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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">KqwLPtksNSYdfjkHdVHyb7B</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00010</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2007000400010</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(07)08800410</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2007000400010</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Homociste&#237;na plasm&#225;tica total e fator von Willebrand no diabete melito experimental</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lopes</surname>
            <given-names>Renato Delascio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Neves</surname>
            <given-names>Lindalva Batista</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>D'Almeida</surname>
            <given-names>V&#226;nia</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Concei&#231;&#227;o</surname>
            <given-names>Gleice Margarete de Souza</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Gabriel Junior</surname>
            <given-names>Alexandre</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">EPM </institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>04</month>
        <year>2007</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>88</volume>
      <issue>4</issue>
      <fpage>424</fpage>
      <lpage>429</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>12</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2006</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>12</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2006</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>02</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2006</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>OBJETIVOS: Determinar os valores plasm&#225;ticos de homociste&#237;na e fator von Willebrand, como marcador de disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial, em ratos com diabete melito induzido por estreptozotocina. M&#201;TODOS: Trinta e cinco ratos (rattus norvegicus albinus), machos, adultos (180-200 g), randomizados em tr&#234;s grupos: controle (n=10) n&#227;o receberam agente ou ve&#237;culo; sham (n=10) receberam solu&#231;&#227;o ve&#237;culo da estreptozotocina; e diab&#233;tico (n=15) receberam estreptozotocina. Ap&#243;s oito semanas de indu&#231;&#227;o do diabete melito, os animais foram pesados, anestesiados e tiveram sangue colhido da aorta abdominal para determina&#231;&#227;o dos valores de homociste&#237;na plasm&#225;tica total, fator von Willebrand e glicemia. RESULTADOS: O modelo experimental foi reprodut&#237;vel em 100% dos animais. A m&#233;dia das concentra&#231;&#245;es plasm&#225;ticas de homociste&#237;na foi: 7,9 &#181;mol/l (controle); 8,6 &#181;mol/l (sham) e 6,1 &#181;mol/l (diab&#233;tico), com diferen&#231;a entre os grupos (p&lt;0,01). Pelo m&#233;todo de compara&#231;&#245;es m&#250;ltiplas entre os grupos, observou-se que os valores no grupo diab&#233;tico foram menores que no sham (p&lt;0,01). A m&#233;dia dos valores do fator von Willebrand foi 0,15 U/l (controle), 0,16 U/l (sham) e 0,18 U/l (diab&#233;tico), com diferen&#231;a entre os grupos (p=0,03). A m&#233;dia dos seus valores no grupo diab&#233;tico foi maior que no grupo controle (p&lt;0,05). No grupo diab&#233;tico n&#227;o houve correla&#231;&#227;o entre homociste&#237;na e fator von Willebrand. CONCLUS&#195;O: No diabete melito induzido por estreptozotocina constataram-se valores reduzidos de homociste&#237;na e elevados de fator von Willebrand, sem, contudo, haver correla&#231;&#245;es entre si e com n&#237;veis de glicemia final.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>Homociste&#237;na</kwd>
        <kwd>fator de von Willebrand</kwd>
        <kwd>diabete melito</kwd>
        <kwd>epidemiologia</kwd>
        <kwd>experimental</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>24</day>
        <month>05</month>
        <year>2007</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>ARTIGO ORIGINAL</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Homociste&#237;na plasm&#225;tica total e fator von Willebrand no diabete melito experimental</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Renato Delascio Lopes; Lindalva Batista Neves; V&#226;nia D'Almeida; Gleice Margarete de Souza Concei&#231;&#227;o; Alexandre Gabriel Junior</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo &#150; UNIFESP-EPM - S&#227;o Paulo, SP</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="back">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVOS:</bold> Determinar os valores plasm&#225;ticos de homociste&#237;na e fator von Willebrand, como marcador de disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial, em ratos com diabete melito induzido por estreptozotocina. </p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS:</bold> Trinta e cinco ratos (rattus norvegicus albinus), machos, adultos (180-200 g), randomizados em tr&#234;s grupos: controle (n=10) n&#227;o receberam agente ou ve&#237;culo; sham (n=10) receberam solu&#231;&#227;o ve&#237;culo da estreptozotocina; e diab&#233;tico (n=15) receberam estreptozotocina. Ap&#243;s oito semanas de indu&#231;&#227;o do diabete melito, os animais foram pesados, anestesiados e tiveram sangue colhido da aorta abdominal para determina&#231;&#227;o dos valores de homociste&#237;na plasm&#225;tica total, fator von Willebrand e glicemia. </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS:</bold> O modelo experimental foi reprodut&#237;vel em 100% dos animais. A m&#233;dia das concentra&#231;&#245;es plasm&#225;ticas de homociste&#237;na foi: 7,9 &#181;mol/l (controle); 8,6 &#181;mol/l (sham) e 6,1 &#181;mol/l (diab&#233;tico), com diferen&#231;a entre os grupos (p&lt;0,01). Pelo m&#233;todo de compara&#231;&#245;es m&#250;ltiplas entre os grupos, observou-se que os valores no grupo diab&#233;tico foram menores que no sham (p<underline>&lt;</underline>0,01). A m&#233;dia dos valores do fator von Willebrand foi 0,15 U/l (controle), 0,16 U/l (sham) e 0,18 U/l (diab&#233;tico), com diferen&#231;a entre os grupos (p=0,03). A m&#233;dia dos seus valores no grupo diab&#233;tico foi maior que no grupo controle (p<underline>&lt;</underline>0,05). No grupo diab&#233;tico n&#227;o houve correla&#231;&#227;o entre homociste&#237;na e fator von Willebrand. </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#195;O:</bold> No diabete melito induzido por estreptozotocina constataram-se valores reduzidos de homociste&#237;na e elevados de fator von Willebrand, sem, contudo, haver correla&#231;&#245;es entre si e com n&#237;veis de glicemia final.</p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave:</bold> Homociste&#237;na / sangue, fator de von Willebrand, diabete melito, epidemiologia, experimental.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O diabete melito (DM), doen&#231;a caracterizada fundamentalmente por dist&#250;rbio no metabolismo dos hidratos de carbono, cursa habitualmente com macro e microangiopatia, neuropatia perif&#233;rica, de nervos cranianos e autoss&#244;mica, que acarretam isoladamente ou associados, importantes complica&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas, com elevado &#237;ndice de mortalidade.</p>
    <p>No que diz respeito &#224; vasculopatia, o endot&#233;lio &#233; o principal respons&#225;vel e v&#225;rios elementos t&#234;m sido incriminados pela sua disfun&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <p>O objetivo deste trabalho &#233; estudar as poss&#237;veis altera&#231;&#245;es dos n&#237;veis plasm&#225;ticos da homociste&#237;na (He) e do fator von Willebrand (fvW), sabidamente relacionados &#224; patog&#234;nese da disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial, em ratos portadores de DM induzida por estreptozotocina (STZ).</p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#233;todos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Trata-se de um estudo experimental. Foram utilizados ratos da linhagem <italic>rattus norvegicus albinus, Rodentia, mammalia</italic>, machos, adultos, pertencentes &#224; mesma faixa et&#225;ria, com pesos entre 180 e 200 g. Os animais foram pesados no in&#237;cio do experimento e semanalmente at&#233; o dia do sacrif&#237;cio e randomizados em tr&#234;s grupos: Grupo I (controle): os animais permaneceram em regime de alimenta&#231;&#227;o normal e &#225;gua <italic>ad libitum</italic>; Grupo II (<italic>sham</italic>): receberam somente solu&#231;&#227;o ve&#237;culo da STZ (tamp&#227;o citrato 0,1M, pH 4,5) e permaneceram em iguais condi&#231;&#245;es locais e de alimenta&#231;&#227;o aos do grupo I; Grupo III (diabete): receberam inje&#231;&#227;o de STZ (Sigma<sup>&#174;</sup> IP).</p>
    <p>Para indu&#231;&#227;o do DM utilizou-se STZ (dose &#250;nica de 60 mg/kg de peso), intraperitoneal, dilu&#237;da em 0,3 ml de solu&#231;&#227;o tamp&#227;o citrato 0,1M<sup>1-3</sup>. Nas primeiras 48 horas, aos ratos diab&#233;ticos foram oferecidas solu&#231;&#245;es de glicose (2,5% e 5%) substituindo a &#225;gua, para evitar hipoglicemia por hiperinsulinemia resultante da destrui&#231;&#227;o das c&#233;lulas beta do p&#226;ncreas. Durante as primeiras 72 horas ap&#243;s administra&#231;&#227;o de STZ, a glicemia foi determinada diariamente, sempre no mesmo hor&#225;rio, para comprovar a reprodutibilidade do m&#233;todo, utilizando-se aparelho Advantage (Roche<sup>&#174;</sup>) com sangue obtido por pun&#231;&#227;o da veia da cauda dos animais. Foram considerados diab&#233;ticos os ratos cujos valores de glicemia foram iguais ou superiores a 250 mg/dl<sup>1-5</sup>.</p>
    <p>Ap&#243;s oito semanas de indu&#231;&#227;o do DM, os animais foram pesados, tiveram suas glicemias aferidas e foram submetidos a anestesia com tionembutal (Sigma<sup>&#174;</sup>) intraperitoneal (50 mg/kg de peso) para posterior coleta de sangue e sacrif&#237;cio.</p>
    <p>A coleta de sangue foi realizada atrav&#233;s de pun&#231;&#227;o de art&#233;ria aorta abdominal e 3 ml de sangue foram colocados em tubos contendo EDTA como anticoagulante, centrifugado a 3.000 rpm e o plasma aliquotado em "vails" de 1 ml e acondicionados em congelador a -20&#186;C at&#233; a determina&#231;&#227;o dos n&#237;veis de He total plasm&#225;tica. O sangue restante foi colocado em tubo seco, centrifugado, e o soro foi aliquotado em "vails" de 1,5 ml, congelados a -20&#176;C, para a determina&#231;&#227;o do fvWe glicemia.</p>
    <p>A determina&#231;&#227;o da He total plasm&#225;tica foi realizada por meio de cromatografia l&#237;quida de alta press&#227;o (HPLC), por detec&#231;&#227;o fluorim&#233;trica, seguindo protocolo padronizado e baseado na metodologia descrita por Pfeiffer e cols.6 e utilizado por Cruz e cols.7. O plasma passou por tr&#234;s etapas de prepara&#231;&#227;o: redu&#231;&#227;o, precipita&#231;&#227;o de prote&#237;nas e derivatiza&#231;&#227;o. O sistema utilizado foi da Shimadzu&#174;, constando de auto-injetor modelo SIL-10 Advp, bombas e detector de fluoresc&#234;ncia modelo RF &#150; 10AXL. A separa&#231;&#227;o foi com uma coluna Prodigy ODS2, 150 x 3,2 mm com micropart&#237;culas de 5 &#181;m (Phenomenex&#174;) e por uma pr&#233;-coluna de Adsorbosphere&#174; C18 de 7,5 x 4,6 mm com micro-part&#237;culas de 5 &#181;m (Alltech&#174;). A detec&#231;&#227;o foi feita com o detector ajustado para excita&#231;&#227;o a 385 &#181;m e emiss&#227;o a 515 &#181;m.</p>
    <p>Para dosar a glicemia de jejum inicial (Glic inicial) e ao t&#233;rmino do experimento (Glic final) utilizou-se o m&#233;todo enzim&#225;tico-colorim&#233;trico, glicose oxidase/peroxidase (GOD PAP-Celm), e considerando-se valores de refer&#234;ncia entre 75-99 mg/dl. O fvW foi determinado pela t&#233;cnica de Elisa, utilizando-se kit von Willebrand factor (DAKO<sup>&#174;</sup>).</p>
    <p>O trabalho foi avaliado e devidamente aprovado pelo CEP 1341/05. Durante a an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica, para avaliar se as m&#233;dias das vari&#225;veis em estudo eram as mesmas nos tr&#234;s grupos, utilizou-se &#224; an&#225;lise de vari&#226;ncia (ANOVA) com o fator fixo (grupo) e tr&#234;s n&#237;veis (controle, <italic>sham</italic> e diabete). Para a vari&#225;vel glicemia final, utilizou-se a transforma&#231;&#227;o inversa, para estabilizar a vari&#226;ncia. Quando a ANOVA mostrou que as m&#233;dias dos grupos n&#227;o eram id&#234;nticas, utilizou-se o procedimento de compara&#231;&#245;es m&#250;ltiplas de Tukey para identificar quais grupos eram respons&#225;veis por essas diferen&#231;as. Foram constru&#237;dos diagramas de dispers&#227;o e calculados os coeficientes de correla&#231;&#227;o de Pearson para avaliar a presen&#231;a de associa&#231;&#227;o linear entre as vari&#225;veis em estudo. O n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia foi fixado em 5% em todas as an&#225;lises.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Resultados</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O modelo experimental de DM foi reprodut&#237;vel em 100% dos animais. A tabela 1 mostra valores da m&#233;dia, desvio padr&#227;o, mediana, m&#237;nimo e m&#225;ximo para as vari&#225;veis em estudo em cada grupo. As <xref ref-type="fig" rid="figura1">figuras de 1 a 4</xref> cont&#234;m os box-plots para essas vari&#225;veis.</p>
    <fig id="figura1">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-04-0424-00010-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-04-0424-00010-e01.jpg"/></p>
    <p>
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-04-0424-00010-e02.jpg"/></p>
    <p>
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-04-0424-00010-e03.jpg"/></p>
    <p>A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">tabela 1</xref> tamb&#233;m apresenta o n&#237;vel descritivo da an&#225;lise de vari&#226;ncia empregada para comparar as m&#233;dias dos tr&#234;s grupos, para cada vari&#225;vel. Segundo essa an&#225;lise, n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a entre as m&#233;dias da glicemia inicial nos tr&#234;s grupos (p=0,23). Para as demais vari&#225;veis (He plasm&#225;tica, fvW e concentra&#231;&#227;o s&#233;rica de glicemia no dia do sacrif&#237;cio), as m&#233;dias n&#227;o foram iguais nos tr&#234;s grupos (p&lt;0,01, p=0,03 e p&lt;0,01, respectivamente).</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="t1">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-04-0424-00010-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p>Segundo o procedimento de compara&#231;&#245;es m&#250;ltiplas de Tukey, a He m&#233;dia foi menor no grupo de animais diab&#233;ticos do que nos grupos controle e <italic>sham</italic>, n&#227;o havendo diferen&#231;a entre as m&#233;dias dos grupos controle e <italic>sham</italic> (p&lt;0,05). Em rela&#231;&#227;o ao fvW, a m&#233;dia foi maior no grupo diabete do que no controle; nenhuma outra diferen&#231;a entre os grupos foi detectada (p&lt;0,05). Para a glicemia final, a m&#233;dia foi maior no grupo diabete do que nos grupos controle e <italic>sham</italic>, n&#227;o havendo diferen&#231;a entre as m&#233;dias dos grupos controle e <italic>sham</italic> (p&lt;0,05).</p>
    <p>A <xref ref-type="table" rid="tabela2">tabela 2</xref> apresenta os coeficientes de correla&#231;&#245;es de Pearson entre as vari&#225;veis em estudo para o grupo diabete. N&#227;o se observaram correla&#231;&#245;es entre as vari&#225;veis: He plasm&#225;tica, fvW e glicemia ao t&#233;rmino do experimento.</p>
    <table-wrap id="tabela2">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-04-0424-00010-gt02.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O DM, doen&#231;a respons&#225;vel por in&#250;meras complica&#231;&#245;es card&#237;acas e vasculares, apresenta como elemento importante na sua fisiopatologia a disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial, e v&#225;rias altera&#231;&#245;es bioqu&#237;micas plasm&#225;ticas s&#227;o tidas como respons&#225;veis.</p>
    <p>A He, relacionada pela primeira vez em 1969 como causa de aterosclerose<sup>8</sup>, vem alcan&#231;ando import&#226;ncia como fator de risco para doen&#231;a arterial coron&#225;ria<sup>9-15</sup>,sendo intrigante sua poss&#237;vel participa&#231;&#227;o na patog&#234;nese da disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial. Amino&#225;cido formado exclusivamente a partir da desmetila&#231;&#227;o da metionina da dieta ou do catabolismo, cont&#233;m um grupamento tiol (SH-) e n&#227;o participa da forma&#231;&#227;o de prote&#237;nas<sup>16</sup>. Apenas 2% a 5% da He plasm&#225;tica livre s&#227;o encontradas em sua forma reduzida, e 70% a 80% circulam ligadas a prote&#237;nas plasm&#225;ticas, principalmente albumina.</p>
    <p>A preval&#234;ncia da hiper-homocisteinemia (HHe) &#233; de 5% a 7% na popula&#231;&#227;o geral e n&#237;veis intermedi&#225;rios s&#227;o encontrados em 13% a 47% dos indiv&#237;duos com doen&#231;a vascular ateroscler&#243;tica sintom&#225;tica<sup>17-19</sup>. V&#225;rias publica&#231;&#245;es correlacionam HHe com doen&#231;a arterial coron&#225;ria, cerebral e perif&#233;rica, assim como trombose venosa, e tem se mostrado importante fator de risco cardiovascular independente dos demais<sup>20</sup>.</p>
    <p>Metan&#225;lise com mais de 4.000 pacientes envolvendo 27 estudos mostrou que a partir de valores de He acima de 10 &#181;mol/l, o acr&#233;scimo de 5 &#181;mol/l de He circulante associa-se a maior risco para doen&#231;a cardiovascular. Aumento de 5 &#181;mol/l de He corresponde a aumento de 20 mg/dl de colesterol total plasm&#225;tico com maior probabilidade de infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio<sup>21</sup>.Graham e cols.<sup>22</sup> conclu&#237;ram que HHe em jejum ou p&#243;s-sobrecarga de metionina corresponde a risco cardiovascular semelhante ao da hiperlipemia e do tabagismo, embora inferior ao da hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica.</p>
    <p>Em 1998, Folsom e cols.<sup>23</sup>, em importante pesquisa, colocam em d&#250;vida a participa&#231;&#227;o da HHe na fisiopatologia da doen&#231;a arterial coron&#225;ria. Contudo, seus resultados n&#227;o encontram sustenta&#231;&#227;o frente &#224;s pesquisas mais recentes<sup>24</sup>.</p>
    <p>A patogenia da les&#227;o vascular determinada pela HHe inclui les&#227;o da c&#233;lula endotelial, crescimento da musculatura lisa vascular, maior adesividade plaquet&#225;ria, aumento da oxida&#231;&#227;o do LDL-colesterol com deposi&#231;&#227;o na parede vascular e ativa&#231;&#227;o direta da cascata da coagula&#231;&#227;o<sup>20</sup>. No entanto, ainda n&#227;o est&#225; bem claro por qual mecanismo fisiopatol&#243;gico a He pode promover aterotrombose<sup>25</sup>.</p>
    <p>O endot&#233;lio, principal &#243;rg&#227;o end&#243;crino do organismo, &#233; de grande import&#226;ncia em in&#250;meras doen&#231;as degenerativas e inflamat&#243;rias. Dentre os v&#225;rios m&#233;todos para aquilatar sua disfun&#231;&#227;o, o fvW tem se mostrado muito eficiente e com &#243;tima sensibilidade. C&#233;lulas endoteliais e megacari&#243;citos sintetizam, armazenam e secretam o fvW. Essa secre&#231;&#227;o aumenta quando as c&#233;lulas endoteliais s&#227;o estimuladas ou lesadas e seus valores podem aumentar de duas a 10 vezes em indiv&#237;duos doentes. O fvW liga-se ao col&#225;geno e a outros componentes da parede vascular e, portanto, serve de mediador da ades&#227;o das plaquetas ao subendot&#233;lio dos vasos lesados<sup>26</sup>.</p>
    <p>A les&#227;o vascular exp&#245;e a matriz de col&#225;geno subendotelial, &#224; qual se liga ao fvW circulante no plasma, que por sua vez se liga &#224; por&#231;&#227;o extracelular de glicoprote&#237;nas da membrana da plaqueta (GPIb), cuja por&#231;&#227;o intracelular est&#225; ligada &#224; filamina do citoesqueleto plaquet&#225;rio. Tal intera&#231;&#227;o, conhecida por ades&#227;o plaquet&#225;ria, &#233; suficiente para deflagrar dois fen&#244;menos nas plaquetas: a contra&#231;&#227;o celular e a altera&#231;&#227;o conformacional<sup>27-29</sup>.</p>
    <p>No DM, em decorr&#234;ncia de fatores gen&#233;ticos e bioqu&#237;micos plasm&#225;ticos, a disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial &#233; precoce e determina o in&#237;cio e progress&#227;o da doen&#231;a vascular, levando &#224; micro e macroangiopatia diab&#233;tica. Em estudo recente, Becker e cols.<sup>25</sup> objetivaram determinar o quanto a He estava associada com a disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial em ratos diab&#233;ticos e n&#227;o-diab&#233;ticos e se essa disfun&#231;&#227;o poderia ser estimada pelos n&#237;veis plasm&#225;ticos de fvW, e conclu&#237;ram que a rela&#231;&#227;o entre He e a aterotrombose n&#227;o pode ser explicada pela associa&#231;&#227;o da homociste&#237;na com fvW. Na busca de um elemento que possa ser um marcador desse comprometimento, o fvW passa a ter importante interesse cl&#237;nico, podendo ser considerado um marcador s&#233;rico de disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial no DM.</p>
    <p>Para indu&#231;&#227;o do DM, nesse experimento foi utilizada a STZ por ser o modelo que representa melhor reprodutibilidade dos resultados obtidos em rela&#231;&#227;o aos da literatura<sup>30-35</sup>. Os resultados deste trabalho demonstram que no DM, em decorr&#234;ncia das altera&#231;&#245;es metab&#243;licas, dentre as quais a hiperglicemia &#233; a mais importante, h&#225; modifica&#231;&#245;es nos n&#237;veis plasm&#225;ticos de He e do fvW.</p>
    <p>&#192; semelhan&#231;a dos resultados do presente estudo (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">tab. 1</xref>), os trabalhos de Jacobs e cols.<sup>36</sup>, Wollesen e cols.<sup>37</sup> e Veldman e cols.<sup>38</sup> demonstram, no diabete experimental em ratos, n&#237;veis mais baixos de He.</p>
    <p>A He, por lesar diretamente o endot&#233;lio, estimula a prolifera&#231;&#227;o celular e a produ&#231;&#227;o de col&#225;geno, perpetua o processo inflamat&#243;rio cr&#244;nico vascular, altera o relaxamento arterial endot&#233;lio-dependente por meio do &#243;xido n&#237;trico, aumenta o estresse oxidativo, ativa fatores de coagula&#231;&#227;o e inibe a atividade da prote&#237;na C. Logo, seria de esperar no diabete, pela extensa les&#227;o endotelial, valores elevados de He. Contudo, na presen&#231;a de hiperglicemia, h&#225; aumento da filtra&#231;&#227;o glomerular<sup>37-38</sup>, e as altera&#231;&#245;es metab&#243;licas na via de forma&#231;&#227;o da He<sup>36</sup> resultam em valores mais baixos dessa, o que corrobora para a assertiva de que a He seja fator de risco para disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial e n&#227;o marcador espec&#237;fico de les&#227;o do endot&#233;lio no DM. Pode-se inferir que valores normais ou elevados de He no DM estejam relacionados com les&#227;o endotelial.</p>
    <p>O fvW vem sendo otimizado como marcador de disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial. No presente trabalho, os seus valores (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tabela2">tab. 2</xref>) foram significativamente mais elevados nos ratos diab&#233;ticos, o que nos leva a admitir ser ele, fator importante na disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial presente no DM.</p>
    <p>N&#227;o foi observada correla&#231;&#227;o entre He e fvW (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tabela2">tab. 2</xref>), o que permite concluir que nesse experimento a rela&#231;&#227;o entre He e poss&#237;vel aterotrombose em ratos diab&#233;ticos n&#227;o pode ser explicada pela associa&#231;&#227;o entre He e fvW.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Conclus&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Os valores de He foram mais baixos nos ratos diab&#233;ticos, podendo iniciar e perpetuar a les&#227;o endotelial, n&#227;o sendo, portanto, marcador de sua disfun&#231;&#227;o. Os n&#237;veis elevados de fvW, por esse ser marcador de disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial, permitem inferir a presen&#231;a de les&#227;o vascular no DM. N&#227;o houve correla&#231;&#227;o entre glicemia final, He e fvW nos ratos diab&#233;ticos.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesses</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflitos de interesses pertinentes.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="back" fn-type="corresp">
        <label>
          <bold>Correspond&#234;ncia:</bold>
        </label>
        <p> Renato Delascio Lopes </p>
        <p> Rua Pedro de Toledo, 980, 11&#186; andar, conj. 116 - Vila Clementino </p>
        <p> 04039-002  &#150; S&#227;o Paulo, SP </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="rdlopes@climed.epm.br">rdlopes@climed.epm.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Artigo recebido em 02/05/06, revisado recebido em 12/06/06; aceito em 12/06/06.</p>
  </body>
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              <surname>Jacobs</surname>
              <given-names>RL</given-names>
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              <surname>House</surname>
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            </name>
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              <surname>Brosnan</surname>
              <given-names>ME</given-names>
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              <surname>Brosnan</surname>
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        <mixed-citation>37. Wollesen F, Brattstr&#246;m L, Refsum H, Ueland PM, Berglund L, Berne C. Plasma total homocysteine and cysteine in relation to glomerular filtration rate in diabetes mellitus. Kidney Int. 1999; 55: 1028-35.</mixed-citation>
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          <article-title>Plasma total homocysteine and cysteine in relation to glomerular filtration rate in diabetes mellitus</article-title>
          <source>Kidney Int</source>
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            <year>1999</year>
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          <fpage>1028</fpage>
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        <mixed-citation>38. Veldman BAJ,    Vervoort G, Blom H, Smits P. Reduced plasma total homocysteine concentrations    in type 1 diabetes mellitus is determined by increased renal clearance. Diabet    Med. 2004; 22: 301-5.</mixed-citation>
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            <year>2004</year>
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              <surname>Veldman</surname>
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  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Total plasmatic homocysteine and von Willebrand factor in experimental diabetes mellitus</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>OBJECTIVES: To determine the plasma homocysteine and von Willebrand factor levels as markers of endothelial dysfunction in rats with diabetes mellitus induced by streptozotocin. METHODS: Thirty-five adult male rats (Rattus norvegicus albinus) (weight between 180-200g) were randomized into three groups: control group (n=10), which received no drugs or vehicles; sham group (n=10), which received streptozotocin solution; and diabetic group (n=15), which received streptozotocin. Eight weeks after diabetes mellitus induction, the animals were weighed and anesthesized; blood samples were collected from abdominal aorta for plasma total homocysteine, von Willebrand factor and glucose levels. RESULTS: The experimental model was reproducible in 100% of animals. The mean plasma homocysteine levels were: 7.9 &#181;mol/l (control), 8.6&#181;mol/l (sham) and 6.1&#181;mol/l (diabetic), with difference among the groups (p&lt;0.01). Multiple comparison analysis among the groups showed that values in the diabetic group were lower than in the sham group (p&lt;0.01). The mean von Willebrand factor values were 0.15 U/l (control), 0.16U/l (sham) and 0.18 U/l (diabetic), with difference among the groups (p=0.03). The mean value was higher in the diabetic group than in the control group (p&lt;0.05). Correlation between homocysteine and von Willebrand factor was not observed in the diabetic group. CONCLUSION: Reduced homocysteine levels and increased von Willebrand factor levels were observed in diabetes mellitus induced by streptozotocin; nevertheless, there were no correlations between them and with final glucose levels.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Homocysteine</kwd>
        <kwd>von Willebrand factor</kwd>
        <kwd>diabetes mellitus</kwd>
        <kwd>epidemiology</kwd>
        <kwd>experimental</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>ORIGINAL ARTICLE</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Total plasmatic homocysteine and von willebrand factor in experimental diabetes mellitus</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Renato Delascio Lopes; Lindalva Batista Neves; V&#226;nia D'Almeida; Gleice Margarete de Souza Concei&#231;&#227;o; Alexandre Gabriel Junior</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo &#150; UNIFESP-EPM - S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</p>
      <p>
        <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="back-body2">Mailing address</xref>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>SUMMARY</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVES:</bold> To determine the plasma homocysteine and von Willebrand factor levels as markers of endothelial dysfunction in rats with diabetes mellitus induced by streptozotocin.</p>
      <p><bold>METHODS:</bold> Thirty-five adult male rats (Rattus norvegicus albinus) (weight between 180-200g) were randomized into three groups: control group (n=10), which received no drugs or vehicles; sham group (n=10), which received streptozotocin solution; and diabetic group (n=15), which received streptozotocin. Eight weeks after diabetes mellitus induction, the animals were weighed and anesthesized; blood samples were collected from abdominal aorta for plasma total homocysteine, von Willebrand factor and glucose levels.</p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS:</bold> The experimental model was reproducible in 100% of animals. The mean plasma homocysteine levels were: 7.9 &#181;mol/l (control), 8.6&#181;mol/l (sham) and 6.1&#181;mol/l (diabetic), with difference among the groups (p&lt;0.01). Multiple comparison analysis among the groups showed that values in the diabetic group were lower than in the sham group (p<underline>&lt;</underline>0.01). The mean von Willebrand factor values were 0.15 U/l (control), 0.16U/l (sham) and 0.18 U/l (diabetic), with difference among the groups (p=0.03). The mean value was higher in the diabetic group than in the control group (p<underline>&lt;</underline>0.05). Correlation between homocysteine and von Willebrand factor was not observed in the diabetic group.</p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSION:</bold> Reduced homocysteine levels and increased von Willebrand factor levels were observed in diabetes mellitus induced by streptozotocin; nevertheless, there were no correlations between them and with final glucose levels.</p>
      <p><bold>Key words:</bold> Homocysteine / blood; von Willebrand factor; diabetes mellitus; epidemiology; experimental.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Introduction</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Diabetes mellitus (DM), a disease characterized fundamentally by a disorder in the metabolism of carbohydrates, is usually accompanied by macroangiopathy and microangiopathy, peripheral, cranial nerve and autosomal neuropathy, which cause isolated or associated major clinical complications with a high mortality rate.</p>
      <p>In terms of vasculopathy, the endothelium is primarily affected and several elements have been related to its dysfunction.</p>
      <p>The purpose of this article is to study the possible changes in plasma levels of homocysteine (He) and von Willebrand factor (vWF), which are known to be related with the pathogenesis of endothelial dysfunction, in rats with streptozotocin-induced (STZ) diabetes mellitus.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Methods</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This is an experimental study involving adult male rats (<italic>Rattus norvegicus albinus, Rodentia, mammalia</italic>) at same age range and weight between 180-200g. The animals were weighed at the beginning of the experiment and then on a weekly basis up to the day they were killed. They were randomized into 3 groups: Group I (control): the animals continued to receive a normal diet and were allowed free water intake; Group II (sham): the animals received only the saline solution of STZ (citrate buffer 0.1M, pH = 4.5) and remained with the same local and food condition as the animals in Group I; Group III (diabetes): received the injection of STZ (Sigma<sup>&#174;</sup> IP).</p>
      <p>DM was induced with intraperitoneal administration of STZ (single dose of 60 mg/kg body weight) diluted in 0.3 mL of 0.1 M citrate buffer solution<sup>1-3</sup>. During the first 48 hours, diabetic rats were offered glucose solutions (2.5% and 5%) which replaced water in order to prevent hypoglycemia due to hyperinsulinemia resulting from the destruction of pancreatic beta cells. During the first 72 hours after administration of STZ, blood glucose was measured every day at the same time to prove the method reproducibility; measurements were made with Advantage (Roche<sup>&#174;</sup>) meter by using blood collected from a vein puncture in the animal tail. Rats with glucose levels <underline>&gt;</underline>250 mg/dL were considered diabetic<sup>1-5</sup>.</p>
      <p>Eight weeks after DM induction, the animals were weighed, their blood glucose levels were checked and the animals underwent general anesthesia with intraperitoneal administration of thionembutal (Sigma<sup>&#174;</sup>) (50 mg/kg body weight) for further blood collection and killing.</p>
      <p>Blood collection was performed by means of puncture of the abdominal aorta and 3 mL of blood were distributed into tubes containing EDTA as an anticoagulant agent, followed by centrifugation at 3000 rpm. Plasma was aliquotted into 1-mL vials and stored in a freezer at &#150;20&#186;C until determination of plasma total He levels. The remaining blood was placed in a dry tube, centrifuged and the serum was aliquotted into 1.5-mL vials, and frozen at &#150;20 &#176;C for determination of vWF and glucose levels.</p>
      <p>Determination of plasma total He was carried out with high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) by fluorimetric detection, following a standardized protocol based on the methodology described by Pfeiffer et al<sup>6</sup> and used by Cruz et al<sup>7</sup>. Plasma underwent 3 stages of preparation: reduction, protein precipitation and derivatization. We used the system from Shimadzu<sup>&#174;</sup>, composed of an autoinjector model SIL-10 Advp, pumps and fluorescence detector model RF &#150; 10AXL. Separation was performed with a Prodigy ODS2 column, measuring 150 x 3.2 mm and containing 5&#181;m microparticles (Phenomenex<sup>&#174;</sup>) and a pre-column of Adsorbosphere<sup>&#174;</sup> C18 measuring 7.5 x 4.6 mm and containing 5&#181;m microparticles (Alltech<sup>&#174;</sup>). Dectection was performed with the detector adjusted for excitation at 385 &#181;m and emission at 515 &#181;m.</p>
      <p>Measurement of the initial fasting blood glucose (initial BG) and at the end of the experiment (final BG) we used the enzymatic-colorimetric method, glucose oxidase/peroxidase (GOD PAP-Celm). The reference values were considered in the range of 75-99 mg/dL. The von Willebrand factor was determined by Elisa technique using a von Willebrand factor kit (DAKO<sup>&#174;</sup>).</p>
      <p>The study was evaluated and duly approved by Research Ethics Committee under record No.1341/05. In the statistical analysis, in order to assess if the mean variables studied were the same in the three groups, we used an analysis of variance (ANOVA) with a fixed factor (group) and three levels (control, sham and diabetes). For the final blood glucose variable, we used reverse transformation to stabilize variance. When ANOVA showed that the means in the groups were not identical, we used Tukey's procedure for multiple comparisons to identify which groups were responsible for such differences. Dispersion diagrams were built and the Pearson correlation coefficients were calculated to assess the presence of linear association between the variables. The significance level was established at 5% in all analyses.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Results</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The DM experimental model was reproducible in 100% of animals. <xref ref-type="table" rid="en_10t1-body2">Table 1</xref> shows the mean, standard deviation, median, minimum and maximum values for the variables in each group. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig1-body2">Figures 1-4</xref> contain box-plots for such variables.</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="en_10t1-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-04-0424-00010-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <fig id="fig1-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-04-0424-00010-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <fig id="fig2-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-04-0424-00010-gf02-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <fig id="fig3-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-04-0424-00010-gf03-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <fig id="fig4-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-04-0424-00010-gf04-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="en_10t1-body2">Table 1</xref> also presents the descriptive level of analysis of variance employed to compare the means in the three groups, for each variable. According to this analysis, there was no difference among the means of initial blood glucose levels in the three groups (p= 0.23). Regarding other variables (plasma He, vWF and serum concentration of blood glucose on the day of killing), the means were not the same in the three groups (p&lt;0.01, p= 0.03 and p&lt;0.01, respectively).</p>
      <p>According to Tukey's procedure for multiple comparisons, the mean He was lower in the group of diabetic animals than in the control and sham groups; there was no difference between the means of control and sham groups (p&lt;0.05). As to vWF, the mean was higher in the diabetes group than in the control group; no other difference was detected among the groups (p&lt;0.05). For final glucose level, the mean was higher in the diabetes group than in the control and sham groups, and there was no difference between the means of control and sham groups (p&lt;0.05).</p>
      <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="tab2-body2">Table 2</xref> presents the Pearson correlation coefficients among the variables studied for the diabetes group. No correlation was observed among the variables plasma He, vWF and blood glucose at the end of the experiment.</p>
      <table-wrap id="tab2-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-04-0424-00010-gt02-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>DM is a disease responsible for numerous cardiac and vascular complications. Endothelial dysfunction is an important element in its pathophysiology and several biochemical abnormalities are involved in this condition.</p>
      <p>Homocysteine (He) was first reported as a cause of atherosclerosis in 1969<sup>8</sup>, and has been gaining more importance as a risk factor for coronary artery disease<sup>9-15</sup> with its intriguing possible participation in the pathogenesis of endothelial dysfunction. An amino acid formed exclusively by demethylation of dietary methionine or by catabolism, it contains a thiole group (SH-) and does not participate in protein synthesis<sup>16</sup>. Only 2-5% of free plasma He is found in its reduced form and 70-80% is found in the bloodstream bound to plasma proteins, especially albumin.</p>
      <p>The prevalence of hyperhomocysteinemia (HHe) is 5-7% in the overall population and intermediate levels are found in 13-47% of individuals with symptomatic atherosclerotic vascular disease<sup>17-19</sup>. Several publications correlate HHe with coronary, cerebral and peripheral artery disease, as well as venous thrombosis, and it has shown to be an important cardiovascular risk factor, independent from the others<sup>20</sup>.</p>
      <p>A meta-analysis involving 27 studies with more than 4000 patients showed that, for He values higher than 10 &#181;mol/L, an increase by 5 &#181;mol/L of circulating He is associated with a higher risk of cardiovascular disease. A He increase of 5 &#181;mmol/L corresponds to an increase by 20 mg/dL in plasma total cholesterol, with a higher likelihood of acute myocardial infarction<sup>21</sup>. Graham et al<sup>22</sup> concluded that fasting HHe or after methionine overload corresponds to a cardiovascular risk that is similar to that of hyperlipidemia or smoking, although lower than that of systemic hypertension.</p>
      <p>In 1998, Folsom et al<sup>23</sup> questioned the participation of HHe in the pathophysiology of coronary artery disease in an important study. However, their results are not corroborated by more recent studies<sup>24</sup>.</p>
      <p>The pathogenesis of the vascular injury caused by HHe includes damage to the endothelial cell, growth of vascular smooth muscle, higher platelet adhesion, increased oxidation of LDL-cholesterol with deposits in the vessel wall and direct activation of the coagulation cascade<sup>20</sup>. However, it is still not clear by which pathophysiological mechanism He promotes the development of atherothrombosis<sup>25</sup>.</p>
      <p>The endothelium, the main endocrine organ in the body, is of great importance in numerous degenerative and inflammatory diseases. Among several methods to appraise its dysfunction, vWF has been very efficient and presents excellent sensitivity. Endothelial cells and megacariocytes synthesize, store and secrete vWF. Such secretion increases when the endothelial cells are stimulated or damaged, and the values can increase by two- to ten-fold in affected individuals. The von Willebrand factor binds to collagen and to other components of the vascular wall and, therefore, it serves as a mediator of platelet adhesion to the subendothelium of damaged vessels<sup>26</sup>.</p>
      <p>Vascular injury exposes the subendothelial collagen matrix, which binds to the circulating vWF in the plasma; this, in turn, binds to the extracellular platelet membrane glycoproteins (GPIb), whose intracellular portion is bound to the filamin of the platelet cytoskeleton. This interaction, known as platelet adhesion, is enough to trigger two phenomena in the platelets: cell contraction and conformational abnormality<sup>27-29</sup>.</p>
      <p>In DM, because of genetic and plasma biochemical factors, endothelial dysfunction is early and determines the beginning and progression of vascular disease, thus causing diabetic microangiopathy and macroangiopathy. In a recent study, Becker et al<sup>25</sup> aimed to determine to which extent He was associated with endothelial dysfunction in diabetic and non diabetic rats, and whether such a dysfunction could be estimated by plasma vWF levels. They concluded that the relation between He and atherothrombosis can not be explained by the association of homocysteine and vWF. In the search for an element that can be a marker of this damage, vWF starts to have an important clinical interest and it can be considered a serum marker of endothelial dysfunction in DM.</p>
      <p>For induction of DM, we used STZ in this experiment for being the model that represents better reproducibility of results as compared with those found in the literature<sup>30-35</sup>. The results of this study show that there are changes in the plasma He and vWF levels in DM, due to metabolic abnormalities, among which hyperglycemia is the most important.</p>
      <p>Similar to the results of the current study (<xref ref-type="table" rid="en_10t1-body2">Table 1</xref>), the studies performed by Jacobs et al<sup>36</sup>, Wollesen et al<sup>37</sup> and Veldman et al<sup>38</sup> demonstrated lower levels of He in rats with experimental diabetes.</p>
      <p>Since homocysteine causes direct damage to the endothelium, it also stimulates cell proliferation and collagen production, maintains a chronic vascular inflammatory process, changes the endothelium-dependent arterial relaxation by means of nitric oxide, increases oxidative stress, activates coagulation factors and inhibits protein C activity. Therefore, we would expect to find increased levels of He in diabetes due to the extensive endothelial damage. However, in the presence of hyperglycemia, there is an increase in glomerular filtration<sup>37-38</sup>; the metabolic changes in He pathway<sup>36</sup> result in lower levels, which corroborates the assertion that He is a risk factor for endothelial dysfunction and not a specific marker of endothelial damage in DM. We can infer that normal or increased values of He in DM are related with endothelial injury.</p>
      <p>The von Willebrand factor has been optimized as a marker of endothelial dysfunction. In the current study, its values (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab2-body2">Table 2</xref>) were significantly increased in diabetic rats, which make us consider it is an important factor in DM endothelial dysfunction.</p>
      <p>No correlation between He and vWF (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab2-body2">Table 2</xref>) has been observed; therefore, we conclude that in this experiment the relationship between He and possible atherothrombosis in diabetic rats can not be explained by the association between He and vWF.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Conclusions</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Hemocysteine values were lower in diabetic rats, and could trigger or maintain endothelial damage; therefore, it is not a marker of its dysfunction. Since vWF is a marker of endothelial dysfunction, its increased levels allow inferring the presence of vascular damage in DM. There was no correlation between final blood glucose, He and vWF in diabetic rats.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
      </p>
      <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fn id="back-body2" fn-type="corresp">
          <label>
            <bold>Mailing address:</bold>
          </label>
          <p> Renato Delascio Lopes</p>
          <p> Rua Pedro de Toledo, 980, 11&#186; andar, conj. 116 - Vila Clementino</p>
          <p> 04039-002 &#150; S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</p>
          <p> E-mail: </p>
          <p>
            <email xlink:href="rdlopes@climed.epm.br">rdlopes@climed.epm.br</email>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p>Manuscript received May 2, 2006; revised manuscript received June 12, 2006; accepted June 12, 2006.</p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
