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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">zdHpnx9ZV58b6NvGW9YrHMv</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00007</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2007000400007</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(07)08800407</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2007000400007</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Corre&#231;&#227;o de defeitos card&#237;acos cong&#234;nitos simples em crian&#231;as e adolescentes por meio de minitoracotomias</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Silveira</surname>
            <given-names>Wilson Luiz da</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Bosco</surname>
            <given-names>Fabiana A. Penachi</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Leite</surname>
            <given-names>Ad&#233;lio Ferreira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Peixoto</surname>
            <given-names>Fernanda A. Oliveira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sousa</surname>
            <given-names>Mirna de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Souza</surname>
            <given-names>Carlos C&#233;sar Elias de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff03">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Goi&#226;nia</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">GO</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">F&#234;mina Hospital e Maternidade</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Santa Genoveva</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff02">
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital da Crian&#231;a</institution>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>04</month>
        <year>2007</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>88</volume>
      <issue>4</issue>
      <fpage>408</fpage>
      <lpage>412</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>21</day>
          <month>10</month>
          <year>2006</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>03</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2006</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>06</day>
          <month>09</month>
          <year>2006</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>OBJETIVO: Revisar a experi&#234;ncia de corre&#231;&#227;o de defeitos card&#237;acos cong&#234;nitos por meio de minitoracotomias. M&#201;TODOS: No per&#237;odo de janeiro de 1998 a mar&#231;o de 2005, 98 pacientes foram submetidos a corre&#231;&#227;o de defeitos cong&#234;nitos simples, por meio de minitoracotomias, em nosso servi&#231;o. A idade variou de 14 meses a 16 anos (m&#233;dia de 4,6 anos), todos do sexo feminino e com peso variando de 8 kg a 58 kg (m&#233;dia de 20 kg). O diagn&#243;stico incluiu defeito do septo atrial em 78 casos (seis associados com drenagem an&#244;mala das veias pulmonares parcial e quatro com estenose pulmonar valvar) e defeito do septo ventricular perimembranoso em 20. Todos tiveram confirma&#231;&#227;o do diagn&#243;stico pela ecocardiografia, n&#227;o necessitando de cateterismo card&#237;aco. Em 10 pacientes foi utilizada minitoracotomia submam&#225;ria direita e em 88, minitoracotomia com esternotomia mediana parcial. RESULTADOS: Todos os defeitos foram corrigidos com sucesso, com exposi&#231;&#227;o satisfat&#243;ria. O tempo m&#233;dio de circula&#231;&#227;o extracorp&#243;rea foi de oito a 30 minutos (m&#233;dia de 10 minutos) e o tempo de clampeamento a&#243;rtico, de cinco a 22 minutos (m&#233;dia de 12 minutos). Todos os pacientes foram extubados na sala de opera&#231;&#227;o e o tempo m&#233;dio de perman&#234;ncia hospitalar foi de tr&#234;s a sete dias (m&#233;dia de cinco dias). N&#227;o houve mortalidade operat&#243;ria nem complica&#231;&#245;es p&#243;s-operat&#243;rias graves. N&#227;o foi observado nenhum defeito residual. CONCLUS&#195;O: Nossa experi&#234;ncia demonstrou que as minitoracotomias s&#227;o tecnicamente poss&#237;veis, sendo procedimentos seguros e efetivos em alternativa &#224; esternotomia mediana para corre&#231;&#227;o de defeitos card&#237;acos cong&#234;nitos simples e seletivos. As vantagens dessas abordagens inclu&#237;ram menor dano e manuten&#231;&#227;o tanto da continuidade como da integridade do esterno, parcial ou total, prevenindo defeito do tipo peito de pombo p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio. O resultado est&#233;tico foi superior ao obtido por esternotomia mediana.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>Cardiopatias cong&#234;nitas</kwd>
        <kwd>crian&#231;a</kwd>
        <kwd>adolescente</kwd>
        <kwd>cirurgia card&#237;aca</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>24</day>
        <month>05</month>
        <year>2007</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>ARTIGO ORIGINAL</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Corre&#231;&#227;o de defeitos card&#237;acos cong&#234;nitos simples em crian&#231;as e adolescentes por meio de minitoracotomias</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Wilson Luiz da Silveira; Fabiana A. Penachi Bosco; Ad&#233;lio Ferreira Leite; Fernanda A. Oliveira Peixoto; Mirna de Sousa; Carlos C&#233;sar Elias de Souza</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Hospital Santa Genoveva/Hospital da Crian&#231;a/F&#234;mina Hospital e Maternidade &#150; Goi&#226;nia, GO</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="back">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVO:</bold> Revisar a experi&#234;ncia de corre&#231;&#227;o de defeitos card&#237;acos cong&#234;nitos por meio de minitoracotomias. </p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS:</bold> No per&#237;odo de janeiro de 1998 a mar&#231;o de 2005, 98 pacientes foram submetidos a corre&#231;&#227;o de defeitos cong&#234;nitos simples, por meio de minitoracotomias, em nosso servi&#231;o. A idade variou de 14 meses a 16 anos (m&#233;dia de 4,6 anos), todos do sexo feminino e com peso variando de 8 kg a 58 kg (m&#233;dia de 20 kg). O diagn&#243;stico incluiu defeito do septo atrial em 78 casos (seis associados com drenagem an&#244;mala das veias pulmonares parcial e quatro com estenose pulmonar valvar) e defeito do septo ventricular perimembranoso em 20. Todos tiveram confirma&#231;&#227;o do diagn&#243;stico pela ecocardiografia, n&#227;o necessitando de cateterismo card&#237;aco. Em 10 pacientes foi utilizada minitoracotomia submam&#225;ria direita e em 88, minitoracotomia com esternotomia mediana parcial. </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS:</bold> Todos os defeitos foram corrigidos com sucesso, com exposi&#231;&#227;o satisfat&#243;ria. O tempo m&#233;dio de circula&#231;&#227;o extracorp&#243;rea foi de oito a 30 minutos (m&#233;dia de 10 minutos) e o tempo de clampeamento a&#243;rtico, de cinco a 22 minutos (m&#233;dia de 12 minutos). Todos os pacientes foram extubados na sala de opera&#231;&#227;o e o tempo m&#233;dio de perman&#234;ncia hospitalar foi de tr&#234;s a sete dias (m&#233;dia de cinco dias). N&#227;o houve mortalidade operat&#243;ria nem complica&#231;&#245;es p&#243;s-operat&#243;rias graves. N&#227;o foi observado nenhum defeito residual. </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#195;O:</bold> Nossa experi&#234;ncia demonstrou que as minitoracotomias s&#227;o tecnicamente poss&#237;veis, sendo procedimentos seguros e efetivos em alternativa &#224; esternotomia mediana para corre&#231;&#227;o de defeitos card&#237;acos cong&#234;nitos simples e seletivos. As vantagens dessas abordagens inclu&#237;ram menor dano e manuten&#231;&#227;o tanto da continuidade como da integridade do esterno, parcial ou total, prevenindo defeito do tipo peito de pombo p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio. O resultado est&#233;tico foi superior ao obtido por esternotomia mediana.</p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave:</bold> Cardiopatias cong&#234;nitas, crian&#231;a, adolescente, cirurgia card&#237;aca.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A introdu&#231;&#227;o de t&#233;cnicas cir&#250;rgicas minimamente invasivas em cirurgia card&#237;aca de adultos<sup>1,2</sup> resultou em demanda por abordagens semelhantes na popula&#231;&#227;o pedi&#225;trica. Nos &#250;ltimos 10 anos, essas t&#233;cnicas evolu&#237;ram, continuamente, para a corre&#231;&#227;o de defeitos do cora&#231;&#227;o em crian&#231;as, especialmente nas do sexo feminino<sup>3-7</sup>. Nessa popula&#231;&#227;o em particular, as implica&#231;&#245;es tanto est&#233;ticas como psicol&#243;gicas da esternotomia convencional mediana t&#234;m que ser consideradas e podem desempenhar papel importante na morbidez p&#243;s-operat&#243;ria. Com a utiliza&#231;&#227;o de incis&#245;es m&#237;nimas da pele, o trauma da opera&#231;&#227;o pode ser reduzido. No entanto, ainda &#233; controverso se abordagens minimamente invasivas podem levar &#224; redu&#231;&#227;o da incid&#234;ncia de dor p&#243;s-operat&#243;ria e de sangramento, e &#224; melhora da fun&#231;&#227;o respirat&#243;ria<sup>4,8</sup>.</p>
    <p>Com o advento de dispositivos percut&#226;neos para fechamento de defeitos do septo atrial, a efici&#234;ncia de procedimentos card&#237;acos minimamente invasivos tem que ser comprovada. O perfil de risco de complica&#231;&#245;es intra-operat&#243;rias da cirurgia minimamente invasiva comparativamente &#224; esternotomia tradicional tamb&#233;m tem que ser estudado.</p>
    <p>As abordagens cir&#250;rgicas minimamente invasivas usadas em opera&#231;&#245;es card&#237;acas t&#234;m sido extensamente divulgadas na literatura em ambas as popula&#231;&#245;es, adulta e pedi&#225;trica<sup>3-6</sup>. As vantagens potenciais s&#227;o a melhora est&#233;tica e o conforto para o paciente, al&#233;m do menor per&#237;odo de interna&#231;&#227;o hospitalar, com implica&#231;&#245;es no custo total<sup>9</sup>. Abordagens na popula&#231;&#227;o pedi&#225;trica largamente empregadas envolvem toracotomia anterior<sup>5,8,10,11</sup> e esternotomia m&#237;nima<sup>12-14</sup>, superior ou mais baixa, com ou sem videoassist&#234;ncia. Importantes para o cirurgi&#227;o, sobretudo na doen&#231;a card&#237;aca cong&#234;nita, s&#227;o as exposi&#231;&#245;es do campo operat&#243;rio apropriadas para precisa corre&#231;&#227;o intracard&#237;aca, segura aplica&#231;&#227;o de circula&#231;&#227;o extracorp&#243;rea por meio de um s&#237;tio central ou perif&#233;rico, e adequada prote&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica. Experi&#234;ncia crescente na aplica&#231;&#227;o de m&#237;nima esternotomia para corre&#231;&#227;o de defeito septal atrial tem permitido sua utiliza&#231;&#227;o na corre&#231;&#227;o de doen&#231;a card&#237;aca cong&#234;nita em nosso servi&#231;o.</p>
    <p>Retroativamente, este estudo revisou a experi&#234;ncia e a t&#233;cnica de toracotomias para corre&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica de defeitos card&#237;acos cong&#234;nitos em crian&#231;as e adolescentes tratados em nosso servi&#231;o.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#233;todos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>No per&#237;odo de janeiro de 1998 a mar&#231;o de 2005, 98 crian&#231;as e adolescentes do sexo feminino, portadoras de defeitos card&#237;acos cong&#234;nitos, foram admitidas em nosso servi&#231;o para corre&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica, sendo defeito do septo atrial em 78 casos (seis associados a drenagem an&#244;mala das veias pulmonares parcial e quatro, a estenose pulmonar valvar) e defeito do septo ventricular perimembranoso em 20. A idade variou de 14 meses a 16 anos (m&#233;dia de 4,6 anos). O peso m&#233;dio foi de 20 kg (variando de oito a 58 kg).</p>
    <p>Os procedimentos cir&#250;rgicos inclu&#237;ram o fechamento de defeito do septo atrial em 78 (fechamento direto em 66 casos, utilizando como remendo o peric&#225;rdio aut&#243;logo em 12, sendo seis portadores de drenagem an&#244;mala parcial da veia pulmonar superior direita em veia cava superior). Em quatro pacientes portadores de defeito do septo atrial e estenose pulmonar valvar, a comissurotomia pulmonar foi realizada via ventr&#237;culo direito. No fechamento transatrial de defeitos do septo ventricular utilizou-se remendo de peric&#225;rdio em 18 casos e fechamento direto em dois.</p>
    <p><italic>T&#233;cnica cir&#250;rgica -</italic> Nas pacientes cujas mamas eram desenvolvidas, a prega submam&#225;ria foi usada para a incis&#227;o &#226;ntero-lateral (a incis&#227;o de pele variou de 4,0 cm a 7,0 cm) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="figura1">figs. 1a</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="figura1b">1b</xref>). Naquelas submetidas a minitoracotomia &#226;ntero-lateral direita, ap&#243;s administra&#231;&#227;o sist&#234;mica de heparina, foi realizada canula&#231;&#227;o da aorta pela art&#233;ria femoral direita por meio de incis&#227;o de 1,5 cm a 2,0 cm na regi&#227;o inguinal. A seguir, foi realizada canula&#231;&#227;o da veia cava inferior, com a utiliza&#231;&#227;o de c&#226;nula com ponta angulada na pele de aproximadamente 1,5 cm na altura do s&#233;timo espa&#231;o intercostal, incis&#227;o que foi aproveitada para coloca&#231;&#227;o do dreno tor&#225;cico no final da opera&#231;&#227;o. Isso diminuiu uma c&#226;nula pela incis&#227;o cir&#250;rgica, proporcionando melhor vis&#227;o do campo cir&#250;rgico. A seguir realizou-se circula&#231;&#227;o extracorp&#243;rea com hipotermia moderada, de 28&#186;C a 32&#186;C. A veia cava superior foi, ent&#227;o, canulada diretamente, tamb&#233;m com a utiliza&#231;&#227;o de uma c&#226;nula com ponta angulada. Finalmente, um jelco foi fixado na aorta ascendente para infus&#227;o de cardioplegia e aspira&#231;&#227;o de ar ap&#243;s a realiza&#231;&#227;o do procedimento cir&#250;rgico.</p>
    <fig id="figura1"/>
    <p>
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-04-0408-00007-e01.jpg"/></p>
    <p>
      <fig id="figura1b">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-04-0408-00007-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p>Nas pacientes menores, sem desenvolvimento do bot&#227;o mam&#225;rio, foi realizada incis&#227;o transversal da pele de 4,0 cm a 7,0 cm (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="figura2">fig. 2a</xref>). O tecido subcut&#226;neo foi descolado, sendo realizada esternotomia mediana parcial utilizando-se dois afastadores de Finochietto cruzados (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="figura2b">fig. 2b</xref>), um no esterno e outro na pele. Essa t&#233;cnica foi tamb&#233;m utilizada em algumas pacientes que j&#225; apresentavam mamas desenvolvidas, com bom resultado (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="figura3">figs. 3a</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="figura3b">3b</xref>). Nas pacientes submetidas a minitoracotomia com esternotomia mediana parcial, as canula&#231;&#245;es de aorta e veias cavas superior e inferior foram realizadas de maneira convencional pela incis&#227;o.</p>
    <fig id="figura2"/>
    <p>
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-04-0408-00007-e02.jpg"/></p>
    <p>
      <fig id="figura2b">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-04-0408-00007-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <fig id="figura3"/>
    <p>
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-04-0408-00007-e03.jpg"/></p>
    <p>
      <fig id="figura3b">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-04-0408-00007-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p>Nas pacientes portadoras de comunica&#231;&#227;o interatrial (CIA), foi utilizado pin&#231;amento da aorta sem cardioplegia; nas restantes, foi administrada cardioplegia sangu&#237;nea fria. O &#225;trio direito foi aberto por meio de incis&#227;o normal. Quando necess&#225;rio, um remendo de peric&#225;rdio aut&#243;logo foi colhido e preparado para procedimentos adicionais. Em 66 pacientes portadoras de CIA, os defeitos foram corrigidos por suturas diretas; em 12 pacientes, das quais seis eram portadoras de drenagem an&#244;mala parcial da veia pulmonar superior, foi necess&#225;rio o uso de remendo de peric&#225;rdio aut&#243;logo. Em duas pacientes portadoras de comunica&#231;&#227;o interventricular (CIV) os defeitos foram fechados com sutura direta e em 18, com remendo de peric&#225;rdio bovino.</p>
    <p>Foram empregados procedimentos habituais de drenagem para elimina&#231;&#227;o de ar, via incis&#227;o atrial e raiz a&#243;rtica. A atriotomia foi, ent&#227;o, fechada, foram liberados os torniquetes das cavas, a ventila&#231;&#227;o foi restabelecida e foi feita aspira&#231;&#227;o da aorta com a utiliza&#231;&#227;o de jelco na aorta ascendente. A circula&#231;&#227;o extracorp&#243;rea foi gradualmente descontinuada. O peric&#225;rdio foi parcialmente fechado, sendo colocado dreno pleural ou mediastinal. Antes de fechar o t&#243;rax, foi infiltrada solu&#231;&#227;o de anest&#233;sico local com vasoconstritor no terceiro, no quarto e no quinto espa&#231;os intercostais, nas pacientes submetidas a minitoracotomias &#226;ntero-laterais, e nas bordas da ferida operat&#243;ria nas pacientes submetidas a toracotomias parciais. Finalmente, o t&#243;rax foi fechado de maneira rotineira, terminando com sutura de pele cont&#237;nua intrad&#233;rmica.</p>
    <p>Nenhum instrumento cir&#250;rgico especial foi utilizado para a realiza&#231;&#227;o desses procedimentos.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Resultados</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Todos os defeitos septais foram corrigidos com sucesso. O tempo de circula&#231;&#227;o extracorp&#243;rea variou de oito a 30 minutos (m&#233;dia de 10 minutos). O tempo de clampeamento a&#243;rtico variou de cinco a 22 minutos (m&#233;dia de 12 minutos). Todas as pacientes foram extubadas na sala de opera&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <p>O tempo de perman&#234;ncia hospitalar p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio foi de tr&#234;s a sete dias. Todas as pacientes foram seguidas, tendo sido realizada ecocardiografia de controle p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio, que evidenciou fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular preservada e nenhum defeito residual.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Desde o primeiro fechamento bem-sucedido de defeito do septo atrial tipo <italic>ostium secundum</italic> por Gibbon, em 1953, a esternotomia mediana tem sido a abordagem padr&#227;o para corre&#231;&#227;o de defeitos card&#237;acos cong&#234;nitos. Existe, por&#233;m, interesse crescente por t&#233;cnicas cir&#250;rgicas minimamente invasivas em cirurgia card&#237;aca em geral e o desejo de introduzir essa t&#233;cnica na popula&#231;&#227;o pedi&#225;trica<sup>15</sup>.</p>
    <p>S&#227;o tr&#234;s os principais aspectos para a mudan&#231;a da abordagem cir&#250;rgica de doen&#231;a card&#237;aca cong&#234;nita de esternotomia convencional para esternotomia m&#237;nima. O primeiro refere-se ao impacto da incis&#227;o na parede tor&#225;cica, em termos est&#233;ticos, como deformidade, desconforto p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio e sua poss&#237;vel altera&#231;&#227;o na mec&#226;nica pulmonar. O segundo refere-se &#224; aplica&#231;&#227;o da circula&#231;&#227;o extracorp&#243;rea, levando-se em considera&#231;&#227;o o local, a canula&#231;&#227;o segura, a dura&#231;&#227;o e o tempo de isquemia adequados. O terceiro refere-se &#224; adequada exposi&#231;&#227;o e &#224; precis&#227;o da corre&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica<sup>16</sup>.</p>
    <p>Comparando-se esternotomia completa e toracotomia &#226;ntero-lateral, a &#250;ltima parece superior, particularmente em pacientes jovens<sup>17</sup>. Chang e cols.<sup>8</sup> demonstraram que a abordagem &#226;ntero-lateral para corre&#231;&#227;o de CIA estava associada a resultado cl&#237;nico significativamente melhor, por&#233;m com tempo de circula&#231;&#227;o extracorp&#243;rea notadamente mais longo no grupo minimamente invasivo. Um grupo de Pequim, na China, publicou sua experi&#234;ncia com corre&#231;&#227;o de defeitos mais complexos (por exemplo, tetralogia de Fallot) por meio de toracotomias em crian&#231;as e adolescentes<sup>11</sup>, em que o tempo de clampeamento a&#243;rtico variou de 6 a 140 minutos (m&#233;dia de 31,83 minutos), com longo tempo de ventila&#231;&#227;o mec&#226;nica, que variou de 2 a 140 horas (m&#233;dia de 18,72 horas), e cujo tempo de interna&#231;&#227;o hospitalar variou de 7 a 17 dias (m&#233;dia de 7,09 dias).</p>
    <p>Outra possibilidade para limitar o n&#250;mero de instrumentos no campo operat&#243;rio &#233; a canula&#231;&#227;o femoral para o estabelecimento de circula&#231;&#227;o extracorp&#243;rea. Neste estudo foi utilizada essa abordagem em todas as pacientes submetidas a minitoracotomia &#226;ntero-lateral direita, enquanto a canula&#231;&#227;o venosa foi realizada pela toracotomia para canula&#231;&#227;o da veia cava superior e pequena incis&#227;o no s&#233;timo espa&#231;o intercostal para a veia cava inferior, incis&#227;o utilizada posteriormente para coloca&#231;&#227;o de dreno tor&#225;cico. O emprego dessas duas t&#233;cnicas reduziu o trauma da opera&#231;&#227;o e melhorou a exposi&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica pela menor incis&#227;o. A prote&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica &#233; um ponto muito controverso nesse contexto. Apesar de esfor&#231;os e custos adicionais, acreditamos fortemente que o emprego da cardioplegia seja o m&#233;todo mais seguro, particularmente para uma nova t&#233;cnica de opera&#231;&#227;o. A cardioplegia sangu&#237;nea foi utilizada nas pacientes submetidas a corre&#231;&#227;o de CIV. Como a parada fibrilat&#243;ria &#233; reconhecidamente poss&#237;vel para tempos operacionais pequenos, essa t&#233;cnica foi utilizada para todas as corre&#231;&#245;es de CIA.</p>
    <p>Em crian&#231;as e adolescentes, foi dada prefer&#234;ncia &#224; esternotomia parcial mais baixa como abordagem alternativa minimamente invasiva, conforme relatado por Gundry e cols.<sup>14</sup>. Em um estudo prospectivo randomizado, Ying-long e cols.<sup>11</sup> verificaram significativo aumento do tempo cir&#250;rgico, mas notadamente menor tempo de interna&#231;&#227;o hospitalar no grupo de crian&#231;as operadas com pequena esternotomia para corre&#231;&#227;o de CIA ou CIV. Em nossa s&#233;rie, n&#227;o foi observado aumento significativo do tempo cir&#250;rgico, mesmo n&#227;o sendo utilizados instrumentais especiais, evidenciando-se que apenas a canula&#231;&#227;o a&#243;rtica requer aten&#231;&#227;o especial para evitar acidentes. Nicholson e cols.<sup>16</sup> recentemente publicaram estudo incluindo aproximadamente 104 crian&#231;as portadoras de tetralogia de Fallot, defeitos do septo atrioventicular, doen&#231;as de v&#225;lvula mitral e outros defeitos corrigidos via esternotomia m&#237;nima, comparando-as a portadoras de les&#245;es semelhantes corrigidas por esternotomia convencional. N&#227;o foi encontrada, nesse estudo, diferen&#231;a significante quanto ao tempo cir&#250;rgico, por&#233;m o tempo de perman&#234;ncia hospitalar teve tend&#234;ncia menor no grupo de esternotomia m&#237;nima<sup>16</sup>, o que tamb&#233;m foi observado em nossa s&#233;rie.</p>
    <p>Cremos que, em pacientes do sexo feminino, uma grande esternotomia &#233; esteticamente menos eficaz que uma pequena esternotomia &#226;ntero-lateral direita ou toracotomia transversal com esternotomia parcial. Assim, recomendamos uma dessas abordagens em pacientes do sexo feminino.</p>
    <p>Na presente s&#233;rie, n&#227;o foi registrado &#243;bito. Resultado p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio semelhante tem sido relatado por outros autores<sup>15-18</sup>. Desse modo, a abordagem minimamente invasiva em crian&#231;as e adolescentes pode ser considerada alternativa segura e poss&#237;vel em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224;s t&#233;cnicas convencionais. As pontua&#231;&#245;es de dor p&#243;s-operat&#243;ria ou os testes de fun&#231;&#227;o respirat&#243;ria n&#227;o foram usados neste estudo, por n&#227;o existir nenhum m&#233;todo objetivo para avalia&#231;&#227;o desses par&#226;metros em crian&#231;as e adolescentes.</p>
    <p>Um aspecto importante da est&#233;tica &#233; o desenvolvimento futuro da mama e do m&#250;sculo peitoral em crian&#231;as que sofreram toracotomias, especialmente no sexo feminino<sup>18</sup>. Cherup e cols.<sup>19</sup> descreveram mau desenvolvimento desses &#243;rg&#227;os depois de toracotomia tanto &#226;ntero-lateral como p&#243;stero-lateral na inf&#226;ncia. Dietl e cols.<sup>10</sup> recomendam abordagem subpeitoral em vez de transpeitoral, a fim de evitar mau desenvolvimento e parestesia da mama. Deve ser mencionado que essas opera&#231;&#245;es foram realizadas com grandes incis&#245;es e estendidas medialmente com subluxa&#231;&#227;o da jun&#231;&#227;o condroesternal<sup>20</sup>. Tamb&#233;m &#233; conhecido que, depois de extensas toracotomias, pode ocorrer escoliose<sup>21</sup>. Hoje em dia, as incis&#245;es variam de 4 cm a 7 cm, minimizando trauma musculoesquel&#233;tico e sensa&#231;&#227;o de dor<sup>22</sup>. Abdel-Rahman e cols.<sup>15</sup> recomendam que a incis&#227;o da pele seja feita pelo menos 3 cm abaixo do mamilo em crian&#231;as e adolescentes com mamas pouco desenvolvidas, para evitar futuro mau desenvolvimento da mama. Em nossa s&#233;rie, optamos por realizar minitoracotomia com esternotomia parcial nessas pacientes, com o mesmo objetivo, uma vez que nessa abordagem o m&#250;sculo peitoral &#233; preservado. Apesar dessa limitada abordagem muscular, os resultados est&#233;ticos devem ser analisados continuamente, em <italic>follow-up</italic> a longo prazo. Em termos de p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio, deveriam ser estabelecidas desordens neurol&#243;gica e psicol&#243;gica e uma pontua&#231;&#227;o de dor objetiva, a fim de comparar as opera&#231;&#245;es minimamente invasivas e as t&#233;cnicas convencionais.</p>
    <p>Em conclus&#227;o, pequena toracotomia &#226;ntero-lateral direita e minitoracotomia com esternotomia restrita em cirurgia card&#237;aca pedi&#225;trica representam abordagens seguras e poss&#237;veis na corre&#231;&#227;o de defeitos card&#237;acos cong&#234;nitos simples<sup>22</sup>. Comparativamente &#224;s t&#233;cnicas convencionais, o tempo da opera&#231;&#227;o &#233; ligeiramente prolongado, por&#233;m os resultados est&#233;ticos s&#227;o superiores, em decorr&#234;ncia da incis&#227;o da pele notadamente pequena, sem aumento da morbidade e da mortalidade.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesses</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflitos de interesses pertinentes.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="back" fn-type="corresp">
        <label>
          <bold>Correspond&#234;ncia:</bold>
        </label>
        <p> Wilson Luiz da Silveira </p>
        <p> Rua 9, 504/1301 &#150; Setor Oeste </p>
        <p> 74110-100 &#150; Goi&#226;nia, GO </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="wilson@cardiol.br">wilson@cardiol.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Artigo recebido em 03/06/06; revisado recebido em 06/09/06; aceito em 21/10/06.</p>
  </body>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Correction of simple congenital heart defects in children and adolescents through minithoracotomies</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the repair of congenital heart defects through minithoracotomies. METHODS: Between January 1998 and March 2005, 98 patients underwent minithoracotomies for simple congenital heart defect repairs at our institution. All patients were female between the ages of 14 months and 16 years (mean 4.6) with weights ranging from 8 to 58 Kg (mean 20). Diagnoses included 78 cases of atrial septal defects (ASD) (six with associated partial anomalous pulmonary venous drainage and four with pulmonary valve stenosis) and 20 cases of perimembranous ventricular septal defects (PVSD). All diagnoses were confirmed with an echocardiogram; therefore, cardiac catheterization was not required. A right submammary minithoracotomy was performed on 10 patients and a minithoracotomy with a partial median sternotomy was performed on 88 patients. RESULTS: All defects were corrected successfully with satisfactory exposure. Cardiopulmonary bypass times ranged from 8 to 30 min (mean 10) and aortic clamping times ranged from 5 to 22 min (mean 12). All patients were extubated in the operating room and hospital stays ranged from 3 to 7 days (mean 5). There were no deaths during the operation or severe postoperative complications. No residual shunts were observed. CONCLUSION: Our study demonstrated that the minithoracotomy is a safe effective and technically viable alternative to a median sternotomy to correct selected simple congenital heart defects. The advantages of this approach include less trauma, partial or complete preservation of sternum continuity and integrity, and elimination of postoperative deformities such as pectus carinatum. The cosmetic outcome was superior to a median sternotomy.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Heart defects, congenital</kwd>
        <kwd>child</kwd>
        <kwd>adolescent</kwd>
        <kwd>cardiac surgery</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>ORIGINAL ARTICLE</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Correction of simple congenital heart defects in children and adolescents through minithoracotomies</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Wilson Luiz da Silveira; Fabiana A. Penachi Bosco; Ad&#233;lio Ferreira Leite; Fernanda A. Oliveira Peixoto; Mirna de Sousa; Carlos C&#233;sar Elias de Souza</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Hospital Santa Genoveva/Hospital da Crian&#231;a/F&#234;mina Hospital e Maternidade &#150; Goi&#226;nia, GO - Brazil</p>
      <p>
        <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="back-body2">Mailing address</xref>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>SUMMARY</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVE:</bold> To evaluate the repair of congenital heart defects through minithoracotomies.</p>
      <p><bold>METHODS:</bold> Between January 1998 and March 2005, 98 patients underwent minithoracotomies for simple congenital heart defect repairs at our institution. All patients were female between the ages of 14 months and 16 years (mean 4.6) with weights ranging from 8 to 58 Kg (mean 20). Diagnoses included 78 cases of atrial septal defects (ASD) (six with associated partial anomalous pulmonary venous drainage and four with pulmonary valve stenosis) and 20 cases of perimembranous ventricular septal defects (PVSD). All diagnoses were confirmed with an echocardiogram; therefore, cardiac catheterization was not required. A right submammary minithoracotomy was performed on 10 patients and a minithoracotomy with a partial median sternotomy was performed on 88 patients.</p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS:</bold> All defects were corrected successfully with satisfactory exposure. Cardiopulmonary bypass times ranged from 8 to 30 min (mean 10) and aortic clamping times ranged from 5 to 22 min (mean 12). All patients were extubated in the operating room and hospital stays ranged from 3 to 7 days (mean 5). There were no deaths during the operation or severe postoperative complications. No residual shunts were observed.</p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSION:</bold> Our study demonstrated that the minithoracotomy is a safe effective and technically viable alternative to a median sternotomy to correct selected simple congenital heart defects. The advantages of this approach include less trauma, partial or complete preservation of sternum continuity and integrity, and elimination of postoperative deformities such as pectus carinatum. The cosmetic outcome was superior to a median sternotomy.</p>
      <p><bold>Key words:</bold> Heart defects, congenital; child; adolescent; cardiac surgery.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Introduction</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The introduction of minimally invasive surgical techniques for adult heart surgery<sup>1,2</sup> resulted in demands for similar approaches for the pediatric population. During the past 10 years, there has been a steady evolution in these techniques to correct heart defects in children, especially females<sup>3-7</sup>. For this population in particular, special attention should be given to the cosmetic and psychological implications of a conventional median sternotomy, as they could play an important role in postoperative morbidity. By using minimal skin incisions surgical trauma can be reduced. Nevertheless, it is still controversial whether or not minimally invasive approaches actually reduce postoperative pain and bleeding, and improve respiratory function<sup>4,8</sup>.</p>
      <p>With the advent of percutaneous devices for septal atrial defect closures, the efficiency of minimally invasive heart procedures has yet to be proven. The risk profile of complications during minimally invasive surgery in comparison to the traditional sternotomy should also be studied.</p>
      <p>Minimally invasive surgical approaches for adult and pediatric heart surgery have been widely disclosed in medical literature<sup>3-6</sup>. Potential advantages include improved cosmetic results and comfort for the patient as well as shorter hospital stays, which impact on total cost<sup>9</sup>. Approaches that are widely used for the pediatric population include the anterior thoracotomy<sup>5,8,10-11</sup> and upper or lower minimal access sternotomy<sup>12-14</sup>, with or without video assistance. Important factors for the surgeon, especially in congenital heart disease, are adequate exposure for precise intracardiac repair, safe application of cardiopulmonary bypass through a central or peripheral site and adequate myocardial protection. Growing experience in the use of the minimal access sternotomy to repair atrial septal defects has made it a viable alternative for congenital heart disease repairs at our institution.</p>
      <p>This retrospective study evaluated thoracotomy experiences and techniques for surgical correction of congenital heart defects in children and adolescents treated at our institution.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Methods</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Between January 1998 and March 2005, 98 female children and adolescents with congenital heart defects were admitted to our institution for surgical repair. Atrial septal defects (ASD) were presented by 78 patients (six with associated partial anomalous pulmonary venous drainage and four with pulmonary valve stenosis) and perimembranosus ventricular septal defects (PVSD) were presented by 20. Ages ranged from 14 months to 16 years (mean 4.6). Average patient weight was 20 kg (ranging from 8 to 58kg).</p>
      <p>Surgical procedures included atrial septal defect closures in 78 patients (closures with sutures in 66 cases and closures with autologous pericardial patches in 12, of which six had partial anomalous drainage of the upper right pulmonary vein into the superior vena cava). In the four patients with ASD and pulmonary valve stenosis, the pulmonary commissurotomy was performed via the right ventricle. For transatrial closure of ventricular septal defects, pericardial patches were used in 18 cases and sutures in two.</p>
      <p><italic>Surgical technique -</italic> In patients with developed breasts the submammary fold was used for the anterolateral skin incision which ranged from 4.0 to 7.0 cm (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig1a-body2">Figs. 1a</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig1b-body2">1b</xref>). For the patients who underwent a right anterolateral minithoracotomy, after systemic administration of heparin, aortic cannulation was performed via the right femoral artery through a 1.5 to 2.0 cm incision in the groin region. Next, cannulation of the inferior vena cava was performed by inserting a cannula with an angled tip approximately 1.5 cm into the skin in line with the seventh intercostal space, which was used to insert the chest tube at the end of the operation, thereby eliminating one cannula in the surgical incision and offering a better view of the surgical field. Next the cardiopulmonary bypass with moderate hypothermia between 28 and 32&#176;C was applied. Next, direct cannulation of the superior vena cava was performed, also using a cannula with an angled tip. Lastly, a Jelco&#174; catheter was inserted in the ascending aorta for cardioplegia infusion and air removal after the surgical procedure.</p>
      <fig id="fig1a-body2"/>
      <p>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-04-0408-00007-e01-en.jpg"/></p>
      <p>
        <fig id="fig1b-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-04-0408-00007-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>In the younger patients, without breast bud development, a 4.0 to 7.0 cm transverse skin incision was used (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig2a-body2">Fig. 2a</xref>). The subcutaneous tissue was pulled back and a partial median sternotomy was performed using two Finochietto retractors, one in the sternum and the other in the skin (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig2b-body2">Fig. 2b</xref>). This technique was also used successfully in some patients with developed breasts (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig3a-body2">Figs. 3a</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig3b-body2">3b</xref>). For the patients who underwent minithoracotomy and partial median sternotomy, the aortic, superior and inferior vena cava cannulations were performed using conventional incision methods.</p>
      <fig id="fig2a-body2"/>
      <p>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-04-0408-00007-e02-en.jpg"/></p>
      <p>
        <fig id="fig2b-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-04-0408-00007-gf02-en.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <fig id="fig3a-body2"/>
      <p>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-04-0408-00007-e03-en.jpg"/></p>
      <p>
        <fig id="fig3b-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-04-0408-00007-gf03-en.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>In the patients with ASD, aorta clamping without cardioplegia was performed and for the remaining patients, cold blood cardioplegia was administered. The right atrium was opened using a normal incision. When required, an autologous pericardial patch was collected and prepared for additional procedures.</p>
      <p>The repairs in 66 of the patients with atrial septal defects (ASD) were performed with direct sutures and in 12 patients (six with partial anomalous drainage of the upper pulmonary vein) autologous pericardial patches were required. The repairs in two of the patients with ventricular septal defects (VSD) were closed with direct sutures and in 18 patients bovine pericardial patches were used.</p>
      <p>Usual drainage procedures were used to eliminate air via an atrial incision into the aortic root. The atriotomy was then closed, the tourniquets on the cavae were removed, ventilation was reestablished and aortic venting was performed by inserting a Jelco&#174; catheter into the ascending aorta. The patient was then gradually taken off the cardiopulmonary bypass machine. The pericardium was partially closed and a pleural or mediastinal drain was placed. Before closing the chest, a local anesthetic and vasoconstrictor solution was used to irrigate the third, fourth and fifth intercostal spaces of the patients who underwent an anterolateral minithoracotomy, and the free margins of the surgical wound in the patients who underwent a partial thoracotomy. Lastly, the chest was closed in a routine fashion with an intradermic continuous suture.</p>
      <p>No special surgical instruments were used to perform these procedures.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Results</bold>
      </p>
      <p>All septal defects were repaired successfully. Cardiopulmonary bypass times ranged from 8 to 30 minutes (mean 10). The aortic clamping time ranged from 5 to 22 minutes (mean 12). All patients were extubated in the operating room.</p>
      <p>Postoperative hospital stays ranged from 3 to 7 days. All patients received postoperative follow-up assessments; echocardiograms were performed, that demonstrated preserved ventricular function and no residual shunts.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Since the first successful closure of an ostium secundum atrial septal defect by Gibbon in 1953, the median sternotomy has been the gold standard approach to repair congenital heart defects. Nevertheless, there is a widespread and growing interest for minimally invasive heart surgery techniques and a desire to introduce these techniques to the pediatric population<sup>15</sup>.</p>
      <p>There are three main reasons to change the surgical approach for congenital heart disease from a conventional sternotomy to a minimal access sternotomy. The first is the cosmetic impact of the incision on the chest wall including deformities, post operative discomfort and possible negative effects on pulmonary function. The second is the application of cardiopulmonary bypass, taking into consideration the location, safe cannulation and adequate ischemia durations. The third is sufficient exposure and precision in the surgical correction<sup>16</sup>.</p>
      <p>In comparison to a full sternotomy, the anterolateral thoractomy appears to be a superior approach particularly in young patients<sup>17</sup>. Chang et al<sup>8</sup> demonstrated that ASD repairs using an anterolateral approach were associated with significantly better clinical results; however, cardiopulmonary bypass durations were considerably longer in the minimally invasive group. A group from Beijing, China, published their experience of repairing more complex defects (ex. Tetralogy of Fallot) through thoracotomies in children and adolescents<sup>11</sup> reporting aortic clamping durations that ranged from 6 to 140 min (mean 31.83), long mechanical ventilation times ranging from 2 to 140 hours (mean 18.72) and hospital stays ranging from 7 to 17 days (mean 7.09).</p>
      <p>Another possibility to limit the number of instruments in the surgical field is femoral cannulation to establish cardiopulmonary bypass. We used this approach for all patients who underwent right anterolateral minithoracotomies, whereas venous cannulation was performed via a thoracotomy for superior vena cava cannulation and a small incision was made in the seventh intercostal space for the inferior vena cava, which was used later for the chest tube.</p>
      <p>Using these two techniques it was possible to reduce surgical trauma, and improve surgical exposure with the smaller incision. Myocardial protection is a very controversial point in this context. Despite the effort and added expense, we strongly believe that the use of cardioplegia is the safest method, particularly for a new surgical technique. We used blood cardioplegia for the patients who underwent VSD repairs. It is well known that fibrillatory arrest is possible for short operations and we used this technique for all ASD repairs.</p>
      <p>In children and adolescents, we prefer a lower partial sternotomy with a minimally invasive alternative approach as reported by Gundry et al<sup>14</sup>. In a randomized prospective study, Ying-long et al<sup>11</sup> confirmed significantly longer surgical times but notably shorter hospital stays in the group of children operated on with a ministernotomy to repair ASD or VSD. In our series we did not observe a significant increase in surgical durations even when no special instruments, since an aortic cannulation is the only procedure that requires special attention to avoid accidents. Nicholson et al<sup>16</sup> recently published a study of roughly 104 children with tetralogy of Fallot, atrioventricular septal defects, mitral valve diseases and other defects that were repaired with a minimal access sternotomy and compared the results with those of similar lesions corrected using a conventional sternotomy. The study did not reveal a significant difference in surgical times, however hospital stays for the minimal access sternotomy group were shorter, which coincides with the findings in our series.</p>
      <p>We believe that a large sternotomy in female patients is cosmetically less effective than a small right anterolateral sternotomy or transverse thoracotomy with a partial sternotomy. Therefore, we recommend one of these approaches for female patients.</p>
      <p>In the present series there were no deaths. Postoperative results were similar to those reported by other authors<sup>15-18</sup>. Thus, the minimally invasive approach in children and adolescents is a safe and viable option in relation to conventional techniques. Postoperative pain scales and respiratory function tests were not used in this study as there is no objective method to evaluate these parameters in children and adolescents.</p>
      <p>A significant cosmetic aspect, especially for females, is the future development of breasts and pectoral muscles in children that suffer thoracotomies<sup>18</sup>. Cherup et al<sup>19</sup> described poor development of these organs after anterolateral and posterolateral thoracotomies during childhood. Dietl et al<sup>10</sup>recommend a subpectoral instead of a transpectoral approach in order to avoid poor development and breast paresthesia. It should be mentioned that these operations were performed with large incisions that were medially extended with subluxation of the chondrosternal junction<sup>20</sup>. It is also known that after extensive thoracotomies, scoliosis could occur<sup>21</sup>. Currently, incisions range from 4 to 7 cm, minimizing musculoskeletal trauma and pain<sup>22</sup>. Abel-Rahman et al<sup>15</sup>, recommend a skin incision at least 3 cm below the nipple in children and adolescents with underdeveloped breasts to avoid future breast development problems. In our series we opted for a minithoracotomy with a partial sternotomy in these patients, since this approach preserves the pectoral muscle and eliminates future development problems. Despite this limited muscular approach, cosmetic results should be analyzed on a continual basis during long term follow-up. In relation to postoperative issues, neurological and psychological disorders as well as objective pain evaluation methods should be established in order to compare minimally invasive operations to conventional techniques.</p>
      <p>In closing, a small right anterolateral thoracotomy or a minithoracotomy with a minimal access sternotomy in pediatric heart surgery are safe and viable approaches to correct simple congenital heart defects<sup>22</sup>. In comparison to conventional techniques, the operation duration is slightly longer, however the small skin incision offers superior cosmetic results without increasing morbidity or mortality rates.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
      </p>
      <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fn id="back-body2" fn-type="corresp">
          <label>
            <bold>Mailing address:</bold>
          </label>
          <p> Wilson Luiz da Silveira</p>
          <p> Rua 9, 504/1301 &#150; Setor Oeste</p>
          <p> 74110-100 &#150; Goi&#226;nia, GO - Brazil</p>
          <p> E-mail: </p>
          <p>
            <email xlink:href="wilson@cardiol.br">wilson@cardiol.br</email>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p>Manuscript received June 3, 2006; revised manuscript received September 6, 2006; accepted October 21, 2006.</p>
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  </sub-article>
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