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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">kTs5mHHR86mTwZc49fKVrCH</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00012</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2007000400012</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(07)08800412</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2007000400012</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Efetividade da bupropiona no tratamento de pacientes tabagistas com doen&#231;a cardiovascular</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Issa</surname>
            <given-names>Jaqueline Scholz</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Perez</surname>
            <given-names>Gl&#243;ria Heloise</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Diament</surname>
            <given-names>Jayme</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Zavattieri</surname>
            <given-names>Angela Giuliana</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Oliveira</surname>
            <given-names>K&#225;tia Ulrich de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">FM </institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>04</month>
        <year>2007</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>88</volume>
      <issue>4</issue>
      <fpage>434</fpage>
      <lpage>440</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>20</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2006</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>07</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2006</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>14</day>
          <month>09</month>
          <year>2006</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>OBJETIVOS: Avaliar a efetividade e a tolerabilidade da bupropiona no tratamento de fumantes com doen&#231;as cardiovasculares atendidos em rotina de tratamento ambulatorial do tabagismo, e analisar as vari&#225;veis preditoras de sucesso ou fracasso. M&#201;TODOS: A bupropiona foi prescrita de forma exclusiva para tratamento do tabagismo em 100 pacientes cardiopatas durante 12 semanas. O seguimento foi de 52 semanas. As vari&#225;veis estudadas foram sexo, idade, n&#250;mero de cigarros, concentra&#231;&#227;o de mon&#243;xido de carbono, escala de depend&#234;ncia de nicotina, escala de depress&#227;o, escala de ansiedade, consumo de &#225;lcool, n&#250;mero de diagn&#243;sticos adicionais ao tabagismo, eventos adversos, e consumo de medicamentos concomitantes &#224; bupropiona. RESULTADOS: A taxa de sucesso depois de 12 semanas foi de 50% e depois de 52 semanas, de 25%. A an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica revelou que o envelhecimento foi positivamente associado ao sucesso e que o agravo da condi&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica, observado pelo maior n&#250;mero de diagn&#243;sticos associados ao tabagismo, foi negativamente associado ao sucesso. CONCLUS&#195;O: A bupropiona mostrou-se segura e com boa efetividade no tratamento de fumantes portadores de doen&#231;as cardiovasculares, especialmente durante a fase de uso (semana 12).</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>Bupropiona</kwd>
        <kwd>tabagismo</kwd>
        <kwd>doen&#231;as cardiovasculares</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>24</day>
        <month>05</month>
        <year>2007</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>ARTIGO ORIGINAL</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Efetividade da bupropiona no tratamento de pacientes tabagistas com doen&#231;a cardiovascular</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Jaqueline Scholz Issa; Gl&#243;ria Heloise Perez; Jayme Diament; Angela Giuliana Zavattieri; K&#225;tia Ulrich de Oliveira</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas &#150; FMUSP &#150; S&#227;o Paulo, SP</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="back">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVOS:</bold> Avaliar a efetividade e a tolerabilidade da bupropiona no tratamento de fumantes com doen&#231;as cardiovasculares atendidos em rotina de tratamento ambulatorial do tabagismo, e analisar as vari&#225;veis preditoras de sucesso ou fracasso. </p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS:</bold> A bupropiona foi prescrita de forma exclusiva para tratamento do tabagismo em 100 pacientes cardiopatas durante 12 semanas. O seguimento foi de 52 semanas. As vari&#225;veis estudadas foram sexo, idade, n&#250;mero de cigarros, concentra&#231;&#227;o de mon&#243;xido de carbono, escala de depend&#234;ncia de nicotina, escala de depress&#227;o, escala de ansiedade, consumo de &#225;lcool, n&#250;mero de diagn&#243;sticos adicionais ao tabagismo, eventos adversos, e consumo de medicamentos concomitantes &#224; bupropiona. </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS:</bold> A taxa de sucesso depois de 12 semanas foi de 50% e depois de 52 semanas, de 25%. A an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica revelou que o envelhecimento foi positivamente associado ao sucesso e que o agravo da condi&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica, observado pelo maior n&#250;mero de diagn&#243;sticos associados ao tabagismo, foi negativamente associado ao sucesso. </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#195;O:</bold> A bupropiona mostrou-se segura e com boa efetividade no tratamento de fumantes portadores de doen&#231;as cardiovasculares, especialmente durante a fase de uso (semana 12).</p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave:</bold> Bupropiona, tabagismo / tratamento, doen&#231;as cardiovasculares.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Interromper o tabagismo de pacientes com doen&#231;a cardiovascular ateroscler&#243;tica &#233; desafio da maior grandeza. Apesar da redu&#231;&#227;o de 50% da morbidade e da mortalidade por doen&#231;a cardiovascular ap&#243;s a cessa&#231;&#227;o do tabagismo<sup>1</sup>, parte dessa popula&#231;&#227;o apresenta dificuldade em parar de fumar. Encontrar m&#233;todos para auxiliar fumantes cardiopatas a abandonar o v&#237;cio passa a ser necessidade estrat&#233;gica na terap&#234;utica da cardiopatia. A bupropiona, por apresentar efic&#225;cia comprovada quando comparada &#224; terapia de reposi&#231;&#227;o de nicotina<sup>2</sup> e ao placebo<sup>3</sup>, &#233; utilizada como medicamento de primeira linha no tratamento do tabagismo desde 2001<sup>4</sup>.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Objetivo</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O objetivo principal foi avaliar a efic&#225;cia da bupropiona na interrup&#231;&#227;o do tabagismo em fumantes portadores de doen&#231;as cardiovasculares atendidos em rotina de tratamento ambulatorial do tabagismo. O objetivo secund&#225;rio foi observar a tolerabilidade do produto, considerando que essa popula&#231;&#227;o utiliza rotineiramente v&#225;rios medicamentos de uso cont&#237;nuo. Adicionalmente, procurou-se pesquisar poss&#237;veis vari&#225;veis preditoras de sucesso na interrup&#231;&#227;o do tabagismo ou relacionadas a reca&#237;das.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#233;todos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A bupropiona foi prescrita como tratamento farmacol&#243;gico exclusivo do tabagismo em 100 fumantes portadores de doen&#231;as cardiovasculares, atendidos rotineiramente no ambulat&#243;rio, com idade entre 24 e 75 anos, sendo 40 mulheres e 60 homens.</p>
    <p>Os crit&#233;rios de exclus&#227;o foram: antecedente de convuls&#227;o; anorexia; bulimia; acidente vascular cerebral com seq&#252;ela; neurocirurgia pr&#233;via; traumatismo craniano; alcoolismo; diabetes melito descompensado; insufici&#234;ncia hep&#225;tica; uso de inibidores da monoamina oxidase; uso de bupropiona; e uso de qualquer outro tratamento do tabagismo.</p>
    <p><italic>Experimento -</italic> Ap&#243;s assinatura do termo de consentimento, os pacientes foram avaliados clinicamente, tendo sido determinada a concentra&#231;&#227;o de mon&#243;xido de carbono no ar expirado por meio do equipamento <italic>Smokerlyser</italic> (<italic>Bedfont Instruments</italic>). O tratamento de interrup&#231;&#227;o do tabagismo fundamentou-se na prescri&#231;&#227;o de bupropiona por 12 semanas e no acompanhamento m&#233;dico. A orienta&#231;&#227;o foi para que os pacientes fizessem uso de um comprimido de 150 mg por tr&#234;s dias, e ap&#243;s o quarto dia acrescentava-se um comprimido de 150 mg cerca de oito horas ap&#243;s a ingest&#227;o do primeiro. Essa dose deveria ser mantida at&#233; a semana 12. Os pacientes foram orientados a parar de fumar no oitavo dia ap&#243;s o in&#237;cio da medica&#231;&#227;o e a n&#227;o consumir bebidas alco&#243;licas enquanto estivessem em uso da mesma.</p>
    <p>O <italic>Fagerstrom Tolerance Questionnaire</italic><sup>5</sup> foi usado para avaliar a depend&#234;ncia de nicotina. O escore total varia de 0 a 10, em que escores <underline>&gt;</underline> 6 indicam depend&#234;ncia de nicotina. A depress&#227;o foi avaliada por meio do Invent&#225;rio de Depress&#227;o de Beck (BDI)<sup>6,7</sup>. Trata-se de escala com 21 itens, com escores de resposta variando de 0 a 63, que avalia a presen&#231;a e a gravidade de sintomas depressivos. Utilizou-se crit&#233;rio de ponto de corte proposto pelo <italic>Center for Cognitive Therapy</italic>, segundo o qual escore <underline>&gt;</underline> 10 &#233; considerado positivo para diagn&#243;stico de humor deprimido. O Invent&#225;rio de Ansiedade (IDATE) foi utilizado para avalia&#231;&#227;o de ansiedade tra&#231;o e ansiedade estado<sup>8,9</sup>. Esse invent&#225;rio &#233; composto de duas escalas com 20 itens cada. Uma delas avalia o estado de ansiedade, caracterizado pela percep&#231;&#227;o subjetiva de sentimentos de tens&#227;o e apreens&#227;o acompanhados de rea&#231;&#245;es do sistema nervoso aut&#244;nomo em um momento particular. A ansiedade tra&#231;o, avaliada pela outra escala, diz respeito &#224; tend&#234;ncia relativamente est&#225;vel de perceber as situa&#231;&#245;es como amea&#231;adoras e de reagir a elas com estado de ansiedade. O consumo de &#225;lcool, avaliado por meio do <italic>Alcohol Use Disorder Identification Test</italic> (AUDIT)<sup>10</sup> na vers&#227;o traduzida por Figlie e cols.<sup>11</sup>, &#233; um question&#225;rio composto de 10 itens, que avalia o consumo, o abuso e a depend&#234;ncia de &#225;lcool. Os escores variam de 0 (sem uso) a 40, em que escores <underline>&gt;</underline> 8 indicam abuso ou depend&#234;ncia de &#225;lcool. Todos os question&#225;rios foram aplicados na consulta de admiss&#227;o.</p>
    <p>Foram realizadas consultas de avalia&#231;&#227;o do tratamento nas semanas 3, 8, 12, 24 e 52. A condi&#231;&#227;o de estar ou n&#227;o fumando foi relatada pelo paciente e confirmada pela determina&#231;&#227;o da concentra&#231;&#227;o de mon&#243;xido de carbono no ar expirado. Foram analisadas a presen&#231;a de eventos adversos relatados durante o uso da bupropiona, como tamb&#233;m a evolu&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica ao longo das 52 semanas de avalia&#231;&#227;o dos pacientes.</p>
    <p><italic>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica -</italic> Os pacientes foram classificados em dois grupos, de acordo com o objetivo principal (parar de fumar): grupo sucesso e grupo fracasso. A avalia&#231;&#227;o foi realizada em dois momentos: na semana 12 e na semana 52. A avalia&#231;&#227;o na semana 52 objetivou encontrar vari&#225;veis relacionadas &#224; reca&#237;da, excluindo-se dessa an&#225;lise os pacientes que j&#225; haviam fracassado com a bupropiona na semana 12.</p>
    <p>As vari&#225;veis estudadas foram: sexo, idade, consumo di&#225;rio de cigarros, concentra&#231;&#227;o de mon&#243;xido de carbono no ar expirado, escore de depend&#234;ncia &#224; nicotina, consumo de &#225;lcool, consumo de medicamentos de uso cont&#237;nuo, n&#250;mero de diagn&#243;sticos adicionais ao tabagismo (co-morbidades), eventos adversos relacionados ao uso da bupropiona, depress&#227;o, e ansiedade tra&#231;o e ansiedade estado. Foram utilizados, na an&#225;lise univariada, os testes do qui quadrado ou de Fisher, para vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas, e os testes <italic>t</italic> de Student ou de Mann-Whitney para vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas com ou sem distribui&#231;&#227;o normal, respectivamente. A an&#225;lise multivariada foi realizada por meio do modelo de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica. O m&#233;todo <italic>forward</italic> foi adotado para a sele&#231;&#227;o das vari&#225;veis explicativas. Valor de p &lt; 0,05 foi considerado significante. O tratamento estat&#237;stico foi realizado utilizando-se o SPSS para Windows, vers&#227;o 10.0.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Resultados</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Os diagn&#243;sticos cl&#237;nicos mais freq&#252;entes foram: doen&#231;a arterial coron&#225;ria, hipertens&#227;o arterial e dislipidemia (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="figura1">fig. 1</xref>).</p>
    <fig id="figura1">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-04-0434-00012-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>A taxa de sucesso na interrup&#231;&#227;o do tabagismo foi de 50% na semana 12 e de 25% na semana 52 (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="figura2">fig. 2</xref>).</p>
    <fig id="figura2">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-04-0434-00012-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>A an&#225;lise univariada na semana 12 revelou diferen&#231;as significativas entre os pacientes do grupo sucesso e do grupo fracasso, com rela&#231;&#227;o ao n&#250;mero de co-morbidades cl&#237;nicas e ao n&#250;mero de eventos adversos (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">tab. 1</xref>).</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="t1">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-04-0434-00012-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p>A compara&#231;&#227;o das taxas de sucesso entre homens e mulheres revelou diferen&#231;a significante (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="figura3">fig. 3</xref>), despertando interesse para a compara&#231;&#227;o entre os g&#234;neros. Houve diferen&#231;as significativas entre homens e mulheres relativas a idade, co-morbidades, consumo de medicamentos, presen&#231;a de eventos adversos, escores de depress&#227;o e de ansiedade, e consumo de &#225;lcool. As mulheres eram mais jovens, mais depressivas e ansiosas, com menos co-morbidades cl&#237;nicas, e consumiam menos medicamentos e bebidas alco&#243;licas que os homens. Referiram, por&#233;m, maior n&#250;mero de eventos adversos que os homens (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">tab. 2</xref>).</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="t2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-04-0434-00012-gt02.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <fig id="figura3">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-04-0434-00012-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>Foi realizada an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica, incluindo no modelo as vari&#225;veis sexo, idade, consumo de &#225;lcool, efeitos colaterais, co-morbidades, BDI e escores de ansiedade tra&#231;o e de ansiedade estado. A idade apresentou associa&#231;&#227;o positiva com sucesso e as co-morbidades, associa&#231;&#227;o negativa (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tabela3">tab 3</xref>). Isso significa que os pacientes mais idosos e menos doentes tiveram maior chance de sucesso na semana 12 que os mais jovens e mais doentes. As demais vari&#225;veis, incluindo g&#234;nero, n&#227;o demonstraram signific&#226;ncia na an&#225;lise multivariada .</p>
    <table-wrap id="tabela3">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-04-0434-00012-gt03.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>Na semana 52 de acompanhamento, a taxa de sucesso foi de 25%, ou seja, houve reca&#237;da em 50% dos pacientes de ambos os sexos. Entre as mulheres, 13 (32,5%) estavam sem fumar e entre os homens, 12 (20%) estavam sem fumar. N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a significativa entre os sexos. A an&#225;lise univariada e a regress&#227;o log&#237;stica realizada na fase tardia (semana 52) do estudo n&#227;o evidenciaram vari&#225;veis associadas ao sucesso e/ou ao fracasso (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">tab. 4</xref>).</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="t4">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-04-0434-00012-gt04.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p><italic>Tolerabilidade -</italic> A medica&#231;&#227;o foi interrompida em 9% da amostra. Os motivos foram angioedema (1%), <italic>rash (</italic>erup&#231;&#227;o cut&#226;nea, 1%), crise de ansiedade intensa (4%), tontura (1%), n&#225;usea (1%) e cefal&#233;ia (1%). Os eventos adversos mais comuns foram: boca seca (44%), ins&#244;nia (sono entrecortado, 30%) e constipa&#231;&#227;o intestinal (14%). A ins&#244;nia, na maioria dos casos, desapareceu entre as semanas 3 e 4 de tratamento (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="figura4">fig. 4</xref>). N&#227;o houve relato de agravo dos n&#237;veis de press&#227;o arterial entre os pacientes hipertensos que utilizaram a medica&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <fig id="figura4">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-04-0434-00012-gf04.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>N&#227;o houve intera&#231;&#227;o medicamentosa entre a bupropiona e os medicamentos rotineiramente consumidos pelos pacientes. A distribui&#231;&#227;o da freq&#252;&#234;ncia dos medicamentos est&#225; apresentada na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">figura 5</xref>.</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <fig id="f5">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-04-0434-00012-gf05.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p><italic>Evolu&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica -</italic> No per&#237;odo observacional, foram registrados tr&#234;s &#243;bitos (acidente vascular cerebral, neoplasia de pulm&#227;o e cardiomiopatia isqu&#234;mica) e tr&#234;s eventos cardiovasculares n&#227;o-fatais (dois casos de infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio e um de acidente vascular cerebral). Os pacientes n&#227;o estavam sob uso da bupropiona no per&#237;odo da ocorr&#234;ncia dos eventos e todos pertenciam ao grupo fracasso.</p>
    <p>A percep&#231;&#227;o do paciente sobre sua condi&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica foi investigada no final da semana 52 de observa&#231;&#227;o do estudo. Entre os pacientes que pararam de fumar (grupo sucesso), a avalia&#231;&#227;o revelou que 88% referiram melhora da condi&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica, 8% referiram estar com as condi&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas inalteradas e 4% referiram estar pior clinicamente. Entre os que n&#227;o pararam de fumar (grupo fracasso), 11% referiram melhora, 67% referiram estar com a condi&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica inalterada e 22% referiram estar em pior condi&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica. A diferen&#231;a entre os grupos foi significativa (p &lt; 0,001).</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A taxa de interrup&#231;&#227;o do tabagismo durante a fase de uso da bupropiona (semana 12) foi de 50%, semelhante &#224;s taxas obtidas em protocolos de tratamento de fumantes sem co-morbidades cl&#237;nicas<sup>3</sup>.</p>
    <p>As diferen&#231;as de sucesso observadas entre homens e mulheres na semana 12 (62,5% entre as mulheres vs. 41,7% entre os homens) pela an&#225;lise univariada podem ter sido influenciadas pela presen&#231;a de vari&#225;veis de confus&#227;o (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">tab. 2</xref>). O g&#234;nero n&#227;o foi preditor de sucesso no modelo de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica. De qualquer forma, outras diferen&#231;as entre os g&#234;neros podem ter influenciado a obten&#231;&#227;o de taxas de sucesso mais elevadas entre as mulheres. O maior consumo de bebidas alco&#243;licas entre os homens pode ter interferido no resultado, considerando que os pacientes foram orientados a suspender por completo o uso de bebidas alco&#243;licas no per&#237;odo em que estivessem em uso da bupropiona, sugerindo a possibilidade de menor ades&#227;o ao tratamento entre os pacientes do sexo masculino. Outro dado relevante foi a diferen&#231;a significativa no relato de eventos adversos entre as mulheres. Estudos com bupropiona associam a maior queixa de eventos adversos &#224; presen&#231;a de n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos terap&#234;uticos<sup>12</sup>. Esses fatos sugerem que houve maior ades&#227;o das mulheres ao tratamento, o que, conseq&#252;entemente, pode ter influenciado a maior taxa de sucesso entre elas na semana 12 do estudo. A maior ades&#227;o das mulheres ao tratamento deve ser considerada como hip&#243;tese, uma vez que n&#227;o foi realizada dosagem s&#233;rica da bupropiona durante o estudo. Al&#233;m disso, os escores de depress&#227;o e ansiedade foram significativamente mais elevados nas mulheres quando comparadas aos homens (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">tab. 2</xref>); como sabidamente o uso da bupropiona<sup>13</sup> se associa a redu&#231;&#227;o dos n&#237;veis de ansiedade e depress&#227;o, isso pode tamb&#233;m ter influenciado a maior ades&#227;o ao tratamento entre as mulheres.</p>
    <p>O Invent&#225;rio de Depress&#227;o de Beck, instrumento utilizado para avalia&#231;&#227;o dos sintomas depressivos neste estudo, n&#227;o diferiu significativamente entre os grupos sucesso e fracasso, tanto na fase de uso da bupropiona (semana 12) como no seguimento (semana 52), embora a m&#233;dia tenha sido superior a 10 em ambos os grupos, o que sugere a presen&#231;a de sintomas depressivos. Dados sugerem que fumantes deprimidos tinham 40% menos chance de obter sucesso na interrup&#231;&#227;o do tabagismo<sup>14</sup> que os n&#227;o-deprimidos, antes do advento da bupropiona. Considerando que a bupropiona tem a&#231;&#227;o antidepressiva por meio de mecanismo envolvendo aumento da concentra&#231;&#227;o de dopamina e noradrenalina, &#233; bem poss&#237;vel que melhore a efic&#225;cia no fumante deprimido, explicando a n&#227;o obten&#231;&#227;o de resultados distintos entre os grupos sucesso e fracasso.</p>
    <p>A presen&#231;a de maior n&#250;mero de co-morbidades e de envelhecimento foi preditora de sucesso. Paradoxalmente os pacientes mais doentes foram os que mais fracassaram em interromper o tabagismo. &#201; poss&#237;vel que o agravamento da condi&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica atue como fator de descren&#231;a no benef&#237;cio que a interrup&#231;&#227;o do tabagismo possa trazer. O envelhecimento aumenta a probabilidade de sucesso, dado que j&#225; foi observado em outras pesquisas de tratamento do tabagismo<sup>15</sup>.</p>
    <p>Neste estudo n&#227;o foi poss&#237;vel detectar vari&#225;veis preditoras de reca&#237;da, e as taxas em ambos os sexos foram de 50% ao final de 52 semanas.</p>
    <p>Pesquisas<sup>16</sup> sugerem que a taxa de reca&#237;da pode ser reduzida com manuten&#231;&#227;o da bupropiona por per&#237;odo superior a 12 semanas. Talvez esse seja, de fato, um meio de manter otimizadas as taxas de sucesso obtidas na semana 12 de tratamento.</p>
    <p>Aos fumantes que n&#227;o desejarem restringir o consumo de &#225;lcool durante o tratamento de interrup&#231;&#227;o do tabagismo dever&#225; ser prescrita terapia de reposi&#231;&#227;o de nicotina em substitui&#231;&#227;o &#224; bupropiona, como forma de evitar abandono do tratamento, como observado no sexo masculino.</p>
    <p>A diferen&#231;a significativa no relato de melhora da condi&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica entre 88% dos pacientes que abandonaram o tabagismo &#233; fato da maior relev&#226;ncia. A perspectiva de melhora da condi&#231;&#227;o deve ser utilizada como fator de incentivo e estrat&#233;gia motivacional de abandono do tabagismo entre os portadores de doen&#231;as cardiovasculares.</p>
    <p>Os pacientes com condi&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica agravada dever&#227;o receber orienta&#231;&#245;es enf&#225;ticas sobre o benef&#237;cio que ter&#227;o em sua condi&#231;&#227;o de sa&#250;de ao parar de fumar. Entendemos que existe um momento mais prop&#237;cio para o tratamento do tabagismo em fumantes portadores de doen&#231;a cardiovascular, que &#233; o per&#237;odo imediatamente relacionado ao evento cardiovascular que motivou a interna&#231;&#227;o. Dados sugerem que 50% dos fumantes param de fumar ap&#243;s o evento cardiovascular que motivou a interna&#231;&#227;o, o que pode ser atribu&#237;do &#224; restri&#231;&#227;o do tabagismo em ambiente hospitalar e &#224; elevada motiva&#231;&#227;o dos pacientes para a obten&#231;&#227;o dessas taxas. No entanto, sabe-se que, de cada 100 fumantes que param de fumar ap&#243;s interna&#231;&#227;o hospitalar por doen&#231;a cardiovascular, cerca de 50% apresentam reca&#237;das num per&#237;odo de at&#233; seis meses ap&#243;s o evento cardiovascular que motivou sua interrup&#231;&#227;o<sup>17</sup>. A abordagem do fumante na fase hospitalar poderia reduzir a taxa de reca&#237;da<sup>18</sup>, impedindo que o paciente voltasse a fumar. E, o que &#233; mais importante, isso evitaria que, no futuro, em est&#225;gio psicomotivacional menos prop&#237;cio, como observado em nosso estudo, o fumante tivesse reduzida sua chance de sucesso em fun&#231;&#227;o do agravo da condi&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica. O maior n&#250;mero de co-morbidades cl&#237;nicas, indicando condi&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica menos favor&#225;vel, foi importante preditor de fracasso em nossa casu&#237;stica (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tabela3">tab. 3</xref>).</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Conclus&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Conclui-se que a bupropiona &#233; segura e efetiva no tratamento de fumantes com doen&#231;as cardiovasculares e que a presen&#231;a de co-morbidades e da idade interfere nas taxas de sucesso obtidas.</p>
    <p>As elevadas taxas de sucesso obtidas neste estudo no sexo feminino, comparando-se retrospectivamente com dados obtidos em tratamento com terapia com reposi&#231;&#227;o de nicotina<sup>19</sup>, permite-nos considerar a bupropiona medica&#231;&#227;o de elei&#231;&#227;o para o tratamento de mulheres fumantes com doen&#231;a cardiovascular.</p>
    <p>O laborat&#243;rio Glaxo-Smith-Kline forneceu exclusivamente a medica&#231;&#227;o para o estudo (cloridrato de bupropiona-Zyban).</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="back" fn-type="corresp">
        <label>
          <bold>Correspond&#234;ncia:</bold>
        </label>
        <p> Jaqueline Scholz Issa </p>
        <p> R. Dr. Estevam de Almeida, 74/64 </p>
        <p> 05014-010 &#150; S&#227;o Paulo, SP </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="jissa@cardiol.br">jissa@cardiol.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Artigo recebido em 07/06/06; revisado recebido em 20/07/06; aceito em 14/09/06.</p>
  </body>
  <back>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Effectiveness of sustained-release bupropion in the treatment of smoker patients with cardiovascular disease</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the effectiveness of and tolerability to sustained-release bupropion, in smokers with cardiovascular diseases treated in a smoking cessation service, as well as to investigate variables predictive of success or failure in smoking cessation. METHODS: Sustained-release bupropion was prescribed to 100 current smokers with cardiovascular disease for 12 weeks. Patients were followed for 52 week. The variables studied were gender, age, number of cigarettes, exhaled carbon monoxide, nicotine dependence (Fagerstrom Tolerance Questionnaire), depression (Beck Depression Inventory), anxiety (State-Trait Anxiety Inventory), alcohol consumption (Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test), number of diagnoses other than smoking, adverse events, and use of medications concomitantly with sustained-release bupropion. RESULTS: Abstinence rate was 50% at week 12 and 25% at week 52. The logistic regression analysis showed that ageing was positively associated with success, whereas the worsening of the condition, as verified by the presence of a higher number of other health conditions associated with smoking, was negatively associated with success. CONCLUSION: We conclude that the prescription of bupropion for smokers with cardiovascular diseases proved to be safe and effective, especially during the treatment period (week 12).</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Bupropion</kwd>
        <kwd>smoking</kwd>
        <kwd>cardiovascular diseases</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>ORIGINAL ARTICLE</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Effectiveness of sustained-release bupropion in the treatment of smoker patients with cardiovascular disease</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Jaqueline Scholz Issa; Gl&#243;ria Heloise Perez; Jayme Diament; Angela Giuliana Zavattieri; K&#225;tia Ulrich de Oliveira</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas &#150; FMUSP &#150; S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</p>
      <p>
        <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="back-body2">Mailing address</xref>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>SUMMARY</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVES:</bold> To evaluate the effectiveness of and tolerability to sustained-release bupropion, in smokers with cardiovascular diseases treated in a smoking cessation service, as well as to investigate variables predictive of success or failure in smoking cessation.</p>
      <p><bold>METHODS:</bold> Sustained-release bupropion was prescribed to 100 current smokers with cardiovascular disease for 12 weeks. Patients were followed for 52 week. The variables studied were gender, age, number of cigarettes, exhaled carbon monoxide, nicotine dependence (Fagerstrom Tolerance Questionnaire), depression (Beck Depression Inventory), anxiety (State-Trait Anxiety Inventory), alcohol consumption (Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test), number of diagnoses other than smoking, adverse events, and use of medications concomitantly with sustained-release bupropion.</p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS:</bold> Abstinence rate was 50% at week 12 and 25% at week 52. The logistic regression analysis showed that ageing was positively associated with success, whereas the worsening of the condition, as verified by the presence of a higher number of other health conditions associated with smoking, was negatively associated with success.</p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSION:</bold> We conclude that the prescription of bupropion for smokers with cardiovascular diseases proved to be safe and effective, especially during the treatment period (week 12).</p>
      <p><bold>Key words:</bold> Bupropion; smoking / treatment; cardiovascular diseases.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Introduction</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Smoking cessation in patients with atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease is indeed a great challenge. Although the morbidity and mortality rates from cardiovascular diseases decline by 50% after smoking cessation<sup>1</sup>, part of this population finds it difficult to quit smoking. Finding effective methods for helping smokers with heart disease quit smoking has become a strategic need in the treatment of cardiovascular diseases.</p>
      <p>Because sustained-release bupropion is effective when compared to nicotine replacement therapy (NRT)<sup>2</sup> and placebo<sup>3</sup>, it has been used as first-line treatment for smoking cessation since 2001<sup>4</sup>.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Objective</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The primary objective of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of sustained-release bupropion in smoking cessation in smokers with cardiovascular diseases followed up on an outpatient basis for smoking treatment. The secondary objective was to observe drug tolerability, taking into account the routine use of several chronic medications by the study population. Additionally, this study aimed at investigating variables that could predict success or failure in smoking cessation.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Methods</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Sustained-release bupropion was prescribed as a single drug in the treatment of smoking in 100 smokers with cardiovascular diseases followed up on an outpatient basis. Their age ranged from 24 to 75 years; 40 were females and 60 were males.</p>
      <p>Exclusion criteria were history of convulsion; anorexia; bulimia; sequelae of stroke; previous neurosurgery; head trauma; alcohol abuse; uncontrolled diabetes mellitus; hepatic failure; use of monoamine oxidase inhibitors; bupropion use; or any other smoking cessation treatment.</p>
      <p><italic>Clinical study</italic> - After signing the consent form, the patients were clinically assessed, and the exhaled carbon monoxide (CO) concentration was measured with the Smokerlyser Bedfont instrument. The smoking cessation treatment was based on the prescription of sustained-release bupropion for 12 weeks and medical follow-up. Patients were instructed to take one 150-mg tablet for 3 days, and, after the fourth day; an additional 150-mg tablet was to be taken 8 hours after the first tablet. This dose was maintained up to week 12. Patients were told to stop smoking on the eighth day after the first day of medication and not to drink alcoholic beverages during treatment.</p>
      <p>The Fagerstr&#246;m Tolerance Questionnaire<sup>5</sup> was used to assess nicotine dependence. The total score ranges from 0 to 10, with scores <underline>&gt;</underline>6 indicating nicotine dependence. Depression was evaluated with the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) <sup>6,7</sup>.This scale is comprised of 21 items, with response scores ranging from 0 to 63, assessing the presence and severity of depressive symptoms. The cut-off point criterion used was that proposed by the Center for Cognitive Therapy, with scores <underline>&gt;</underline>10 indicating depressive mood. The State and Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI)<sup>8,9</sup> was used to assess anxiety. Two scales with 20 items each comprise this inventory. One of them evaluates the anxiety state, which is characterized by the subjective perception of feelings of tension and apprehension followed by reactions of the autonomic nervous system at a particular moment. Trait anxiety, analyzed with the other scale, refers to a relatively stable tendency to perceive situations as threatening and to react to them with anxiety. Alcohol consumption was evaluated with the AUDIT &#150; Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test<sup>10</sup>, with Portuguese version by Figlie<sup>11</sup>, which is a 10-item questionnaire that assesses alcohol consumption, abuse, and dependence. Scores range from 0 (no use) to 40, with scores <underline>&gt;</underline>8 indicating alcohol abuse or dependence.</p>
      <p>All questionnaires were applied during the baseline visit.</p>
      <p>Subsequent evaluations were conducted at weeks 3, 8, 12, 24, and 52. The smoking status reported by the patient was confirmed by exhaled carbon monoxide measurements. The presence of adverse events reported during the use of sustained-release bupropion as well as the clinical course throughout the 52-week patient follow-up were analyzed.</p>
      <p><italic>Statistical analysis</italic> - Patients were divided, according to the main outcome of smoking cessation, into 2 groups: Success Group (SG) and Failure Group (FG). They were assessed at two moments: at weeks 12 and 52. The latter was focused on finding variables related to smoking relapse, excluding patients who had already failed to quit smoking with sustained-release bupropionat week 12.</p>
      <p>The variables studied were gender; age; number of cigarettes per day; exhaled carbon monoxide concentration; nicotine-dependence score; alcohol consumption; use of chronic medications; number of diagnoses other than smoking (comorbidities); adverse events related to the use of bupropion; depression, anxiety trait, and anxiety state.</p>
      <p>The chi-square test or Fisher's exact test were used in the univariate analysis for categorical variables, and the Student <italic>t</italic> test or Mann-Whitney test were used for continuous variables with normal or non-normal distribution, respectively. A multivariate analysis was performed using the logistic regression model. The forward method was used to select explanatory variables; p values &lt; 0.05 were considered significant.</p>
      <p>SPSS for Windows version 10.0 was used for the statistical analysis.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Results</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The most frequent clinical diagnoses were coronary artery disease, arterial hypertension, and dyslipidemia (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig1-body2">Figure 1</xref>).</p>
      <fig id="fig1-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-04-0434-00012-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>Success rate for smoking cessation was of 50% at week 12 and 25% at week 52 (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig2-body2">Figure 2</xref>).</p>
      <fig id="fig2-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-04-0434-00012-gf02-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>With regard to the number of medical comorbidities and adverse events (<xref ref-type="table" rid="en_12t1-body2">Table 1</xref>), the univariate analysis at week 12 revealed significant differences among patients in the success and failure groups (<xref ref-type="table" rid="en_12t1-body2">Table 1</xref>).</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="en_12t1-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-04-0434-00012-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>A significant difference was verified when comparing success rates among men and women (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig3-body2">Figure 3</xref>), thus raising interest in comparisons between genders. Significant differences were also observed between men and women relative to age, comorbidities, use of medications, occurrence of adverse events, depression and anxiety scores, and alcohol consumption. Compared with men, women were younger, more depressive and anxious, had fewer medical comorbidities, used fewer medications, and consumed less alcohol. Additionally, women referred a greater number of adverse events than men (<xref ref-type="table" rid="en_12t2-body2">Table 2</xref>).</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="en_12t2-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-04-0434-00012-gt02-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <fig id="fig3-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-04-0434-00012-gf03-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>Logistic regression analysis included gender, age, alcohol consumption, side effects, comorbidities, BDI, and anxiety trait and state score variables. Age was positively correlated whereas comorbidities were negatively correlated with success (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab3-body2">Table 3</xref>). That is, older and healthier patients were more likely to achieve success at week 12 when compared with younger, sicker individuals. The other variables, including gender, were not statistically significant in the multivariate analysis.</p>
      <table-wrap id="tab3-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-04-0434-00012-gt03-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>At week 52 of follow-up, success rate was 25%, that is, 50% of the patients of both genders relapsed. A total of 13 women (32.5%) and 12 men (20%) were abstinent. No significant difference was observed between genders.</p>
      <p>Univariate analysis and logistic regression analysis performed in the late phase of the study (week 52) did not demonstrate variables correlated with success and/or failure (<xref ref-type="table" rid="en_12t4-body2">Table 4</xref>).</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="en_12t4-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-04-0434-00012-gt04-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p><italic>Tolerability</italic> - Medication was discontinued in 9% of the patients due to angioedema (1%), severe anxiety attack (4%), skin rash (1%), dizziness (1%), nausea (1%), and headache (1%). The most frequent adverse events were: dry mouth (44%), insomnia (interrupted sleep &#150; 30%), and constipation (14%). In the majority of cases, insomnia resolved between weeks 3 and 4 of treatment (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig4-body2">Figure 4</xref>). No increased blood pressure levels were reported among hypertensive patients taking the medication. Also, no drug interaction was observed between sustained-release bupropion and the medications routinely taken by the patients. The frequency distribution of medications is shown in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_12f5-body2">Figure 5</xref>.</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <fig id="en_12f5-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-04-0434-00012-gf04-en.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <fig id="fig4-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-04-0434-00012-gf05-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p><italic>Clinical course</italic> - During the observation period, 3 deaths (stroke, lung cancer, and ischemic cardiomyopathy) and 3 nonfatal cardiovascular events (2 myocardial infarctions and 1 stroke) occurred. Patients were not using sustained-release bupropion when these events occurred, and all were in the failure group.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The smoking cessation rate during use of sustained-release bupropion (week 12) was 50%, which is similar to those obtained in treatment protocols of smokers without medical comorbidities<sup>3</sup>.</p>
      <p>The differences in success rates observed between men and women at week 12 (62.5% women vs. 41.7% men) using the univariate analysis may have been influenced by the presence of confounding variables (<xref ref-type="table" rid="en_12t2-body2">Table 2</xref>). In the logistic regression, gender was not a predictor of success. Anyway, other differences between genders may have influenced the higher success rates observed among women. Higher consumption of alcoholic beverages among men may have interfered in the result, considering that all patients were instructed to completely interrupt alcohol consumption while using sustained-release bupropion, thus suggesting the possibility of a lower compliance to treatment among male patients. Another important fact was the significant difference in the frequency of adverse events reported among women. Studies on bupropion associate higher frequencies of adverse events with the presence of therapeutic serum levels<sup>12</sup>. These facts suggest that there was higher compliance to treatment among women, and this may consequently have influenced the higher success rate at week 12 of the study. However, the higher compliance among women should be considered as a hypothesis, since serum sustained-release bupropion levels were not determined during the study. Additionally, depression and anxiety scores were significantly higher among women when compared with those among men (<xref ref-type="table" rid="en_12t2-body2">Table 2</xref>), and the use of bupropion is known to be associated with a reduction in anxiety and depression levels<sup>13</sup>, which could also have contributed to the higher compliance to the treatment among women.</p>
      <p>The Beck Depression Inventory used to assess depressive symptoms in the present study was not significantly different in the success group in relation to the failure group both during the phase of bupropion use (12 weeks) and during the 52-week follow-up, although the mean score had been higher than 10 in both groups, thus suggesting the presence of depressive symptoms.</p>
      <p>Data suggest that depressive smokers had 40% less chance to succeed in smoking cessation<sup>14</sup> than non-depressed smokers before the introduction of bupropion. Considering that bupropion has an antidepressive effect through a mechanism involving increase in dopamine and norepinephrine levels, a higher efficacy in depressive smokers is possible, and this would explain why different results were not obtained between the success and failure groups.</p>
      <p>Ageing and the presence of a higher number of comorbidities were predictive of success. Paradoxically, sicker patients were those who most frequently failed to quit smoking. Possibly, the deterioration of the clinical status causes patients to disbelieve in the benefits of smoking cessation. Ageing increases the likelihood of success, and this has already been observed in other studies on smoking treatment<sup>15</sup>.</p>
      <p>Detection of variables predictive of relapse was not possible in this study, and relapse rates were 50% for both genders at week 52.</p>
      <p>Studies<sup>16</sup> suggest that relapse rates may be reduced with the use of bupropion for a period longer than 12 weeks and this may actually be a way to maintain the success rates obtained at week 12 of treatment.</p>
      <p>Smokers not willing to restrict alcohol consumption during smoking cessation treatment should be prescribed nicotine replacement therapy instead of bupropion to prevent treatment discontinuation, as was observed among the male patients.</p>
      <p>Reporting of improvement of clinical status in 88% of the patients who quit smoking is a very significant fact. The prospect of improvement in the clinical status should be used to encourage and motivate patients with cardiovascular diseases to quit smoking.</p>
      <p>Patients with worsened clinical status should be emphatically instructed on the benefits that smoking cessation will bring to their health conditions. Additionally, we understand that the most appropriate moment for a smoker with cardiovascular diseases to participate in a smoking cessation program is the period immediately following the cardiovascular event that resulted in hospitalization, because data suggest that 50% of the smokers quit smoking after such an event. This rate is attributed to smoking restriction in the hospital environment and to the fact that the patients are highly motivated. However, 50% of the smokers who quit smoking after hospitalization due to cardiovascular disease relapse within 6 months of the cardiovascular event that resulted in smoking cessation<sup>17</sup>.</p>
      <p>Approaching smokers during hospitalization could reduce relapse rates<sup>18</sup>, thus preventing them from resuming smoking and, more importantly, it would prevent a later reduction in the probability of success due to deterioration of the clinical condition, in a less favorable psychomotivational stage, as was observed in this study. The greater number of medical comorbidities, indicating a poorer clinical condition, was an important predictor of failure in our case series (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab3-body2">Table 3</xref>).</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Conclusion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>In conclusion, sustained-release bupropion is safe and effective in the treatment of smokers with cardiovascular diseases, and factors like age and the presence of comorbidities interfere with the success rates obtained.</p>
      <p>The retrospective comparison of the high success rates observed among women in this study with the results of studies with nicotine replacement therapy<sup>19</sup> allows us to consider that sustained-release bupropion is the treatment of choice for smoker women with cardiovascular diseases.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fn id="back-body2" fn-type="corresp">
          <label>
            <bold>Mailing address:</bold>
          </label>
          <p> Jaqueline Scholz Issa</p>
          <p> R. Dr. Estevam de Almeida, 74/64</p>
          <p> 05014-010 &#150; S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</p>
          <p> E-mail: </p>
          <p>
            <email xlink:href="jissa@cardiol.br">jissa@cardiol.br</email>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p>Manuscript received June 7, 2006; revised manuscript received July 20, 2006; Accepted September 14, 2006.</p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
