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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">cjb3NTVfxY9wWZQDcL6ypPC</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00005</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2007000400005</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(07)08800405</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2007000400005</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Padr&#245;es ecocardiogr&#225;ficos do fluxo venoso pulmonar nas malforma&#231;&#245;es card&#237;acas cong&#234;nitas com hiperfluxo pulmonar</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Rivera</surname>
            <given-names>Ivan Romero</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Maria Alayde Mendon&#231;a da</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Moises</surname>
            <given-names>Valdir Ambr&#243;sio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Andrade</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233; L&#225;zaro de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Campos Filho</surname>
            <given-names>Orlando</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Paola</surname>
            <given-names>&#194;ngelo Amato de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Carvalho</surname>
            <given-names>Antonio Carlos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff02">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Macei&#243;</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">AL</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Alagoas</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>04</month>
        <year>2007</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>88</volume>
      <issue>4</issue>
      <fpage>396</fpage>
      <lpage>401</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>08</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2006</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>08</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2006</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>08</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2006</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>OBJETIVOS: Descrever os padr&#245;es do fluxo venoso pulmonar com ecocardiograma transtor&#225;cico em crian&#231;as com diferentes malforma&#231;&#245;es card&#237;acas cong&#234;nitas com hiperfluxo pulmonar. M&#201;TODOS: Estudo prospectivo, de sele&#231;&#227;o consecutiva de crian&#231;as com malforma&#231;&#245;es card&#237;acas cong&#234;nitas com hiperfluxo pulmonar. Foi utilizado ecocardiograma Doppler transtor&#225;cico, plano apical, posicionando-se a amostra de volume na veia pulmonar inferior esquerda a 4 mm da sua jun&#231;&#227;o com o &#225;trio esquerdo. Os dados analisados foram: predom&#237;nio sist&#243;lico ou diast&#243;lico do fluxo venoso pulmonar, bem como as caracter&#237;sticas da onda de contra&#231;&#227;o atrial, sendo denominada "A" quando ausente e "R" quando reversa. RESULTADOS: Foram inclu&#237;dos 29 pacientes, com idade m&#233;dia de 29,9&#177;58,9 meses, com as seguintes malforma&#231;&#245;es cong&#234;nitas: comunica&#231;&#245;es interatrial e interventricular, persist&#234;ncia do canal arterial, defeito septal atrioventricular, transposi&#231;&#227;o completa das grandes art&#233;rias e truncus arteriosus. Em todos, o fluxo venoso pulmonar apresentou um padr&#227;o cont&#237;nuo, de maior velocidade, com predom&#237;nio da onda sist&#243;lica em 9 (31%) pacientes, diast&#243;lica em 18 (62%), e com igual amplitude em 2 pacientes (7%). A onda de contra&#231;&#227;o atrial foi R em 6 pacientes (21%) e A em 23 (79%) pacientes. CONCLUS&#195;O: Nas doen&#231;as card&#237;acas cong&#234;nitas com hiperfluxo pulmonar o fluxo venoso pulmonar apresenta um padr&#227;o cont&#237;nuo, de alta velocidade, com altera&#231;&#245;es, principalmente no padr&#227;o reverso da contra&#231;&#227;o atrial.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>Veias pulmonares</kwd>
        <kwd>cardiopatias cong&#234;nitas</kwd>
        <kwd>ecocardiografia</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>24</day>
        <month>05</month>
        <year>2007</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>ARTIGO ORIGINAL</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Padr&#245;es ecocardiogr&#225;ficos do fluxo venoso pulmonar nas malforma&#231;&#245;es card&#237;acas cong&#234;nitas com hiperfluxo pulmonar</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Ivan Romero Rivera; Maria Alayde Mendon&#231;a da Silva; Valdir Ambr&#243;sio Moises; Jos&#233; L&#225;zaro de Andrade; Orlando Campos Filho; &#194;ngelo Amato de Paola; Antonio Carlos Carvalho</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo &#150; UNIFESP, Universidade Federal de Alagoas &#150; UFAL - S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#150; Macei&#243;, AL</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="back">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVOS:</bold> Descrever os padr&#245;es do fluxo venoso pulmonar com ecocardiograma transtor&#225;cico em crian&#231;as com diferentes malforma&#231;&#245;es card&#237;acas cong&#234;nitas com hiperfluxo pulmonar. </p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS:</bold> Estudo prospectivo, de sele&#231;&#227;o consecutiva de crian&#231;as com malforma&#231;&#245;es card&#237;acas cong&#234;nitas com hiperfluxo pulmonar. Foi utilizado ecocardiograma Doppler transtor&#225;cico, plano apical, posicionando-se a amostra de volume na veia pulmonar inferior esquerda a 4 mm da sua jun&#231;&#227;o com o &#225;trio esquerdo. Os dados analisados foram: predom&#237;nio sist&#243;lico ou diast&#243;lico do fluxo venoso pulmonar, bem como as caracter&#237;sticas da onda de contra&#231;&#227;o atrial, sendo denominada "A" quando ausente e "R" quando reversa. </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS:</bold> Foram inclu&#237;dos 29 pacientes, com idade m&#233;dia de 29,9&#177;58,9 meses, com as seguintes malforma&#231;&#245;es cong&#234;nitas: comunica&#231;&#245;es interatrial e interventricular, persist&#234;ncia do canal arterial, defeito septal atrioventricular, transposi&#231;&#227;o completa das grandes art&#233;rias e truncus arteriosus. Em todos, o fluxo venoso pulmonar apresentou um padr&#227;o cont&#237;nuo, de maior velocidade, com predom&#237;nio da onda sist&#243;lica em 9 (31%) pacientes, diast&#243;lica em 18 (62%), e com igual amplitude em 2 pacientes (7%). A onda de contra&#231;&#227;o atrial foi R em 6 pacientes (21%) e A em 23 (79%) pacientes. </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#195;O:</bold> Nas doen&#231;as card&#237;acas cong&#234;nitas com hiperfluxo pulmonar o fluxo venoso pulmonar apresenta um padr&#227;o cont&#237;nuo, de alta velocidade, com altera&#231;&#245;es, principalmente no padr&#227;o reverso da contra&#231;&#227;o atrial.</p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave:</bold> Veias pulmonares, cardiopatias cong&#234;nitas, ecocardiografia.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O hiperfluxo pulmonar observado em algumas malforma&#231;&#245;es card&#237;acas cong&#234;nitas pode alterar o padr&#227;o do fluxo venoso pulmonar, avaliado com Doppler. Segundo alguns estudos pr&#233;vios, nessas situa&#231;&#245;es ocorre aumento da velocidade das ondas sist&#243;lica e diast&#243;lica e diminui&#231;&#227;o da velocidade ou aus&#234;ncia da onda de contra&#231;&#227;o atrial<sup>1-3</sup>.</p>
    <p>Recentemente, algumas hip&#243;teses forma formuladas para explicar essas altera&#231;&#245;es na comunica&#231;&#227;o interatrial<sup>1</sup>. Outros estudos, por&#233;m, mostram que esse fen&#244;meno n&#227;o &#233; exclusivo dessa malforma&#231;&#227;o e pode ser observado em outras situa&#231;&#245;es que tamb&#233;m causam hiperfluxo pulmonar<sup>2,3</sup>.</p>
    <p>O objetivo deste estudo foi estudar e descrever o padr&#227;o de fluxo pulmonar obtido pelo Doppler, em diversas malforma&#231;&#245;es card&#237;acas que levam a hiperfluxo pulmonar.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#233;todos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Foi realizada sele&#231;&#227;o consecutiva e prospectiva de pacientes com malforma&#231;&#245;es de hiperfluxo pulmonar, todos com indica&#231;&#227;o de estudo ecocardiogr&#225;fico transtor&#225;cico convencional (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">tab.1</xref>). Os 18 primeiros foram selecionados de um estudo que analisou a rela&#231;&#227;o Qp/Qs e a resist&#234;ncia vascular pulmonar (RVP) pelo cateterismo<sup>4</sup>. Foram posteriormente adicionados 11 pacientes com a finalidade exclusiva de analisar as caracter&#237;sticas do fluxo venoso pulmonar.</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="t1">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-04-0396-00005-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p>O estudo ecocardiogr&#225;fico foi realizado com equipamento comercialmente dispon&#237;vel, equipado com transdutores de 2,5 MHz e 5,0 MHz, sendo realizado estudo bidimensional para a defini&#231;&#227;o anat&#244;mica e com Doppler puls&#225;til e mapeamento de fluxo em cores para a an&#225;lise dos fluxos. Em todos os exames, a amostra de volume do Doppler puls&#225;til foi colocada no interior da veia pulmonar inferior esquerda, a 4 mm da sua jun&#231;&#227;o com o &#225;trio esquerdo, de acordo com t&#233;cnica previamente descrita<sup>5</sup>. Os exames foram gravados em fitas de v&#237;deo para posterior an&#225;lise.</p>
    <p>Foi feita an&#225;lise qualitativa do padr&#227;o de fluxo obtido, com &#234;nfase na determina&#231;&#227;o do componente de maior amplitude, isto &#233;, se havia predom&#237;nio da onda sist&#243;lica (S), diast&#243;lica (D), ou se a amplitude de ambas era semelhante ou igual (SD). Foi determinada tamb&#233;m a presen&#231;a e a dire&#231;&#227;o da onda de contra&#231;&#227;o atrial, sendo denominada reversa (R) quando apresentava dire&#231;&#227;o contr&#225;ria ao fluxo dominante, esperado em situa&#231;&#245;es normais, e ausente (A) quando n&#227;o foi poss&#237;vel determinar a sua presen&#231;a.</p>
    <p>O estudo foi iniciado ap&#243;s aprova&#231;&#227;o do protocolo de investiga&#231;&#227;o pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica em Pesquisa da institui&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <p><italic>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica -</italic> O teste exato de Fisher foi utilizado para analisar a rela&#231;&#227;o entre: onda de contra&#231;&#227;o atrial R ou A e onda dominante do fluxo venoso no grupo total, bem como com a RVP (&lt;3W ou <underline>&gt;</underline> 3W) e a rela&#231;&#227;o Qp/Qs (&lt; 1,5 ou <underline>&gt;</underline> 1,5) nos 18 primeiros pacientes.</p>
    <p>As varia&#231;&#245;es foram consideradas significantes com valores menores ou iguais a 0,05 ou 5% (p <underline>&lt;</underline> 0,05).</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Resultados</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Foram estudados 29 pacientes com idade m&#233;dia de 29,9&#177;58,9 meses. As malforma&#231;&#245;es cong&#234;nitas encontradas foram: comunica&#231;&#227;o interventricular em 13, sendo isolada em 9, um deles com transposi&#231;&#227;o completa das grandes art&#233;rias, associada a comunica&#231;&#227;o interatrial (CIA) em 2 e a forame oval patente em 2; CIA isolada em 1; persist&#234;ncia do canal arterial em 9, sendo isolada em 5, associada a CIA em 3 e a defeito septal atrioventricular total (DSAV) em 1; DSAV isolado em 4; dupla via de sa&#237;da do ventr&#237;culo direito em 1 e <italic>truncus arteriosus</italic> em 1 paciente (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">tab.1</xref>).</p>
    <p>Em todos os casos, o estudo com Doppler puls&#225;til da veia pulmonar inferior esquerda mostrou deflex&#245;es negativas, em dire&#231;&#227;o contr&#225;ria &#224; localiza&#231;&#227;o do transdutor, com a inscri&#231;&#227;o cont&#237;nua das ondas sist&#243;lica e diast&#243;lica, sem retorno n&#237;tido &#224; linha de base do tra&#231;ado, sendo poss&#237;vel, por&#233;m, determinar o predom&#237;nio sist&#243;lico ou diast&#243;lico da velocidade das ondas que comp&#245;em o fluxo venoso pulmonar. A an&#225;lise da onda de fluxo dominante mostrou que a velocidade m&#225;xima foi sist&#243;lica em 9 (31%), diast&#243;lica em 18 (62%) e com igual amplitude sist&#243;lica e diast&#243;lica em 2 (7%). O paciente 22 com diagn&#243;stico de persist&#234;ncia do canal arterial e s&#237;ndrome de Eisenmenger apresentava um componente diast&#243;lico dominante, mais n&#237;tido e de contornos mais bem definidos que os outros pacientes. A onda de contra&#231;&#227;o atrial foi considerada A em 23 (79%) e R em 6 pacientes (21%) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">tab.1</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="figura1">figs.1</xref> e <xref ref-type="fn" rid="figura2">2</xref>). Em 8 casos dos 27 com contra&#231;&#227;o atrial considerada ausente, foi observada, no local correspondente &#224; onda de contra&#231;&#227;o atrial, definida pelo eletrocardiograma, uma deflex&#227;o no mesmo sentido que as ondas sist&#243;lica e diast&#243;lica (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="figura3">fig.3</xref>). Dos 9 pacientes com fluxo sist&#243;lico dominante, 2 apresentavam onda de contra&#231;&#227;o atrial R e 7 A; e dos 18 pacientes com onda diast&#243;lica dominante, 15 apresentavam onda de contra&#231;&#227;o atrial A e 3 R (NS; p = 1,0). Os 2 pacientes com ondas sist&#243;lica e diast&#243;lica de igual amplitude foram exclu&#237;dos da an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica, um com onda de contra&#231;&#227;o atrial R e o outro A. Nos 18 pacientes estudados pelo cateterismo, a RVP foi &lt;3W em 2 pacientes com contra&#231;&#227;o atrial A e em 2 R; e foi e" 3W em 3 pacientes com contra&#231;&#227;o atrial R e 11 com A (NS; p = 0,5).</p>
    <fig id="figura1">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-04-0396-00005-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>
      <fn id="figura2">
        <p>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-04-0396-00005-e01.jpg"/></p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <fig id="figura3">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-04-0396-00005-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>No que diz respeito &#224; rela&#231;&#227;o Qp/Qs, essa foi &lt;1,5 em 1 paciente com contra&#231;&#227;o atrial A e em 1 com R e foi <underline>&gt;</underline>1,5 em 4 pacientes com contra&#231;&#227;o atrial R e em 12 com A (NS; p = 0,5).</p>
    <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224;s malforma&#231;&#245;es, s&#243; em 5 delas foi observado padr&#227;o R de contra&#231;&#227;o atrial: DSAV, PCA, DVSVD e <italic>truncus arteriosus</italic>, com um caso cada e CIV, com dois casos.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Altera&#231;&#245;es do padr&#227;o de fluxo venoso pulmonar foram descritas em diferentes malforma&#231;&#245;es card&#237;acas. &#193;gata e cols.<sup>6</sup> analisaram as varia&#231;&#245;es desse fluxo nas primeiras horas de vida e informaram que o padr&#227;o observado com 1 hora e posteriormente entre 4 e 8 horas de vida era cont&#237;nuo, de maior amplitude e sem diminui&#231;&#227;o da velocidade ou revers&#227;o durante a contra&#231;&#227;o atrial. Os autores explicaram esse fen&#244;meno como resultado do aumento do fluxo arterial pulmonar decorrente da diminui&#231;&#227;o da resist&#234;ncia vascular pulmonar e ainda do hiperfluxo produzido pela persist&#234;ncia do canal arterial. Estudo similar foi posteriormente realizado por Hong &amp; Choi que observaram maior velocidade do fluxo venoso pulmonar nas primeiras horas de vida, quando esse foi comparado &#224;quele obtido em fetos a termo<sup>3</sup>. Esse padr&#227;o de fluxo era cont&#237;nuo e de alta velocidade, sendo poss&#237;vel, por&#233;m, a defini&#231;&#227;o n&#237;tida das ondas sist&#243;lica e diast&#243;lica, apresentando decl&#237;nio progressivo da velocidade at&#233; o final da primeira semana de vida quando foram atingidas velocidades normais para a idade. Segundo os autores, a onda de contra&#231;&#227;o atrial foi raramente observada antes da primeira semana de vida, per&#237;odo ap&#243;s o qual houve progressiva interrup&#231;&#227;o do padr&#227;o cont&#237;nuo de fluxo com maior freq&#252;&#234;ncia de sua observa&#231;&#227;o, sugerindo que esse padr&#227;o de fluxo ocorra por tr&#234;s fatores: o aumento absoluto do fluxo venoso pulmonar, o shunt atrav&#233;s do canal arterial e a baixa capacit&#226;ncia do sistema venoso pulmonar.</p>
    <p>Saric e cols.<sup>7</sup> realizaram ecocardiograma transesof&#225;gico em 22 pacientes com diagn&#243;stico de comunica&#231;&#227;o interatrial e observaram um padr&#227;o cont&#237;nuo do fluxo venoso pulmonar, constitu&#237;do por uma onda anter&#243;grada &#250;nica, com diminui&#231;&#227;o ou aus&#234;ncia da onda reversa de contra&#231;&#227;o atrial, padr&#227;o que apresentou normaliza&#231;&#227;o ap&#243;s o fechamento cir&#250;rgico do defeito. Os autores explicaram essas altera&#231;&#245;es como decorrentes da persistente passagem de fluxo do &#225;trio esquerdo para o &#225;trio direito durante todo o ciclo card&#237;aco<sup>7</sup>, lembrando que o padr&#227;o cont&#237;nuo do fluxo venoso das veias pulmonares &#233; semelhante ao fluxo da comunica&#231;&#227;o interatrial. A mesma interdepend&#234;ncia atrial atrav&#233;s do defeito seria respons&#225;vel pela diminui&#231;&#227;o ou aus&#234;ncia da onda reversa de contra&#231;&#227;o atrial. Assim, o fluxo venoso pulmonar nesses pacientes seria menos dependente das varia&#231;&#245;es de press&#227;o intraventricular, existindo durante a contra&#231;&#227;o atrial, um fluxo preferencial dirigido para o &#225;trio direito em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; pr&#243;pria veia pulmonar. Recentemente Chockalingan e cols.<sup>1</sup> confirmaram essas mesmas altera&#231;&#245;es de fluxo da veia pulmonar superior direita em pacientes com comunica&#231;&#227;o interatrial utilizando ecocardiograma transtor&#225;cico<sup>1</sup>.</p>
    <p>Embora essa explica&#231;&#227;o pare&#231;a satisfat&#243;ria para a comunica&#231;&#227;o interatrial, ela n&#227;o poderia ser aplicada para os casos de persist&#234;ncia do canal arterial<sup>6</sup>, comunica&#231;&#227;o interventricular<sup>2</sup> ou outras malforma&#231;&#245;es card&#237;acas<sup>5</sup>.</p>
    <p>Os nossos resultados demonstraram que, embora cont&#237;nuo, houve predom&#237;nio da velocidade do componente diast&#243;lico do fluxo venoso pulmonar, fen&#244;meno previamente observado em pacientes sintom&#225;ticos com diagn&#243;stico de comunica&#231;&#227;o interventricular e rela&#231;&#227;o Qp/Qs <underline>&gt;</underline>1,2, estando, aparentemente, relacionado ao hiperfluxo pulmonar e &#224; diminui&#231;&#227;o da complac&#234;ncia atrial esquerda com aumento da onda "v" da press&#227;o venosa atrial esquerda<sup>2</sup>.</p>
    <p>Em publica&#231;&#227;o pr&#233;via, propusemos um novo sinal ecocardiogr&#225;fico para detectar situa&#231;&#245;es de hiperfluxo pulmonar<sup>5</sup> caracterizado pela dilata&#231;&#227;o da veia pulmonar inferior esquerda, facilmente visibilizada pelo estudo transtor&#225;cico nessas situa&#231;&#245;es, tanto pelo exame bidimensional quanto pelo mapeamento de fluxo em cores. Nessa oportunidade, foi chamada a aten&#231;&#227;o para a facilidade de coloca&#231;&#227;o da amostra de volume do Doppler puls&#225;til no interior da veia, o que, obviamente, melhora a qualidade dos tra&#231;ados das ondas assim obtidas, com n&#237;tido delineamento dos contornos quando comparado com as imagens utilizando-se a veia pulmonar superior direita, na qual, em situa&#231;&#245;es de hiperfluxo pulmonar, o fluxo sang&#252;&#237;neo tem ampla dispers&#227;o ao ingressar no &#225;trio esquerdo, sem defini&#231;&#227;o adequada dos contornos ou das velocidades m&#225;ximas das ondas. Nesse estudo foi observado que a velocidade, e principalmente a integral de tempo e velocidade do fluxo venoso pulmonar encontram-se aumentadas nas situa&#231;&#245;es de hiperfluxo quando comparadas a indiv&#237;duos normais (25,0&#177;4,6 cm e 14,8&#177;2,1 cm, respectivamente, p = 0,0001)<sup>5</sup>.</p>
    <p>No presente estudo foram analisadas as caracter&#237;sticas dos componentes da onda de fluxo venoso pulmonar em diferentes situa&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas e em diferentes malforma&#231;&#245;es card&#237;acas. Em todos os casos foi observado um padr&#227;o cont&#237;nuo do fluxo venoso, com aumento da velocidade e predom&#237;nio do componente diast&#243;lico. Em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; onda de contra&#231;&#227;o atrial, essa foi reversa s&#243; em 7% dos casos. Essa caracter&#237;stica da onda de contra&#231;&#227;o atrial n&#227;o teve associa&#231;&#227;o com o predom&#237;nio sist&#243;lico ou diast&#243;lico das ondas de fluxo, nem com a RVP ou a rela&#231;&#227;o Qp/Qs.</p>
    <p>N&#227;o sabemos ainda se a localiza&#231;&#227;o da amostra de volume dentro da veia pulmonar, aproximadamente a 4 mm da sua jun&#231;&#227;o com o &#225;trio esquerdo pode fazer que mesmo em indiv&#237;duos normais o fluxo apresente essa diminui&#231;&#227;o ou aus&#234;ncia do componente de contra&#231;&#227;o atrial<sup>8</sup>. Os estudos que analisam o fluxo venoso pulmonar na veia pulmonar superior direita, na sua jun&#231;&#227;o com o &#225;trio esquerdo, por&#233;m, tamb&#233;m apresentam esta caracter&#237;stica<sup>1-3,6</sup>.</p>
    <p>Um aspecto interessante observado neste estudo &#233; a imagem sugestiva de contra&#231;&#227;o atrial que apresenta a mesma dire&#231;&#227;o do fluxo venoso dominante, observada em 8 pacientes (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="figura3">fig.3</xref>), situa&#231;&#227;o paradoxal e totalmente diferente do padr&#227;o reverso considerado normal. Embora essa imagem esteja relacionada em todos os tra&#231;ados com a onda de ativa&#231;&#227;o el&#233;trica atrial do eletrocardiograma, fica dif&#237;cil explicar a sua origem num evento mec&#226;nico como a contra&#231;&#227;o atrial. Uma prov&#225;vel explica&#231;&#227;o foi previamente aventada por Smallhorn e cols.<sup>8</sup> em estudo ecocardiogr&#225;fico de pacientes em diferentes situa&#231;&#245;es hemodin&#226;micas, incluindo hipofluxo e hiperfluxo pulmonar e p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio de diferentes tipos de anastomose cavopulmonar, quando o fluxo da veia pulmonar inferior esquerda foi estudado. Os autores indicam que, nessa situa&#231;&#227;o, artefatos originados na parede atrial s&#227;o muito comuns, podendo levar a uma falsa interpreta&#231;&#227;o de onda de contra&#231;&#227;o atrial<sup>8</sup>.</p>
    <p>Com exce&#231;&#227;o da onda "a" reversa originada pela contra&#231;&#227;o atrial, n&#227;o existe, no momento, consenso sobre a etiologia das outras ondas do fluxo venoso pulmonar. Estudos experimentais em animais mostraram que essas ondas de fluxo podem ser secund&#225;rias &#224; transmiss&#227;o do pulso arterial pulmonar ("forward-going compression wave ou <italic>vis-a-tergo</italic>") atrav&#233;s do leito capilar<sup>9-13</sup> ou, de forma an&#225;loga ao fluxo venoso sist&#234;mico, dependem exclusivamente das varia&#231;&#245;es de press&#227;o ("backward-going expansion wave ou <italic>vis-a-fronte</italic>") no interior do &#225;trio ou ventr&#237;culo esquerdos<sup>14-18</sup>. &#201; prov&#225;vel que o primeiro componente sist&#243;lico anter&#243;grado esteja associado a um efeito de suc&#231;&#227;o do &#225;trio e ventr&#237;culo esquerdos durante a contra&#231;&#227;o ventricular, enquanto o segundo componente sist&#243;lico anter&#243;grado pode ser decorrente da propaga&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o de pulso do ventr&#237;culo direito<sup>19-22</sup>. Classicamente, o componente sist&#243;lico do fluxo venoso pulmonar est&#225; relacionado ao relaxamento atrial e a fatores como n&#237;vel de press&#227;o e complac&#234;ncia dos &#225;trios, e o componente diast&#243;lico principalmente ao padr&#227;o de enchimento transmitral, relacionado &#224; press&#227;o atrial, relaxamento ventricular e for&#231;as viscoso-el&#225;sticas do mioc&#225;rdio<sup>23</sup>.</p>
    <p>O aumento da pr&#233;-carga produzido pela infus&#227;o de l&#237;quido por via endovenosa determina aumento das velocidades sist&#243;lica, diast&#243;lica e de contra&#231;&#227;o atrial do fluxo venoso pulmonar, tanto em animais como em seres humanos<sup>23,24</sup>, num modelo parecido com as malforma&#231;&#245;es card&#237;acas cong&#234;nitas com hiperfluxo pulmonar. Assim, o fluxo cont&#237;nuo observado nas veias pulmonares poderia ser resultante exclusivamente de um fator mec&#226;nico relacionado ao aumento de volume sangu&#237;neo e da press&#227;o venosa durante todo o ciclo card&#237;aco, com aumento do gradiente entre veias pulmonares e o &#225;trio esquerdo e sem rela&#231;&#227;o direta com os fatores que determinam o padr&#227;o de fluxo normal, ou seja, independentemente da fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular. Esse aumento da pr&#233;-carga, por&#233;m, deveria tamb&#233;m determinar aumento da onda de contra&#231;&#227;o atrial, a n&#227;o ser que a press&#227;o venosa pulmonar elevada nessas situa&#231;&#245;es ultrapasse a press&#227;o no interior do &#225;trio esquerdo mesmo durante o per&#237;odo de contra&#231;&#227;o atrial, permitindo a manuten&#231;&#227;o do fluxo anter&#243;grado durante todo o ciclo card&#237;aco.</p>
    <p>Os resultados do presente trabalho mostram que nas situa&#231;&#245;es de hiperfluxo pulmonar que acompanham algumas cardiopatias cong&#234;nitas, o fluxo venoso pulmonar apresenta varia&#231;&#245;es importantes em rela&#231;&#227;o ao padr&#227;o normal, caracterizadas principalmente pela aus&#234;ncia do padr&#227;o bif&#225;sico, sem retorno &#224; linha de base entre as ondas sist&#243;lica e diast&#243;lica e tend&#234;ncia &#224; perda do componente reverso durante a contra&#231;&#227;o atrial.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesses</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflitos de interesses pertinentes.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="back" fn-type="corresp">
        <label>
          <bold>Correspond&#234;ncia:</bold>
        </label>
        <p> Ivan Romero Rivera </p>
        <p> Avenida M&#225;rio de Gusm&#227;o, 1281/404 </p>
        <p> 57035-000 &#150; Macei&#243;, AL </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="irivera@cardiol.br">irivera@cardiol.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Artigo recebido em 08/07/06; revisado recebido em 08/07/06; aceito em 08/08/06.</p>
  </body>
  <back>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Echocardiograph pulmonary venous flow patterns in congenital heart defects with increased pulmonary flow</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>OBJECTIVES: To describe pulmonary venous flow patterns using transthoracic echocardiograms on children suffering from different congenital heart defects with increased pulmonary flow. METHODS: Prospective study and consecutive selection of children suffering from congenital heart defects with increased pulmonary flow. The transthoracic, apical view, Doppler echocardiogram was used, positioning the sample-volume at the lower pulmonary vein, 4mm from its junction with the left atrium. The data analyzed included: dominant systolic or diastolic pulmonary venous flow and atrial contraction waveform characteristics, designated as "A" for absent and "R" for reversed. RESULTS: The study included twenty-nine patients with a mean age of 29.9 &#177; 58.9 months, suffering from the following congenital heart conditions: interatrial and interventricular communication defects, patent ductus arteriosus, atrioventricular septal defects, total transposition of the great arteries and truncus arteriosus. All the patients presented a continuous pattern of high velocity pulmonary venous flow. Nine patients presented a dominant systolic waveform (31%), eighteen presented a dominant diastolic wave form (62%) and 2 patients had systolic and diastolic wave forms of equal amplitude (7%). Six patients (21%) presented a R atrial contraction waveform and 23 (79%) presented an A atrial contraction waveform. CONCLUSION: Congenital heart diseases with increased pulmonary flow present a continuous pattern of high velocity pulmonary venous flow with alterations mainly in the atrial contraction reversal pattern.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Pulmonary veins</kwd>
        <kwd>heart defects, congenital</kwd>
        <kwd>echocardiography</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>ORIGINAL ARTICLE</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Echocardiograph pulmonary venous flow patterns in congenital heart defects with increased pulmonary flow</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Ivan Romero Rivera; Maria Alayde Mendon&#231;a da Silva; Valdir Ambr&#243;sio Moises; Jos&#233; L&#225;zaro de Andrade; Orlando Campos Filho; &#194;ngelo Amato de Paola; Antonio Carlos Carvalho</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo &#150; UNIFESP, Universidade Federal de Alagoas &#150; UFAL - S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#150; Macei&#243;, AL - Brazil</p>
      <p>
        <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="back-body2">Mailing address</xref>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>SUMMARY</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVES:</bold> To describe pulmonary venous flow patterns using transthoracic echocardiograms on children suffering from different congenital heart defects with increased pulmonary flow.</p>
      <p><bold>METHODS:</bold> Prospective study and consecutive selection of children suffering from congenital heart defects with increased pulmonary flow. The transthoracic, apical view, Doppler echocardiogram was used, positioning the sample-volume at the lower pulmonary vein, 4mm from its junction with the left atrium. The data analyzed included: dominant systolic or diastolic pulmonary venous flow and atrial contraction waveform characteristics, designated as "A" for absent and "R" for reversed.</p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS:</bold> The study included twenty-nine patients with a mean age of 29.9 &#177; 58.9 months, suffering from the following congenital heart conditions: interatrial and interventricular communication defects, patent ductus arteriosus, atrioventricular septal defects, total transposition of the great arteries and truncus arteriosus. All the patients presented a continuous pattern of high velocity pulmonary venous flow. Nine patients presented a dominant systolic waveform (31%), eighteen presented a dominant diastolic wave form (62%) and 2 patients had systolic and diastolic wave forms of equal amplitude (7%). Six patients (21%) presented a R atrial contraction waveform and 23 (79%) presented an A atrial contraction waveform.</p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSION:</bold> Congenital heart diseases with increased pulmonary flow present a continuous pattern of high velocity pulmonary venous flow with alterations mainly in the atrial contraction reversal pattern.</p>
      <p><bold>Key words:</bold> Pulmonary veins; heart defects, congenital; echocardiography.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Introduction</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The increased pulmonary flow observed in some congenital heart defects can alter pulmonary venous flow patterns on a Doppler assessment. According to some previous studies, these conditions present increased systolic and diastolic waveform velocities and a slower or nonexistent atrial contraction waveform<sup>1-3</sup>.</p>
      <p>Recently, some theories have been formulated to explain these alterations in interatrial communication.<sup>1</sup> However, other studies demonstrate that this phenomenon is not exclusive to this defect, as it is observed in other situations that also cause increased pulmonary flow<sup>2,3</sup>.</p>
      <p>The objective of this study was to investigate and describe the pulmonary flow pattern obtained during Doppler studies for various heart defects that cause increased pulmonary flow.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Methods</bold>
      </p>
      <p>A consecutive and prospective selection of patients with increased pulmonary flow defects that had been detected on a conventional transthoracic echocardiography was conducted (<xref ref-type="table" rid="en_05t1-body2">table 1</xref>). The first 18 patients were selected from a study that analyzed the Qp/Qs ratio and pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR) using catheterization<sup>4</sup>. Eleven other patients were added later in order to exclusively analyze pulmonary venous flow characteristics.</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="en_05t1-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-04-0396-00005-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>The echocardiographic study was conducted with commercially available equipment, complete with 2.5 MHz and 5.0 MHz transducers. A two dimensional study was conducted for anatomical definition and a pulse-wave Doppler was used to map the flows in color for analysis. In all the tests the pulse-wave Doppler sample volume was placed in the lower left pulmonary vein, 4mm from its junction with the left atrium as described previously<sup>5</sup>. The tests were recorded on video tapes for later analysis.</p>
      <p>Qualitative analysis of the flow patterns was conducted, placing emphasis on determining the component with the greatest amplitude, that is, whether the systolic (S) or diastolic (D) waveform was dominant or if the amplitude of both was similar or equal (SD). The atrial contraction waveform presence and direction were also determined and have been designated as R when the flow was reversed or flowing in the opposite direction of the dominant flow, as expected in normal situations, and A when it was absent or undetectable.</p>
      <p>Before beginning the study, the investigation protocol was approved by the Research Ethics Committee of the institution.</p>
      <p><italic>Statistical analysis -</italic> Fisher's exact test was used to analyze the relation between: R or A atrial contraction waveform and the dominant venous flow waveform for the entire group, as well as PVR (&lt;3W or <underline>&gt;</underline> 3W) and the Qp/Qs ratio (&lt; 1.5 or <underline>&gt;</underline> 1.5) in the first 18 patients.</p>
      <p>Variations were considered significant when they were less than or equal to 0.05 or 5% (p <underline>&lt;</underline> 0.05).</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Results</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Twenty-nine patients were included in the study with a mean age of 29.9 &#177; 58.9 months. The congenital defects encountered were: interventricular communication in 13 patients, which was isolated in 9 patients and associated with total transposition of the great arteries in one patient, with interatrial communication (IAC) in two patients and patent Foramen ovale in two patients; one patient had isolated IAC; nine patients had patent ductus arteriosus, which was isolated in 5 patients and associated with ICA in 3 patients and with atrioventricular septal defect (AVSD) in 1 patient; four patients had isolated AVSD; one patient had a double outlet right ventricle and one patient had truncus arteriosus (<xref ref-type="table" rid="en_05t1-body2">Table 1</xref>).</p>
      <p>In all cases the pulse-wave Doppler study of the lower left pulmonary vein showed negative deflections in the opposite direction of the transducer location and continuous recording of the systolic and diastolic waves, with no clear return to the outer contour baseline. Nevertheless, it was possible to determine the dominant systolic or diastolic waveform from the velocity of the pulmonary venous flow waves. Analysis of the dominant flow waveform revealed that the maximum velocity was systolic in 9 patients (31%), diastolic in 18 patients (62%) and had equal systolic and diastolic amplitudes in 2 patients (7%). Patient number 22 who was diagnosed with patent ductus arteriosus and Eisenmenger's complex, presented a clearer dominant diastolic component and better defined contours than the other patients. The atrial contraction waveform was considered A in 23 patients (79%) and R in 6 patients (21%). (<xref ref-type="table" rid="en_05t1-body2">Table 1</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig1-body2">Figures 1</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig2-body2">2</xref>). In 8 of the 27 cases where the atrial contraction waveform was not detected, a deflection in the same direction as the systolic and diastolic waveforms was observed in the location corresponding to the atrial contraction waveform as defined by the electrocardiogram (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig3-body2">Figure 3</xref>). From the 9 patients with dominant systolic flow, 2 presented a R atrial contraction waveform and 7 presented an A atrial waveform; from the 18 patients with a dominant diastolic waveform, 15 presented an A atrial contraction waveform and 3 presented a R atrial contraction waveform (NS; p = 1.0). The two patients with systolic and diastolic waveforms of equal amplitude were excluded from the statistical analysis, one with a R atrial contraction waveform and the other with an A atrial contraction waveform. In the 18 patients studied by catheterization, PVR was &lt;3W in 2 patients with A atrial contraction and 2 patients with R atrial contraction; PVR was <underline>&gt;</underline> 3W in 3 patients with R atrial contraction and 11 with A atrial contraction (NS; p = 0.5).</p>
      <fig id="fig1-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-04-0396-00005-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <fig id="fig2-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-04-0396-00005-gf02-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <fig id="fig3-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-04-0396-00005-gf03-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>In respect to the Qp/Qs ratio, this relation was &lt;1.5 in 1 patient with A atrial contraction and 1 with R atrial contraction; Qp/Qs was <underline>&gt;</underline>1.5 in 4 patients with R atrial contraction and 12 patients with A atrial contraction (NS; p = 0.5).</p>
      <p>Only five of the heart defects presented a R atrial contraction pattern: AVSD, PDA, DORV and truncus arteriosus, with one case each and IVC, with two cases.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Pulmonary venous flow pattern alterations have been described in association with different heart defects. Agata et al<sup>6</sup> analyzed flow variations during the first hours after birth and reported that the pattern observed 1, 4 and 8 hours after birth were continuous, with greater amplitude and no velocity deceleration or reversal during atrial contraction. The authors explain that this phenomenon is the result of increased pulmonary arterial flow due to the diminished pulmonary vascular resistance and increased flow produced by patent ductus arteriosus. A similar study conducted later by Hong &amp; Choi observed greater pulmonary venous flow velocity during the first few hours after birth in comparison to the velocities obtained from term fetuses.<sup>3</sup> This flow pattern was continuous and of high velocity; however, it was possible to clearly define the systolic and diastolic waveforms that up to the end of the first week after birth presented a progressive deceleration, and then reached normal velocities for the age. According to the authors, the atrial contraction waveform was rarely observed before the first week of life. After this timeframe there was a progressive interruption of the continuous flow pattern and it was observed more frequently, suggesting that this flow pattern can be due to three factors: the absolute increase of pulmonary venous flow, the shunt across the arterial canal and the low capacitance of the pulmonary venous system.</p>
      <p>Saric et al<sup>7</sup>, conducted transesophageal echocardiograms on 22 patients diagnosed with interatrial communication and observed a continuous pulmonary venous flow pattern comprised of a single anterograde waveform, with a diminished or nonexistent reversed atrial contraction waveform that normalized after surgical closure of the defect. The authors explain that these alterations are a result of the constant flow from the left to right atrium during the entire cardiac cycle<sup>7</sup>, keeping in mind that the continuous venous flow pattern from the pulmonary veins is similar to interatrial communication flow. The same atrial relationship caused by the defect would be responsible for the diminished or nonexistent reversed atrial contraction waveform. Therefore, the pulmonary venous flow in these patients would be less dependent on the intraventricular pressure variations; there exists, during the atrial contraction, a preferred flow directed towards the right atrium in relation to the pulmonary vein itself. Chockalingam et al<sup>1</sup> recently confirmed these same upper right pulmonary vein flow alterations in patients with interatrial communication using a transthoracic echocardiogram<sup>1</sup>.</p>
      <p>While this explanation is satisfactory for interatrial communication, it cannot be applied to the cases of patent ductus arteriosus<sup>6</sup>, interventricular communication<sup>2</sup> or other heart defects<sup>5</sup>.</p>
      <p>Our results demonstrate that even though the pulmonary venous flow was continuous, the diastolic velocity component was dominant, a phenomenon previously observed in symptomatic patients diagnosed with interventricular communication and a Qp/Qs ratio <underline>&gt;</underline>1.2, which appears to be related to the increased pulmonary flow and reduced left atrial complacency that increases the left atrial venous pressure "v" waveform<sup>2</sup>.</p>
      <p>In a previous publication we proposed a new echocardiograph signal to detect increased pulmonary flow<sup>5</sup>, characterized by the dilation of the lower left pulmonary vein, which, in these situations, is easily seen on a transthoracic study both through the two dimensional test and the color flow mapping. At that time, it was noted that the pulse-wave Doppler volume sample can be placed in the vein without difficulty improving, obviously, the quality of the waveform images obtained with clearly defined contours when compared to the images using the right upper pulmonary vein, in which in situations of increased pulmonary flow, the ample dispersion of the blood flow can enter the left atrium without adequate definition of the wave contours or maximum velocity. In that study, it was observed that the velocity, and particularly the time &#150; velocity integrals of the pulmonary venous flow were elevated in situations of increased flow when compared to normal individuals (25.0 &#177; 4.6 cm and 14.8 &#177; 2.1 cm, respectively, p = 0.0001)<sup>5</sup>.</p>
      <p>In the present study, the pulmonary venous flow waveform components' characteristics were studied for different clinical situations and heart defects. In all cases, a continuous venous flow pattern with increased velocity and a dominant diastolic component was observed. In relation to the atrial contraction waveform, it was reversed in only 7% of the cases. This atrial contraction waveform characteristic was not associated with dominant systolic or diastolic wave flows, PVR or the Qp/Qs ratio.</p>
      <p>It is not yet known if the volume sample location in the pulmonary vein, approximately 4mm from its junction with the left atrium, can cause the atrial contraction component to diminish or disappear even in normal individuals<sup>8</sup>. However, studies that have analyzed pulmonary venous flow in the upper right pulmonary vein at its junction with the left atrium also present this characteristic<sup>1-3,6</sup>.</p>
      <p>An interesting aspect observed in 8 patients in this study, is the image that is assumed to be atrial contraction that presents flow in the same direction as the dominant venous flow (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig3-body2">figure 3</xref>). This is a paradoxal situation which is completely different from the normal reversal pattern. Even though all the contours of this image are related to atrial electrical activation on the electrocardiogram, the origin is difficult to explain in a mechanical event such as atrial contraction. A possible explanation was previously suggested by Smallhorn et al<sup>8</sup> in an echocardiography study involving patients with different hemodynamic situations, including reduced and increased pulmonary flows and post-surgery conditions of different types of pulmonary cavity anatomosis, while studying lower left pulmonary vein flows. The authors indicate that in this situation, artifacts originating from the atrial wall are very common and can lead to a false interpretation of the atrial contraction wave<sup>8</sup>.</p>
      <p>With the exception of the reverse "a" wave, caused by atrial contraction, currently there is no consensus regarding the etiology of other pulmonary venous flow waveforms. Experimental studies in animals show that these flow waves could be secondary to pulmonary arterial pulse transmission ("forward-traveling compression wave or <italic>vis-a-tergo</italic>") through the capillary bed<sup>9-13</sup> or analogous to systemic venous flow, that exclusively rely on pressure variations ("backward-traveling expansion wave or <italic>vis-a-fronte"</italic>) in the left atrium or ventricle<sup>14-18</sup>. Probably the first systolic anterograde component is associated with a suction effect from the left atrium and ventricle during ventricular contraction, whereas the second systolic anterograde component could be the result of pulse pressure propagation from the right ventricle<sup>19-22</sup>. Usually the systolic pulmonary venous flow component is related to atrial relaxation and to factors such as: pressure level, atrium complacency, whereas the diastolic component, particularly the transmitral filling pattern isrelated to atrial pressure, ventricular relaxation and myocardial viscoelastic forces<sup>23</sup>.</p>
      <p>The preload increase produced by intravenous liquid infusion increases the systolic, diastolic and atrial contraction velocities of pulmonary venous flow in humans and animals<sup>23,24</sup>, in a model similar to congenital heart defects with increased pulmonary flow. Therefore, the continuous flow observed in pulmonary veins could be the exclusive result of a mechanical factor related to the elevated blood volume and venous pressure during the cardiac cycle, increasing the gradient between the pulmonary veins and left atrium, with no direct relationship to the factors that determine normal flow patterns, or in other words, does not depend on ventricular function. However, this elevated preload should also cause the atrial contraction waveform to increase, unless the elevated pulmonary venous pressure in these situations surpasses the pressure in the left atrium, even during the atrial contraction timeframe, allowing the maintenance of the anterograde flow during the entire cardiac cycle.</p>
      <p>The results of the present study show that in situations of increased pulmonary flow associated with some congenital heart defects, the pulmonary venous flow presents significant variations in relation to the normal pattern, characterized mainly by the absence of the biphasic pattern, with no return to the baseline between the systolic and diastolic waveforms and the tendency to lose the reverse component during atrial contraction.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
      </p>
      <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fn id="back-body2" fn-type="corresp">
          <label>
            <bold>Mailing address:</bold>
          </label>
          <p> Ivan Romero Rivera</p>
          <p> Avenida M&#225;rio de Gusm&#227;o, 1281/404</p>
          <p> 57035-000 &#150; Macei&#243;, AL - Brazil</p>
          <p> E-mail: </p>
          <p>
            <email xlink:href="irivera@cardiol.br">irivera@cardiol.br</email>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p>Manuscript received July 08, 2006; revised manuscript received July 08, 2006; accepted August 08, 2006.</p>
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