-gt02.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p>Na an&#225;lise bivariada, os <italic>odds ratio</italic> brutos mostram que o sexo masculino, a idade, a escolaridade, o abandono do tabagismo, o consumo de bebidas alco&#243;licas, o excesso de peso e a circunfer&#234;ncia da cintura aumentada ou muito aumentada apresentaram associa&#231;&#227;o positiva (p&lt;0,05) com a HA; ao passo que a atividade f&#237;sica moderada ou intensa nos momentos de lazer e a atividade f&#237;sica leve no trabalho apresentaram associa&#231;&#227;o negativa (p&lt;0,05).</p>
    <p>A <xref ref-type="table" rid="tabela3">tabela 3</xref> mostra a an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica m&#250;ltipla que explicita a influ&#234;ncia independente das vari&#225;veis sociodemogr&#225;ficas, estilo de vida e adiposidade sobre a HA. Os <italic>odds ratio</italic> ajustados mostram que a preval&#234;ncia de HA se associa positivamente ao sexo masculino e aumenta de forma progressiva e acentuada com o avan&#231;o da idade. Foram tamb&#233;m mantidas as associa&#231;&#245;es positivas da HA com o excesso de peso (sobrepeso e obesidade) e com a CC aumentada e muito aumentada, e o <italic>odds ratio</italic> para a hipertens&#227;o foi cerca de duas vezes maior com valores elevados de CC, em compara&#231;&#227;o com a categoria de refer&#234;ncia (&lt;80 para as mulheres, e menor que 94 cm para os homens).</p>
    <table-wrap id="tabela3">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-04-0452-00015-gt03.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Este estudo encontrou uma preval&#234;ncia de hipertens&#227;o arterial na cidade de Goi&#226;nia maior que 30%. Vale a pena ressaltar que desde a d&#233;cada de 1990, em diversos estudos regionais usando como ponto de corte os valores de 140/90 mmHg, a preval&#234;ncia da hipertens&#227;o vem se mantendo em torno desse porcentual<sup>9-12</sup>. Esses porcentuais tamb&#233;m t&#234;m sido encontrados em levantamentos realizados nos Estados Unidos<sup>6</sup>.</p>
    <p>As raz&#245;es desse quadro que se delineia a partir dos resultados podem ser encontradas nos pr&#243;prios n&#250;meros evidenciados no estudo. A quest&#227;o que se coloca &#233; como trabalhar com as poss&#237;veis causas associadas e agravantes que podem ajudar a estabelecer uma dire&#231;&#227;o para as pol&#237;ticas p&#250;blicas e de toda a sociedade civil organizada, capaz de promover uma modifica&#231;&#227;o nessa realidade.</p>
    <p>A exemplo de in&#250;meros estudos populacionais<sup>6,9,10</sup>, verificou-se que existe uma associa&#231;&#227;o importante entre a HA e a idade, evidenciando que na sociedade em desenvolvimento ao lado do aumento da longevidade da popula&#231;&#227;o ocorre uma agrega&#231;&#227;o de outros riscos que terminam por comprometer a qualidade de vida dos idosos, al&#233;m de causar s&#233;rios preju&#237;zos ao pa&#237;s e ao sistema de sa&#250;de como um todo<sup>25</sup>.</p>
    <p>A epidemia mundial do excesso de peso (seja sobrepeso ou obesidade) foi tamb&#233;m evidenciada neste estudo<sup>1,3,26,27</sup>. Em Goi&#226;nia, 43,6% de pessoas est&#227;o com excesso de peso, dos quais 13,6% j&#225; obesos. A forte associa&#231;&#227;o entre o excesso de peso e a ocorr&#234;ncia de HA indica a urg&#234;ncia de medidas capazes de atuar sobre os fatores de risco que podem interferir decisivamente sobre a determina&#231;&#227;o da preval&#234;ncia de hipertens&#227;o arterial em um grupo populacional.</p>
    <p>O estudo de Goi&#226;nia encontrou, a exemplo de outros estudos, uma correla&#231;&#227;o positiva entre a circunfer&#234;ncia da cintura e a HA. Esse achado identifica uma medida simples, de baixo custo e f&#225;cil aplicabilidade, como importante marcador para a HA, e indica mais um caminho a seguir, com o incentivo para a ado&#231;&#227;o da medida da CC como rotina em todos os atendimentos &#224; sa&#250;de e a ado&#231;&#227;o de atitudes preventivas precoces nos casos em que valores discrepantes sejam encontrados. Esse poder&#225; ser tamb&#233;m fator primordial para um melhor controle de fatores de risco, inclusive evitando o aparecimento da HA e facilitando o seu controle nas situa&#231;&#245;es em que j&#225; estiver estabelecida<sup>28,29</sup>.</p>
    <p>N&#227;o se detectou uma associa&#231;&#227;o da HA com a classe social, ao contr&#225;rio do relatado em outros estudos<sup>9,30,31</sup>. Com rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; escolaridade tamb&#233;m n&#227;o encontramos associa&#231;&#227;o estatisticamente significante com a hipertens&#227;o na an&#225;lise ajustada.</p>
    <p>Por fim, n&#227;o se encontrou correla&#231;&#227;o entre tabagismo, ingest&#227;o de bebidas alco&#243;licas ou sedentarismo e a ocorr&#234;ncia de hipertens&#227;o arterial. Entretanto, o sedentarismo, apesar de muito observado em todos os investigados, foi mais freq&#252;ente nas classes sociais mais baixas, exatamente naquelas em que o risco da HA foi mais significante, o que acaba podendo ser fator complicador para a preven&#231;&#227;o e o tratamento.</p>
    <p>Na an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica, idade, IMC e CC mantiveram correla&#231;&#227;o positiva com a HA, enquanto o sexo feminino representou fatores de prote&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <p>Vale destacar que, na amostra estudada, o n&#250;mero de mulheres foi maior que o de homens ao acaso e optou-se por n&#227;o utilizar estrat&#233;gias para a corre&#231;&#227;o dessa diferen&#231;a. Os valores obtidos, entretanto, guardaram signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica mesmo ap&#243;s corre&#231;&#227;o para essa diferen&#231;a amostral.</p>
    <p>Essas informa&#231;&#245;es, agrupadas &#224;s demais j&#225; existentes no pa&#237;s, evidenciam dados suficientemente consistentes a respeito da magnitude da hipertens&#227;o arterial e alguns importantes fatores de risco cardiovasculares no Brasil e permitem a realiza&#231;&#227;o de planejamentos objetivos de pol&#237;ticas p&#250;blicas visando a um melhor enfrentamento desses agravos.</p>
    <p>As a&#231;&#245;es devem buscar melhor controle dos hipertensos j&#225; conhecidos, estabelecer metas para ampliar o grau de conhecimento desses fatores pela popula&#231;&#227;o diretamente interessada e, ainda, e principalmente, fornecer &#224; popula&#231;&#227;o em geral mais informa&#231;&#245;es para a preven&#231;&#227;o do aparecimento dos fatores de risco e, com isso, evitar o aparecimento das doen&#231;as cardiovasculares.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesses</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflitos de interesses pertinentes.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="back" fn-type="corresp">
        <label>
          <bold>Correspond&#234;ncia:</bold>
        </label>
        <p> Paulo C&#233;sar B. Veiga Jardim </p>
        <p> Rua 115 &#150; F n.135 &#150; Setor Sul </p>
        <p> 740785-300 - Goi&#226;nia, GO </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="fvjardim@terra.com.br">fvjardim@terra.com.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Artigo recebido em 10/10/05; revisado recebido em 21/08/06; aceito em 05/10/06.</p>
  </body>
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            </name>
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              <surname>Kuulasmaa</surname>
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            </name>
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        <mixed-citation>31. Woo J, Leung    SSF, Ho SC, Sham A, Lam TH, Janus ED. Influence of educational level and marital    status on dietary intake, obesity and other cardiovascular risk factors in a    Hong Kong Chinese population. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition 1999; 53:    461-7.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Influence of educational level and marital status on dietary intake, obesity and other cardiovascular risk factors in a Hong Kong Chinese population</article-title>
          <source>European Journal of Clinical Nutrition</source>
          <date>
            <year>1999</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>461</fpage>
          <lpage>7</lpage>
          <volume>53</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Woo</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Leung</surname>
              <given-names>SSF</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ho</surname>
              <given-names>SC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sham</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lam</surname>
              <given-names>TH</given-names>
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              <given-names>ED</given-names>
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  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">High blood pressure and some risk factors in a brazilian capital</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>OBJECTIVES: Estimate the prevalence of hypertension and some cardiovascular risk factors in the adult population of a major city in Brazil. METHODS: Descriptive, observational, transversal population-based study substantiated by the home survey of a simple random sample (&gt;18 years old). Standardized questionnaires were used to obtain sociodemographic information, measurements of blood pressure (2 measurements), weight, height, and abdominal circumference (AC). Microsoft Access and Epi Info 6 were used for data storage and analysis, respectively. The last blood pressure reading was used (hypertension: BP&gt;140x90mmHg). RESULTS: The study evaluated 1,739 individuals (87% of the estimated sample). There was a predominance of females (65.4%) and mean age was 39.7 years (&#177;15.6); arterial hypertension prevalence was 36.4%, higher for the male population (41.8%) when compared to females (31.8%). Correlation between Hypertension and Body Mass Index was positive, as well as with AC and age. The female gender and higher income were protective factors against hypertension. There was no correlation with schooling. Prevalence of overweight and obesity were 30.0% and 13.6%, respectively; overweight was higher among females and obesity among males. The prevalence of smoking was 20.1%, more frequent among males (27.1%), when compared to females (16.4%). A sedentary lifestyle was observed in 62.3% of the population, with no difference between the genders. Regular alcohol consumption was reported by 44.4% of the individuals, being more frequent in males. CONCLUSION: Hypertension and other cardiovascular risk factors (particularly overweight/obesity) indicators are high, reinforcing the need for objective nationwide measures to fight this disease, in order to reduce CVD morbidity and mortality.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Epidemiology of hypertension</kwd>
        <kwd>high blood pressure</kwd>
        <kwd>blood pressure</kwd>
        <kwd>cardiovascular risk factors</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>ORIGINAL ARTICLE</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>High blood pressure and some risk factors in a Brazilian capital</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Paulo C&#233;sar B. Veiga Jardim; Maria do Ros&#225;rio Peixoto Gondim; Estelamaris Tronco Monego; Humberto Graner Moreira; Priscila Valverde de Oliveira Vitorino; Weimar Kunz Sebba Barroso Souza; Luiz C&#233;sar Naz&#225;rio Scala</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Liga de Hipertens&#227;o das Faculdades de Medicina / Enfermagem / Nutri&#231;&#227;o e Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Universidade Federal de Goi&#225;s - Goi&#226;nia, GO - Brazil</p>
      <p>
        <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="back-body2">Mailing address</xref>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>SUMMARY</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVES:</bold> Estimate the prevalence of hypertension and some cardiovascular risk factors in the adult population of a major city in Brazil. </p>
      <p><bold>METHODS:</bold> Descriptive, observational, transversal population-based study substantiated by the home survey of a simple random sample (&gt;18 years old). Standardized questionnaires were used to obtain sociodemographic information, measurements of blood pressure (2 measurements), weight, height, and abdominal circumference (AC). Microsoft Access and Epi Info 6 were used for data storage and analysis, respectively. The last blood pressure reading was used (hypertension: BP<underline>&gt;</underline>140x90mmHg).</p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS:</bold> The study evaluated 1,739 individuals (87% of the estimated sample). There was a predominance of females (65.4%) and mean age was 39.7 years (&#177;15.6); arterial hypertension prevalence was 36.4%, higher for the male population (41.8%) when compared to females (31.8%). Correlation between Hypertension and Body Mass Index was positive, as well as with AC and age. The female gender and higher income were protective factors against hypertension. There was no correlation with schooling. Prevalence of overweight and obesity were 30.0% and 13.6%, respectively; overweight was higher among females and obesity among males. The prevalence of smoking was 20.1%, more frequent among males (27.1%), when compared to females (16.4%). A sedentary lifestyle was observed in 62.3% of the population, with no difference between the genders. Regular alcohol consumption was reported by 44.4% of the individuals, being more frequent in males.</p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSION:</bold> Hypertension and other cardiovascular risk factors (particularly overweight/obesity) indicators are high, reinforcing the need for objective nationwide measures to fight this disease, in order to reduce CVD morbidity and mortality.</p>
      <p><bold>Key words:</bold> Epidemiology of hypertension, high blood pressure, blood pressure, cardiovascular risk factors.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Introduction</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The significance of Arterial Hypertension (AH) as an important Cardiovascular Risk Factor (CRF), its high world prevalence and the increased probability of fatal or non-fatal circulatory events when other risk factors are associated to it, make the knowledge of its national and regional incidence a very important question, as well as its correlation with other possible elements that can be potential triggering factors of cardio-circulatory events<sup>1-6</sup>.</p>
      <p>The Brazilian epidemiological data on cardiovascular risk, although reliable due to the existence of well-designed and representative studies, are still restricted to some regions, which raises a few doubts whether the existing information represent the country as a whole<sup>6-12.</sup>.</p>
      <p>Another aspect to be considered is the alteration of the Brazilian population profile regarding dietary and life habits, which indicates an increasingly severe exposition to cardiovascular risks. The change in the amount of food ingested and dietary composition has caused significant alterations in body weight and fat distribution, with the progressive increase in overweight or obesity prevalence among the population. This fact is added to the low frequency of physical activity, which also contributes to the building of this picture<sup>13-14</sup>.</p>
      <p>In the state of Goias in midwestern Brazil, as well as in the rest of the country, cardiovascular diseases represent the most important cause of morbimortality, which makes it so important to know the magnitude of CRF with the objective of establishing a healthcare plan, capable of applying an effective intervention in this reality<sup>15</sup>.</p>
      <p>The acknowledgement that changing life styles with the prevention of the onset of risk factors (RF) and adequate treatment of deviations of normality, when these are established (AH, obesity, sedentarism and dyslipidemias, among others), modify the evolution history of these injuries, makes the knowledge of its prevalence even more strategic<sup>11,16-19</sup>.</p>
      <p>With the objective of determining the prevalence of Arterial Hypertension and some other Cardiovascular Risk Factors (CRF), as well as their correlations within a region of Brazil, a study called the Midwestern Research Project was created, encompassing the Brazilian states of Goias and Mato Grosso, with the financial support of Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa - CNPq.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Methods</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The present research project is a transversal, population-based study, carried out through home questionnaires, with a random sampling process with conglomerates. For the development of this study, data from the "Study of Prevalence and Knowledge of Arterial Hypertension and some Risk Factors in a Region of Brazil", a research project approved and supported by Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa (CNPq) and carried out by the team of the Arterial Hypertension League of the Federal University of Goias, in partnership with the Federal University of Mato Grosso, were used.</p>
      <p>The sample size for the city of Goiania, the capital of the state of Goias, was calculated considering a population of 1,004,098 inhabitants, with an estimated prevalence of AH of around 20% (adult Brazilians), 95%CI and estimate error of 10%<sup>7,20</sup>. An extra 30% were added to the sample obtained (n=1,534) to cover losses, resulting in n=1,994. A total of 1,739 individuals were investigated, which represents 87% of the predicted sample.</p>
      <p>The homes were selected by probabilistic sampling, per conglomerates in two phases. The first consisted in the identification, at IBGE (Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics), of the census sectors used in the National Research by Home Sampling (PNAD) of 1998, in the urban region of the city of Goiania; 15 of these sectors were then selected. Based on the calculation of the sample size, the homes in each sector were chosen at random and systematically.</p>
      <p>At the selected homes, only one resident was interviewed, chosen among those older than 18 years of age, in order to avoid information interdependence among the interviewees. Pregnant women and those with children younger than 6 months were excluded, as well as inpatients. In case of refusal to participate, or if the chosen individuals were not found at home after two consecutive visits, the chosen home was excluded and substituted by the first home on the left.</p>
      <p>Each interview was carried out by two researchers, adequately trained for the questionnaire use and for conducting the objective measurements, including blood pressure (BP), weight and abdominal circumference. A detailed instruction manual depicted the training and interview conduction. All interviewers wore the T-shirt and identification badge of the study, and carried a personalized presentation letter. The interviews were carried out from June to December 2002.</p>
      <p>The questionnaire used was previously evaluated in a pilot study, and the flaws regarding question comprehension were corrected. The information included gender, age, socioeconomic data (schooling, number of residents in the house, monthly income per capita), habits of daily living (dietary habits, smoking, alcohol consumption, physical activity); knowledge about arterial pressure and treatment of the existing hypertension, if that was the case. The objective measurements of BP, weight, height and abdominal circumference were also obtained.</p>
      <p>The variables included in the present study were:</p>
      <list list-type="bullet">
        <list-item>
          <p>Socioeconomic and demographic data: Gender; age (in complete years, categorized in the age ranges: 18-29, 30-39, 40-49, 50-59, </p>
          <p><underline>&gt;</underline>74); schooling (in years of schooling: 0-3 yrs, 4-8 yrs and </p>
          <p><underline>&gt;</underline> 9 yrs); monthly family income (up to &#189;, from &#189; to 1, from 1 to 3 and &gt; 3 minimum wages).</p>
        </list-item>
        <list-item>
          <p>Habits of daily living: Smoking, alcohol consumption and physical activity were evaluated based on a group of questions standardized by the "ORGANIZACI&#211;N PANAMERICANA DE LA SALUD" (1997), in the protocol of the CARMEN (Group of Actions for the Multifactorial Reduction of Non-transmissible Diseases) study </p>
          <p><sup>21</sup>. Regarding smoking, the participants were categorized in three groups: those who never smoked, the ex-smokers (those who had stopped smoking for more than 6 months prior to the study) and smokers (those who currently smoke or stopped smoking less than six months prior to the study). Alcohol consumption was assessed based on questions about the consumption of alcoholic beverages (yes/no), the type of beverage, frequency and amount (doses, bottles or glasses) consumed during the previous week, with the consequent determination of the amount of grams of ethanol per day</p>
          <p><sup>1,3,22</sup>.</p>
        </list-item>
        <list-item>
          <p>Physical activity: Occupational physical activity was assessed in four categories of intensity of physical exertion: 1) sedentary &#150; stays sitting most of the time or performs only slight-intensity home activities; 2) mild &#150; walks a lot during work, without lifting or carrying heavy objects; 3) moderate &#150; moves about frequently and carries some weight; 4) intense &#150; performs extenuating work, which requires carrying heavy objects. Physical activity in leisure-time was categorized as: 1) sedentary &#150; no physical activity, only activities such as reading and watching TV; 2) mild &#150; occasional physical activities, such as walking, riding a bicycle and doing slight physical exercises; 3) moderate &#150; regular physical activity (running, working out, swimming, team sports); 4) intense &#150; training heavily several times a week or participating in sports competitions regularly. In the present study, categories 3 and 4 were grouped due to the small number of individuals in category 4.</p>
        </list-item>
        <list-item>
          <p>Arterial pressure: As this was a field research, with a large number of researchers and thus, subject to a large margin of error, an automated device &#150; OMRON &#150; HEM 705 CP &#150; was used to measure BP. Each interviewee had his or her pressure measured twice: once at the beginning of the interview and another at the end, with an interval of at least 5 minutes between the two measurements. For the analysis, the second measurement was taken into account. The classification of individuals considered to be hypertensive followed the criteria established by the IV Brazilian Directives of Arterial Hypertension: systolic pressure </p>
          <p><underline>&gt;</underline> 140 mmHg (PAS</p>
          <p><underline>&gt;</underline>140 mmHg) and/or diastolic pressure </p>
          <p><underline>&gt;</underline> 90 mmHg (PAD</p>
          <p><underline>&gt;</underline>90 mmHg), or individuals who were known to be hypertensive and required regular use of anti-hypertensive drugs, whose pressure levels were elevated or not at the moment of the interview</p>
          <p><sup>1, 23,24</sup>.</p>
        </list-item>
        <list-item>
          <p>Anthropometry: All anthropometric measurements were carried out in standardized form. Weight was measured in a Plenna electronic scale, model Giant Lithium, with capacity for 150 kg and precision of 100 g. The individuals were weighed with no shoes and wearing light clothes. Height was measured in a portable Seca stadiometer, with a precision of 0.1 cm. The abdominal circumference (AC) measurement was carried out with an inextensible measuring tape at midpoint between the upper anterior iliac crest and the last rib. An AC &lt; 80 cm, from 80 to 88 cm and </p>
          <p><underline>&gt;</underline>88cm for women and &lt;94cm, from 94cm to 102cm and </p>
          <p><underline>&gt;</underline> 102 for men was classified as adequate, increased and very increased AC, respectively</p>
          <p><sup>1</sup>. Body mass index (BMI) was obtained by dividing the weight in kilograms by the square height in meters. BMI values were classified as: BMI &lt;18.5kg/m&#178; (low weight); BMI = 18.5-24.9kg/m&#178; (normal); BMI = 25-29.9 (overweight) and BMI </p>
          <p><underline>&gt;</underline>30kg/m&#178; (obesity).</p>
        </list-item>
      </list>
      <p>The data from the interviews were stored in a Microsoft Access&#174; 2000 database. All questionnaires were revised and the data were typed in duplicate and validated later.</p>
      <p>Initially, prevalence estimates were made and means and raw odds ratio with confidence intervals (95% CI) were calculated. The association between the several variables and the presence of arterial hypertension was tested using the x<sup>2</sup> test with a level of significance of 5%. To estimate the independent effect of control variables on outcome (arterial hypertension), a multiple logistic regression analysis was used, and the variables tested in the model were those presenting p &lt; 0.20 at the bivariate analysis. STATA (version 7.0)<sup>17</sup> was used for the analysis. The statistical analyses were corrected by the outline of complex of the sample, through the use of a set of <italic>svy</italic> commands that consider the complex structure of the sample, incorporating at the analyses the sample weights associated to each conglomerate of the sample. The level of significance was set at 5%.</p>
      <p>This study project was approved by the Committee of Ethics in Research of Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas of the Federal University of Goi&#225;s.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Results</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Of the 1,739 interviewed individuals, 64.9% were females. The mean age was 39.7 years (SD=15.6 years), with a median of 38 years.</p>
      <p>A total of 551 individuals presented arterial pressure <underline>&gt;</underline>140 and/or 90mmHg (SAP<underline>&gt;</underline>140mmHg and/or DAP<underline>&gt;</underline>90mmHg) and 82 individuals used anti-hypertensive drugs, totaling 633 individuals (36.4%) being classified as hypertensive (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig1-body2">Figure 1</xref>). The prevalence of AH was 41.8% (95%CI: 38.0% - 45.7%) among males and 31.8% (95%CI: 28.1% - 35.7%) among females.</p>
      <fig id="fig1-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-04-0452-00015-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>The prevalence of AH was higher among males and increased with age (p&lt;0.001), being 16.7% in the age range of 18 to 29 years, progressively increasing to 73.9% in those older than 60 yrs. Schooling showed an inverse association with AH, with a prevalence of 47.5% among those with fewer years of schooling and 28.0% in those with more than 9 years (p&lt;0.001). The <italic>per capita</italic> income and the marital status of the interviewees did not present any association with AH (<xref ref-type="table" rid="en_15t1-body2">Table1</xref>).</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="en_15t1-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-04-0452-00015-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>Regarding the life styles and variables related to health, the individuals who presented the highest prevalence of AH were: ex-smokers, those who referred regular consumption of alcohol, those who performed moderate or intense physical activity at work, those who presented some degree of overweight and those who had increased or very increased abdominal circumference (<xref ref-type="table" rid="en_15t2-body2">Table 2</xref>).</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="en_15t2-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-04-0452-00015-gt02-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>At the bivariate analysis, the raw odds ratio showed that the male sex, age, schooling, to stop smoking, alcohol consumption, overweight and increased or very increased abdominal circumference presented a positive association (p&lt;0.05) with AH, whereas moderate or intense physical activity in leisure-time and mild physical activity at work presented a negative association (p&lt;0.05).</p>
      <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="tab3-body2">Table 3</xref> shows the multiple logistic regression analysis that reveals the independent influence of the sociodemographic variables, life styles and adiposity on AH. The adjusted odds ratio showed that the prevalence of AH is positively associated with the male sex and progressively and markedly increases with aging.</p>
      <table-wrap id="tab3-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-04-0452-00015-gt03-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>The positive associations of AH with excess weight (overweight and obesity) and increased and very increased AC were maintained, with the odds ratio for hypertension being two-fold higher with elevated AC values, in comparison with the category of reference (&lt;80 cm for females and &lt; 94 cm for males).</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This study found a prevalence of arterial hypertension &gt; 30% in the city of Goiania, state of Goias, Brazil. It is noteworthy that since the beginning of the 90's, in several regional studies using a BP value of 140/90 mmHg as cutoff, the prevalence of hypertension has remained around this percentage<sup>9,10,11,12</sup>. These percentage values have also been found in studies carried out in the USA<sup>6</sup>.</p>
      <p>The reasons for this picture, which is delineated from the results observed, can be found in the numbers shown by the study. The question raised is how working with the possible associated causes and aggravating factors that can help establish a direction for public health policies established by the government and those established by the organized civil society, that are capable of altering this scenario.</p>
      <p>Similarly to several population-based studies<sup>6,9,10</sup>, it was observed that there is an important association between AH and age, which shows that in a developing society, together with the increased longevity of the population, there is the addition of other risk factors that end up impairing the quality of life of the elderly, as well as causing severe damage to the country and the public health system as a whole<sup>25</sup>.</p>
      <p>The worldwide epidemics of excess weight (whether overweight or obesity) has also been shown in this study<sup>1,3,26,27</sup>. In Goiania, 43.6% of the people have excess weight, 13.6% of whom are already obese. The strong association between excess weight and the occurrence of AH indicates how urgent the measures capable of acting on risk factors that can definitely interfere on the determination of AH prevalence in a population group are.</p>
      <p>The Goiania study found, similarly to other studies, a positive correlation between AC and AH. This finding identifies a simple, low-cost and easy-to-apply measure as an important marker for AH and indicates one more path to follow, by encouraging the use of AC measurement as a routine healthcare assessment and the adoption of early preventive measures in cases where discrepant values are found. This can also be a major issue for the better control of risk factors, preventing the onset of AH and promoting its control in situations where it is already established<sup>28,29</sup>.</p>
      <p>No association between AH and social class was observed, in opposition to what has been reported in other studies<sup>9,30,31</sup>. Regarding the educational level, there was no statistically significant association between schooling and hypertension at the adjusted analysis.</p>
      <p>Finally, there was no correlation between smoking, alcohol consumption or sedentarism and the occurrence of AH. Nevertheless, sedentarism, although very frequent among the interviewees, was more frequent in the lower socioeconomic classes, exactly those where the risk of AH was more significant, which can be a complicating factor for prevention and treatment.</p>
      <p>At the logistic regression analysis, age, BMI and AC maintained a positive correlation with AH, whereas the female sex represented a protection factor.</p>
      <p>It is noteworthy the fact that, in the sample studied, the number of females was higher than that of males at random, and it was chosen not to use strategies to correct this difference. The values obtained, however, had statistical significance even after correction for this sample difference.</p>
      <p>These data, when added to the others available in the country, show that there are sufficiently consistent data regarding the magnitude of arterial hypertension and some important cardiovascular risk factors in Brazil and allow us to carry out the objective planning of public health policies, aiming at better strategies to fight this health problem.</p>
      <p>The actions must seek the better control of known hypertensive individuals, establishing goals to increase the degree of knowledge of these factors by the population directly involved with them, and mainly, to give the population in general more information regarding the prevention of the onset of risk factors and thus prevent cardiovascular diseases.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
      </p>
      <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fn id="back-body2" fn-type="corresp">
          <label>
            <bold>Mailing address:</bold>
          </label>
          <p> Paulo C&#233;sar B. Veiga Jardim</p>
          <p> Rua 115  &#150; F n.135  &#150; Setor Sul</p>
          <p> 740785-300 - Goi&#226;nia, GO - Brazil</p>
          <p> E-mail: </p>
          <p>
            <email xlink:href="fvjardim@terra.com.br">fvjardim@terra.com.br</email>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p>Manuscript received October 10, 2005; revised manuscript received August 21, 2006; accepted October 5, 2006.</p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
