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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">dc65YMF74jz8yFdWGnzhgzR</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00008</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2007000400008</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(07)08800408</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2007000400008</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>S&#237;ndrome metab&#243;lica em pacientes submetidos &#224; cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica: preval&#234;ncia e marcador de morbi-mortalidade no per&#237;odo intra-hospitalar e ap&#243;s 30 dias</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pimenta</surname>
            <given-names>Eduardo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Passarelli Junior</surname>
            <given-names>Oswaldo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Borelli</surname>
            <given-names>Fl&#225;vio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sousa</surname>
            <given-names>M&#225;rcio G.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Gun</surname>
            <given-names>Carlos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Amato</surname>
            <given-names>Vivian</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Amodeo</surname>
            <given-names>Celso</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Piegas</surname>
            <given-names>Leopoldo Soares</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Se&#231;&#227;o de Hipertens&#227;o Arterial e Nefrologia </institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>04</month>
        <year>2007</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>88</volume>
      <issue>4</issue>
      <fpage>413</fpage>
      <lpage>417</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>14</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2006</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>14</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2006</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>29</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2006</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>OBJETIVOS: Comparar a morbi-mortalidade de pacientes com e sem s&#237;ndrome metab&#243;lica (SM) (de acordo com a I Diretriz Brasileira de Diagn&#243;stico e Tratamento da SM) submetidos &#224; cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica (RM), na fase hospitalar e ap&#243;s 30 dias. M&#201;TODOS: Foram avaliados 107 pacientes submetidos &#224; RM sem procedimentos associados, no per&#237;odo de agosto a outubro de 2005, sendo 74 (69,2%) portadores de SM. Os crit&#233;rios de evolu&#231;&#227;o intra-hospitalar foram: fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial aguda (FA), ventila&#231;&#227;o mec&#226;nica prolongada (VM), necessidade de transfus&#227;o de hemoderivados, n&#250;mero de horas na UTI, per&#237;odo de interna&#231;&#227;o (em dias), infec&#231;&#227;o respirat&#243;ria e de ferida operat&#243;ria, e &#243;bito. Em 30 dias avaliou-se a combina&#231;&#227;o de eventos como a necessidade de re-interna&#231;&#227;o, infec&#231;&#227;o de ferida operat&#243;ria e &#243;bito. RESULTADOS: A m&#233;dia de idade foi 60,6&#177;9,7 e o grupo com SM apresentou maior &#237;ndice de massa e superf&#237;cie corp&#243;rea e maior preval&#234;ncia de diabete. N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significante na ocorr&#234;ncia dos eventos intra-hospitalares como FA (15,2% x 16,2%), VM (3,0% x 2,7%), quantidade de unidades de hemoderivados utilizados (3,2&#177;2,7 x 2,6&#177;2,9), tempo de perman&#234;ncia na UTI (53,7&#177;27,3 x 58,9&#177;56,5), tempo de perman&#234;ncia hospitalar (9,2&#177;8,7 x 8,5&#177;8,5), infec&#231;&#227;o respirat&#243;ria (6,1% x 2,7%), infec&#231;&#227;o de ferida operat&#243;ria (3,0% x 5,4%) e taxa de mortalidade (3,0% x 0,0%). A ocorr&#234;ncia de eventos combinados em 30 dias foi semelhante nos dois grupos (12,2% x 20,3%, p = NS). CONCLUS&#195;O: Portadores de SM n&#227;o apresentaram aumento da morbimortalidade quando submetidos &#224; cirurgia de RM, por&#233;m apresentam tend&#234;ncia &#224; maior ocorr&#234;ncia de infec&#231;&#227;o em ferida operat&#243;ria.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>S&#237;ndrome metab&#243;lica</kwd>
        <kwd>revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica</kwd>
        <kwd>morbidade</kwd>
        <kwd>mortalidade</kwd>
        <kwd>preval&#234;ncia</kwd>
        <kwd>tempo de interna&#231;&#227;o</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>24</day>
        <month>05</month>
        <year>2007</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>ARTIGO ORIGINAL</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>S&#237;ndrome metab&#243;lica em pacientes submetidos &#224; cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica: preval&#234;ncia e marcador de morbi-mortalidade no per&#237;odo intra-hospitalar e ap&#243;s 30 dias</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Eduardo Pimenta; Oswaldo Passarelli Junior; Fl&#225;vio Borelli; M&#225;rcio G. Sousa; Carlos Gun; Vivian Amato; Celso Amodeo; Leopoldo Soares Piegas</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Se&#231;&#227;o de Hipertens&#227;o Arterial e Nefrologia do Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia de S&#227;o Paulo - S&#227;o Paulo, SP</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="back">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVOS:</bold> Comparar a morbi-mortalidade de pacientes com e sem s&#237;ndrome metab&#243;lica (SM) (de acordo com a I Diretriz Brasileira de Diagn&#243;stico e Tratamento da SM) submetidos &#224; cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica (RM), na fase hospitalar e ap&#243;s 30 dias. </p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS:</bold> Foram avaliados 107 pacientes submetidos &#224; RM sem procedimentos associados, no per&#237;odo de agosto a outubro de 2005, sendo 74 (69,2%) portadores de SM. Os crit&#233;rios de evolu&#231;&#227;o intra-hospitalar foram: fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial aguda (FA), ventila&#231;&#227;o mec&#226;nica prolongada (VM), necessidade de transfus&#227;o de hemoderivados, n&#250;mero de horas na UTI, per&#237;odo de interna&#231;&#227;o (em dias), infec&#231;&#227;o respirat&#243;ria e de ferida operat&#243;ria, e &#243;bito. Em 30 dias avaliou-se a combina&#231;&#227;o de eventos como a necessidade de re-interna&#231;&#227;o, infec&#231;&#227;o de ferida operat&#243;ria e &#243;bito. </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS:</bold> A m&#233;dia de idade foi 60,6&#177;9,7 e o grupo com SM apresentou maior &#237;ndice de massa e superf&#237;cie corp&#243;rea e maior preval&#234;ncia de diabete. N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significante na ocorr&#234;ncia dos eventos intra-hospitalares como FA (15,2% x 16,2%), VM (3,0% x 2,7%), quantidade de unidades de hemoderivados utilizados (3,2&#177;2,7 x 2,6&#177;2,9), tempo de perman&#234;ncia na UTI (53,7&#177;27,3 x 58,9&#177;56,5), tempo de perman&#234;ncia hospitalar (9,2&#177;8,7 x 8,5&#177;8,5), infec&#231;&#227;o respirat&#243;ria (6,1% x 2,7%), infec&#231;&#227;o de ferida operat&#243;ria (3,0% x 5,4%) e taxa de mortalidade (3,0% x 0,0%). A ocorr&#234;ncia de eventos combinados em 30 dias foi semelhante nos dois grupos (12,2% x 20,3%, p = NS). </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#195;O:</bold> Portadores de SM n&#227;o apresentaram aumento da morbimortalidade quando submetidos &#224; cirurgia de RM, por&#233;m apresentam tend&#234;ncia &#224; maior ocorr&#234;ncia de infec&#231;&#227;o em ferida operat&#243;ria.</p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave:</bold> S&#237;ndrome metab&#243;lica, revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica, morbidade, mortalidade, preval&#234;ncia, tempo de interna&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A s&#237;ndrome metab&#243;lica (SM) &#233; uma associa&#231;&#227;o de fatores de risco cardiovascular que est&#225; intimamente relacionada com aumento da resist&#234;ncia &#224; insulina. A sua preval&#234;ncia varia de acordo com os crit&#233;rios adotados e com a popula&#231;&#227;o estudada, podendo variar de 10,7% entre mulheres da Cor&#233;ia<sup>1</sup> at&#233; 84% em homens portadores de diabete melito na Finl&#226;ndia e Su&#233;cia<sup>2</sup>.</p>
    <p>Pacientes com SM apresentam risco aumentado de at&#233; quatro vezes para &#243;bito por doen&#231;a arterial coron&#225;ria e at&#233; tr&#234;s vezes para &#243;bito de qualquer natureza<sup>3,4</sup>. Esses indiv&#237;duos apresentam maior risco de eventos coronarianos<sup>5</sup> e tamb&#233;m apresentam pior evolu&#231;&#227;o p&#243;s-evento, como maior extens&#227;o da &#225;rea acometida pelo infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio (IAM)<sup>6</sup> e freq&#252;ente disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda<sup>7</sup>.</p>
    <p>Contudo, a preval&#234;ncia de indiv&#237;duos com SM entre aqueles pacientes submetidos &#224; cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica (CRM) e seu impacto na evolu&#231;&#227;o peri-operat&#243;ria e p&#243;s-operat&#243;ria tardia s&#227;o desconhecidos. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a preval&#234;ncia de SM em pacientes submetidos &#224; CRM e seu papel como marcador progn&#243;stico de eventos adversos no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio imediato e ap&#243;s 30 dias.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#233;todos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Foram avaliados prospectivamente 107 pacientes submetidos &#224; CRM no per&#237;odo de agosto a outubro de 2005. Os pacientes foram considerados como portadores de SM de acordo com a I Diretriz Brasileira de Diagn&#243;stico e Tratamento da S&#237;ndrome Metab&#243;lica<sup>8</sup> por apresentarem pelo menos tr&#234;s dos seguintes achados: press&#227;o arterial &gt; 130/85 mmHg ou uso de medica&#231;&#245;es anti-hipertensivas; glicemia de jejum &gt; 110 mg/dl ou diagn&#243;stico pr&#233;vio de diabete melito; triglic&#233;rides &gt; 150 mg/dl ou tratamento com medica&#231;&#227;o hipolipemiante; n&#237;vel de HDL colesterol &lt; 40 mg/dl no homem ou &lt; 50mg/dl na mulher; e, circunfer&#234;ncia abdominal &gt; 102 cm nos homens ou &gt; 88 cm nas mulheres. A circunfer&#234;ncia abdominal foi medida horizontalmente na linha m&#233;dia entre a crista il&#237;aca e o bordo inferior do gradeado costal ao final da expira&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <p>Foram avaliados dados demogr&#225;ficos como idade, peso, altura e sexo, &#237;ndice de massa corp&#243;rea (IMC), superf&#237;cie corp&#243;rea (SC), fun&#231;&#227;o renal e antecedentes de tabagismo e infarto do mioc&#225;rdio pr&#233;vio. A SC foi obtida atrav&#233;s da f&#243;rmula de Dubois<sup>9</sup> [SC = (peso0,425 x altura 0,725) x 0,007184], sendo o peso em quilogramas e a altura em cent&#237;metros. O IMC foi obtido pela divis&#227;o do peso (em quilogramas) pelo quadrado da altura (em metros). A fun&#231;&#227;o renal foi expressa em clearance de creatinina e calculada pela f&#243;rmula de Cockcroft &amp; Gault<sup>10</sup>, utilizando a creatinina s&#233;rica pr&#233;-operat&#243;ria. Considerou-se tabagista o paciente que fumava pelo menos um cigarro por dia no &#250;ltimo ano. O antecedente de infarto foi obtido por meio de informa&#231;&#245;es do prontu&#225;rio m&#233;dico.</p>
    <p>Vari&#225;veis que pudessem interferir na evolu&#231;&#227;o p&#243;s-operat&#243;ria, como tempo de perfus&#227;o, tempo de an&#243;xia e fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda, tamb&#233;m foram analisadas. A fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda foi avaliada pela ventriculografia contrastada e considerada disfun&#231;&#227;o grave se fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o &lt; 0,35.</p>
    <p>Foram exclu&#237;dos os pacientes portadores de fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial cr&#244;nica, insufici&#234;ncia renal cr&#244;nica dial&#237;tica e aqueles que realizaram procedimentos associados &#224; CRM, como troca ou repara&#231;&#227;o valvar e ressec&#231;&#227;o de aneurisma do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo.</p>
    <p>Os par&#226;metros de evolu&#231;&#227;o intra-hospitalar avaliados foram: ocorr&#234;ncia de fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial aguda, ventila&#231;&#227;o mec&#226;nica prolongada (&gt; 48h), transfus&#227;o de hemoderivados (em unidades), utiliza&#231;&#227;o de medica&#231;&#245;es parenterais vasoativas, re-interven&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica, perman&#234;ncia na unidade de terapia intensiva (em horas), per&#237;odo de interna&#231;&#227;o hospitalar (em dias), infec&#231;&#227;o respirat&#243;ria, infec&#231;&#227;o de ferida operat&#243;ria (esternal ou em membros inferiores), acidente vascular cerebral e &#243;bito. No seguimento de 30 dias foram avaliados os seguintes eventos isolados e a combina&#231;&#227;o dos mesmos: necessidade de re-interna&#231;&#227;o, infec&#231;&#227;o de ferida operat&#243;ria e &#243;bito. A indica&#231;&#227;o para uso de medica&#231;&#245;es vasoativas fez-se diante de press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica inferior a 90 mmHg e refrat&#225;ria &#224; reposi&#231;&#227;o vol&#234;mica. A utiliza&#231;&#227;o de hemoderivados foi indicada na presen&#231;a de hemoglobina s&#233;rica inferior a 10 mg/dl ou diante de dist&#250;rbio de coagula&#231;&#227;o com sangramento ativo. Os diagn&#243;sticos de infec&#231;&#227;o respirat&#243;ria e infec&#231;&#227;o da ferida operat&#243;ria foram considerados diante da necessidade de uso de antibioticoterapia a crit&#233;rio do m&#233;dico assistente.</p>
    <p>A an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica foi feita em duas etapas. A primeira foi a an&#225;lise univariada para testar a rela&#231;&#227;o entre cada um dos poss&#237;veis fatores de pior evolu&#231;&#227;o p&#243;s-operat&#243;ria. Na an&#225;lise univariada adotou-se signific&#226;ncia de 0,10 para sele&#231;&#227;o de quais vari&#225;veis seriam consideradas para os modelos de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica. Foram utilizados os testes exato de Fisher, o do "qui" quadrado, t de Student e Mann-Whitney. A segunda etapa consistiu na realiza&#231;&#227;o de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica para as vari&#225;veis selecionadas.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Resultados</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A m&#233;dia de idade dos 107 pacientes foi 60,6 &#177; 9,7 anos, sendo 81 (75,7%) do sexo masculino. A preval&#234;ncia de SM foi 69,2% na popula&#231;&#227;o total, sendo maior entre as mulheres (80,8%) do que nos homens (65,4%). As caracter&#237;sticas demogr&#225;ficas e relacionadas &#224; cirurgia est&#227;o dispostas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">tabela 1</xref>, onde se observa que os portadores de SM apresentavam maior IMC, maior superf&#237;cie corp&#243;rea e maior preval&#234;ncia de diabete melito. A fun&#231;&#227;o renal estimada pelo clearance de creatinina esteve mais preservada nos pacientes com SM.</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="t1">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-04-0413-00008-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p>Fatores relacionados ao procedimento cir&#250;rgico como tempo de an&#243;xia e tempo de perfus&#227;o foi semelhante nos dois grupos. A presen&#231;a de disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular grave, que confere pior evolu&#231;&#227;o peri-operat&#243;ria, tamb&#233;m n&#227;o apresentou diferen&#231;a.</p>
    <p>As evolu&#231;&#245;es intra-hospitalar e no seguimento de 30 dias nos dois grupos encontram-se dispostas nas <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">tabelas 2</xref> e <xref ref-type="table" rid="tabela3">3</xref>. A ocorr&#234;ncia de fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial, infec&#231;&#227;o de ferida operat&#243;ria e o tempo de perman&#234;ncia na unidade de terapia intensiva foram maiores nos pacientes com SM, mas sem signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica. A necessidade de transfus&#227;o de hemoderivados, ventila&#231;&#227;o mec&#226;nica prolongada, uso de medica&#231;&#245;es vasoativas, infec&#231;&#227;o respirat&#243;ria, tempo de interna&#231;&#227;o hospitalar, re-interven&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica e &#243;bito foram semelhantes entre os grupos. Houve apenas um &#243;bito entre os pacientes sem SM.</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="t2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-04-0413-00008-gt02.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <table-wrap id="tabela3">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-04-0413-00008-gt03.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>Os pacientes com SM apresentaram, na evolu&#231;&#227;o de 30 dias ap&#243;s a CRM, maior necessidade de re-interna&#231;&#227;o e infec&#231;&#227;o de ferida operat&#243;ria, por&#233;m, sem signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica. N&#227;o houve ocorr&#234;ncia de acidente vascular cerebral e &#243;bito nos dois grupos e a incid&#234;ncia de eventos combinados foi maior nos pacientes com SM (sem signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica).</p>
    <p>A SM n&#227;o mostrou ser fator independente para nenhum dos crit&#233;rios de evolu&#231;&#227;o na an&#225;lise multivariada.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Este &#233; o primeiro estudo relatando a preval&#234;ncia de SM em pacientes submetidos &#224; CRM. Analogamente, alguns poucos estudos avaliaram a preval&#234;ncia de SM em pacientes com s&#237;ndrome coron&#225;ria aguda. Entre 633 pacientes com diagn&#243;stico de IAM admitidos em hospitais da Fran&#231;a, a preval&#234;ncia de SM foi de 46%7. Clavijo e cols. encontraram 55,7% de pacientes com SM entre indiv&#237;duos com IAM e que foram submetidos a angioplastia prim&#225;ria, excluindo-se os pacientes com diabete 6. Em ambos os estudos houve maior preval&#234;ncia de SM entre as mulheres, assim como no presente estudo. Contudo, a preval&#234;ncia de SM na popula&#231;&#227;o geral estudada foi maior em nosso estudo (69,2%). Esta diferen&#231;a observada em nossa popula&#231;&#227;o pode ser explicada pela alta incid&#234;ncia de pacientes diab&#233;ticos que, mais freq&#252;entemente, apresentam les&#245;es coron&#225;rias em m&#250;ltiplas art&#233;rias<sup>11</sup>.</p>
    <p>A insufici&#234;ncia renal leve a moderada &#233; um fator de risco para pior evolu&#231;&#227;o p&#243;s-operat&#243;ria em pacientes submetidos &#224; CRM<sup>12</sup> e p&#243;s IAM<sup>13</sup>. Apesar de alguns dos componentes da SM serem fatores de risco para diminui&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o renal, estes pacientes apresentaram maior taxa de filtra&#231;&#227;o glomerular. Este achado pode ser explicado devido &#224; idade da popula&#231;&#227;o com SM por ser menor, fator este que interfere no c&#225;lculo do clearance da creatinina. Outra poss&#237;vel explica&#231;&#227;o seria que os pacientes com diabete melito encontravam-se em est&#225;gios iniciais de nefropatia diab&#233;tica que promove aumento da filtra&#231;&#227;o glomerular.</p>
    <p>Diversos estudos foram publicados envolvendo evolu&#231;&#227;o p&#243;s-operat&#243;ria e obesidade de acordo com o IMC, por&#233;m, os achados s&#227;o conflitantes. Elahi e cols.<sup>14</sup> avaliaram a ocorr&#234;ncia de eventos intra-hospitalares em 3.002 pacientes submetidos &#224; CRM. O risco de complica&#231;&#245;es como acidente vascular cerebral, arritmia atrial, insufici&#234;ncia renal, infec&#231;&#227;o da incis&#227;o tor&#225;cica e dos membros inferiores, ventila&#231;&#227;o mec&#226;nica prolongada e per&#237;odo de hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o superior a sete dias foi maior naqueles com IMC &gt; 40 kg/m<sup>2</sup>. O aumento da taxa de complica&#231;&#245;es elevou o custo em &#163;1750 em rela&#231;&#227;o aos pacientes com IMC &lt; 30 kg/m<sup>2</sup>, no entanto n&#227;o houve &#243;bitos nesse grupo de pacientes. Alguns autores, utilizando a obesidade como fator de risco, obtiveram achados semelhantes ao deste estudo. Assim, Moulton e cols. conclu&#237;ram que a obesidade n&#227;o &#233; um fator de risco para eventos adversos ap&#243;s cirurgia card&#237;aca, exceto pelo aumento de infec&#231;&#245;es superficiais de ferida operat&#243;ria e pela maior incid&#234;ncia de arritmias atriais<sup>15</sup>. Da mesma forma, Brandt e cols.<sup>16</sup>, ao analisar 500 pacientes, e estabelecendo como obesidade IMC &gt; 30 kg/m<sup>2</sup>, n&#227;o encontraram aumento de morbi-mortalidade p&#243;s-CRM nos pacientes obesos no per&#237;odo hospitalar quando comparados aos n&#227;o obesos, por&#233;m, houve tend&#234;ncia a maior incid&#234;ncia de infec&#231;&#245;es nas feridas operat&#243;rias tor&#225;cica e de membros inferiores nos obesos.</p>
    <p>Outros estudos mostraram a obesidade como fator protetor para CRM. Pacientes com sobrepeso (IMC entre 25 e 30 kg/m<sup>2</sup>) e obesos (IMC &gt; 30 kg/m<sup>2</sup>) que participaram do estudo ARTS e que foram submetidos &#224; CRM apresentaram, no seguimento m&#233;dio de 3 anos, menor necessidade de novo procedimento de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o e menor incid&#234;ncia de eventos card&#237;acos ou cerebrovasculares maiores (&#243;bito, acidente vascular cerebral, acidente isqu&#234;mico transit&#243;rio, d&#233;ficit neurol&#243;gico mantido e IAM n&#227;o fatal), quando comparados com pacientes n&#227;o obesos (IMC &lt; 25 kg/m<sup>2</sup>)<sup>17</sup>.</p>
    <p>A an&#225;lise de estudos envolvendo a obesidade como fator de risco deve-se ao fato da inexist&#234;ncia de trabalhos abordando a SM. Contudo, essa compara&#231;&#227;o pode ser realizada pelo fato de a obesidade ser fator de risco para muitos dos componentes da SM e constituir um estado de relativa resist&#234;ncia insul&#237;nica<sup>18</sup>. Os achados conflitantes devem-se, em parte, &#224; discord&#226;ncia dos crit&#233;rios adotados, as caracter&#237;sticas das popula&#231;&#245;es e as estrat&#233;gias metodol&#243;gicas utilizadas. Em nenhum estudo foram avaliados fatores inerentes do procedimento cir&#250;rgico.</p>
    <p>A presen&#231;a de SM tamb&#233;m se encontra relacionada com a pat&#234;ncia do enxerto. Yilmaz e cols.<sup>19</sup> demonstraram que o risco de oclus&#227;o ou les&#227;o significativa no enxerto realizado com veia safena &#233; duas vezes maior nos pacientes com SM num per&#237;odo inferior a cinco anos de realiza&#231;&#227;o da cirurgia.</p>
    <p>Este estudo apresenta a limita&#231;&#227;o do pequeno n&#250;mero de pacientes inclu&#237;dos e, conseq&#252;entemente, n&#250;mero reduzido de eventos.</p>
    <p>Assim, este trabalho permite sugerir que a preval&#234;ncia de SM em pacientes submetidos &#224; cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica &#233; elevada. Contudo, n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a significante na morbi-mortalidade peri-operat&#243;ria, no per&#237;odo intra-hospitalar e no seguimento de 30 dias ap&#243;s a cirurgia, apesar da tend&#234;ncia no aumento de infec&#231;&#227;o de ferida operat&#243;ria, fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial e necessidade de re-interna&#231;&#227;o ap&#243;s a alta.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesses</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflitos de interesses pertinentes.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="back" fn-type="corresp">
        <label>
          <bold>Correspond&#234;ncia:</bold>
        </label>
        <p> Eduardo Pimenta </p>
        <p> Rua das Cam&#233;lias, 357 </p>
        <p> 04048-060 &#150; S&#227;o Paulo, SP </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="espimenta@cardiol.br">espimenta@cardiol.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Artigo recebido em 29/06/06; revisado recebido em 14/07/06; aceito em 14/07/06.</p>
  </body>
  <back>
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  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Metabolic syndrome in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass graft: prevalence and a marker of morbidity/mortality during hospitalization and 30 days after hospital discharge</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>OBJECTIVES: To compare the morbidity and mortality of patients with and without metabolic syndrome (MS) (according to the First Brazilian Guidelines for Diagnosis and Treatment of MS) undergoing coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) during hospitalization and after 30 days. METHODS: A total of 107 patients who underwent CABG with no associated procedures were assessed between August and October 2005; 74 (69.2%) of them had MS. Criteria of in-hospital outcome were: acute atrial fibrillation (AF), prolonged mechanical ventilation (MV), need for transfusion of blood products, number of hours spent in the ICU, length of hospital stay (days), respiratory and surgical wound infection, and death. For 30 days, the combination of events such as the need for readmission to hospital, surgical wound infection and death was assessed. RESULTS: The mean age was 60.6&#177;9.7 years, and the group with MS presented a higher body mass index and body surface, and a higher prevalence of diabetes. No statistically significant difference was observed in the occurrence of in-hospital events such as AF (15.2% vs. 16.2%), MV (3.0% vs. 2.7%), number of units of blood products used (3.2&#177;2.7 vs. 2.6&#177;2.9), length of ICU stay (53.7&#177;27.3 vs. 58.9&#177;56.5), length of hospital stay (9.2&#177;8.7 x 8.5&#177;8.5), respiratory infection (6.1% vs. 2.7%), surgical wound infection (3.0% vs. 5.4%), and mortality rate (3.0% vs. 0.0%). The occurrence of combined events in 30 days was similar in both groups (12.2% vs. 20.3%, p = NS). CONCLUSION: Patients with MS did not have increased morbidity and mortality when undergoing CABG, however they had a higher trend of occurrence of surgical wound infection.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Metabolic syndrome</kwd>
        <kwd>coronary artery bypass graft</kwd>
        <kwd>morbidity</kwd>
        <kwd>mortality</kwd>
        <kwd>prevalence</kwd>
        <kwd>length of stay</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>ORIGINAL ARTICLE</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Metabolic syndrome in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass graft: prevalence and a marker of morbidity/mortality during hospitalization and 30 days after hospital discharge</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Eduardo Pimenta; Oswaldo Passarelli Junior; Fl&#225;vio Borelli; M&#225;rcio G. Sousa; Carlos Gun; Vivian Amato; Celso Amodeo; Leopoldo Soares Piegas</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Division of Arterial Hypertension and Nephrology of the Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia de S&#227;o Paulo - S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</p>
      <p>
        <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="back-body2">Mailing address</xref>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>SUMMARY</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVES:</bold> To compare the morbidity and mortality of patients with and without metabolic syndrome (MS) (according to the First Brazilian Guidelines for Diagnosis and Treatment of MS) undergoing coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) during hospitalization and after 30 days. </p>
      <p><bold>METHODS:</bold> A total of 107 patients who underwent CABG with no associated procedures were assessed between August and October 2005; 74 (69.2%) of them had MS. Criteria of in-hospital outcome were: acute atrial fibrillation (AF), prolonged mechanical ventilation (MV), need for transfusion of blood products, number of hours spent in the ICU, length of hospital stay (days), respiratory and surgical wound infection, and death. For 30 days, the combination of events such as the need for readmission to hospital, surgical wound infection and death was assessed.</p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS:</bold> The mean age was 60.6&#177;9.7 years, and the group with MS presented a higher body mass index and body surface, and a higher prevalence of diabetes. No statistically significant difference was observed in the occurrence of in-hospital events such as AF (15.2% vs. 16.2%), MV (3.0% vs. 2.7%), number of units of blood products used (3.2&#177;2.7 vs. 2.6&#177;2.9), length of ICU stay (53.7&#177;27.3 vs. 58.9&#177;56.5), length of hospital stay (9.2&#177;8.7 x 8.5&#177;8.5), respiratory infection (6.1% vs. 2.7%), surgical wound infection (3.0% vs. 5.4%), and mortality rate (3.0% vs. 0.0%). The occurrence of combined events in 30 days was similar in both groups (12.2% vs. 20.3%, p = NS).</p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSION:</bold> Patients with MS did not have increased morbidity and mortality when undergoing CABG, however they had a higher trend of occurrence of surgical wound infection.</p>
      <p><bold>Key words:</bold> Metabolic syndrome; coronary artery bypass graft; morbidity; mortality; prevalence; length of stay.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Introduction</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The metabolic syndrome (MS) is an association of cardiovascular risk factors that is closely related to increase of insulin resistance. Its prevalence varies according to the criteria used and to the population studied, ranging between 10.7% in Korean<sup>1</sup> women and 84% in men with diabetes mellitus in Finland and Sweden<sup>2</sup>.</p>
      <p>Patients with MS have a four-fold increase in the risk of death due to coronary artery disease and up to a three-fold increase in the risk of all-cause mortality<sup>3,4</sup>. These individuals present a higher risk of coronary<sup>5</sup> events and also a worse post-event outcome, such as larger extension of the area affected by an acute myocardial infarction (MI)<sup>6</sup> and frequent left ventricular dysfunction<sup>7</sup>.</p>
      <p>However, the prevalence of individuals with MS among those patients undergoing coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) and its impact on the perioperative and late postoperative clinical course are still unknown. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of MS in patients who had undergone coronary artery bypass graft, as well as its role as a prognostic marker of adverse events in the immediate postoperative period and 30 days later.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Methods</bold>
      </p>
      <p>We prospectively evaluated 107 patients who underwent CABG between August and October 2005. Patients were considered to be affected by MS according to the I Brazilian Guidelines for Diagnosis and Treatment of Metabolic Syndrome<sup>8</sup> if they had at least three of the following findings: blood pressure &gt;130/85mmHg or use of antihypertensive medications; fasting glucose levels &gt;110mg/dl or previous diagnosis of diabetes mellitus; triglycerides &gt;150mg/dl or treatment with lipid lowering drugs; HDL cholesterol &lt;40mg/dl in men or &lt;50mg/dl in women and abdominal circumference &gt;102cm in men or &gt;88cm in women. Abdominal circumference was measured horizontally in the midline between the iliac crest and the lower margin of the costal arch at the end of expiration.</p>
      <p>We evaluated demographic data such as age, weight, height and sex, body mass index (BMI), body surface (BS), renal function and history of smoking and previous acute myocardial infarction. BS was obtained through Dubois<sup>9</sup> equation [BS = (weight0.425 x height0.725) x 0.007184] - weight in kilograms and height in centimeters. BMI was obtained by dividing weight (in kilograms) by the square of the height (in meters). Renal function was expressed as creatinine clearance and it was calculated by the Cockcroft &amp; Gault<sup>10</sup> formula, using preoperative serum creatinine. A patient who smoked at least one cigarette per day in the last year was considered a smoker. The history of acute myocardial infarction was collected in medical records.</p>
      <p>The variables that could interfere in the postoperative course, such as perfusion time, anoxia time and left ventricular function were also analyzed. Left ventricular function was evaluated by contrast ventriculography and it was considered a severe dysfunction if the ejection fraction was &lt;0.35.</p>
      <p>Patients with chronic atrial fibrillation, chronic renal failure undergoing dialysis and those who had undergone procedures associated with CABG, such as valve replacement or repair and resection of left ventricle aneurism were excluded from the study.</p>
      <p>The parameters of intra-hospital progression evaluated included the occurrence of acute atrial fibrillation, prolonged mechanical ventilation (&gt;48h), transfusion of blood products (in units), parenteral use of vasoactive drugs, surgical reintervention, time spent at the intensive care unit (hours), length of hospital stay (days), respiratory infection, infection of surgical wound (sternum or lower limbs), stroke and death. The 30-day follow-up period included the evaluation of the following isolated events, as well as their combination: re-admission to hospital, infection of surgical wound and death. The indication for the use of vasoactive drugs was a systolic blood pressure lower than 90mmHg and refractory to volume replacement. The use of blood products was indicated in the presence of serum hemoglobin levels lower than 10mg/dl or a coagulation disorder with active bleeding. The diagnoses of respiratory infection and surgical wound infection were considered in face of the need of antibiotic therapy at the discretion of the assisting physician.</p>
      <p>The statistical analysis was carried out in two stages; the first one included the univariate analysis to test the relationship between each of the possible factors of worst postoperative progression. A significance of 0.10 was used in the univariate analysis to select which variables would be considered for the models of logistic regression, and the tests used were Fisher's exact test, chi square, Student's t test and Mann-Whitney. The second stage consisted of carrying out the logistic regression for the selected variables.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Results</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The mean age of 107 patients was 60.6&#177;9.7 years, with 81 (75.7%) males. The prevalence of MS was 69.2% in the general population, and it was higher among women (80.8%) than men (65.4%). Demographic and surgical data are displayed in <xref ref-type="table" rid="en_08t1-body2">Table 1</xref>, where we can observe that individuals with MS presented higher BMI, larger body surface and a higher prevalence of diabetes mellitus. Renal function estimated by creatinine clearance was more preserved in patients with MS.</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="en_08t1-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-04-0413-00008-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>Factors related to the surgical procedure, such as anoxia time and perfusion time were similar in the two groups. The presence of severe ventricular dysfunction, which is associated with worse perioperative progression, also did not present any difference.</p>
      <p>Clinical progressions during hospitalization and during the 30-day follow-up in the two groups are displayed in <xref ref-type="table" rid="en_08t2-body2">tables 2</xref> and <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab3-body2">3</xref>. Events such as atrial fibrillation and surgical wound infection, as well as the length of stay in the intensive care unit were more pronounced in patients with MS, although there was no statistical significance. The need of transfusion of blood products, prolonged mechanical ventilation, use of vasoactive drugs, respiratory infection, length of hospital stay, surgical re-intervention e death were similar in the groups. There was only one death among patients without MS.</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="en_08t2-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-04-0413-00008-gt02-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <table-wrap id="tab3-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-04-0413-00008-gt03-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>Patients with MS presented higher need of re-hospitalization and higher incidence of surgical wound infection during the 30-day follow-up after CABG, although these findings were not statistically significant. There were no cases of stroke and death in the two groups and the incidence of combined events was higher in patients with MS (not statistically significant).</p>
      <p>MS was not an independent factor for any of the progression criteria in the multivariate analysis.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This is the first study reporting the prevalence of MS in patients undergoing CABG. Similarly, some studies evaluated the prevalence of MS in patients with acute coronary syndrome. The prevalence of MS was 46% in 633 patients diagnosed with acute myocardial infarction admitted to hospitals in France<sup>7</sup>. Clavijo et al reported 55.7% patients with MS among individuals with acute myocardial infarction who underwent primary angioplasty excluding the patients with diabetes mellitus<sup>6</sup>. In both studies there was a higher prevalence of MS among women - the same as in the current study. However, the prevalence of MS in the general population studied was higher in our study (69.2%). This difference observed in our population can be explained by the high incidence of diabetic patients who present coronary lesions in multiple arteries more frequently<sup>11</sup>.</p>
      <p>Mild to moderate renal failure is a risk factor for worse postoperative progression in patients undergoing CABG<sup>12</sup> and after acute myocardial infarction<sup>13</sup>. Although some of the components of MS are risk factors for the decrease in renal function, these patients presented higher rates of glomerular filtration. This finding can be explained by the younger age of the population with MS, since this factor interferes in the calculation of the creatinine clearance. Another possible explanation is that the patients with diabetes mellitus were in the initial stages of diabetic nephropathy, which promotes increased glomerular filtration.</p>
      <p>Several studies discussed the association between postoperative clinical course and obesity according to BMI, but the findings were conflicting. Elahi et al<sup>14</sup> evaluated the occurrence of hospital events in 3,002 patients undergoing CABG. The risk of complications such as stroke, atrial arrhythmia, renal insufficiency, surgical wound infections in the chest and lower limbs, prolonged mechanical ventilation and hospitalization longer than seven days was higher in patients with BMI &gt;40kg/m<sup>2</sup>. The increase in complication rates raised the cost in the amount of &#163;1750 compared with the patients with BMI &lt;30 kg/m<sup>2</sup>, although there were no deaths in this group of patients. Some authors used obesity as a risk factor and their findings were similar to those in this study. Thus, Moulton et al. concluded that obesity is not a risk factor for adverse events after cardiac surgery, except for the increased number of superficial surgical wound infections and the higher incidence of atrial arrhythmias<sup>15</sup>. Likewise, Brandt et al<sup>16</sup>, when analyzing 500 patients with obesity defined as BMI &gt;30kg/m<sup>2</sup>, did not find increased morbidity/mortality after CABG in obese patients during hospitalization when compared with non-obese patients, although there was a trend to a higher incidence of surgical wound infections in the chest and lower limbs in obese individuals.</p>
      <p>Other studies showed that obesity was a protective factor for CABG. Overweight (BMI between 25 and 30 kg/m<sup>2</sup>) and obese patients (BMI &gt;30 kg/m<sup>2</sup>) who participated in the ARTS study and underwent CABG, during the mean follow-up of three years, presented a lower need of a new revascularization procedure and lower incidence of major cardiac or cerebrovascular events (death, stroke, transient ischemic attack, sustained neurological deficit and nonfatal acute myocardial infarction) when compared with non-obese patients (BMI &lt;25kg/m<sup>2</sup>)<sup>17</sup>.</p>
      <p>The analysis of studies involving obesity as a risk factor is due to the inexistence of studies about MS. However, this comparison can be performed since obesity is a risk factor for many of the components of MS, and also because it is a state of relative insulin resistance<sup>18</sup>. The conflicting findings are partly due to disagreement between the criteria adopted, the characteristics of the populations and the methodological strategies used. None of the studies evaluated the factors inherent to the surgical procedure.</p>
      <p>The presence of MS is also related with graft patency. Yilmaz et al<sup>19</sup> showed that the risk of occlusion or significant injury to the graft performed with a saphenous vein is twice more frequent in patients with MS in a period shorter than five years after the surgery.</p>
      <p>This study is limited by the small number of patients enrolled and consequently by the low number of events.</p>
      <p>Thus, this study allows us to suggest that the prevalence of MS in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass graft is high. However, there was no significant difference in perioperative morbidity/mortality, both during hospitalization and during the postoperative 30-day follow-up, despite the trend of increased number of events such as surgical wound infection, atrial fibrillation and need of re-hospitalization after hospital discharge.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
      </p>
      <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fn id="back-body2" fn-type="corresp">
          <label>
            <bold>Mailing address:</bold>
          </label>
          <p> Eduardo Pimenta</p>
          <p> Rua das Cam&#233;lias, 357</p>
          <p> 04048-060 &#150; S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</p>
          <p> E-mail: </p>
          <p>
            <email xlink:href="espimenta@cardiol.br">espimenta@cardiol.br</email>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p>Manuscript received June 29, 2006; revised manuscript received July 14, 2006; accepted July 14, 2006.</p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
