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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">cx4Y7GvT3HJkTRbgRPQPWWQ</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00011</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2007000400011</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(07)08800411</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2007000400011</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Ferritina s&#233;rica e coronariopatia obstrutiva: correla&#231;&#227;o angiogr&#225;fica</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Godoy</surname>
            <given-names>Moacir Fernandes de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Takakura</surname>
            <given-names>Isabela Thomaz</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Machado</surname>
            <given-names>Rafael Dinardi</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Grassi</surname>
            <given-names>Luciano Vaccari</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Nogueira</surname>
            <given-names>Paulo Roberto</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="state"/>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Faculdade de Medicina de S&#227;o Jos&#233; do Rio Preto</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff02">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Jos&#233; do Rio Preto</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state"/>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Faculdade de Medicina de S&#227;o Jos&#233; do Rio Preto</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>04</month>
        <year>2007</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>88</volume>
      <issue>4</issue>
      <fpage>430</fpage>
      <lpage>433</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>09</day>
          <month>10</month>
          <year>2006</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>27</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2006</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>10</day>
          <month>09</month>
          <year>2006</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>OBJETIVO: Verificar a poss&#237;vel associa&#231;&#227;o entre os valores s&#233;ricos de ferritina e o grau de coronariopatia obstrutiva. M&#201;TODOS: Foram estudados 115 pacientes com cinecoronariografia e concomitante dosagem s&#233;rica de ferritina. Os valores de corte adotados foram 80 ng/ml para mulheres, e 120 ng/ml para homens. RESULTADOS: As ferritinemias m&#233;dias nos sexos masculino e feminino foram, respectivamente, 133,9&#177;133,8 ng/ml 214,6&#177;217,2 ng/ml (p=0,047). Observou-se que 44,1% das mulheres se apresentavam com ferritinemia normal, contra 30,9% dos homens (p=0,254). Nos pacientes sem coronariopatia obstrutivas ou com obstru&#231;&#245;es discretas (grupo A), a ferritinemia foi de 222,3&#177;325 ng/ml. J&#225; para as obstru&#231;&#245;es moderadas (grupo B) e graves (grupo C), os n&#237;veis foram, respectivamente, 145,6&#177;83,7 ng/ml e 188,9&#177;150,6 ng/ml. N&#227;o houve correla&#231;&#227;o entre o grau de coronariopatia e o n&#237;vel de ferritina s&#233;rica quanto &#224; ferritinemia m&#233;dia. Em rela&#231;&#227;o ao valor de corte, a quantidade de mulheres com ferritina acima de 80 ng/ml que se encontravam nos grupos B+C ou somente C foi significativamente maior que a quantidade de mulheres no grupo A (Odds Ratio 9,71 com IC95% de 1,63 a 57,72). J&#225; no sexo masculino, constataram-se graus similares de coronariopatia tanto acima como abaixo de valor de corte (Odds Ratio 0,92 com IC95% de 0,28 a 2,95). CONCLUS&#195;O: Constatou-se que mulheres com n&#237;veis de ferritinemia acima de 80 ng/ml apresentaram significativamente mais coronariopatia obstrutiva de grau importante que mulheres com taxas abaixo daquele valor. Em homens, a ferritinemia n&#227;o foi elemento preditor do grau de obstru&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>Ferritina</kwd>
        <kwd>doen&#231;a arterial coronariana</kwd>
        <kwd>arteriografia coronariana</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>24</day>
        <month>05</month>
        <year>2007</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>ARTIGO ORIGINAL</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Ferritina s&#233;rica e coronariopatia obstrutiva: correla&#231;&#227;o angiogr&#225;fica</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Moacir Fernandes de Godoy; Isabela Thomaz Takakura; Rafael Dinardi Machado; Luciano Vaccari Grassi; Paulo Roberto Nogueira</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Faculdade de Medicina de S&#227;o Jos&#233; do Rio Preto &#150; FAMERP e Funda&#231;&#227;o Faculdade Regional de Medicina &#150; FUNFARME - S&#227;o Jos&#233; do Rio Preto, SP</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="back">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVO:</bold> Verificar a poss&#237;vel associa&#231;&#227;o entre os valores s&#233;ricos de ferritina e o grau de coronariopatia obstrutiva. </p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS:</bold> Foram estudados 115 pacientes com cinecoronariografia e concomitante dosagem s&#233;rica de ferritina. Os valores de corte adotados foram 80 ng/ml para mulheres, e 120 ng/ml para homens. </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS:</bold> As ferritinemias m&#233;dias nos sexos masculino e feminino foram, respectivamente, 133,9&#177;133,8 ng/ml 214,6&#177;217,2 ng/ml (p=0,047). Observou-se que 44,1% das mulheres se apresentavam com ferritinemia normal, contra 30,9% dos homens (p=0,254). Nos pacientes sem coronariopatia obstrutivas ou com obstru&#231;&#245;es discretas (grupo A), a ferritinemia foi de 222,3&#177;325 ng/ml. J&#225; para as obstru&#231;&#245;es moderadas (grupo B) e graves (grupo C), os n&#237;veis foram, respectivamente, 145,6&#177;83,7 ng/ml e 188,9&#177;150,6 ng/ml. N&#227;o houve correla&#231;&#227;o entre o grau de coronariopatia e o n&#237;vel de ferritina s&#233;rica quanto &#224; ferritinemia m&#233;dia. Em rela&#231;&#227;o ao valor de corte, a quantidade de mulheres com ferritina acima de 80 ng/ml que se encontravam nos grupos B+C ou somente C foi significativamente maior que a quantidade de mulheres no grupo A (Odds Ratio 9,71 com IC95% de 1,63 a 57,72). J&#225; no sexo masculino, constataram-se graus similares de coronariopatia tanto acima como abaixo de valor de corte (Odds Ratio 0,92 com IC95% de 0,28 a 2,95). </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#195;O:</bold> Constatou-se que mulheres com n&#237;veis de ferritinemia acima de 80 ng/ml apresentaram significativamente mais coronariopatia obstrutiva de grau importante que mulheres com taxas abaixo daquele valor. Em homens, a ferritinemia n&#227;o foi elemento preditor do grau de obstru&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave:</bold> Ferritina, doen&#231;a arterial coronariana, arteriografia coronariana.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>As c&#233;lulas de quase todas as formas de vida requerem uma determinada quantidade de ferro para sobreviv&#234;ncia, replica&#231;&#227;o e express&#227;o de processos diferenciados. O ferro desempenha papel central na eritropoiese e em diversos processos intracelulares. &#201; o quarto elemento qu&#237;mico mais abundante na crosta terrestre e o metal de transi&#231;&#227;o mais abundante nos organismos vivos. Est&#225; envolvido no transporte de oxig&#234;nio, na transfer&#234;ncia de el&#233;trons, na s&#237;ntese do DNA, nos processos de oxida&#231;&#227;o pelo oxig&#234;nio e per&#243;xido de hidrog&#234;nio (H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>) e em muitos outros, mantendo a estrutura e a fun&#231;&#227;o normal de virtualmente todas as c&#233;lulas nos mam&#237;feros<sup>1</sup>.</p>
    <p>A quantidade corporal total de ferro &#233; de, aproximadamente, 50 mg/kg de peso em homens adultos normais, e de 35 mg/kg de peso em mulheres. A maior parte desse total, cerca de 70%, encontra-se nos compostos heme (marcadamente na hemoglobina e na mioglobina). Em torno de 30% ficam como ferro de dep&#243;sito na forma de ferritina e hemossiderina, e apenas 0,1% ou menos &#233; encontrado no plasma, ligado &#224; prote&#237;na de transporte transferrina<sup>1</sup>.</p>
    <p>Muitos metais de transi&#231;&#227;o t&#234;m val&#234;ncias vari&#225;veis, tais como Fe2+ ou Fe3+ ou Cu+ e Cu2+. A varia&#231;&#227;o entre os estados de val&#234;ncia envolve a aceita&#231;&#227;o ou a doa&#231;&#227;o de el&#233;trons e, assim sendo, os metais de transi&#231;&#227;o s&#227;o acentuadamente bons promotores de rea&#231;&#245;es de radicais livres. Os &#237;ons de cobre e ferro podem converter o super&#243;xido e o per&#243;xido de hidrog&#234;nio no altamente prejudicial radical hidroxila, atrav&#233;s das rea&#231;&#245;es de Fenton.</p>
    <p>A liga&#231;&#227;o do ferro na ferritina previne sua participa&#231;&#227;o na rea&#231;&#227;o de Fenton, uma vez que a capacidade de armazenamento dessa prote&#237;na &#233; bastante maior do que o teoricamente necess&#225;rio, n&#227;o havendo, por&#233;m, seguran&#231;a absoluta. O radical super&#243;xido pode ainda reagir com o per&#243;xido de hidrog&#234;nio (H2O2), na presen&#231;a de metais como o ferro e o cobre, caracterizando a chamada Rea&#231;&#227;o de Haber-Weiss, na qual se produz oxig&#234;nio, &#237;on hidroxila e radical hidroxila.</p>
    <p>Essa rea&#231;&#227;o &#233; de grande import&#226;ncia cl&#237;nica, pois o radical hidroxila &#233; cerca de 5 x 108 vezes mais reativo do que o super&#243;xido, podendo atacar e alterar quase toda mol&#233;cula das c&#233;lulas vivas. Merece ainda cita&#231;&#227;o, por sua import&#226;ncia, a capacidade que tem o radical super&#243;xido de transformar o ferro oxidado (Fe3+) na sua forma de ferro reduzido (Fe2+).</p>
    <p>Como j&#225; dito, somente 0,1% do ferro total &#233; encontrado no plasma (ligado &#224; transferrina). H&#225; uma forte necessidade de mant&#234;-lo ligado &#224;s formas heme ou como ferro de dep&#243;sito, pois, quando livre, pode levar a efeitos altamente delet&#233;rios. O ferro pode induzir &#224; peroxida&#231;&#227;o lip&#237;dica, tanto in vitro como in vivo, promovendo les&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica isqu&#234;mica em animais de experimenta&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <p>A ferritina &#233; a mol&#233;cula de armazenamento e detoxifica&#231;&#227;o do ferro intracelular com peso molecular de aproximadamente 460.000 Daltons. A ferritina intracelular &#233; sintetizada pelo ret&#237;culo endoplasm&#225;tico liso da c&#233;lula, enquanto a plasm&#225;tica normal &#233; sintetizada pelo ret&#237;culo endoplasm&#225;tico rugoso sendo na sua maior parte (70%), glicosilada antes de ser secretada pela c&#233;lula, aparentemente por meio do aparato de Golgi.</p>
    <p>Essa ferritina plasm&#225;tica difere da intracelular por conter uma quantidade bem menor de ferro. Existe, por&#233;m, uma rela&#231;&#227;o entre o ferro armazenado, intracelular, e o secretado, de forma que a concentra&#231;&#227;o de ferritina plasm&#225;tica reflete a quantidade de ferritina existente dentro da c&#233;lula. Estima-se que 1 &#181;g/l de ferritina s&#233;rica seja equivalente a aproximadamente 10 mg de ferro depositado<sup>2</sup>.</p>
    <p>Tem sido relatado que os quelantes de ferro protegem os tecidos contra a les&#227;o de reperfus&#227;o. Isso faz supor que o ferro seja liberado no plasma ou se torne acess&#237;vel aos tecidos para que ocorram as rea&#231;&#245;es de oxida&#231;&#227;o e redu&#231;&#227;o, e, nesse caso, a fonte desse ferro seria a ferritina. Assim, a ferritina seria um elemento ao mesmo tempo pr&#243; e antioxidante. Ao regular o "pool" de ferro livre intracelular, a ferritina controla a gera&#231;&#227;o de esp&#233;cies oxig&#234;nio-reativas catalisadas pelo ferro, funcionando, portanto, como antioxidante. Entretanto, Cairo e cols.<sup>3</sup> mostraram, em ratos submetidos a estresse oxidativo pela administra&#231;&#227;o de forona, um agente que depleta glutationa, que em princ&#237;pio ocorre uma queda na quantidade de ferritina, indicando que parte do ferro participante do "pool" livre deriva da pr&#243;pria ferritina, que nessa condi&#231;&#227;o, ent&#227;o, funciona como pr&#243;-oxidante. Na verdade, a degrada&#231;&#227;o inicial contribui para a expans&#227;o do ferro livre intracelular, o qual, mais tarde, ativa m&#250;ltiplos mecanismos moleculares para reconstitui&#231;&#227;o da ferritina, limitando dessa forma o efeito pr&#243;-oxidante.</p>
    <p>Segundo Wigginton<sup>4</sup>, a ferritina, al&#233;m de funcionar primariamente como prote&#237;na de armazenamento de ferro, pode tamb&#233;m atuar na modula&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o imunol&#243;gica: ela pode mascarar ou deprimir a express&#227;o de mol&#233;culas da superf&#237;cie celular importantes na ativa&#231;&#227;o de c&#233;lulas T e outras fun&#231;&#245;es efetoras. Essas intera&#231;&#245;es poderiam tornar-se patologicamente significantes nas condi&#231;&#245;es de hiperferritinemia acentuada.</p>
    <p>Os resultados da literatura t&#234;m sido conflitantes em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; associa&#231;&#227;o entre ferritina e aterosclerose, com estudos confirmando<sup>5,6,7,8</sup> ou negando esse poss&#237;vel efeito delet&#233;rio<sup>9,10,11</sup>.</p>
    <p>A determina&#231;&#227;o dos n&#237;veis plasm&#225;ticos de ferritina &#233; um meio conveniente de avalia&#231;&#227;o do balan&#231;o de ferro. Os hepat&#243;citos, o sistema ret&#237;culo-endotelial e, presumivelmente, todas as outras c&#233;lulas que sintetizam ferritina secretam uma quantidade representativa no plasma. A determina&#231;&#227;o da ferritina plasm&#225;tica possibilita uma avalia&#231;&#227;o mais geral dos dep&#243;sitos de ferro do que a aspira&#231;&#227;o de medula para aferi&#231;&#227;o de hemossiderina, e tem sido bastante usada para estimar os dep&#243;sitos f&#233;rricos corporais, particularmente na detec&#231;&#227;o de falta ou sobrecarga daquele metal<sup>3</sup>.</p>
    <p>O objetivo do presente trabalho foi analisar um grupo de pacientes submetidos &#224; dosagem de ferritina s&#233;rica contemporaneamente &#224; realiza&#231;&#227;o de cinecoronarioventriculografia, procurando determinar a exist&#234;ncia ou n&#227;o de correla&#231;&#227;o entre os valores laboratoriais e o grau de coronariopatia.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#233;todos</bold>
    </p>
    <p><italic>Pacientes -</italic> Fazem parte do estudo 115 pacientes, cujo &#250;nico crit&#233;rio de inclus&#227;o foi o fato de estarem sendo submetidos a um cateterismo card&#237;aco para cinecoronarioventriculografia diagn&#243;stica com colheita simult&#226;nea de sangue para dosagem da ferritina s&#233;rica. O estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica em Pesquisa com Seres Humanos, da institui&#231;&#227;o. Dos 115 pacientes estudados, 81 (70,4%) eram do sexo masculino. As idades variaram de 37 a 81 anos, com m&#233;dia e desvio padr&#227;o de 59,2&#177;10,8 anos.</p>
    <p><italic>Coleta do sangue -</italic> Em todos os pacientes, imediatamente antes do in&#237;cio do exame cineangiogr&#225;fico propriamente dito, mas j&#225; com o vaso arterial perif&#233;rico cateterizado, foi coletada uma amostra de sangue para dosagem s&#233;rica da ferritina. Com base no trabalho de Custer e cols.<sup>12</sup>, os valores de corte adotados foram 120 ng/ml para homens, e 80 ng/ml para mulheres.</p>
    <p><italic>An&#225;lise angiogr&#225;fica -</italic> A doen&#231;a ateroscler&#243;tica coronariana foi avaliada com base em classifica&#231;&#227;o caracterizada por tr&#234;s n&#237;veis de complexidade ou gravidade, a saber:</p>
    <p>A &#150; Normal ou com coronariopatia obstrutiva leve (les&#245;es comprometendo menos que 50% da luz de qualquer um dos ramos principais);</p>
    <p>B &#150; Moderada, com les&#245;es comprometendo no m&#225;ximo at&#233; 70% da luz de um ou mais ramos principais, em qualquer segmento, ou mais que 70% desde que em segmentos distais;</p>
    <p>C &#150; Grave, com les&#245;es comprometendo mais que 70% da luz do vaso nos ter&#231;os proximal e m&#233;dio de um ou mais ramos principais.</p>
    <p><italic>Estudo estat&#237;stico -</italic> Avaliou-se a Odds Ratio com intervalo de confian&#231;a 95%, para associa&#231;&#227;o entre grau de coronariopatia e n&#237;vel s&#233;rico de ferritina. Para estudo estat&#237;stico comparativo de vari&#225;veis quantitativas cont&#237;nuas, empregou-se o teste t de Student, com a corre&#231;&#227;o de Welch. Para vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas empregou-se o teste Exato de Fisher. Adotou-se erro alfa de 5%, sendo considerados significantes valores de p d" 0,05.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Resultados</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Nas 34 mulheres, os valores de ferritina apresentaram m&#233;dia e desvio-padr&#227;o de 133,9&#177;133,8 ng/ml, com varia&#231;&#227;o de 6 a 579 ng/ml, enquanto nos 81 homens esses valores foram 214,6&#177;217,2 ng/ml, com varia&#231;&#227;o de 3 a 1.541 ng/ml. A compara&#231;&#227;o entre os valores m&#233;dios obtidos nos sexos feminino e masculino mostrou diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significante ao teste t de Student (p=0,0172). Considerando-se o limite de corte em 80 ng/ml para mulheres e 120 ng/ml para homens, observou-se que 15 das 34 mulheres (44,1%) se apresentavam com ferritinemia dentro da faixa de normalidade, enquanto nos homens isso ocorreu em 25 dos 81 inclu&#237;dos no estudo (30,9%). Aqui, o estudo estat&#237;stico pelo teste de Fisher, bicaudal, mostra que n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a significante entre os sexos no que se refere &#224; porcentagem de casos com valores normais de ferritinemia nos 2 grupos (p=0,2011).</p>
    <p>Para os pacientes caracterizados como grau A de coronariopatia (normais ou com les&#245;es discretas), a m&#233;dia e o desvio-padr&#227;o foram 222,3&#177;325,0 ng/ml. J&#225; para os graus B e C foram, respectivamente, 145,6&#177;83,7 ng/ml e 188,9&#177;150,6 ng/ml, n&#227;o houve associa&#231;&#227;o entre o grau de coronariopatia e o n&#237;vel de ferritina s&#233;rica em termos de ferritinemia m&#233;dia.</p>
    <p>Com rela&#231;&#227;o aos valores de corte, os c&#225;lculos da Odds Ratio para quantidade de pacientes com exist&#234;ncia ou n&#227;o de coronariopatia, de acordo com o sexo e o n&#237;vel de corte de ferritinemia (80 ng/ml para mulheres e 120 ng/ml para homens), foram os seguintes:</p>
    <p>Sexo masculino - Graus (B+C) versus A: 0,92 (IC95% 0,28 - 2,95)</p>
    <p>Sexo masculino - Grau C versus A: 0,97 (IC95% 0,29 - 3,25)</p>
    <p>Sexo feminino - Graus (B+C) versus A: 9,71 (IC95% 1,63 - 57,72)</p>
    <p>Sexo feminino - Grau C versus A: 8,57 (IC95% 1,43 - 51,36)</p>
    <p>Como pode ser verificado, foi poss&#237;vel documentar rela&#231;&#227;o significante apenas para o sexo feminino. Assim, a quantidade de mulheres com ferritina s&#233;rica acima de 80 ng/ml que se encontravam nos graus B+C ou somente C foi significativamente maior que a quantidade de mulheres com grau A (Odds Ratio 9,71 com IC95% de 1,63 a 57,72). J&#225; para o sexo masculino, isso n&#227;o foi verificado, uma vez que houve graus similares de coronariopatia tanto acima como abaixo de valor de corte de 120 ng/ml (Odds Ratio 0,92 com IC95% de 0,28 a 2,95).</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Salonen e cols.<sup>13</sup>, acompanhando 1.931 homens n&#227;o-selecionados, com idades de 42, 48, 54 ou 60 anos e sem sintomas de doen&#231;a card&#237;aca coronariana ao in&#237;cio do estudo, verificaram que 51 apresentaram infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio, durante um per&#237;odo de seguimento m&#233;dio de tr&#234;s anos. Os pacientes com ferritina s&#233;rica igual ou maior que 200 mg/l tiveram 2,2 vezes mais risco de infarto, em compara&#231;&#227;o com aqueles apresentando n&#237;veis mais baixos. A associa&#231;&#227;o foi mais forte naqueles que apresentavam n&#237;veis de LDL-colesterol igual ou acima de 5,0 mmol/l, ou seja, 193 mg/dl. A alta ingest&#227;o de ferro tamb&#233;m mostrou associa&#231;&#227;o significativa com o risco de doen&#231;a coronariana. N&#227;o fazia parte do presente estudo a an&#225;lise associada da colesterolemia e fra&#231;&#245;es e do h&#225;bito alimentar. &#201; poss&#237;vel que esses elementos sejam coadjuvantes no eventual efeito delet&#233;rio da ferritina.</p>
    <p>Com rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; exist&#234;ncia ou n&#227;o de coronariopatia obstrutiva moderada ou importante na depend&#234;ncia de maior n&#237;vel s&#233;rico de ferritina, s&#243; conseguimos demonstrar essa associa&#231;&#227;o em mulheres, j&#225; que no grupo com ferritinemia acima de 80 ng/ml houve um n&#250;mero significativamente maior de casos de coronariopatia obstrutiva importante. Em homens, essa associa&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o se confirmou. A literatura tamb&#233;m &#233; controversa com rela&#231;&#227;o a esse aspecto<sup>6,8,11</sup>.</p>
    <p>Rauramaa e cols.<sup>14</sup> procuraram determinar a associa&#231;&#227;o dos fatores de risco convencionais e o estado do ferro corporal com a preval&#234;ncia de aterosclerose carot&#237;dea em homens finlandeses de m&#233;dia idade. Para tanto, estudaram 206 pacientes com idades entre 50 e 60 anos, com aux&#237;lio de ultra-sonografia de alta resolu&#231;&#227;o, determinando o espessamento da &#237;ntima e da m&#233;dia das art&#233;rias car&#243;tidas. N&#227;o constataram associa&#231;&#227;o entre os n&#237;veis de ferritina, transferrina ou ingest&#227;o de ferro na dieta com a ocorr&#234;ncia de aterosclerose na bifurca&#231;&#227;o carot&#237;dea.</p>
    <p>Moore e cols.<sup>15</sup> tamb&#233;m n&#227;o encontraram associa&#231;&#227;o entre ferritina s&#233;rica e espessamento das camadas &#237;ntima e m&#233;dia da art&#233;ria car&#243;tida. Utilizaram o valor de 143 microgramas de ferritina por litro de sangue, como valor de corte. Esses dados, embora se refiram &#224; art&#233;ria car&#243;tida e n&#227;o coron&#225;ria, parecem confirmar nossos achados.</p>
    <p>You e cols.<sup>16</sup> empregaram a proteomica para identificar express&#245;es prot&#233;icas em art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias doentes, conseguindo demonstrar que a ferritina de cadeia leve, que &#233; a que media o armazenamento do ferro nas c&#233;lulas, se expressava de forma aumentada nas art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias de pacientes com processo ateroscler&#243;tico quando comparada &#224; de art&#233;rias normais (p=0,01). Especulam que essa express&#227;o aumentada poderia contribuir na patog&#234;nese da doen&#231;a arterial coronariana modulando a oxida&#231;&#227;o de lip&#237;dios na parede do vaso por meio da gera&#231;&#227;o de subst&#226;ncias oxig&#234;nio-reativas. N&#227;o afastam, por&#233;m, a possibilidade de que isso seja apenas uma conseq&#252;&#234;ncia do processo ateroscler&#243;tico, e n&#227;o propriamente sua causa.</p>
    <p>Bozzini e cols.<sup>17</sup>, em estudo similar ao nosso, avaliaram 849 indiv&#237;duos, sendo 546 portadores de doen&#231;a arterial coronariana angiograficamente documentada, determinando os valores de ferritina s&#233;rica. Conclu&#237;ram que os n&#237;veis de ferritina foram levemente mais altos em pacientes portadores de coronariopatia, mas essa diferen&#231;a desapareceu ap&#243;s ajuste por sexo e n&#237;veis de prote&#237;na C-reativa, concluindo que seus resultados n&#227;o confirmam que os estoques de ferro sejam preditores de maior risco coron&#225;rio.</p>
    <p>Por fim, Haidari e cols.<sup>18</sup> conseguiram demonstrar em uma popula&#231;&#227;o jovem de 400 pacientes, submetida a cinecoronariografia com finalidades diagn&#243;sticas, que a ferritina s&#233;rica era mais elevada nos homens portadores de obstru&#231;&#227;o (121 &#181;g/l; 56-258 &#181;g/l) que nos homens sem obstru&#231;&#227;o significante (73 &#181;g/l; 32-138 &#181;g/l; p&lt;0,002), sendo a ferritinemia um fator de risco independente (p&lt;0.01) e essa associa&#231;&#227;o foi mais proeminente em homens com 50 anos ou menos (OR = 2,65; IC95% 1,35-5,51; p&lt;0,003). Curiosamente, n&#227;o encontraram associa&#231;&#227;o entre n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de ferritina e presen&#231;a de coronariopatia obstrutiva em mulheres, justamente o oposto que no presente estudo. Vale ressaltar que aqueles autores destacam o fato de terem feito seu estudo com pacientes iranianos, o que remete a poss&#237;veis varia&#231;&#245;es populacionais com interfer&#234;ncia gen&#233;tica e ambiental na ocorr&#234;ncia das altera&#231;&#245;es.</p>
    <p>O presente trabalho, apesar das limita&#231;&#245;es de contar com uma casu&#237;stica relativamente pequena e ter como base de avalia&#231;&#227;o valores de ferritinemia n&#227;o-padronizados especificamente para a popula&#231;&#227;o brasileira, permite concluir que os n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de ferritina s&#233;rica, em an&#225;lise transversal, correlacionaram-se com a exist&#234;ncia de coronariopatia obstrutiva de grau importante apenas em mulheres. Fatores hormonais, gen&#233;ticos ou populacionais podem estar envolvidos e estudos complementares multic&#234;ntricos com desenho prospectivo precisam ser desenvolvidos na tentativa de esclarecimento dessa quest&#227;o.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesses</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflitos de interesses pertinentes.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="back" fn-type="corresp">
        <label>
          <bold>Correspond&#234;ncia:</bold>
        </label>
        <p> Moacir Fernandes de Godoy </p>
        <p> Rua Garabed Karabashian, 570 </p>
        <p> 15070-600 &#150; S&#227;o Jos&#233; do Rio Preto, SP </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="mfgodoy@netsite.com.br">mfgodoy@netsite.com.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Artigo recebido em 27/02/06; revisado recebido em 10/09/06; aceito em 09/10/06.</p>
  </body>
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  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Serum ferritin and obstructive coronary artery disease: angiographic correlation</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>OBJECTIVE: To verify the possible association between the levels of serum ferritin and the degree of obstructive coronary artery disease. METHODS: 115 patients with coronary arteriography and concomitant evaluation of serum ferritin were studied. The adopted cut-off values were 80 ng/ml for women and 120 ng/ml for men. RESULTS: The mean ferritin levels for males and females were 133.9&#177;133.8 ng/ml and 214.6&#177;217.2 ng/ml, respectively (p=0.047). It was observed that 44.1% of the women had normal serum ferritin levels in comparison to 30.9% of the men (p=0.254). In the patients without obstructive coronary artery disease or with less severe obstructions (group A) the serum ferritin level was 222.3&#177;325 ng/ml. On the other hand, for those with moderate (group B) and severe obstructions (group C) the levels were 145.6+-83.7 ng/ml and 188.9&#177;150.6 ng/ml, respectively. There was no correlation between the degree of coronary artery disease and the mean level of serum ferritin. Regarding the cut-off value, the number of women with serum ferritin level &gt; 80 ng/ml in groups B+C or only C was significantly higher than the number of women in group A (ODDS RATIO 9.71 with 95%CI from 1.63 to 57.72). For males there was no significant difference between the number of cases above or below the cut-off values (ODDS RATIO 0.92 with 95%CI from 0.28 to 2.95). CONCLUSION: It was verified that women with serum ferritin levels &gt; 80 ng/mL presented more severe obstructive coronary artery disease than women with lower levels. In men, the serum ferritin level was not a predictor element of the degree of obstruction.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Ferritin</kwd>
        <kwd>coronary artery disease</kwd>
        <kwd>coronary arteriography</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>ORIGINAL ARTICLE</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Serum ferritin and obstructive coronary artery disease: angiographic correlation</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Moacir Fernandes de Godoy; Isabela Thomaz Takakura; Rafael Dinardi Machado; Luciano Vaccari Grassi; Paulo Roberto Nogueira</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Faculdade de Medicina de S&#227;o Jos&#233; do Rio Preto &#150; FAMERP e Funda&#231;&#227;o Faculdade Regional de Medicina &#150; FUNFARME - S&#227;o Jos&#233; do Rio Preto, SP - Brazil </p>
      <p>
        <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="back-body2">Mailing address</xref>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>SUMMARY</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVE:</bold> To verify the possible association between the levels of serum ferritin and the degree of obstructive coronary artery disease.</p>
      <p><bold>METHODS:</bold> 115 patients with coronary arteriography and concomitant evaluation of serum ferritin were studied. The adopted cut-off values were 80 ng/ml for women and 120 ng/ml for men.</p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS:</bold> The mean ferritin levels for males and females were 133.9&#177;133.8 ng/ml and 214.6&#177;217.2 ng/ml, respectively (p=0.047). It was observed that 44.1% of the women had normal serum ferritin levels in comparison to 30.9% of the men (p=0.254). In the patients without obstructive coronary artery disease or with less severe obstructions (group A) the serum ferritin level was 222.3&#177;325 ng/ml. On the other hand, for those with moderate (group B) and severe obstructions (group C) the levels were 145.6+-83.7 ng/ml and 188.9&#177;150.6 ng/ml, respectively. There was no correlation between the degree of coronary artery disease and the mean level of serum ferritin. Regarding the cut-off value, the number of women with serum ferritin level &gt; 80 ng/ml in groups B+C or only C was significantly higher than the number of women in group A (ODDS RATIO 9.71 with 95%CI from 1.63 to 57.72). For males there was no significant difference between the number of cases above or below the cut-off values (ODDS RATIO 0.92 with 95%CI from 0.28 to 2.95).</p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSION:</bold> It was verified that women with serum ferritin levels &gt; 80 ng/mL presented more severe obstructive coronary artery disease than women with lower levels. In men, the serum ferritin level was not a predictor element of the degree of obstruction.</p>
      <p><bold>Key words:</bold> Ferritin; coronary artery disease; coronary arteriography.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Introduction</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Cells of nearly all forms of life require well-defined amounts of iron for survival, replication and expression of differentiated processes. Iron has a central role in erythropoiesis and several intracellular processes. It is the fourth most abundant chemical element on Earth and the most abundant transition metal in living organisms. It is involved in oxygen transportation, transference of electrons, DNA synthesis, oxidation processes by oxygen and hydrogen peroxide (H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>) and in many others, keeping the normal structure and function of virtually all mammal cells<sup>1</sup>. The total body iron content is approximately 50 mg/kg of weight in normal adult men and 35 mg/kg of weight in women. Most of this content, approximately 70% of it, is found in the heme compounds (markedly in hemoglobin and myoglobin). Around 30% remains as iron stores as ferritin and hemossiderin and only 0.1% or less is found in plasma, bound to the transport protein transferrin<sup>1</sup>.</p>
      <p>Many transition metals have variable valences, such as Fe<sup>2+</sup> and Fe<sup>3+</sup> or Cu<sup>+</sup> and Cu<sup>2+</sup>. The variation between the states of valence involves the acceptance or donation of electrons and thus, transition metals are markedly good promoters of free radical reactions. Copper and iron ions can convert the superoxide and the hydrogen peroxide into the highly harmful hydroxyl radical, through Fenton's reactions. The binding of iron to ferritin prevents its participation in Fenton's reaction, as the capacity of storage of this protein is much higher than what is theoretically necessary; however, there is no absolute certainty about that. The superoxide radical can also react with hydrogen peroxide (H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>) in the presence of metals such as iron and copper, characterizing the so-called Haber-Weiss Reaction, where oxygen is produced, as well as the hydroxyl ion and the hydroxyl radical. This reaction is of great clinical importance, as the hydroxyl radical is around 5 x 10<sup>8</sup> more reactive than the superoxide and can attack almost all molecules of living cells. It is also noteworthy, due to its importance, the capacity of the superoxide radical in transforming oxidized iron (Fe <sup>3+</sup>) into its reduced form (Fe <sup>2+</sup>).</p>
      <p>As previously mentioned, only 0.1% of the total iron is found in plasma (transferrin-bound). There is a strong need to keep it bound to the heme group or as iron stores, as it can lead to highly deleterious effects when it is free. Iron can lead to lipid peroxidation, <italic>in vitro</italic> as well as <italic>in vivo</italic>, promoting ischemic myocardial injury in animal models.</p>
      <p>Ferritin is the intracellular iron storage molecule and detoxification with a molecular weight of approximately 460,000 Daltons. The intracellular ferritin is synthesized by the cell smooth endoplasmic reticulum whereas the normal plasma ferritin is synthesized by the rough endoplasmic reticulum, which is mostly glycosylated (70%) before being secreted by the cell, apparently by the Golgi complex. This plasma ferritin differs from the intracellular one by containing smaller amounts of iron. There is, however, an association between the stored iron, intracellular, and the secreted one, in a way that the plasma ferritin concentration reflects the amount of ferritin inside the cell. It is estimated that 1 &#181;g/l of serum ferritin is equivalent to approximately 10 mg of stored iron<sup>1</sup>.</p>
      <p>It has been reported that iron chelants protect the tissues against the reperfusion injury. This raises the supposition that the iron is released in plasma or becomes accessible to the tissues in order for the reactions of oxidation and reduction to take place, and in this case, the source of this iron would be ferritin. Thus, ferritin would be an element at the same time pro- and anti-oxidant. By regulating the "pool" of free intracellular iron, ferritin controls the generation of reactive-oxygen species catalyzed by iron, thus working as an anti-oxidant. On the other hand, Cairo et al<sup>1</sup> showed, in rats submitted to oxidative stress by the administration of phorone, a glutathione-depleting drug, that initially there is a decrease in the amount of ferritin, indicating that part of the iron participating in the free "pool" derives from ferritin itself, which under these circumstances works as a pro-oxidant. Actually, the initial degradation contributes to the expansion of free intracellular iron, which later activates multiple molecular mechanisms to reconstitute ferritin, therefore limiting the pro-oxidant effect.</p>
      <p>According to Wigginton (1995)<sup>1</sup> ferritin, in addition to functioning primarily as an iron storage protein, can also act in the modulation of the immune function: it can mask or depress the expression of molecules on the cell surface that are important for the activation of T cells and other effector functions. These interactions could become pathologically significant when there is accentuated hyperferritinemia.</p>
      <p>The results of literature have been conflicting regarding the association between ferritin and atherosclerosis, with some studies confirming<sup>2,3,4,5</sup>, and others denying this possible deleterious effect <sup>6,7,8</sup> .</p>
      <p>The determination of plasma ferritin levels is a convenient iron balance assessment method. The hepatocytes, the reticulum-endothelial system and presumably, all the other cells that synthesize ferritin secrete a significant amount in the plasma. The measurement of plasma ferritin allows a more general evaluation of iron stores than the bone marrow aspiration to measure hemossiderin and has been widely used to estimate body iron stores, particularly in the detection of lack or overload of this metal<sup>3</sup>.</p>
      <p>The objective of the present study was to analyze a group of patients submitted to the measurement of serum ferritin simultaneously to the performance of a coronary arteriography aiming at determining whether there is a correlation between laboratory values and the degree of coronary disease.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Methods</bold>
      </p>
      <p><italic>Patients</italic> - A total of 115 patients participated in the study, whose single inclusion criterion was being submitted to cardiac catheterism for diagnostic coronary arteriography with simultaneous blood collection for serum ferritin measurement. The study was approved by the Ethics Committee on Research in Humans of the Institution. Of the 155 patients studied, 81 (70.4%) were males. Age ranged from 37 to 81 years with a mean age of 59.2&#177;10.8 yrs.</p>
      <p><italic>Blood collection -</italic> A blood sample was collected from all patients, immediately before the coronary angiography was started, but with the peripheral vessel already catheterized, for the serum ferritin measurement. Based on the study by Custer and cols. (1995)<sup>9</sup>, the cutoff values adopted were 120ng/ml for men and 80ng/ml for women.</p>
      <p><italic>Angiographic analysis -</italic> The coronary atherosclerotic disease was assessed based on the classification characterized by three levels of complexity or severity, as follows:</p>
      <p>A - Normal or with mild obstructive coronary disease (stenosis of less than 50% of the lumen of any of the main branches);</p>
      <p>B - Moderate, with stenosis of up to 70% of the lumen of 1 or more main branches, in any segment, or more than 70% as long as it is in distal segments;</p>
      <p>C - Severe, with stenosis of more than 70% of the lumen in the proximal and mid-third portion of 1 or more main branches.</p>
      <p><italic>Statistical analysis</italic> - The ODDS RATIO with a 95% confidence interval was evaluated for the association between the degree of coronary disease and serum ferritin levels. For the comparative statistical study of continuous quantitative variables, Student's <italic>t</italic> test was employed with Welch correction. For categorical variables, Fisher's exact test was used. An alpha error of 5% was adopted and p values <underline>&lt;</underline> 0.05 were considered significant.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Results</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The 34 women presented ferritin levels of 133.9&#177;133.8 ng/ml (mean &#177;SD) ranging from 6 to 579ng/ml, whereas the 81 men had levels of 214.6&#177;217.2 ng/ml ranging from 3 to 1,541ng/ml. The comparison between the mean values obtained for the female and male genders showed a statistically significant difference at Student's <italic>t</italic> test (p=0.0172). Considering the cutoff of 80ng/ml for women and 120ng/ml for men, it was observed that 15 of the 34 women (44.1%) had ferritin levels within the normal range, whereas 25 of the 81 men (30.9%) presented normal ferritin levels. Here, the statistical study by Fisher's bicaudal exact test shows that there was no significant difference between the genders regarding the percentage of cases with normal ferritin levels in the two groups (p=0.2011).</p>
      <p>For the patients characterized as having Degree A of coronary disease (normal or with slight lesions) the mean and SD were 222.3&#177;325.0 ng/ml. For the Degrees B and C, they were respectively 145.6&#177;83.7ng/ml and 188.9&#177;150.6 ng/ml. There was no association between the degree of coronary disease and the serum ferritin regarding mean ferritin levels.</p>
      <p>Regarding the cutoff values, the calculation of ODDS RATIO for the number of patients with or without coronary disease according to the sex and the cutoff level of ferritinemia (80ng/ml for women and 120ng/ml for men) were as follows:</p>
      <p>Male sex - Degrees (B+C) <italic>versus</italic> A: 0.92 (95%CI: 0.28 - 2.95)</p>
      <p>Male sex - Degree C <italic>versus</italic> A: 0.97 (95%CI: 0.29 - 3.25)</p>
      <p>Female sex - Degree (B+C) <italic>versus</italic> A: 9.71 (95%CI: 1.63 - 57.72)</p>
      <p>Female sex - Degree C <italic>versus</italic> A: 8.57 (95%CI: 1.43 - 51.36)</p>
      <p>As it can be observed, it was possible to observe a significant correlation only for the female sex. Thus, the number of women with serum ferritin &gt; 80 ng/ml that were found to present Degrees B+C or only C was significantly higher than the number of women with Degree A (ODDS RATIO 9.71 with 95%CI of 1.63 to 57.72). This is not true for the male sex, as there were similar degrees of coronary disease with ferritin levels above or below the cutoff value of 120 ng/ ml (ODDS RATIO 0.92 with 95%CI of 0.28 to 2.95).</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Salonen et al<sup>10</sup> following 1,931 unselected males, aged 42, 48, 54 or 60 years without symptoms of coronary heart disease in the beginning of the study, observed that 51 presented acute myocardial infarction during a mean follow-up period of 3 years. The patients with serum ferritin levels <underline>&gt;</underline> 200 mg/l had a 2.2-fold increased risk of infarction compared to those presenting lower levels. The association was stronger in those who presented levels of LDL-cholesterol <underline>&gt;</underline> 5.0 mmol/l, i.e., 193 mg/dl. The high consumption of iron also showed a significant association with the risk of coronary disease. The scope of the present study did not include the associated analysis of cholesterolemia and fractions and dietary habits. It is possible that these elements are coadjutants in the eventual deleterious effect of ferritin.</p>
      <p>Regarding the existence or not of moderate or severe obstructive coronary disease depending on the higher levels of ferritin, we could only demonstrate this association in women, as in the group with mean ferritinemia &gt; 80 ng/ml there was a significantly higher number of cases with severe obstructive coronary disease, whereas in men, this association was not confirmed. The literature is also controversial regarding this issue<sup>6,8,11</sup>. Rauramaa et al<sup>11</sup> tried to establish the association of conventional risk factors and the body iron status with the prevalence of carotid atherosclerosis in Finnish middle-aged men. They studied 206 patients aged 50 to 60 years, with the help of high-resolution US and determined the carotid artery intima and media thickness. They did not observe an association between the levels of ferritin, transferrin or dietary iron consumption with the occurrence of atherosclerosis at the carotid artery bifurcation.</p>
      <p>Moore et al<sup>11</sup> did not find any association between serum ferritin and the carotid artery intima and media thickness, either. They used a cutoff value of 143 micrograms of ferritin per liter of blood. These data seem to confirm our findings, although they refer to the carotid artery and not to the coronary artery.</p>
      <p>You et al<sup>12</sup> used proteomics to identify protein expressions in diseased coronary arteries and demonstrated that light-chain ferritin, which mediates iron stores in the cells, showed a higher expression in the coronary arteries of patients with an atherosclerotic process when compared to that of normal arteries (p=0.01). It is speculated that this increased expression could contribute to the pathogenesis of coronary artery disease by modulating the oxidation of lipids in the vessel wall by generating oxygen-reactive substances. However, the possibility that this is only a consequence of the atherosclerotic process and not actually its cause has not been ruled out.</p>
      <p>Bozzini et al<sup>13</sup>, in a study that was similar to the present one, assessed 849 individuals, with 546 of them having angiographically documented coronary artery disease, measuring the levels of serum ferritin. They observed that the levels of ferritin were slightly more elevated in patients with coronary disease, but this difference disappeared after being adjusted for sex and C-reactive protein levels, concluding that their resultas did not confirm that iron stores are predictors of a higher coronary risk.</p>
      <p>Finally, Haidari et al<sup>14</sup> were able to demonstrate in a young population of 400 patients submitted to coronary angiography with diagnostic objectives, that serum ferritin was more elevated in men with obstructions (121 &#181;g/l; 56-258 &#181;g/l) than in men without significant obstructions (73 &#181;g/l; 32-138 &#181;g/l; p&lt;0.002), with ferritinemia being an independent risk factor (p &lt;0.01); this association was more prominent in men aged 50 years or less (OR = 2.65; 95%CI: 1.35-5.51; p &lt;0.003). Interestingly, no association between serum ferritin levels and the presence of coronary disease was found in women, which is exactly the opposite of what was demonstrated by the present study. It is noteworthy that those authors mention the fact that their study was carried out with Iranian patients, which involves possible population variations with the influence of genetic and environment factors on the occurrence of alterations.</p>
      <p>The present study, despite the limitation of the small sample size and the fact that the ferritin level assessment was based on values that have not been specifically standardized for the Brazilian population, allows us to conclude that that, in a transversal analysis, serum ferritin levels correlated with the existence of significant obstructive coronary artery disease only in women. Hormonal, genetic or population factors might be involved and additional multicenter studies with a prospective design must be carried out in an attempt to clarify this issue.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
      </p>
      <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fn id="back-body2" fn-type="corresp">
          <label>
            <bold>Mailing address:</bold>
          </label>
          <p> Moacir Fernandes de Godoy</p>
          <p> Rua Garabed Karabashian, 570</p>
          <p> 15070-600 &#150; S&#227;o Jos&#233; do Rio Preto, SP - Brazil</p>
          <p> E-mail: </p>
          <p>
            <email xlink:href="mfgodoy@netsite.com.br">mfgodoy@netsite.com.br</email>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p>Manuscript received February 27, 2006; revised manuscript received September 10, 2006; accepted October 9, 2006.</p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
