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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">qgcMdrq8nFQbb6kcLnFbJgc</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00013</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2007000400013</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(07)08800413</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2007000400013</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Um estudo sobre hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica na cidade de Campo Grande, MS</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Souza</surname>
            <given-names>Ana Rita Ara&#250;jo de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Costa</surname>
            <given-names>Anselmo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Nakamura</surname>
            <given-names>Diogo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Mocheti</surname>
            <given-names>Leandro Nascimento</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Stevanato Filho</surname>
            <given-names>Paulo Roberto</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ovando</surname>
            <given-names>Luiz Alberto</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Campo Grande</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state"/>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade para o Desenvolvimento do Estado e da Regi&#227;o do Pantanal</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff03">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="state"/>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff02">
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Beneficente Santa Casa de Campo Grande</institution>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>04</month>
        <year>2007</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>88</volume>
      <issue>4</issue>
      <fpage>441</fpage>
      <lpage>446</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>17</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2006</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>04</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2006</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>30</day>
          <month>04</month>
          <year>2006</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>OBJETIVOS: Detectar a real preval&#234;ncia de hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica em Campo Grande, MS, e fatores freq&#252;entes. M&#201;TODOS: Estudo transversal com amostra randomizada da popula&#231;&#227;o adulta da cidade de Campo Grande, MS, num total de 892 pessoas. Foi aplicado question&#225;rio sobre idade, sexo, escolaridade, tabagismo, etilismo, aspectos sobre o tratamento. Foram colhidos dados antropom&#233;tricos (peso e altura). Segundo a OMS, foi considerado peso normal: IMC&lt;25 kg/m&#178;; sobrepeso: 25&gt;IMC&lt;30; obeso: IMC&gt; 30. Os crit&#233;rios para hipertens&#227;o foram baseados no VII Joint, com valores de corte de Press&#227;o Arterial de 140 x 90 mmHg. RESULTADOS: A preval&#234;ncia de hipertens&#227;o foi de 41,4%, variando conforme idade (at&#233; 29 anos: 11,8%; 30-39: 24,8%; 40-49: 43,3%; 50-59: 42,4%; 60-69: 48,6% e &gt; 70: 62,3%). Houve maior preval&#234;ncia nos homens (51,8%), enquanto nas mulheres foi de 33,1%. As pessoas com forma&#231;&#227;o escolar de 1&#186; grau prim&#225;rio tendem a apresentar maiores &#237;ndices press&#243;ricos. Nos indiv&#237;duos com sobrepeso e obesidade, observou-se maior preval&#234;ncia de press&#227;o elevada: IMC normal (27,9%), sobrepeso (45,6%) e obesidade (58,6%). A partir dos 60 anos existe um maior porcentual de hipertens&#227;o sist&#243;lica isolada, representado por 16,4% (60-69 anos) e de 24,6% (&gt;70 anos). Etilismo di&#225;rio ou semanal tamb&#233;m est&#225; relacionado a maior incid&#234;ncia, respectivamente, de 63,2% e 47,2%. Apenas 59,7% eram sabidamente hipertensos. Das pessoas que apresentaram hipertens&#227;o, 57,3% fazem algum tratamento. Dos que fazem tratamento regularmente, 60,5% apresentaram hipertens&#227;o. CONCLUS&#195;O: A preval&#234;ncia de hipertens&#227;o foi de 41,4%, ultrapassando a m&#233;dia detectada em alguns trabalhos, alertando para piora epidemiol&#243;gica e repercuss&#245;es cardiovasculares, o que evidencia necessidade de maior investimento p&#250;blico no que tange ao esclarecimento e instru&#231;&#227;o desses grupos populacionais quanto &#224; preven&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>Hipertens&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>hipertens&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>fatores de risco</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>24</day>
        <month>05</month>
        <year>2007</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>ARTIGO ORIGINAL</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Um estudo sobre hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica na cidade de Campo Grande, MS</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Ana Rita Ara&#250;jo de Souza; Anselmo Costa; Diogo Nakamura; Leandro Nascimento Mocheti; Paulo Roberto Stevanato Filho; Luiz Alberto Ovando</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Universidade para o Desenvolvimento do Estado e da Regi&#227;o do Pantanal, Hospital Beneficente Santa Casa de Campo Grande, Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia &#150; MS - Campo Grande, MS</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="back">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVOS:</bold> Detectar a real preval&#234;ncia de hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica em Campo Grande, MS, e fatores freq&#252;entes. </p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS:</bold> Estudo transversal com amostra randomizada da popula&#231;&#227;o adulta da cidade de Campo Grande, MS, num total de 892 pessoas. Foi aplicado question&#225;rio sobre idade, sexo, escolaridade, tabagismo, etilismo, aspectos sobre o tratamento. Foram colhidos dados antropom&#233;tricos (peso e altura). Segundo a OMS, foi considerado peso normal: IMC&lt;25 kg/m&#178;; sobrepeso: 25<underline>&gt;</underline>IMC&lt;30; obeso: IMC<underline>&gt;</underline> 30. Os crit&#233;rios para hipertens&#227;o foram baseados no VII Joint, com valores de corte de Press&#227;o Arterial de 140 x 90 mmHg. </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS:</bold> A preval&#234;ncia de hipertens&#227;o foi de 41,4%, variando conforme idade (at&#233; 29 anos: 11,8%; 30-39: 24,8%; 40-49: 43,3%; 50-59: 42,4%; 60-69: 48,6% e <underline>&gt;</underline> 70: 62,3%). Houve maior preval&#234;ncia nos homens (51,8%), enquanto nas mulheres foi de 33,1%. As pessoas com forma&#231;&#227;o escolar de 1&#186; grau prim&#225;rio tendem a apresentar maiores &#237;ndices press&#243;ricos. Nos indiv&#237;duos com sobrepeso e obesidade, observou-se maior preval&#234;ncia de press&#227;o elevada: IMC normal (27,9%), sobrepeso (45,6%) e obesidade (58,6%). A partir dos 60 anos existe um maior porcentual de hipertens&#227;o sist&#243;lica isolada, representado por 16,4% (60-69 anos) e de 24,6% (&gt;70 anos). Etilismo di&#225;rio ou semanal tamb&#233;m est&#225; relacionado a maior incid&#234;ncia, respectivamente, de 63,2% e 47,2%. Apenas 59,7% eram sabidamente hipertensos. Das pessoas que apresentaram hipertens&#227;o, 57,3% fazem algum tratamento. Dos que fazem tratamento regularmente, 60,5% apresentaram hipertens&#227;o. </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#195;O:</bold> A preval&#234;ncia de hipertens&#227;o foi de 41,4%, ultrapassando a m&#233;dia detectada em alguns trabalhos, alertando para piora epidemiol&#243;gica e repercuss&#245;es cardiovasculares, o que evidencia necessidade de maior investimento p&#250;blico no que tange ao esclarecimento e instru&#231;&#227;o desses grupos populacionais quanto &#224; preven&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave:</bold> Hipertens&#227;o/preval&#234;ncia, hipertens&#227;o/epidemiologia, fatores de risco.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A Organiza&#231;&#227;o Mundial de Sa&#250;de refere que a doen&#231;a cardiovascular &#233; a primeira causa de morte relacionada nas sociedades ocidentais, sendo a hipertens&#227;o uma das tr&#234;s principais doen&#231;as respons&#225;veis. O crescimento progressivo na preval&#234;ncia das doen&#231;as cardiovasculares imp&#245;e a necessidade de se desenvolver e implementar estrat&#233;gias populacionais de preven&#231;&#227;o dos m&#250;ltiplos fatores de risco que levam a desfechos prim&#225;rios relacionados<sup>1</sup>.</p>
    <p>No Brasil, a estimativa de preval&#234;ncia da hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica varia de 22,3% a 44%, de acordo com a &#225;rea estudada<sup>2</sup>. H&#225; uma predomin&#226;ncia das maiores taxas principalmente nos trabalhos mais recentes.</p>
    <p>Existem no Brasil trabalhos mostrando a associa&#231;&#227;o de hipertens&#227;o e suas caracter&#237;sticas epidemiol&#243;gicas, tais como idade, sexo, n&#237;vel socioecon&#244;mico, consumo de &#225;lcool e obesidade, sendo esses trabalhos citados na V Diretriz de Hipertens&#227;o Arterial Sist&#234;mica<sup>2</sup>.</p>
    <p>O presente estudo tem por finalidade avaliar a preval&#234;ncia de hipertens&#227;o em associa&#231;&#227;o com os fatores de risco citados, no munic&#237;pio de Campo Grande, MS.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#233;todos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Foi realizado estudo anal&#237;tico transversal na cidade de Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, num total de 892 pessoas analisadas com base em amostra aleat&#243;ria<sup>3</sup>, em uma popula&#231;&#227;o estimada, segundo o IBGE<sup>4</sup>, de 749.768 habitantes, em 2005. A popula&#231;&#227;o foi abordada no per&#237;metro urbano, durante o ano de 2005. Foram inclu&#237;das apenas as pessoas com idade acima de 18 anos, procedentes do munic&#237;pio. Os dados foram coletados em locais p&#250;blicos (hipermercados, terminais de &#244;nibus urbanos, &#225;reas de lazer e &#225;reas de com&#233;rcio).</p>
    <p>A pesquisa foi feita por meio de question&#225;rios padronizados contendo os dados pass&#237;veis de coleta (sexo, idade, ra&#231;a, escolaridade, ocupa&#231;&#227;o, conhecimento pr&#233;vio de hipertens&#227;o, padr&#227;o de atividade f&#237;sica, etilismo, tabagismo, tratamento para hipertens&#227;o, assim como o uso regular de medica&#231;&#245;es ou n&#227;o). Depois de realizada a entrevista (permanecendo o entrevistado por pelo menos 10 minutos), aferiu-se a press&#227;o arterial pelo m&#233;todo indireto, usando-se esfigmoman&#244;metros aner&#243;ides todos da mesma marca, periodicamente testados e devidamente calibrados. A medida da press&#227;o arterial foi realizada na posi&#231;&#227;o sentada, com o bra&#231;o direito apoiado sobre uma mesa, &#224; altura do cora&#231;&#227;o, certificando-se que o paciente n&#227;o estava com a bexiga cheia, que n&#227;o havia praticado exerc&#237;cios f&#237;sicos, n&#227;o ingerido bebidas alco&#243;licas, caf&#233;, alimentos ou fumado at&#233; 30 minutos antes da medida. A art&#233;ria braquial foi localizada pela palpa&#231;&#227;o. O manguito foi colocado firmemente a cerca de 2 cm a 3 cm acima da fossa antecubital, centralizando a bolsa de borracha sobre a art&#233;ria braquial. O crit&#233;rio para a determina&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o sist&#243;lica foi o momento do aparecimento do primeiro som (fase I de Korotkoff), que se intensifica com o aumento da velocidade de desinsufla&#231;&#227;o; j&#225; a determina&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o diast&#243;lica foi o desaparecimento do som (fase V de Korotkoff). Auscultaram-se cerca de 20 mmHg a 30 mmHg abaixo do &#250;ltimo som para confirmar seu desaparecimento e depois procedeu-se &#224; desinsufla&#231;&#227;o r&#225;pida e completa. Quando os batimentos persistiram at&#233; o n&#237;vel zero, determinou-se a press&#227;o diast&#243;lica no abafamento dos sons (fase IV de Korotkoff), evitando-se arredondamentos e valores de press&#227;o. Nova aferi&#231;&#227;o foi realizada ap&#243;s tr&#234;s minutos para obten&#231;&#227;o de uma m&#233;dia dos dois valores<sup>5</sup>.</p>
    <p>Para an&#225;lise dos dados, foram calculados intervalos de confian&#231;a para as preval&#234;ncias a partir da f&#243;rmula: P&#177;1,96"(1-P/N); onde P &#233; a preval&#234;ncia e N &#233; o total de n&#250;meros estudados<sup>6</sup>, com intervalo de confian&#231;a de 95%. Utilizou-se o teste do Qui quadrado para analisar a signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica das amostras comparando as vari&#225;veis qualitativas. Foi tamb&#233;m utilizado o teste para 1 propor&#231;&#227;o, tratando-se de um teste que analisa a diferen&#231;a entre as propor&#231;&#245;es. O n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia adotado foi menor ou igual a 0,05. Ap&#243;s explica&#231;&#227;o aos entrevistados sobre os objetivos e procedimentos realizados, esses concordaram com a participa&#231;&#227;o neste estudo.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Resultados</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Os resultados estat&#237;sticos demonstram que h&#225; diferen&#231;a significativa entre as idades em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; press&#227;o arterial (IC - 95%). As pessoas amostradas a partir da classe de idade 40 a 49 anos, tendem a possuir maior preval&#234;ncia de press&#227;o arterial alta (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tab.1</xref>), observando-se ainda, elevado grau de diferen&#231;a entre as classes de idade (p&lt;0,001).</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="t1">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-04-0441-00013-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p>Dos 892 pacientes estudados, 400 (44,8%) homens e 492 (55,2%) mulheres, estando em sua maior parte entre a faixa de 50-59 anos (22,19%). A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="figura1">figura 1</xref> mostra rela&#231;&#227;o estreita nas pessoas com mais de 70 anos e hipertens&#227;o arterial, apresentando preval&#234;ncia de 62,3% nessa faixa et&#225;ria.</p>
    <fig id="figura1">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-04-0441-00013-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>A distribui&#231;&#227;o por g&#234;nero mostra maior propor&#231;&#227;o (51,8%) dos homens (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="figura2">fig. 2</xref>) apresentando press&#227;o arterial elevada no momento da aferi&#231;&#227;o, sendo menor entre as mulheres (33,1%). A preval&#234;ncia de press&#227;o arterial elevada na popula&#231;&#227;o estudada foi de 41,4% (p&lt;0,001).</p>
    <fig id="figura2">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-04-0441-00013-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>Estatisticamente, as pessoas com forma&#231;&#227;o escolar de 1&#186; grau prim&#225;rio tendem a apresentar maior incid&#234;ncia de press&#227;o arterial elevada (p&lt;0,001) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="figura3">fig. 3</xref>).</p>
    <fig id="figura3">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-04-0441-00013-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>Relacionando a partir da amostra as pessoas que apresentaram IMC &lt;25 kg/m&#178; (normal - 35,31%), 25 <underline>&lt;</underline>IMC&lt;30 (sobrepeso &#150; 48,43%), IMC<underline>&gt;</underline> 30 (obeso - 16,25%), estatisticamente as que apresentaram sobrepeso e obesidade t&#234;m maior preval&#234;ncia de press&#227;o arterial elevada, quando comparadas a pessoas com IMC normal, conforme demonstrado na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="figura4">figura 4</xref> (p &lt;0,001).</p>
    <fig id="figura4">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-04-0441-00013-gf04.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>De todos os hipertensos, 20,3% apresentaram hipertens&#227;o sist&#243;lica isolada (p&lt;0,001). Observou-se a partir do teste Qui quadrado que pessoas maiores de 60 anos estatisticamente apresentavam maior percentual de hipertens&#227;o sist&#243;lica isolada (HSI), com maior repercuss&#227;o na oitava d&#233;cada de vida (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="figura5">fig. 5</xref>).</p>
    <fig id="figura5">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-04-0441-00013-gf05.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>As pessoas amostradas que possu&#237;am h&#225;bito de etilismo di&#225;rio ou semanal estatisticamente tendiam a apresentar maior incid&#234;ncia de press&#227;o elevada (p-valor = 0,001), refletindo diferen&#231;a significativa entre etilismo e a presen&#231;a de press&#227;o arterial elevada (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="figura6">fig.6</xref>).</p>
    <fig id="figura6">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-04-0441-00013-gf06.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>Em nossa popula&#231;&#227;o de hipertensos (n=370), apenas 69,18% (64,2% a 73,9%) tinham conhecimento da doen&#231;a (p&lt;0,001) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="figura7">fig.7</xref>).</p>
    <fig id="figura7">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-04-0441-00013-gf07.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>Das pessoas que apresentaram hipertens&#227;o, 57,3% faziam tratamento (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tabela2">tab.2</xref>) (p&lt;0,006).</p>
    <table-wrap id="tabela2">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-04-0441-00013-gt02.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>J&#225; entre aqueles que sabem que t&#234;m hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica, 78,6% fazem tratamento para hipertens&#227;o (74,4% a 82,4%), e desses, 90,2% fazem tratamento di&#225;rio (86,5% a 93,2%). (p&lt;0,001). Observamos ainda maior preval&#234;ncia de eleva&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o arterial no grupo de indiv&#237;duos que sabem ser hipertensos e fazem tratamento di&#225;rio com anti-hipertensivos, apresentando n&#237;veis compat&#237;veis de hipertens&#227;o leve a moderada em 60,5% (54,8% a 66,1%; p&lt;0,001) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="figura8">fig.8</xref>).</p>
    <fig id="figura8">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-04-0441-00013-gf08.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Segundo a V Diretriz Brasileira de Hipertens&#227;o Arterial<sup>2</sup>, de 2006, utilizando-se o crit&#233;rio atual para diagn&#243;stico de hipertens&#227;o arterial (140x90 mmHg), as taxas de preval&#234;ncia na popula&#231;&#227;o urbana adulta brasileira em estudos selecionados variam de 22,3% a 44% (Araraquara 1990 &#150; 43%; S&#227;o Paulo 1990 &#150; 22%; Piracicaba 1991 &#150; 33%, Porto Alegre 1994 &#150; 26%, Cotia 1997 &#150; 44%, Catanduva 2001 - 32%, Cavange 2003 &#150; 36,5% e Rio Grande do Sul 2004 &#150; 33,7%). No nosso trabalho, verificou-se que h&#225; uma preval&#234;ncia de hipertens&#227;o arterial de 41,4% na popula&#231;&#227;o estudada, sendo de 51,8% nos homens e 33,1% nas mulheres.</p>
    <p>As altera&#231;&#245;es pr&#243;prias do envelhecimento tornam o indiv&#237;duo mais propenso ao desenvolvimento de HAS, sendo essa a principal doen&#231;a cr&#244;nica nessa popula&#231;&#227;o. Estudo epidemiol&#243;gico com idosos residentes na cidade de S&#227;o Paulo encontrou preval&#234;ncia de HAS de 62%<sup>7</sup>. No nosso estudo, esse dado &#233; semelhante com a preval&#234;ncia de 48,6% na faixa et&#225;ria de 60 a 69 anos, e de 62,3% nos maiores de 70 anos, mostrando, nessa faixa et&#225;ria, um maior n&#250;mero de hipertensos.</p>
    <p>Nos resultados encontrados neste estudo, 36,4% dos pacientes hipertensos apresentaram forma&#231;&#227;o escolar de 1&#186; grau. O INCA<sup>8</sup>, num trabalho realizado nas capitais brasileiras com pacientes hipertensos que faziam acompanhamento ambulatorial, tamb&#233;m mostrou resultados semelhantes: a preval&#234;ncia da hipertens&#227;o, por escolaridade, nas 15 capitais e no Distrito Federal variou de 25,1% a 45,8% para os entrevistados com ensino fundamental incompleto, e de 16,5% a 26,6% nos entrevistados com pelo menos o ensino fundamental completo. A an&#225;lise dos resultados do nosso trabalho permite observar que a preval&#234;ncia da hipertens&#227;o foi significativamente menor naqueles com maior escolaridade (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="figura3">fig.3</xref>).</p>
    <p>A menor preval&#234;ncia de hipertens&#227;o, detectada nos entrevistados com escolaridade mais alta, n&#227;o pode, entretanto, ser interpretada como uma associa&#231;&#227;o entre escolaridade e preval&#234;ncia da hipertens&#227;o, j&#225; que essa doen&#231;a ocorre em coortes mais idosas, que t&#234;m menor escolaridade no pa&#237;s.</p>
    <p>Evid&#234;ncias epidemiol&#243;gicas demonstram uma forte associa&#231;&#227;o entre o consumo de &#225;lcool e a preval&#234;ncia de HA, independentemente de sexo, idade, atividade f&#237;sica, IMC, tabagismo e ingesta de s&#243;dio, e dependente da quantidade de &#225;lcool ingerido e do tempo de exposi&#231;&#227;o<sup>9</sup>. Nosso trabalho tamb&#233;m mostrou que h&#225; rela&#231;&#227;o direta entre etilismo e hipertens&#227;o arterial. As pessoas avaliadas que apresentavam h&#225;bito de etilismo di&#225;rio ou semanal estatisticamente tendiam a apresentar maior incid&#234;ncia de press&#227;o arterial elevada. Dentre os indiv&#237;duos entrevistados, 33,2% dos que bebem esporadicamente e 42% dos que n&#227;o fazem uso de bebidas alco&#243;licas apresentam altera&#231;&#227;o na press&#227;o arterial; j&#225; naqueles que fazem uso desse tipo de bebida pelo menos uma vez na semana, a preval&#234;ncia da hipertens&#227;o arterial sobe para 47, 2% e 63,2% nos que fazem uso di&#225;rio de bebidas alco&#243;licas. Alguns estudos registraram uma associa&#231;&#227;o causal de 10% a 30% entre o consumo de bebidas alco&#243;licas e hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica, como o trabalho realizado em 2005 pela Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul<sup>9</sup>. Os estudos epidemiol&#243;gicos s&#227;o consistentes quanto &#224; eleva&#231;&#227;o das press&#245;es arteriais sist&#243;lica (PAS) e diast&#243;lica (PAD) quando os indiv&#237;duos ingerem tr&#234;s ou mais drinques (30 g de &#225;lcool) por dia, sendo a eleva&#231;&#227;o maior para a press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica<sup>9</sup>.</p>
    <p>A popula&#231;&#227;o est&#225; envelhecendo e cada vez mais observamos indiv&#237;duos chegando &#224; oitava d&#233;cada de vida. Sabe-se que a hipertens&#227;o sist&#243;lica isolada &#233; mais comum com o envelhecimento, em conseq&#252;&#234;ncias das mudan&#231;as estruturais das art&#233;rias, mormente as de grosso calibre<sup>10</sup>. Essa tend&#234;ncia tamb&#233;m &#233; observada em estudos transversais, em quase todas as popula&#231;&#245;es, as quais mostram que o n&#237;vel m&#233;dio da press&#227;o sist&#243;lica aumenta de maneira linear a partir dos 50 anos, enquanto a press&#227;o diast&#243;lica tende a cair a partir dos 55 anos<sup>10</sup>. O aumento da press&#227;o arterial e da preval&#234;ncia da hipertens&#227;o sist&#243;lica isolada no idoso n&#227;o &#233; uma situa&#231;&#227;o benigna, como se afirmava no passado, considerando-se agora como processo anormal do envelhecimento<sup>10</sup>. O estudo de Framingham<sup>11</sup> demonstra que a press&#227;o sist&#243;lica aumenta continuamente com a idade em todos os grupos, ao passo que a press&#227;o diast&#243;lica aumenta at&#233; os 60 anos, diminuindo a seguir. Dados de 30 anos de seguimento do estudo Framingham mostraram claramente o aumento de risco de eventos cardiovasculares com a eleva&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o sist&#243;lica particularmente no idoso<sup>11</sup>. Em nosso trabalho, os dados confirmaram que a partir de 60 anos as pessoas apresentaram maior preval&#234;ncia de hipertens&#227;o sist&#243;lica isolada, com preval&#234;ncia de 16,4% em indiv&#237;duos de 60 a 69 anos e de 24,6% em indiv&#237;duos com idade acima de 70 anos, contrastando com baixos &#237;ndices encontrados nos demais grupos.</p>
    <p>A preval&#234;ncia da obesidade tem aumentado de forma alarmante, com caracter&#237;sticas de uma verdadeira epidemia, sendo considerada hoje, pela Organiza&#231;&#227;o Mundial de Sa&#250;de, entre os 10 fatores de risco mais importantes relacionados &#224; morbidade, incapacita&#231;&#227;o e mortalidade<sup>12</sup>. A obesidade &#233; um importante fator de risco para a hipertens&#227;o e pode ser relacionada como causa dessa doen&#231;a em mais de 30% dos hipertensos<sup>13</sup>. Segundo a V Diretriz Brasileira de Hipertens&#227;o Arterial Sist&#234;mica<sup>2</sup>, o excesso de massa corporal &#233; um fator predisponente para a hipertens&#227;o, podendo ser respons&#225;vel por 20% a 30% dos casos de hipertens&#227;o arterial; 75% dos homens e 65% das mulheres apresentam hipertens&#227;o diretamente atribu&#237;vel a sobrepeso e obesidade.</p>
    <p>Em nosso trabalho, 58,6% dos indiv&#237;duos com obesidade eram hipertensos, 45,6% dos com sobrepeso tamb&#233;m obtiveram n&#237;veis press&#243;ricos altos, enquanto 27,9% dos com peso normal apresentavam hipertens&#227;o. Sendo assim, a obesidade &#233; seguramente um dos principais fatores respons&#225;veis pela hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica. Dados semelhantes s&#227;o encontrados no estudo de Framingham, onde 70% dos casos novos de hipertens&#227;o arterial foram relacionados a um excesso de gordura corporal. Em um trabalho realizado em Catanduva<sup>14</sup>, SP, resultados semelhantes foram obtidos, onde 55,81% dos indiv&#237;duos com obesidade m&#243;rbida (&#205;ndice de Massa Corp&#243;rea (IC) <underline>&gt;</underline> 40) eram hipertensos, 44,86% estavam entre 30 e 39,9 kg/m<sup>2</sup> e apenas 20,64% dos que possu&#237;am &#237;ndice de massa corp&#243;rea entre 20 e 24,9 Kg/m&#178; apresentavam hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica. Atribui-se a isso o fato de que a obesidade vem apresentando constantes aumentos e atingiu, na &#250;ltima d&#233;cada, n&#237;veis alarmantes. Estima-se que existam hoje 100 milh&#245;es de pessoas acima do peso no mundo<sup>15</sup>. Segundo Galv&#227;o e Kohlmann<sup>16</sup>, a preval&#234;ncia da hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica aumenta entre pacientes com excesso de peso e a gravidade dessa parece relacionar-se diretamente com o grau de gordura corporal e com o padr&#227;o de distribui&#231;&#227;o predominantemente visceral. A metan&#225;lise de 25 estudos cl&#237;nicos randomizados demonstrou uma redu&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dia de 1,05 mmHg na press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica e 0,92 mmHg na press&#227;o diast&#243;lica para cada redu&#231;&#227;o de 1 kg de peso corporal, independentemente de sexo, ra&#231;a e idade<sup>17</sup>.</p>
    <p>O controle da press&#227;o arterial abaixo dos valores de 140x90 mmHg, como recomenda a V Diretriz Brasileira de Hipertens&#227;o Arterial<sup>2</sup> e nos principais consensos internacionais<sup>5,13</sup>, mostrou-se abaixo das nossas expectativas. Apenas 39,5% dos hipertensos analisados que fazem tratamento di&#225;rio com anti-hipertensivos mostravam-se com n&#237;veis tensionais dentro da normalidade. Freitas e cols.<sup>18</sup>, em um estudo transversal de pacientes acompanhados, no munic&#237;pio de S&#227;o Paulo, obtiveram &#237;ndice de 20,9% de efic&#225;cia terap&#234;utica eFreitas e cols.<sup>14</sup> em um estudo transversal de metodologia semelhante, obtiveram um &#237;ndice de controle tensional de 27,6% entre os hipertensos no munic&#237;pio de Catanduva &#150; SP. Fuchs e cols.<sup>19</sup> encontraram 35,5% dos hipertensos controlados num estudo realizado no Rio Grande do Sul, e outros autores brasileiros<sup>20,21</sup> ainda mostram taxas de controle como 32% e 50%, respectivamente. Entretanto, apesar de nosso estudo ter identificado n&#237;veis de controle press&#243;rico melhores que em outras regi&#245;es do Brasil, considerando ainda as dificuldades de se comparar dados dessa natureza entre os diversos trabalhos, a dificuldade de se controlar a press&#227;o arterial &#233; n&#237;tida. V&#225;rios fatores podem contribuir para esse pobre controle, incluindo desde a ades&#227;o do paciente ao tratamento proposto, distribui&#231;&#227;o de medicamentos pelo Sistema &#218;nico de Sa&#250;de para cada regi&#227;o, at&#233; a efic&#225;cia do pr&#243;prio tratamento.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Conclus&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A preval&#234;ncia de hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica no munic&#237;pio de Campo Grande &#150; MS (41,4%) ultrapassou a m&#233;dia detectada em alguns trabalhos do Brasil. Dessa forma, e em concord&#226;ncia com os demais estudos brasileiros sobre o assunto, este trabalho retrata um aumento progressivo na preval&#234;ncia de hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica, diretamente proporcional ao aumento da longevidade da popula&#231;&#227;o brasileira. Entretanto, n&#227;o observamos uma melhora significativa nos &#237;ndices de efic&#225;cia terap&#234;utica nos pacientes portadores dessa doen&#231;a. A despeito da evolu&#231;&#227;o constante e otimiza&#231;&#227;o farmacol&#243;gica dos medicamentos anti-hipertensivos, o controle press&#243;rico ainda &#233; baixo (39,5%) naqueles que j&#225; fazem tratamento medicamentoso di&#225;rio, apontando para a necessidade de uma abordagem multifatorial (comportamental, farmacol&#243;gica e cultural) desses pacientes. Nessa perspectiva, em concord&#226;ncia com dados comparados, apresentamos resultados estat&#237;sticos de vari&#225;veis relacionadas &#224; hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica que influenciam diretamente nesse controle, tais como: aumento linear da hipertens&#227;o sist&#243;lica isolada de acordo com a idade, rela&#231;&#227;o direta com a obesidade, etilismo cr&#244;nico e naqueles com baixa escolaridade.</p>
    <p>Assim, prop&#245;e-se que a abordagem terap&#234;utica para hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica priorize a orienta&#231;&#227;o constante acerca desses fatores que, al&#233;m de dificultar o seu tratamento, aumentam o risco de complica&#231;&#245;es cardiovasculares, evidenciando a necessidade de maior investimento p&#250;blico no que tange ao esclarecimento e instru&#231;&#227;o desses grupos populacionais quanto &#224; preven&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesses</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflitos de interesses pertinentes.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="back" fn-type="corresp">
        <label>
          <bold>Correspond&#234;ncia:</bold>
        </label>
        <p> Paulo Roberto Stevanato Filho </p>
        <p> Rua Zez&#233; Flores, 302/303 </p>
        <p> 79021-260 &#150; Campo Grande, MS </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="paulo_st@bol.com.br">paulo_st@bol.com.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Artigo recebido em 30/04/06; revisado recebido em 04/08/06; aceito em 17/08/06.</p>
  </body>
  <back>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">A study on systemic arterial hypertension in Campo Grande, MS, Brazil</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>OBJECTIVES: To detect the actual prevalence of systemic hypertension in the city of Campo Grande, MS, Brazil, and frequent factors. METHODS: Cross-sectional study with a randomized sample of the adult population of the city of Campo Grande, MS, in a total of 892 individuals. A questionnaire on age, gender, level of education, smoking, alcohol consumption, and aspects of the treatment was applied. Anthropometric data (weight and height) were collected. According to the WHO, a BMI&lt;25 kg/m&#178; was considered normal weight; 25&gt;BMI&lt;30 overweight; and BMI&gt; 30 obesity. Criteria for hypertension were based on the JNC VII report, with blood pressure cut-off values of 140 x 90 mmHg. RESULTS: The prevalence of hypertension was 41.4%, varying with age (up to 29 years: 11.8%; 30-39: 24.8%; 40-49: 43.3%; 50-59: 42.4%; 60-69: 48.6% and &gt; 70: 62.3%). A higher prevalence was observed among men (51.8%), whereas among women the prevalence was 33.1%.Individuals with basic level of education tended to present higher rates. Among overweight and obese individuals, a higher prevalence of hypertension was observed: normal BMI (27.9%), overweight (45.6%) and obesity (58.6%). Above 60 years of age, a higher percentage of isolated systolic hypertension was observed, with 16.4% (60-69 years) and 24.6% (&gt;70 years). Daily or weekly alcohol consumption was also related to a higher incidence, of 63.2% and 47.2%, respectively. Only 59.7% were known to be hypertensive. Of the hypertensive individuals, 57.3% were undergoing some type of treatment. Of those undergoing regular treatment, 60.5% presented hypertension. CONCLUSION: The prevalence of hypertension was 41.4%, therefore higher than the average verified in some studies. This calls the attention for worsened epidemiologic conditions and cardiovascular repercussions, thus showing the need for higher public investment on education and orientation of these population groups as regards prevention.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Hypertension</kwd>
        <kwd>hypertension</kwd>
        <kwd>risk factors</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>ORIGINAL ARTICLE</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>A study on systemic arterial hypertension in Campo Grande, MS, Brazil</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Ana Rita Ara&#250;jo de Souza; Anselmo Costa; Diogo Nakamura; Leandro Nascimento Mocheti; Paulo Roberto Stevanato Filho; Luiz Alberto Ovando</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Universidade para o Desenvolvimento do Estado e da Regi&#227;o do Pantanal, Hospital Beneficente Santa Casa de Campo Grande, Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia &#150; MS - Campo Grande, MS, Brazil</p>
      <p>
        <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="back-body2">Mailing address</xref>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>SUMMARY</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVES:</bold> To detect the actual prevalence of systemic hypertension in the city of Campo Grande, MS, Brazil, and frequent factors.</p>
      <p><bold>METHODS:</bold> Cross-sectional study with a randomized sample of the adult population of the city of Campo Grande, MS, in a total of 892 individuals. A questionnaire on age, gender, level of education, smoking, alcohol consumption, and aspects of the treatment was applied. Anthropometric data (weight and height) were collected. According to the WHO, a BMI&lt;25 kg/m&#178; was considered normal weight; 25<underline>&gt;</underline>BMI&lt;30 overweight; and BMI<underline>&gt;</underline> 30 obesity. Criteria for hypertension were based on the JNC VII report, with blood pressure cut-off values of 140 x 90 mmHg.</p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS:</bold> The prevalence of hypertension was 41.4%, varying with age (up to 29 years: 11.8%; 30-39: 24.8%; 40-49: 43.3%; 50-59: 42.4%; 60-69: 48.6% and <underline>&gt;</underline> 70: 62.3%). A higher prevalence was observed among men (51.8%), whereas among women the prevalence was 33.1%.Individuals with basic level of education tended to present higher rates. Among overweight and obese individuals, a higher prevalence of hypertension was observed: normal BMI (27.9%), overweight (45.6%) and obesity (58.6%). Above 60 years of age, a higher percentage of isolated systolic hypertension was observed, with 16.4% (60-69 years) and 24.6% (&gt;70 years). Daily or weekly alcohol consumption was also related to a higher incidence, of 63.2% and 47.2%, respectively. Only 59.7% were known to be hypertensive. Of the hypertensive individuals, 57.3% were undergoing some type of treatment. Of those undergoing regular treatment, 60.5% presented hypertension.</p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSION:</bold> The prevalence of hypertension was 41.4%, therefore higher than the average verified in some studies. This calls the attention for worsened epidemiologic conditions and cardiovascular repercussions, thus showing the need for higher public investment on education and orientation of these population groups as regards prevention.</p>
      <p><bold>Key words:</bold> Hypertension/prevalence; hypertension/epidemiology; risk factors.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Introduction</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The World Health Organization reports that cardiovascular diseases are the leading cause related to death in the western societies, and hypertension is one of the three major diseases accounting for the deaths. The progressive increase in the prevalence of cardiovascular diseases imposes the need to develop and implement population strategies to prevent the multiple risk factors that lead to the primary endpoints related to these diseases<sup>1</sup>.</p>
      <p>In Brazil, estimates of the prevalence of Systemic Hypertension range from 22.3% to 44% according to the region studied<sup>2</sup>. A predominance of higher rates has been observed mainly in the most recent studies.</p>
      <p>In Brazil, there are studies showing the association between hypertension and its epidemiological characteristics such as age, gender, socioeconomic level, alcohol consumption and obesity, and these studies were cited in the V Brazilian Guideline on Systemic Hypertension<sup>2</sup>.</p>
      <p>The objective of the present study was to assess the prevalence of hypertension in association with the risk factors previously mentioned in the city of Campo Grande, Brazil.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Methods</bold>
      </p>
      <p>A cross-sectional analytic study was conducted in the city of Campo Grande, State of Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil, in a total of 892 individuals analyzed based on a randomized sample<sup>3</sup>, in a population estimated at 749,768 inhabitants in 2005, according to the IBGE<sup>4</sup>. The population was assessed in the urban perimeter in the year of 2005. Only individuals above 18 years of age and living in the city were included in the study. Data were collected in public places (supermarkets, urban bus terminals, leisure areas and trade areas).</p>
      <p>The research was conducted using standard questionnaires containing data subject to collection (gender, age, race, level of education, occupation, previous awareness of being hypertensive, pattern of physical activity, alcohol consumption, smoking, treatment for hypertension, as well as regular use or not of medication). After the interview (of at least 10-minute duration), blood pressure was measured using the indirect method with aneroid sphygmomanometers, all of the same brand, periodically tested and duly calibrated. Blood pressure was measured in the sitting position, with the right arm resting on a table at the heart's height, ensuring that the patient was not on a full bladder, and that he/she had not practiced physical exercises, nor consumed alcohol beverages, coffee, food, or smoked up to 30 minutes prior to measurement taking. The brachial artery was located by palpation. The cuff was firmly placed 2 to 3 cm above the antecubital fossa, with the rubber bag centralized over the brachial artery. The criterion used to determine the systolic pressure was the moment when the first sound appeared (Korotkoff's phase I), which increases with increasing deflation speed; and the criterion used to determine the diastolic pressure was the moment when the sound disappeared (Korotkoff's phase V). The auscultation was maintained until approximately 20 mmHg to 30 mmHg below the last sound to confirm its disappearance, followed by a quick and complete deflation. If the beats persisted to zero level, the diastolic pressure was determined when the muffling of sound occurred (Korotkoff's phase IV). Rounding-off of pressure values was avoided. A second measurement was taken 3 minutes later to obtain the mean of the two values<sup>5</sup>.</p>
      <p>For data analysis, the confidence intervals for the prevalences were calculated using the formula: P&#177;1.96"(1-P/N), where P is the prevalence and N is the total of the numbers studied<sup>6</sup>, with a 95% confidence interval. The chi square test was used to analyze the statistical significance of the samples, by comparing the qualitative variables. The test for one proportion was also used. This test analyzes the difference between the proportions. The level of significance used was lower than or equal to 0.05. The interviewees agreed to participate in the study after receiving explanation on the objectives and procedures performed.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Results</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The statistical results demonstrate a significant difference between the ages in relation to blood pressure (95% CI). Sample subjects in the age range between 40 and 49 years tended to have a higher prevalence of high blood pressure (<xref ref-type="table" rid="en_13t1-body2">Table 1</xref>), and a high degree of difference between the age ranges was also observed (p&lt;0.001).]</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="en_13t1-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-04-0441-00013-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>Of the 892 patients studied, 400 (44.8%) were males and 492 (55.2%) were females, most of them in the age range of 50 to 59 years (22.19%). A close relation between individuals older than 70 years and hypertension, with a prevalence of 62.3% in this age range is shown in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig1-body2">Figure 1</xref>.</p>
      <fig id="fig1-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-04-0441-00013-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>Distribution according to gender shows a higher proportion (51.8%) of men with high blood pressure at the moment of measurement taking, and a lower proportion among women (33.1%). The prevalence of high Blood Pressure in the population studied was 41.4% (p&lt;0.001) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig2-body2">fig. 2</xref>).</p>
      <fig id="fig2-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-04-0441-00013-gf02-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>Statistically, individuals with basic level of education tend to have a higher incidence of high blood pressure (p&lt;0.001) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig3-body2">fig. 3</xref>).</p>
      <fig id="fig3-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-04-0441-00013-gf03-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>When the sample subjects were distributed into BMI &lt; 25 kg/m<sup>2</sup> (normal &#150; 35.31%), 25 <underline>&lt;</underline>BMI&lt;30 (overweight &#150; 48.43%), BMI<underline>&gt;</underline>30 (obese &#150; 16.25%), those presenting overweight and obesity had a statistically higher prevalence of high blood pressure when compared to those with a normal BMI, as shown in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig4-body2">Figure 4</xref> (p&lt;0.001).</p>
      <fig id="fig4-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-04-0441-00013-gf04-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>Of all hypertensive individuals, 20.3% presented isolated systolic hypertension (p&lt;0.001). Using the chi-square test, individuals above 60 years of age were observed to have a statistically higher percentage of isolated systolic hypertension (ISH), with a higher repercussion on the 8th decade of life (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig5-body2">fig. 5</xref>).</p>
      <fig id="fig5-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-04-0441-00013-gf05-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>Sample subjects with daily or weekly habit of alcohol consumption tended to have a statistically higher incidence of high blood pressure (p value = 0.001), thus reflecting a significant difference between alcohol consumption and the presence of high blood pressure (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig6-body2">fig. 6</xref>).</p>
      <fig id="fig6-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-04-0441-00013-gf06-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>In our population of hypertensive individuals (n=370), only 69.18% (64.2% to 73.9%) were aware of being hypertensive (p&lt;0.001) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig7-body2">fig. 7</xref>).</p>
      <fig id="fig7-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-04-0441-00013-gf07-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>Of the hypertensive individuals, 57.3% were undergoing treatment (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab2-body2">Table 2</xref>) (p&lt;0.006).</p>
      <table-wrap id="tab2-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-04-0441-00013-gt02-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>Of those who were aware of being hypertensive, 78.6% were undergoing treatment (74.4% to 82.4%). Of these, 90.2% were undergoing daily treatment (86.5% to 93.2%) (p&lt;0.001). A higher prevalence of increased high blood pressure was also observed in the group of individuals who were aware of being hypertensive and who were undergoing daily treatment with antihypertensive drugs, with levels compatible with mild to moderate hypertension in 60.5% (54.8% to 66.1%; p&lt;0.001).(<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig8-body2">fig. 8</xref>).</p>
      <fig id="fig8-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-04-0441-00013-gf08-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>According to the V Brazilian Guideline on Hypertension<sup>2</sup> of 2006, using the current criterion for the diagnosis of hypertension (140/90 mmHg), prevalence rates in the Brazilian urban adult population in selected studies range from 22.3% to 44% (Araraquara 1990 &#150; 43%; S&#227;o Paulo 1990 &#150; 22%; Piracicaba 1991 &#150; 33%, Porto Alegre 1994 &#150; 26%, Cotia 1997 &#150; 44%, Catanduva 2001 - 32%, Cavange 2003 &#150; 36.5% and Rio Grande do Sul 2004 &#150; 33.7%). In the present study, we verified a prevalence of hypertension in 41.4% of the population studied, and 51.8% were males and 33.1 were females.</p>
      <p>Changes related to aging make individuals more susceptible to the development of HBP, and this is the major chronic disease in our population. An epidemiological study with elderly people residing in the city of S&#227;o Paulo found a prevalence of HBP of 62%<sup>7</sup>. In our study, this result is similar, with a prevalence of 48.6% in the age range from 60 to 69 years, and of 62.3% among individuals older than 70 years, thus showing a higher number of hypertensive individuals in this age range in comparison with normotensive individuals.</p>
      <p>Based on the results found in this study, 36.4% of the hypertensive patients had a basic level of education. The INCA<sup>8</sup>, in a study conducted in Brazilian capitals with hypertensive patients followed up in an outpatient basis also showed similar results: the prevalence of hypertension, in relation to the level of education, in 15 capitals and the Federal District, ranged from 25.1% to 45.8% for interviewees with incomplete basic education, and from 16.5% to 26.6% for interviewees with at least complete basic education. Based on the analysis of the results of our study, we can observe that the prevalence of hypertension was significantly lower among those with higher levels of education (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig3-body2">fig. 3</xref>).</p>
      <p>However, the lower prevalence of hypertension detected among interviewees with higher levels of education cannot be interpreted as an association between level of education and prevalence of hypertension, since this disease occurs in older cohorts which have lower levels of education in Brazil.</p>
      <p>Epidemiological evidences demonstrate a strong association between alcohol consumption and the prevalence of HBP, independent of gender, age, physical activity, BMI, smoking, and sodium intake, and dependent of the amount of alcohol consumed and of the exposure time<sup>9</sup>. Our study also showed a direct relation between alcohol consumption and hypertension. Among the individuals assessed, those who consumed alcohol daily or weekly, tended to have a statistically higher incidence of high blood pressure. Among the interviewees, 33.2% of those who consumed alcohol sporadically and 42 of those who did not consume alcoholic beverages presented BP alterations. Among those who consumed alcoholic beverages at least once a week, the prevalence of hypertension increased to 47.2%, and to 63.2% among those who used alcoholic beverages daily. Some studies, such as that conducted by the Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul in 2005<sup>9</sup>, reported a casual association of 10% to 30% between alcohol consumption and Systemic Hypertension. Epidemiological studies are consistent as regards systolic (SBP) and diastolic (DBP) blood pressure elevation when the individuals consume three or more drinks (30g of alcohol per day), with a higher elevation for the systolic blood pressure<sup>9</sup>.</p>
      <p>The population is ageing, and individuals are reaching the eighth decade of life increasingly more frequently. Isolated systolic hypertension is known to be more common with ageing because of structural changes in the arteries, especially those with a larger diameter<sup>10</sup>. This tendency is also observed in cross-sectional studies in almost all populations, which show linear increases in the mean levels of systolic blood pressure as of 50 years of age, whereas the diastolic pressure tends to drop after 55 years of age<sup>10</sup>. The increase in blood pressure and in the prevalence of isolated systolic hypertension in the elderly is not a benign situation, as was thought in the past, and is now considered an abnormal process of ageing<sup>10</sup>. The Framingham study<sup>11</sup> demonstrated that the systolic pressure increases continuously with ageing in all groups, whereas the diastolic pressure increases until 60 years, to decrease from then on. Data from a 30-year follow-up of the Framingham study clearly showed an increase in the risk of cardiovascular events with increases in systolic pressure, particularly in the elderly<sup>10</sup>. In our study, the data confirmed that as of 60 years of age, individuals had a higher prevalence of isolated systolic hypertension, with a 16.4% prevalence in individuals between 60 and 69 years, and 24.6% in individuals above 70 years, in contrast with the low rates found in the other groups.</p>
      <p>The prevalence of obesity has increased alarmingly, with characteristics of a real epidemic, and obesity is currently considered one of the 10 major risk factors related to morbidity, disability and mortality by the World Health Organization<sup>12</sup>. Obesity is an important risk factor for hypertension, and can be pointed out as the cause of this disease in more than 30% of hypertensive individuals<sup>13</sup>. According to the V Brazilian Guidelines on Hypertension<sup>2</sup>, excess body mass is a predisposing factor for hypertension, and may account for 20% to 30% of the cases of hypertension; 75% of men and 65% of women present hypertension directly attributable to overweight and obesity.</p>
      <p>In our study, 58.6% of the obese individuals, 45.6% of the overweight individuals, and 27.9% of the normal-weight individuals presented hypertension. Thus, obesity is certainly one of the leading factors responsible for systemic hypertension. Similar results were found in the Framingham study, where 70% of the new cases of hypertension were related to excess body fat. In a study conducted in the city of Catanduva<sup>14</sup>, State of S&#227;o Paulo, Brazil, similar results were obtained, where 55.81% of individuals with morbid obesity (Body Mass Index &#150; BMI e" 40), 44.86% of individuals with BMI between 30 and 39.9 kg/m<sup>2</sup> and only 20.64% of those with BMI between 20 and 24.9 were hypertensive. In addition to this fact, there have been constant increases in obesity rates, thus reaching alarming levels in the past decade. One hundred million overweight individuals are currently estimated to exist worldwide<sup>15</sup>. According to Galv&#227;o &amp; Kohlmann<sup>16</sup> (Brazilian Journal of hypertension), the prevalence of hypertension increases among overweight patients, in a proportion that seems to be directly related to the degree of body fat and to the pattern of predominantly visceral distribution. The meta-analysis of 25 randomized clinical trials demonstrated a mean reduction of 1.05mmHg in the systolic blood pressure and of 0.92mmHg in the diastolic pressure for each 1-kg reduction in body weight, regardless of gender, race and age<sup>17</sup>.</p>
      <p>Blood pressure control below values of 140/90mmHg, as recommended by the V Brazilian Guidelines on Hypertension<sup>2</sup> and main international consensus<sup>5,13</sup>, was below our expectations. Only 39.5% of the hypertensive patients analyzed who were undergoing daily treatment with anti-hypertensive drugs showed pressure levels within normal limits. Freitas et al<sup>18</sup> conducted a cross-sectional study with patients from the city of S&#227;o Paulo and obtained a 20.9% level of therapeutic efficacy, and Freitas et al<sup>14</sup> in a cross-sectional study with a similar methodology obtained a pressure control rate of 27.6% among hypertensive individuals in the city of Catanduva &#150; SP. Fuchs et al<sup>19</sup> found a 35.5% rate of controlled hypertensive individuals in a study conducted in the State of Rio Grande do Sul, and other Brazilian authors<sup>20,21</sup> showed control rates of 32 and 50%, respectively. However, although our study identified pressure control levels more satisfactory than in other Brazilian regions &#150; and considering the difficulties to compare results of this nature between the different studies, the difficulty to control blood pressure is clear. Several factors may contribute to this poor control, including patient adhesion to the treatment proposed, medication distribution by the Unified Health System to each region, and treatment efficacy itself.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Conclusions</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The prevalence of Systemic Hypertension in the city of Campo Grande, Brazil (41.4%) surpassed the mean detected in other studies conducted in Brazil. Therefore, and consistent with other Brazilian studies on this issue, our study demonstrates a progressive increase in the prevalence of systemic hypertension directly proportional to the increase in longevity of the Brazilian population. However, no significant improvement was observed in the rates of treatment efficacy in hypertensive patients. Despite the constant pharmacological development and optimization of antihypertensive drugs, the control of the disease remains poor (39.5%) among those who are already undergoing daily drug treatment, thus showing the need for a multifactorial approach (behavioral, pharmacological and cultural) of these patients. From this perspective, and consistent with the data compared, we presented statistical results of variables related to Hypertension that directly influence this control, such as linear increase of Isolated Systolic Hypertension with age, direct relation with obesity, chronic alcohol consumption, and poor schooling.</p>
      <p>Thus, we propose that the therapeutic approach of Hypertension should prioritize the constant orientation on these factors which, in addition to making the treatment more difficult, also increase the risk of cardiovascular complications, thus showing the need for higher public investments regarding orientation and education of these population groups as regards prevention.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
      </p>
      <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fn id="back-body2" fn-type="corresp">
          <label>
            <bold>Mailing address:</bold>
          </label>
          <p> Paulo Roberto Stevanato Filho</p>
          <p> Rua Zez&#233; Flores, 302/303</p>
          <p> 79021-260 &#150; Campo Grande, MS - Brazil</p>
          <p> E-mail: </p>
          <p>
            <email xlink:href="paulo_st@bol.com.br">paulo_st@bol.com.br</email>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p>Manuscript received April 30, 2006; revised manuscript received August 4, 2006; accepted August 17, 2006.</p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
