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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">rtFN7qLsdx8LNpkYjvRRjzM</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00009</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2007000400009</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(07)08800409</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2007000400009</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Custos hospitalares da cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio em pacientes coronarianos eletivos</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Haddad</surname>
            <given-names>Nagib</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Bittar</surname>
            <given-names>Eliana</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Marchi</surname>
            <given-names>Andr&#233;a Fabiana de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Kantorowitz</surname>
            <given-names>Coralice dos Santos Veiga</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ayoub</surname>
            <given-names>Andr&#233;a Cotait</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Fonseca</surname>
            <given-names>Mayuli Lurbe</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Piegas</surname>
            <given-names>Leopoldo Soares</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>04</month>
        <year>2007</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>88</volume>
      <issue>4</issue>
      <fpage>418</fpage>
      <lpage>423</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>14</day>
          <month>09</month>
          <year>2006</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>10</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2006</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>14</day>
          <month>09</month>
          <year>2006</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>OBJETIVO: Avaliar os custos hospitalares da cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio em pacientes coronarianos eletivos e relacion&#225;-los com o n&#250;mero de enxertos realizados. M&#201;TODOS: Estudo descritivo prospectivo, realizado no Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia, nos meses de abril, maio e junho de 2005, em pacientes coronarianos de ambos os sexos, de qualquer idade. Foram exclu&#237;dos os pacientes atendidos na emerg&#234;ncia, os que tinham outras altera&#231;&#245;es card&#237;acas associadas e os casos de reopera&#231;&#227;o. Foram elaborados formul&#225;rios apropriados para a fase inicial de interna&#231;&#227;o no pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio, para o centro cir&#250;rgico, para o p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio imediato e para a fase de interna&#231;&#227;o final na enfermaria. RESULTADOS: O procedimento foi realizado em 103 pacientes, com o custo m&#233;dio total de R$ 6.990,30, com um m&#237;nimo de R$ 5.438,69, um m&#225;ximo de R$ 11.778,96, desvio padr&#227;o de R$ 1.035,47 e intervalo de confian&#231;a de 95% de R$ 6.790,33-R$ 7.190,27, correspondendo, em d&#243;lares, a m&#233;dia de US$ 2.784,98, m&#237;nimo de US$ 2.166,81, m&#225;ximo de US$ 4.692,81, desvio padr&#227;o de US$ 412,54 e intervalo de confian&#231;a de 95% de US$ 2.705,31-US$ 2.864,67. O custo m&#233;dio total para a cirurgia de tr&#234;s a cinco pontes foi maior (R$ 7.148,05) que para a cirurgia de uma a duas pontes (R$ 6.659,29) e a diferen&#231;a foi significante (p &lt; 0,05). CONCLUS&#195;O: Os maiores custos m&#233;dios foram no centro cir&#250;rgico (R$ 4.627,97) e no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio imediato (R$ 1.221,39), seguidos pela enfermaria depois do p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio imediato (R$ 840,04) e pela enfermaria inicial de pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio (R$ 300,90).</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>Custos hospitalares</kwd>
        <kwd>doen&#231;a arterial coron&#225;ria</kwd>
        <kwd>economia da sa&#250;de</kwd>
        <kwd>custos da cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>24</day>
        <month>05</month>
        <year>2007</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>ARTIGO ORIGINAL</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Custos hospitalares da cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio em pacientes coronarianos eletivos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Nagib Haddad; Eliana Bittar; Andr&#233;a Fabiana de Marchi; Coralice dos Santos Veiga Kantorowitz; Andr&#233;a Cotait Ayoub; Mayuli Lurbe Fonseca; Leopoldo Soares Piegas</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia &#150; S&#227;o Paulo, SP</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="back">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVO:</bold> Avaliar os custos hospitalares da cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio em pacientes coronarianos eletivos e relacion&#225;-los com o n&#250;mero de enxertos realizados. </p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS:</bold> Estudo descritivo prospectivo, realizado no Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia, nos meses de abril, maio e junho de 2005, em pacientes coronarianos de ambos os sexos, de qualquer idade. Foram exclu&#237;dos os pacientes atendidos na emerg&#234;ncia, os que tinham outras altera&#231;&#245;es card&#237;acas associadas e os casos de reopera&#231;&#227;o. Foram elaborados formul&#225;rios apropriados para a fase inicial de interna&#231;&#227;o no pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio, para o centro cir&#250;rgico, para o p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio imediato e para a fase de interna&#231;&#227;o final na enfermaria. </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS:</bold> O procedimento foi realizado em 103 pacientes, com o custo m&#233;dio total de R$ 6.990,30, com um m&#237;nimo de R$ 5.438,69, um m&#225;ximo de R$ 11.778,96, desvio padr&#227;o de R$ 1.035,47 e intervalo de confian&#231;a de 95% de R$ 6.790,33-R$ 7.190,27, correspondendo, em d&#243;lares, a m&#233;dia de US$ 2.784,98, m&#237;nimo de US$ 2.166,81, m&#225;ximo de US$ 4.692,81, desvio padr&#227;o de US$ 412,54 e intervalo de confian&#231;a de 95% de US$ 2.705,31-US$ 2.864,67. O custo m&#233;dio total para a cirurgia de tr&#234;s a cinco pontes foi maior (R$ 7.148,05) que para a cirurgia de uma a duas pontes (R$ 6.659,29) e a diferen&#231;a foi significante (p &lt; 0,05). </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#195;O:</bold> Os maiores custos m&#233;dios foram no centro cir&#250;rgico (R$ 4.627,97) e no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio imediato (R$ 1.221,39), seguidos pela enfermaria depois do p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio imediato (R$ 840,04) e pela enfermaria inicial de pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio (R$ 300,90).</p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave:</bold> Custos hospitalares, doen&#231;a arterial coron&#225;ria, economia da sa&#250;de, custos da cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O progresso tecnol&#243;gico na &#225;rea da sa&#250;de, introduzindo novos equipamentos, novos m&#233;todos diagn&#243;sticos e novos processos terap&#234;uticos, tem provocado o crescimento dos gastos, afetando a economia de v&#225;rios pa&#237;ses<sup>1,2</sup>. Esse crescimento relativo pode se tornar insustent&#225;vel a longo prazo, havendo ent&#227;o a necessidade de se estudar estrat&#233;gias de controle dos custos.</p>
    <p>O primeiro passo &#233; avaliar os custos de determinados procedimentos m&#233;dicos, analisando-se o custo-benef&#237;cio e o custo-efetividade, a fim de que, a par de se obter o melhor resultado poss&#237;vel para o paciente, seja realizada uma compara&#231;&#227;o desses indicadores, para escolha daqueles que tenham menor impacto nos recursos econ&#244;micos destinados &#224; &#225;rea da sa&#250;de.</p>
    <p>Com rela&#231;&#227;o ao tratamento da doen&#231;a arterial coron&#225;ria, t&#234;m surgido, nas &#250;ltimas d&#233;cadas, na literatura cient&#237;fica, v&#225;rios trabalhos visando a estes e outros aspectos econ&#244;micos dos procedimentos de tratamento cl&#237;nico, da cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio, da angioplastia transluminal percut&#226;nea e da implanta&#231;&#227;o de stents<sup>3-9</sup>.</p>
    <p>No Brasil, s&#227;o poucos os trabalhos publicados que visam ao conhecimento dos aspectos econ&#244;micos relativos a procedimentos terap&#234;uticos para a doen&#231;a arterial coron&#225;ria<sup>2,10,11</sup>.</p>
    <p>O objetivo deste trabalho &#233; avaliar o custo m&#233;dio total do procedimento de cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio, desde a interna&#231;&#227;o inicial at&#233; a alta, de portadores de doen&#231;a arterial coron&#225;ria cr&#244;nica indicados eletivamente para esse tratamento e relacion&#225;-lo com o n&#250;mero de enxertos realizados.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#233;todos</bold>
    </p>
    <p><italic>Pacientes -</italic> Trata-se de um estudo descritivo, prospectivo, realizado no Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia (IDPC), hospital da Secretaria de Sa&#250;de do Estado de S&#227;o Paulo, em pacientes com doen&#231;a arterial coron&#225;ria indicados eletivamente para a cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio.</p>
    <p>Foram 103 pacientes consecutivos, operados nos meses de abril, maio e junho de 2005, de ambos os sexos e de qualquer idade. Os crit&#233;rios de exclus&#227;o foram os casos atendidos de emerg&#234;ncia, os que tinham outras altera&#231;&#245;es card&#237;acas associadas e os casos de reopera&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <p>Para a anota&#231;&#227;o dos dados de consumo de material, de medicamentos, soros, sangue e derivados, utiliza&#231;&#227;o de equipamentos, de recursos humanos, de exames complementares, etc., foram elaborados formul&#225;rios apropriados para as quatro fases de cuidado m&#233;dico aos pacientes: 1) per&#237;odo inicial de interna&#231;&#227;o em enfermaria de pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio; 2) centro cir&#250;rgico; 3) sala de p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio imediato; 4) per&#237;odo final de interna&#231;&#227;o depois do p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio imediato.</p>
    <p>As auxiliares de enfermagem foram treinadas no preenchimento dos formul&#225;rios pelas enfermeiras respons&#225;veis pelos diferentes setores. Ap&#243;s esse treinamento, foi realizada avalia&#231;&#227;o em amostra piloto de 10 pacientes. As enfermeiras de plant&#227;o foram respons&#225;veis pela supervis&#227;o di&#225;ria dos formul&#225;rios preenchidos e as enfermeiras respons&#225;veis de cada setor faziam supervis&#227;o geral semanalmente.</p>
    <p>Os custos hospitalares diretos foram calculados pelos pre&#231;os m&#233;dios vigentes nos meses de abril, maio e junho de 2005, classificados nos seguintes itens: 1) material de consumo (agulhas, seringas, sondas, equipos, luvas, aventais, gazes, solu&#231;&#245;es, etc.); 2) medicamentos, soros, sangue e derivados; 3) fios cir&#250;rgicos; 4) materiais de perfus&#227;o (conjunto de tubos, cardioplegia cristal&#243;ide, hemoconcentrador, filtro de linha arterial, oxigenador, etc.); 5) exames complementares (exames de laborat&#243;rio, eletrocardiografia, ecocardiografia, radiografia, etc.); e 6) recursos humanos espec&#237;ficos (m&#233;dicos, anestesistas, perfusionistas e instrumentadores).</p>
    <p>A utiliza&#231;&#227;o de equipamentos, sua deprecia&#231;&#227;o, os custos indiretos relativos ao consumo de &#225;gua, luz, g&#225;s, telefone, alimenta&#231;&#227;o, lavanderia, limpeza, manuten&#231;&#227;o, administra&#231;&#227;o, seguran&#231;a, etc., bem como os custos de recursos humanos de enfermeiras, auxiliares de enfermagem e outros trabalhadores foram estimados na estipula&#231;&#227;o da taxa de sala do centro cir&#250;rgico e dos pre&#231;os de di&#225;rias na sala de p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio imediato e nas enfermarias.</p>
    <p>Os custos do atendimento de m&#233;dicos, perfusionistas e instrumentadores foram avaliados pelo tempo de trabalho executado durante o ato cir&#250;rgico; os custos dos anestesistas foram contabilizados por procedimento executado.</p>
    <p>Para a apresenta&#231;&#227;o dos dados em moeda americana, foi estabelecida a convers&#227;o m&#233;dia de reais em d&#243;lares, vigente nos meses de abril, maio e junho de 2005, a qual foi de R$ 2,51 por d&#243;lar.</p>
    <p>Para a an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica, os dados quantitativos s&#227;o apresentados com suas m&#233;dias, desvios padr&#227;o, valores m&#237;nimos e m&#225;ximos e vari&#225;veis qualitativas em porcentagem. Foram calculados intervalos de confian&#231;a de 95% e, para a compara&#231;&#227;o de m&#233;dias, foi utilizado o teste <italic>t</italic> de <italic>Student</italic>, com n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia p &lt; 0,05.</p>
    <p>O projeto foi analisado e aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica em Pesquisa do IDPC e os pacientes que participaram leram e assinaram o termo de consentimento livre e esclarecido.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Resultados</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">tabela 1</xref> apresenta os custos m&#233;dios, em reais e em porcentagem, do atendimento inicial de pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio na enfermaria. Verifica-se que o maior custo foi o das di&#225;rias, correspondendo a 92,8% do total, n&#227;o havendo diferen&#231;a significativa entre a cirurgia de uma a duas pontes e a de tr&#234;s a cinco pontes. Nessa fase, a dura&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dia de interna&#231;&#227;o de todos os pacientes foi de 2,8 dias, com m&#237;nimo de 1 e m&#225;ximo de 12 dias, desvio padr&#227;o de 2,3 dias. N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a na dura&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dia de interna&#231;&#227;o entre os que receberam uma e duas pontes e os que receberam tr&#234;s a cinco pontes.</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="t1">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-04-0418-00009-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p>No centro cir&#250;rgico, o maior custo m&#233;dio foi o dos materiais de perfus&#227;o, seguido pelos custos de material de consumo, profissionais, taxa de sala e fios cir&#250;rgicos.</p>
    <p>Para os pacientes que receberam tr&#234;s a cinco pontes, os custos foram maiores nos itens relativos a fios cir&#250;rgicos, medicamentos, soros, sangue e derivados e os recursos humanos espec&#237;ficos, quando comparados com os que receberam uma e duas pontes (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">tab. 2</xref>).</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="t2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-04-0418-00009-gt02.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p>Na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">tabela 3</xref>, verifica-se que, no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio imediato, os pacientes que receberam tr&#234;s a cinco pontes tiveram custos maiores em material de consumo e medicamentos, soros, sangue e derivados. Nessa fase, a dura&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dia de interna&#231;&#227;o foi de 3,2 dias, com m&#237;nimo de 2 e m&#225;ximo de 9 dias, desvio padr&#227;o de 1,04 dia. A dura&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dia de interna&#231;&#227;o foi um pouco maior para os que receberam tr&#234;s a cinco pontes (3,3 dias) que para os que receberam uma e duas pontes (3,0 dias).</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="t3">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-04-0418-00009-gt03.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p>Com rela&#231;&#227;o aos custos na fase final de interna&#231;&#227;o em enfermaria, os maiores gastos foram nos itens de di&#225;rias e de material de consumo (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">tab. 4</xref>). A dura&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dia de interna&#231;&#227;o foi de 5,7 dias, com m&#237;nimo de 3 dias e m&#225;ximo de 32 dias, desvio padr&#227;o de 4,34 dias. Para uma e duas pontes, a dura&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dia de interna&#231;&#227;o foi de 4,9 dias, com m&#237;nimo de 3 dias e m&#225;ximo de 10 dias, desvio padr&#227;o de 1,59 dia. Para tr&#234;s a cinco pontes, a dura&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dia de interna&#231;&#227;o foi de 6,1 dias, com m&#237;nimo de 3 dias e m&#225;ximo de 32 dias, desvio padr&#227;o de 5,14 dias.</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="t4">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-04-0418-00009-gt04.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p>A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">tabela 5</xref> apresenta os custos m&#233;dios globais. Verifica-se que esses custos foram maiores para o centro cir&#250;rgico (R$ 4.627,97; 66,2%), seguido pelo p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio imediato (R$ 1.221,39 &#150; 17,5%) e pela enfermaria depois do p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio (R$ 840,04; 12,0%).</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="t5">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-04-0418-00009-gt05.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p>O custo m&#233;dio de todo o procedimento de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica do mioc&#225;rdio foi de R$ 6.990,30, com m&#237;nimo de R$ 5.438.69, m&#225;ximo de R$ 11.778,96, desvio padr&#227;o de R$ 1.035,47 e intervalo de confian&#231;a de 95% de R$ 6.790,33-R$ 7.190,27.</p>
    <p>Em moeda americana, o custo m&#233;dio global foi de US$ 2.784,98, m&#237;nimo de US$ 2.166,81, m&#225;ximo de US$ 4.692,81, desvio padr&#227;o de US$ 412,54 e intervalo de confian&#231;a de 95% de US$ 2.705,31-US$ 2.864,67.</p>
    <p>O custo m&#233;dio total do procedimento foi maior para a cirurgia de tr&#234;s a cinco pontes (R$ 7.148,05) que para uma e duas pontes (R$ 6.659,29) e a diferen&#231;a foi estatisticamente significante (p &lt; 0,05).</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Os resultados obtidos neste trabalho representam os custos do procedimento de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio, em pacientes eletivos, n&#227;o de emerg&#234;ncia, sem outras afec&#231;&#245;es card&#237;acas associadas, compreendendo todo o per&#237;odo de interna&#231;&#227;o hospitalar, desde o pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio at&#233; a alta da enfermaria, em um hospital p&#250;blico especializado em Cardiologia, o qual atende, primordialmente, pacientes encaminhados pela rede p&#250;blica de assist&#234;ncia &#224; sa&#250;de.</p>
    <p>Os estudos de custos de procedimentos m&#233;dicos levam a resultados que n&#227;o podem ser generalizados para outros pa&#237;ses nem para outras regi&#245;es de um mesmo pa&#237;s, pois eles dependem da estrutura econ&#244;mica no qual o cuidado &#224; sa&#250;de est&#225; inserido. Recursos humanos, medicamentos, equipamentos, exames complementares e outros insumos que geram custos podem ser mais caros ou mais baratos, dependendo do pa&#237;s ou da regi&#227;o.</p>
    <p>Com rela&#231;&#227;o aos custos da cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio, um dos primeiros trabalhos que surgiu na literatura foi o de Kelly e cols.<sup>3</sup>, comparando uma s&#233;rie consecutiva de 78 pacientes que realizaram angioplastia transluminal percut&#226;nea, com 85 pacientes que realizaram cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio, de um &#250;nico vaso, e seguimento de um ano. O custo total do procedimento, por paciente, foi 43% mais barato para a angioplastia.</p>
    <p>Krueger e cols.<sup>4</sup>, em um estudo retrospectivo, avaliaram o custo da cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio em 50 pacientes que tiveram tr&#234;s e quatro enxertos, encontrando custo m&#233;dio de 14.328 d&#243;lares canadenses. Comparando com estudos anteriores, esses autores verificaram que o custo aumenta com o n&#250;mero de vasos tratados e a idade dos pacientes.</p>
    <p>Ohashi e cols.<sup>5</sup>, no Jap&#227;o, estudaram o custo-efetividade em 313 casos que fizeram angioplastia e em 161 casos que fizeram cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio, com seguimento de 3 anos e 10 meses. Verificaram que a dura&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dia de interna&#231;&#227;o e os custos iniciais foram maiores na cirurgia, por&#233;m a taxa de sobrevida livre de eventos foi pior no grupo que realizou angioplastia.</p>
    <p>Peigh e cols.<sup>6</sup> realizaram um estudo retrospectivo dos registros cl&#237;nicos e das contas de 250 pacientes submetidos a cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio, de acordo com a faixa et&#225;ria. Verificaram que os pacientes mais idosos tiveram mais complica&#231;&#245;es, maior per&#237;odo de hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o e maiores custos que os pacientes mais jovens.</p>
    <p>Mauldin e cols.<sup>7</sup> estudaram a associa&#231;&#227;o de determinados fatores pr&#233;-operat&#243;rios com as complica&#231;&#245;es p&#243;s-operat&#243;rias e os custos da cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio em 807 pacientes, encontrando custos mais elevados para grau maior de angina, infarto do mioc&#225;rdio pr&#233;vio, idade mais avan&#231;ada, insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca congestiva e n&#250;mero de vasos comprometidos.</p>
    <p>Smith e cols.<sup>8</sup> tamb&#233;m estudaram fatores pr&#233;-operat&#243;rios que poderiam influenciar os custos totais em 604 pacientes submetidos a cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio, encontrando custos mais elevados, com signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica, nas seguintes caracter&#237;sticas: idade avan&#231;ada, fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o mais baixa, cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio anterior, sexo feminino, n&#227;o ter angioplastia anterior, grau avan&#231;ado de coronariopatia, ra&#231;a negra e diabetes.</p>
    <p>Henderson e cols.<sup>9</sup>, no estudo RITA-I, sortearam 1.011 pacientes com doen&#231;a arterial coron&#225;ria para ser submetidos a angioplastia ou a cirurgia e fizeram seguimento de cinco anos. N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a significante entre a propor&#231;&#227;o de &#243;bitos e de infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio nos dois grupos. Esses eventos foram cinco vezes mais freq&#252;entes no primeiro ano de seguimento que nos demais anos, em ambos os grupos. Dentre os que fizeram angioplastia, 26% tiveram que realizar cirurgia no seguimento, a maioria no per&#237;odo inicial de um ano. No grupo que realizou a cirurgia, houve taxa de reinterven&#231;&#227;o de 2% por ano. A incid&#234;ncia de angina foi consistentemente maior no grupo que realizou angioplastia. Os custos totais, em cinco anos, n&#227;o demonstraram diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significante entre as duas estrat&#233;gias iniciais de angioplastia ou cirurgia. Esses autores concluem que a escolha do procedimento deveria, ent&#227;o, balancear a natureza mais invasiva da cirurgia contra o maior risco de angina recorrente e de reinterven&#231;&#227;o, por v&#225;rios anos, da angioplastia.</p>
    <p>Abizaid e cols.<sup>12</sup>, no estudo ARTS, sortearam 1.205 pacientes multiarteriais para receber implanta&#231;&#227;o de stents (600) ou cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio (605), havendo 112 diab&#233;ticos no primeiro grupo e 96 no segundo. Ap&#243;s um ano, a taxa de sobreviv&#234;ncia livre de eventos foi menor no grupo de pacientes diab&#233;ticos que receberam stents (63,4%) que no de diab&#233;ticos que fizeram cirurgia (84,4%) e os custos foram maiores no segundo grupo.</p>
    <p>Reynolds e cols.<sup>13</sup> realizaram um estudo retrospectivo de pacientes multiarteriais, dos quais 100 foram submetidos a implante de stents e 200 foram submetidos a cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio, comparando os resultados cl&#237;nicos e econ&#244;micos, com seguimento de dois anos. N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a significante na mortalidade e na incid&#234;ncia de infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio. O custo inicial da implanta&#231;&#227;o de stents foi 43% menor que a cirurgia e ao final de dois anos permaneceu ainda 27% menor. Esses autores concluem que, a despeito das repetidas revasculariza&#231;&#245;es, a implanta&#231;&#227;o de <italic>stents</italic> foi significantemente de menor custo que a cirurgia em pacientes multiarteriais.</p>
    <p>Yock e cols.<sup>14</sup> analisaram o custo-efetividade da cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio e da angioplastia com implanta&#231;&#227;o de stents em pacientes multiarteriais do estudo BARI, levando em conta o &#237;ndice de qualidade de vida, concluindo que a cirurgia leva a melhores resultados que a angioplastia e a menor custo.</p>
    <p>Em nosso meio, Bittar &amp; Castilho<sup>2</sup> avaliaram apenas os custos diretos de material utilizado no centro cir&#250;rgico em pacientes submetidos a cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio. Os itens de material de perfus&#227;o, fios cir&#250;rgicos e material de consumo foram os que apresentaram o maior custo m&#233;dio. Esses autores encontraram, tamb&#233;m, diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significante entre os custos dos materiais de acordo com o n&#250;mero de pontes. Esses achados s&#227;o semelhantes aos encontrados no presente trabalho para o centro cir&#250;rgico.</p>
    <p>Tamb&#233;m no Brasil, Favarato e cols.<sup>10</sup>, no estudo MASS II, analisaram o custo-efetividade dos procedimentos de tratamento cl&#237;nico, angioplastia com implanta&#231;&#227;o de stents e cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio, em 611 pacientes com doen&#231;a coron&#225;ria multiarterial, com fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda preservada, os quais foram sorteados para os tr&#234;s grupos e seguidos pelo per&#237;odo de um ano. Os custos efetivos da angioplastia aumentaram no per&#237;odo de um ano, chegando pr&#243;ximo ao da cirurgia, o tratamento cl&#237;nico teve o menor custo inicial, por&#233;m o maior incremento em um ano, por causa da alta taxa de angina, e a cirurgia teve a maior estabilidade de custos.</p>
    <p>Weintraub e cols.<sup>15</sup> compararam os custos iniciais e durante um ano da cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio e da angioplastia com a implanta&#231;&#227;o de stents, realizados em 988 pacientes multiarteriais. A dura&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dia de interna&#231;&#227;o e os custos da hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o inicial foram maiores com a cirurgia. Durante um ano, houve necessidade de reinterven&#231;&#227;o em 17,2% no grupo da angioplastia e em 4,2% no grupo da cirurgia e, ao final desse per&#237;odo, embora tenha diminu&#237;do a diferen&#231;a, os custos continuaram mais elevados no grupo cir&#250;rgico.</p>
    <p>Chee e cols.<sup>16</sup> estudaram os eventos e os custos de 2.272 pacientes idosos, com 75 anos de idade ou mais, comparando com 9.745 pacientes mais jovens, com menos de 75 anos de idade, em cinco estados dos Estados Unidos e em quatro hospitais do Canad&#225;. Comparando com os mais jovens, os pacientes mais idosos tiveram maior tempo de interna&#231;&#227;o, maior mortalidade hospitalar e maiores custos.</p>
    <p>Zhang e cols.<sup>17</sup> compararam os custos e a necessidade de novas revasculariza&#231;&#245;es, no per&#237;odo de um ano, em 488 pacientes submetidos a angioplastia com implanta&#231;&#227;o de stents e em 500 pacientes submetidos a cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio. Ao final de um ano, os custos totais foram maiores no grupo cir&#250;rgico, por&#233;m com menor necessidade de reinterven&#231;&#245;es.</p>
    <p>Almeida<sup>11</sup>, no Brasil, comparou os custos da cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio (86 pacientes) com os da angioplastia transluminal percut&#226;nea (240), com seguimento de um ano. No grupo da cirurgia, houve 3,5% de reinterven&#231;&#245;es, enquanto no da angioplastia houve 26,7%. O custo m&#233;dio inicial da cirurgia foi de R$ 7.759,78 e o da angioplastia, de R$ 6.307,79. Ao final de um ano, os custos m&#233;dios totais foram de R$ 7.875,73 para o grupo da cirurgia e de R$ 8.234,96 para o grupo da angioplastia.</p>
    <p>Diante dos resultados diferentes encontrados na literatura, mais estudos de seguimento de pelo menos um ano devem ser realizados para comparar o custo-benef&#237;cio dos procedimentos atualmente utilizados para o tratamento de pacientes com doen&#231;a arterial coron&#225;ria cr&#244;nica.</p>
    <p>O presente trabalho &#233; um estudo preliminar, para conhecimento dos custos iniciais globais, diretos e indiretos, do procedimento inicial de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica do mioc&#225;rdio, em hospital p&#250;blico especializado em Cardiologia, o qual atende, primordialmente, pacientes encaminhados pela rede assistencial de sa&#250;de p&#250;blica. O custo m&#233;dio global do procedimento foi de R$ 6.990,30 (US$ 2.784,98), com m&#237;nimo de R$ 5.438,69 (US$ 2.166,81), m&#225;ximo de R$ 11.778,96 (US$ 4.692,81), desvio padr&#227;o de R$ 1.035,47 (US$ 412,54) e intervalo de confian&#231;a de 95% de R$ 6.790,33-R$ 7.190,27 (US$ 2.705,31-US$ 2.864,67). O custo m&#233;dio total foi maior para a cirurgia de tr&#234;s a cinco pontes (R$ 7.148,05) que para a cirurgia de uma e duas pontes (R$ 6.659,29) (p &lt; 0,05).</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesses</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflitos de interesses pertinentes.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="back" fn-type="corresp">
        <label>
          <bold>Correspond&#234;ncia:</bold>
        </label>
        <p> Nagib Haddad </p>
        <p> Av. Dr. Dante Pazzanese, 500  &#150; 13o andar </p>
        <p> 04012-909  &#150; S&#227;o Paulo, SP </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="nagihaddad27@hotmail.com">nagihaddad27@hotmail.com</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Artigo recebido em 10/08/06; revisado recebido em 14/09/06; Aceito em 14/09/06.</p>
  </body>
  <back>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Hospital costs of coronary artery bypass grafting on elective coronary patients</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>OBJECTIVE: To assess hospital costs associated with coronary artery bypass grafting performed on elective coronary patients, and the relation of costs with the number of grafts. METHODS: Descriptive prospective study carried out at Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia in April, May and June of 2005. Coronary patients of different ages and both genders were included. Emergency patients, patients with other associated heart conditions and reoperation cases were excluded. Appropriate forms for the operating room, early postoperative period and for the final period in the ward were developed for the initial hospitalization phase preoperatively. RESULTS: The procedure was performed on 103 patients, at an average cost of R$6,990.00 (US$2,784.98), at a minimum of R$5,438.69 (US$2,166.81), and maximum of R$11,778.96 (US$4,692.81); standard deviation was R$1,035.47 (US$412.54) and the confidence interval was 95%, ranging from R$6,790.33 - R$7,190.27 (US$2,705.31 - US$2,864.67). The total average cost for three to five bypass grafts was higher (R$7,148.05) than for one and two bypass grafts (R$6,659.29) and the difference was significant (p &lt; 0.05). CONCLUSION: The highest average costs were in the operating room (R$4,627.97), and in the early postoperative period (R$1,221.39), followed by costs incurred in the ward after the early postoperative period (R$840.04) and by the initial preoperative period in the ward (R$300.90).</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Hospital costs</kwd>
        <kwd>coronary artery disease</kwd>
        <kwd>health economics</kwd>
        <kwd>costs of coronary artery bypass grafting</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>ORIGINAL ARTICLE</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Hospital costs of coronary artery bypass grafting on elective coronary patients</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Nagib Haddad; Eliana Bittar; Andr&#233;a Fabiana de Marchi; Coralice dos Santos Veiga Kantorowitz; Andr&#233;a Cotait Ayoub; Mayuli Lurbe Fonseca; Leopoldo Soares Piegas</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia &#150; S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</p>
      <p>
        <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="back-body2">Mailing address</xref>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>SUMMARY</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVE:</bold> To assess hospital costs associated with coronary artery bypass grafting performed on elective coronary patients, and the relation of costs with the number of grafts.</p>
      <p><bold>METHODS:</bold> Descriptive prospective study carried out at Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia in April, May and June of 2005. Coronary patients of different ages and both genders were included. Emergency patients, patients with other associated heart conditions and reoperation cases were excluded. Appropriate forms for the operating room, early postoperative period and for the final period in the ward were developed for the initial hospitalization phase preoperatively.</p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS:</bold> The procedure was performed on 103 patients, at an average cost of R$6,990.00 (US$2,784.98), at a minimum of R$5,438.69 (US$2,166.81), and maximum of R$11,778.96 (US$4,692.81); standard deviation was R$1,035.47 (US$412.54) and the confidence interval was 95%, ranging from R$6,790.33 - R$7,190.27 (US$2,705.31 - US$2,864.67). The total average cost for three to five bypass grafts was higher (R$7,148.05) than for one and two bypass grafts (R$6,659.29) and the difference was significant (p &lt; 0.05).</p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSION:</bold> The highest average costs were in the operating room (R$4,627.97), and in the early postoperative period (R$1,221.39), followed by costs incurred in the ward after the early postoperative period (R$840.04) and by the initial preoperative period in the ward (R$300.90).</p>
      <p><bold>Key words:</bold> Hospital costs; coronary artery disease; health economics; costs of coronary artery bypass grafting.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Introduction</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Technological progress in the area of health with the introduction of new equipment, new diagnostic methods and new therapeutic processes has led to increased expenditures, thus affecting the economy of various countries<sup>1,2</sup>. This relative growth may become unsustainable in the long term, and cost control strategies have to be studied.</p>
      <p>The first step is to assess the cost of certain medical procedures, analyzing their cost-benefit and cost-effectiveness in order to obtain the best possible result for patients and compare these indicators, so as to choose the procedures that least impact the funding allocated to the area of health.</p>
      <p>As concerns the treatment of coronary artery disease, many papers have been published in the last decades in scientific literature, dealing with these and other economic aspects of clinical treatment procedures, of coronary artery bypass grafting, of percutaneous transluminal angioplasty and stent implantation<sup>3&#150;9</sup> .</p>
      <p>In Brazil very few studies have been published regarding the economic aspects of therapeutic procedures for coronary artery disease<sup>2,10,11</sup>.</p>
      <p>The objective of this paper is to assess the average cost of coronary artery bypass grafting from initial hospitalization through discharge of patients with chronic coronary artery disease with an elective indication for this procedure and relate this cost to the number of grafts performed.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Methods</bold>
      </p>
      <p><italic>Patients -</italic> This is a descriptive, prospective study carried out at the Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia (IDPC, Dante Pazzanese Institute of Cardiology), hospital of the S&#227;o Paulo State Secretariat of Health, and included coronary artery disease patients with an elective indication for coronary artery bypass grafting.</p>
      <p>The study was carried out with 103 consecutive patients operated in the months of April, May and June 2005, of both genders and different ages. Exclusion criteria were emergency patients, those with other associated heart conditions and reoperation patients.</p>
      <p>For the purpose of recording data on the consumption of material, medicines, serum, blood and derivatives, use of equipment, human resources, complementary tests, etc., we developed appropriate forms for the four phases of medical care provided to patients: 1) initial stay in the ward during the preoperative period; 2) operating room; 3) early postoperative room; 4) final ward stay following the early postoperative period.</p>
      <p>The nurses in charge of each area have trained the nurse aides to fill out the forms. After such training, an assessment was carried out with a pilot sample with ten patients. On-duty nurses were in charge of supervising the forms which were completed on a daily basis. The nurses in charge of each sector were responsible for the general supervision on a weekly basis.</p>
      <p>Direct hospital costs were calculated at average prices valid for April, May and June 2005, and were classified as follows:</p>
      <p>1) Consumption material: needles, syringes, probes, lines, gloves, aprons, gauze, solutions, etc;</p>
      <p>2) Medication, serums, blood and derivatives;</p>
      <p>3) Surgical threads;</p>
      <p>4) Perfusion material: set of tubes, crystalloid cardioplegia, hemoconcentrator, arterial line filter, pump-oxygenator [heart-lung machine], etc;</p>
      <p>5) Complementary tests: laboratory tests, electrocardiogram, echocardiogram, x-rays, etc;</p>
      <p>6) Specific staff: physicians, anesthesiologists, perfusionists and scrub nurses.</p>
      <p>The use of equipment, its depreciation, indirect costs relating to water, light, gases and telephone consumption, food, laundry, cleaning, maintenance, administration, security, etc, and costs relating to personnel such as nurses, nurse aides, and other employees were estimated within the operating room rate and the daily rates of early postoperative room and wards.</p>
      <p>Costs relating to the services provided by physicians, perfusionists and scrub nurses were estimated based on the working time during surgery; anesthesiologist-related costs were recorded per procedure performed.</p>
      <p>To present the results in US currency, we established an average conversion rate of R$ 2.51 reals per US dollar for the months of April, May and June 2005.</p>
      <p>For the statistical analysis, quantitative data are presented with average values, standard deviations, minimum and maximum values, and qualitative variables were presented in percentages. Confidence intervals of 95% were calculated, and the average values were compared using Student's <italic>t</italic> test, with a significance level of p &lt; 0.05.</p>
      <p>The project was analyzed and approved by IDPC's Research Ethics Committee and the patients who participated in the study read and signed the informed and free consent term.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Results</bold>
      </p>
      <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="en_09t1-body2">Table 1</xref> presents the average cost in reals and in percentage of initial preoperative ward care where we observed that the highest cost was associated with daily rates which accounted for 92.8% of the total cost, with no significant difference between a surgery with one or two grafts and surgeries with three to five grafts. In this phase, the average duration of hospital stay for all patients was 2.8 days, with a minimum of one day and a maximum of 12 days, standard deviation of 2.3 days. There was no difference in the average duration of hospital stay between those who received one or two grafts and those who received between three and five grafts.</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="en_09t1-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-04-0418-00009-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>In the operating room the highest average cost was the cost of perfusion material, followed by consumption material, staff, operating room rate and surgical threads.</p>
      <p>For the patients who received from three to five grafts, the higher costs were those of threads, medication, serums, blood and derivatives, and specific staff, as compared to the cost for those who received one and two grafts (<xref ref-type="table" rid="en_09t2-body2">Table 2</xref>).</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="en_09t2-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-04-0418-00009-gt02-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="en_09t3-body2">Table 3</xref> shows that, in the early postoperative period, the highest costs for patients who received from three to five grafts had to do with consumption material and medication, serums, blood and derivatives. In this phase, the average duration of hospital stay was 3.2 days, with a minimum of 2 and maximum of 9 days, standard deviation of 1.04 day. The average duration of hospital stay was slightly longer for those who received from three to five grafts (3.3 days) than for those who received one or two grafts (3.0 days).</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="en_09t3-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-04-0418-00009-gt03-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>As regards costs at the final phase of ward stay, the highest costs had to do with daily rates and consumption material (<xref ref-type="table" rid="en_09t4-body2">Table 4</xref>). The average duration of hospital stay was 5.7 days, with a minimum of 3 days and a maximum of 32 days, standard deviation of 4.34 days. For one and two grafts, the average duration of hospital stay was 4.9 days, with a minimum of 3 days and a maximum of 10 days, standard deviation of 1.59 day. For three to five grafts, the average duration of hospital stay was 6.1 days, with a minimum of 3 days and a maximum of 32 days, standard deviation of 5.14 days.</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="en_09t4-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-04-0418-00009-gt04-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="en_09t5-body2">Table 5</xref> presents the global average costs. We observed that they were higher in the operating room (R$4,627.97 &#150; 66.2%), followed by the early postoperative period (R$1,221.39 &#150; 17.5%) and postoperative ward stay (R$840.04 &#150; 12.0%).</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="en_09t5-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-04-0418-00009-gt05-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>The average cost of the whole coronary artery bypass grafting procedure was R$6,990.30, with a minimum of R$5,438.69, and a maximum of R$11,778.96, standard deviation of R$1,035.47 and confidence interval of 95% from R$6,790.33 - R$7,190. 27.</p>
      <p>In US currency, the global average cost was US$2,784.98, minimum of US$2,166.81, maximum of US$4,692.81, standard deviation of US$412.54 and confidence interval of 95% US$2,705.31 - US$2,864.67.</p>
      <p>The average total cost of the procedure was higher for surgeries involving three to five grafts (R$7,148.05) than for surgeries involving one or two grafts (R$6,659.29) and the difference was statistically significant (p &lt; 0.05).</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The results obtained in this study reflect the costs of coronary artery bypass grafting in elective, non-emergency patients, with no other associated heart condition, throughout the hospitalization period, from the preoperative period through discharge. The study was carried out in a public hospital specialized in cardiology that serves primarily patients referred by the public health care network.</p>
      <p>Studies on costs of medical procedures give results that cannot be generalized to other countries or even regions of the same country, since they depend on the economic structure where health care is provided. Human resources, medication, equipment, complementary tests and other inputs generate higher or lower costs depending on the region or country.</p>
      <p>With respect to the costs of myocardial revascularization, one of the first papers published in the literature was written by Kelly et al<sup>3</sup>, and compared a consecutive series of 78 patients who underwent percutaneous transluminal angioplasty with 85 patients who underwent coronary artery bypass grafting of a single vessel with a one-year follow-up. The total cost of the procedure, per patient, was 43% lower for angioplasty.</p>
      <p>Krueger et al<sup>4</sup>, in a retrospective study, assessed the cost of coronary artery bypass grafting in 50 patients who received three and four grafts, and found an average cost of 14,328.00 Canadian dollars. In a comparison with previous studies, they observed that the cost increases with the number of vessels treated and the age of patients.</p>
      <p>Ohashi et al<sup>5</sup>, in Japan, studied cost-effectiveness for 313 patients who underwent angioplasty and 161 patients who underwent coronary artery bypass grafting, with a follow-up of 3 years and 10 months. They observed that the average duration of hospital stay and the initial costs were higher for surgery, but that the uneventful survival rate was worse for the group that underwent angioplasty.</p>
      <p>Peigh et al<sup>6</sup> carried out a retrospective study of the clinical records and bills of 250 patients who underwent coronary artery bypass grafting according to age bracket. The authors observed that older patients presented more complications, longer hospital stay and higher costs than younger patients.</p>
      <p>Mauldin et al<sup>7</sup> studied the association of certain preoperative factors with postoperative complications and the costs of coronary artery bypass grafting in 807 patients, and found higher costs for more severe degrees of angina, previous myocardial infarction, older age, congestive heart failure and the number of impaired vessels.</p>
      <p>Smith et al<sup>8</sup> also studied preoperative factors that might influence total cost in 604 patients who underwent coronary artery bypass grafting and observed higher costs, with statistical significance for the following characteristics: old age, lower ejection fraction, previous coronary artery bypass grafting, female patients, no previous angioplasty, severe coronary disease, black race patients and diabetes.</p>
      <p>Henderson et al<sup>9</sup>, in the RITA-I study, chose 1,011 patients with coronary disease at random and had them undergo angioplasty or surgery, with a 5-year follow-up. There was no significant difference between the proportion of deaths and acute myocardial infarction in the two groups. These events were five times as frequent in the first year of follow-up than in the following years for both groups. Among those who underwent angioplasty, 26% had to undergo surgery in the follow-up period, mostly in the first year of follow-up. In the group submitted to surgery, there was a reintervention rate of 2% per year. The incidence of angina was consistently higher in the group that underwent angioplasty. The total costs in five years showed no statistically significant difference between the two initial strategies &#150; angioplasty or surgery. They concluded that the procedure should be chosen so as to balance the more invasive nature of the surgery and the higher risk of recurring angina and reintervention associated with angioplasty over several years.</p>
      <p>Abizaid et al<sup>12</sup>, in the ARTS study, conducted a draw to select 1,205 multivessel coronary disease patients to undergo stent implantation (600) or coronary artery bypass grafting (605), with 112 diabetic patients in the first group and 96 in the second group. After one year, the uneventful survival rate was lower in the group of diabetic patients who had undergone stent implantation (63.4%) than in diabetic patients who had undergone surgery (84.4%), and the costs were higher in the second group.</p>
      <p>Reynolds et al<sup>13</sup> conducted a retrospective study with multivessel coronary disease patients in which 100 underwent stenting and 200 underwent coronary artery bypass grafting. They compared the clinical and economic results over a two year follow-up. There was no statistically significant difference in the mortality rates and in the incidence of acute myocardial infarction. The initial cost of stent implantation was 43% lower than the surgery and was even 27% lower after two years. They concluded that, despite repeated revascularizations, the cost of stenting was significantly lower than the cost of grafting for multivessel coronary disease patients.</p>
      <p>Yock et al<sup>14</sup> analyzed the cost-effectiveness of coronary artery bypass grafting and of angioplasty with stenting in multivessel coronary artery disease patients of the BARI study considering the quality of life index and concluded that the surgery provides better results than angioplasty and at a lower cost.</p>
      <p>In Brazil, Bittar &amp; Castilho<sup>2</sup> evaluated only the direct costs of the material used in the operating room in patients undergoingcoronary artery bypass grafting. The items associated with perfusion material, threads and consumption material were the ones that accounted for the higher average cost. They also observed a statistically significant difference between the costs of materials according to the number of grafts. These findings are similar to our findings in this study as regards the operating room.</p>
      <p>Favarato et al<sup>10</sup>, in Brazil, in the MASS II study, analyzed the cost-effectiveness of clinical treatment procedures, angioplasty with stenting and coronary artery bypass grafting in 611patients with multivessel coronary artery disease and preserved left ventricular function. The patients were randomized in three groups and followed up over one year. The effective costs of angioplasty increased over the one-year period and almost reached the costs of surgery. Clinical treatment cost was lower upfront but rose higher over the year because of the high rate of angina, whereas surgery presented more stable costs.</p>
      <p>Weintraub et al<sup>15</sup> compared the initial costs and the costs over one year arising from myocardial revascularization surgery and angioplasty with stenting performed in 988 multivessel coronary disease patients. The average duration and the cost of initial hospital stay were higher for surgery. Over one year, reintervention was needed by 17.2% of the patients in the angioplasty group and 4.2% in the surgery group. At the end of this period, although the difference had decreased, the costs remained higher for the surgery group.</p>
      <p>Chee et al<sup>16</sup> studied events and costs for 2,272 old patients, aged 75 or more, comparing them with 9,745 younger patients, aged less than 75, in five American states and four Canadian hospitals. When compared with younger patients, older patients remained for longer in hospital, with higher mortality rates and higher costs.</p>
      <p>Zhang et al<sup>17</sup> compared the costs and the need for new revascularization surgery over a one-year period for 488 patients who underwentangioplasty with stenting and for 500 patients who underwent coronary artery bypass grafting. At the end of one year, total costs were higher for the group undergoing surgery, but the need for reintervention was smaller.</p>
      <p>Almeida<sup>11</sup>, in Brazil, compared the costs of coronary artery bypass grafting (86 patients) with percutaneous transluminal angioplasty (240), with a one-year follow-up. In the surgery group, reintervention reached 3.5% whereas 26.7% reinterventions were needed in the angioplasty group. The initial average cost of surgery was R$7,759.78 and the cost of angioplasty was R$6,307.79. At the end of one year, total average costs were R$7,875.73 for the surgery group and R$8,234.96 for the angioplasty group.</p>
      <p>In view of the varied results found in the literature, more follow-up studies of at least one year are required to compare the cost-benefit ratio of the procedures currently used to treat patients with chronic coronary artery disease.</p>
      <p>This study is a preliminary study designed to assess initial global costs, whether direct or indirect, of the initial coronary artery bypass grafting procedure in a public hospital specializing in cardiology that serves primarily patients who have been referred by the public health care network. The average total cost of the procedure was R$6,990.30 (US$2,784.98), minimum of R$5,438.69 (US$2,166.81); maximum of R$11,778.96 (US$4,692.81), standard deviation of R$1,035.47 (US$412.54) and confidence interval of 95% from R$6,790.33 - R$7,190.27 (US$2,705.31 - US$2,864.67). The total average cost was higher for three to five graft surgery (R$7,148.05) than for one or two graft surgery (R$6,659.29) (p &lt; 0.05).</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
      </p>
      <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fn id="back-body2" fn-type="corresp">
          <label>
            <bold>Mailing address:</bold>
          </label>
          <p> Nagib Haddad</p>
          <p> Av. Dr. Dante Pazzanese, 500 &#150; 13o andar</p>
          <p> 04012-909 &#150; S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</p>
          <p> E-mail: </p>
          <p>
            <email xlink:href="nagihaddad27@hotmail.com">nagihaddad27@hotmail.com</email>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p>Manuscript received August 10, 2006; Revised manuscript received September 14, 2006; Accepted September 14, 2006.</p>
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