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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">K3GFLmDsMvzxMDYJDrQ9CxH</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00004</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2007000400004</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(07)08800404</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2007000400004</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Estudo comparativo randomizado do implante de Stent de a&#231;o inoxid&#225;vel recoberto por carbono semelhante ao diamante versus n&#227;o recoberto em pacientes com doen&#231;a arterial coronariana</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Meireles</surname>
            <given-names>George C&#233;sar Ximenes</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Abreu</surname>
            <given-names>Luciano Mauricio de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Forte</surname>
            <given-names>Antonio Artur da Cruz</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sumita</surname>
            <given-names>Marcos Kiyoshi</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sumita</surname>
            <given-names>Jorge Hideki</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Aliaga</surname>
            <given-names>Jose Del Carmen Solano</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Stella Maris</institution>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>04</month>
        <year>2007</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>88</volume>
      <issue>4</issue>
      <fpage>390</fpage>
      <lpage>395</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>24</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2006</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>19</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2006</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>25</day>
          <month>09</month>
          <year>2006</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>OBJETIVO: Comparar as taxas de reestenose e de eventos card&#237;acos maiores em um e seis meses p&#243;s-implante de stents recobertos com CSD com os n&#227;o-recobertos. M&#201;TODOS: Estudo comparativo, prospectivo, randomizado, de 180 pacientes com diagn&#243;stico de insufici&#234;ncia coron&#225;ria, submetidos a implante de stent recoberto com CSD (Phytis&#174;) ou stent n&#227;o-recobertos (Penta&#174;), no per&#237;odo de janeiro de 2003 a julho de 2004. Foram crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o: les&#227;o de novo com porcentual de estenose em di&#226;metro &gt; 50% em art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria com di&#226;metro de refer&#234;ncia &gt; 2,5 mm e &lt; 4 mm e extens&#227;o &lt; 20 mm; e de exclus&#227;o: les&#245;es localizadas no TCE, bifurca&#231;&#245;es, oclus&#245;es cr&#244;nicas e reestenose intra-stent. RESULTADOS: As caracter&#237;sticas basais dos grupos foram clinica e angiograficamentemente semelhantes. O sucesso do procedimento foi obtido em 98,9% dos pacientes nos dois grupos. Ocorreu uma morte card&#237;aca na fase hospitalar em cada grupo. O di&#226;metro de refer&#234;ncia e o ganho agudo foram maiores no grupo Penta&#174; (3,21&#177;0,37 mm vs 3,34&#177;0,8 mm, p=0,02 e 2,3&#177;0,5 vs 2,49&#177;0,5, p=0,009, respectivamente). O seguimento angiogr&#225;fico aos seis meses mostrou taxas semelhantes de reestenose (24,3% vs 21,8%, p=0,84) e de eventos card&#237;acos maiores (16,8% vs 17,5%, p=1). CONCLUS&#195;O: Os stents recobertos com CSD n&#227;o apresentaram resultados superiores em rela&#231;&#227;o aos stents n&#227;o-recobertos.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>Coronariopatia</kwd>
        <kwd>reestenose coron&#225;ria</kwd>
        <kwd>angioplastia transluminal percut&#226;nea coron&#225;ria</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>24</day>
        <month>05</month>
        <year>2007</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>ARTIGO ORIGINAL</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Estudo comparativo randomizado do implante de <italic>Stent</italic> de a&#231;o inoxid&#225;vel recoberto por carbono semelhante ao diamante <italic>versus</italic> n&#227;o recoberto em pacientes com doen&#231;a arterial coronariana</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>George C&#233;sar Ximenes Meireles; Luciano Mauricio de Abreu; Antonio Artur da Cruz Forte; Marcos Kiyoshi Sumita; Jorge Hideki Sumita; Jose Del Carmen Solano Aliaga</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Hospital Stella Maris &#150; S&#227;o Paulo, SP</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="back">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVO:</bold> Comparar as taxas de reestenose e de eventos card&#237;acos maiores em um e seis meses p&#243;s-implante de stents recobertos com CSD com os n&#227;o-recobertos. </p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS:</bold> Estudo comparativo, prospectivo, randomizado, de 180 pacientes com diagn&#243;stico de insufici&#234;ncia coron&#225;ria, submetidos a implante de stent recoberto com CSD (Phytis<sup>&#174;</sup>) ou stent n&#227;o-recobertos (Penta<sup>&#174;</sup>), no per&#237;odo de janeiro de 2003 a julho de 2004. Foram crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o: les&#227;o de novo com porcentual de estenose em di&#226;metro &gt; 50% em art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria com di&#226;metro de refer&#234;ncia <underline>&gt;</underline> 2,5 mm e <underline>&lt;</underline> 4 mm e extens&#227;o &lt; 20 mm; e de exclus&#227;o: les&#245;es localizadas no TCE, bifurca&#231;&#245;es, oclus&#245;es cr&#244;nicas e reestenose intra-stent. </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS:</bold> As caracter&#237;sticas basais dos grupos foram clinica e angiograficamentemente semelhantes. O sucesso do procedimento foi obtido em 98,9% dos pacientes nos dois grupos. Ocorreu uma morte card&#237;aca na fase hospitalar em cada grupo. O di&#226;metro de refer&#234;ncia e o ganho agudo foram maiores no grupo Penta<sup>&#174;</sup> (3,21&#177;0,37 mm vs 3,34&#177;0,8 mm, p=0,02 e 2,3&#177;0,5 vs 2,49&#177;0,5, p=0,009, respectivamente). O seguimento angiogr&#225;fico aos seis meses mostrou taxas semelhantes de reestenose (24,3% vs 21,8%, p=0,84) e de eventos card&#237;acos maiores (16,8% vs 17,5%, p=1). </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#195;O:</bold> Os stents recobertos com CSD n&#227;o apresentaram resultados superiores em rela&#231;&#227;o aos stents n&#227;o-recobertos.</p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave:</bold> Coronariopatia, reestenose coron&#225;ria, angioplastia transluminal percut&#226;nea coron&#225;ria.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Os <italic>stent</italic>s farmacol&#243;gicos t&#234;m sua efic&#225;cia e seguran&#231;a comprovada por diversos estudos publicados em peri&#243;dicos m&#233;dicos de grande impacto<sup>1-6</sup>, sendo utilizado em mais de 80% dos procedimentos percut&#226;neos nos Estados Unidos, mas sua taxa de utiliza&#231;&#227;o &#233; muito menor em alguns pa&#237;ses da Europa e na Am&#233;rica Latina (&lt; 30%), limitada pelos custos elevados da t&#233;cnica<sup>7</sup>. A maioria dos <italic>stent</italic>s convencionais e farmacol&#243;gicos &#233; de a&#231;o inoxid&#225;vel. Portanto, novas informa&#231;&#245;es sobre os <italic>stent</italic>s de a&#231;o inoxid&#225;vel s&#227;o de grande import&#226;ncia.</p>
    <p>Os <italic>stent</italic>s de a&#231;o inoxid&#225;vel podem liberar &#237;ons de metais pesados tais como n&#237;quel, cr&#244;mio e molibd&#234;nio, e esses &#237;ons podem provocar rea&#231;&#245;es al&#233;rgicas e de hipersensibilidade inflamat&#243;ria, resultando em est&#237;mulo para a prolifera&#231;&#227;o e migra&#231;&#227;o de c&#233;lulas musculares lisas e, conseq&#252;entemente, a reestenose. A cobertura da superf&#237;cie dos <italic>stent</italic>s com material hemo e biocompat&#237;vel pode reduzir a trombogenicidade pela redu&#231;&#227;o da ades&#227;o e ativa&#231;&#227;o das plaquetas e a resposta inflamat&#243;ria pela diminui&#231;&#227;o da libera&#231;&#227;o de &#237;ons de metais citot&#243;xicos<sup>8-14</sup>.</p>
    <p>A cobertura dos <italic>stent</italic>s pode ser dividida em duas categorias, materiais biocompat&#237;vel e cobertura com elui&#231;&#227;o de agentes (exemplo, sirolimus e paclitaxel). Os primeiros incluem as coberturas inertes tais como carbono, ouro e carbeto de sil&#237;cio<sup>15</sup>.</p>
    <p>O carbono semelhante ao diamante &#233; essencialmente o diamante com uma pequena porcentagem de hidrog&#234;nio (4%). O diamante, pela resist&#234;ncia da liga&#231;&#227;o carbono-carbono, &#233;, junto com o nitreto de boro, a subst&#226;ncia mais dura conhecida, e se usado na cobertura do <italic>stent</italic> produziria uma endopr&#243;tese inflex&#237;vel. A introdu&#231;&#227;o de hidrog&#234;nio &#224; estrutura de carbono do diamante soma os benef&#237;cios do diamante (resist&#234;ncia) &#224; flexibilidade da cobertura proporcionada pelo surgimento de pontes de hidocarbonos entre os agrupamentos de &#225;tomos de carbono. O carbono semelhante ao diamante apresenta como caracter&#237;sticas baixo coeficiente de fric&#231;&#227;o, superf&#237;cie hidrof&#237;lica, inerte, flexibilidade e hemo e biocompatibilidade<sup>10-12</sup>.</p>
    <p>O objetivo deste estudo foi determinar se a cobertura de <italic>stent</italic>s de a&#231;o inoxid&#225;vel com carbono semelhante ao diamante pode reduzir a taxa de reestenose mais eficientemente que os <italic>stent</italic>s de a&#231;o inoxid&#225;vel sem cobertura.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#233;todos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Trata-se de estudo unic&#234;ntrico, randomizado e prospectivo, que comparou o implante do <italic>stent</italic> de a&#231;o inoxid&#225;vel com cobertura de diamante semelhante ao carbono (Phytis<bold><sup>&#174;</sup></bold>, Phytis Medical Devices GmbH, Berlim, Alemanha) com o <italic>stent</italic> de a&#231;o inoxid&#225;vel sem cobertura (Multilink Penta<bold><sup>&#174;</sup></bold>, Guidant Vascular Intervention Group, Santa Clara, Calif&#243;rnia) em pacientes com doen&#231;a arterial coron&#225;ria. O protocolo de estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica em Pesquisa da institui&#231;&#227;o e foi conduzido de acordo com os princ&#237;pios da declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinque. O termo de consentimento livre e esclarecido foi obtido em todos os pacientes.</p>
    <p>Foram inclu&#237;dos no estudo pacientes com doen&#231;a arterial coron&#225;ria uni ou multiarteriais, portadores de angina est&#225;vel ou s&#237;ndrome coron&#225;ria aguda. Nos pacientes com doen&#231;a multiarterial foi tratada apenas uma les&#227;o com um dos <italic>stents</italic> do protocolo. Os crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o angiogr&#225;fica foram a presen&#231;a de les&#227;o de novo, com porcentual de estenose em di&#226;metro &gt; 50% em art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria nativa, com di&#226;metro de refer&#234;ncia <underline>&gt;</underline> 2,5 mm e <underline>&lt;</underline> 4 mm e com extens&#227;o &lt; 20 mm.</p>
    <p>Foram exclu&#237;dos os pacientes com contra-indica&#231;&#227;o ao uso de aspirina e clopidogrel, pacientes submetidos a angioplastia prim&#225;ria e pacientes portadores de doen&#231;a sist&#234;mica cr&#244;nica capaz de influenciar a sobrevida (insufici&#234;ncia hep&#225;tica ou renal cr&#244;nica, neoplasia maligna, doen&#231;a cerebrovascular e doen&#231;a do tecido conjuntivo). Os crit&#233;rios de exclus&#227;o angiogr&#225;fica foram reestenose intra-<italic>stent</italic>, les&#245;es localizadas em tronco da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria esquerda n&#227;o-protegida e em bifurca&#231;&#245;es, e obstru&#231;&#245;es totais cr&#244;nicas (acima de tr&#234;s meses).</p>
    <p>Ap&#243;s a avalia&#231;&#227;o da elegibilidade dos pacientes e a obten&#231;&#227;o do termo de consentimento livre e esclarecido, foi seguida a randomiza&#231;&#227;o para o implante do <italic>stent</italic> Phytis<bold><sup>&#174;</sup></bold> ou o <italic>stent</italic> Penta na raz&#227;o de 1:1 e apenas um <italic>stent</italic> foi implantado por procedimento. Foi utilizada uma tabela de n&#250;meros rand&#244;micos para loca&#231;&#227;o dos pacientes nos grupos.</p>
    <p>O <italic>stent</italic> Phytis<bold><sup>&#174;</sup></bold> &#233; um <italic>stent</italic> tubular, cortado a laser, montado em bal&#227;o de baixa complac&#234;ncia, possui hastes com espessura de 90 &#181;m e com uma cobertura de filme de carbono semelhante ao diamante. Est&#227;o dispon&#237;veis em cinco diferentes comprimentos (9, 12, 16, 20 e 25 mm e em quatro diferentes di&#226;metros (2,5, 3, 3,5 e 4 mm). O <italic>stent</italic> Penta<bold><sup>&#174;</sup></bold> tamb&#233;m &#233; um <italic>stent</italic> tubular, cortado a laser, montado em bal&#227;o de baixa complac&#234;ncia e possui hastes com di&#226;metro de 91 &#181;m. Est&#227;o dispon&#237;veis em sete diferentes comprimentos (8, 13, 15, 18, 23, 28 e 33 mm) e em quatro diferentes di&#226;metros (2,5, 3, 3,5 e 4 mm)16.</p>
    <p>As les&#245;es foram tratadas pelas t&#233;cnicas-padr&#227;o de implante de <italic>stent</italic>, com acesso via art&#233;ria femoral, ficando a crit&#233;rio do investigador a pr&#233;-dilata&#231;&#227;o com cateter-bal&#227;o com dimens&#227;o de 0,5 mm menor que o di&#226;metro de refer&#234;ncia ou p&#243;s-dilata&#231;&#227;o com cateter-bal&#227;o mais curto que o <italic>stent</italic> com di&#226;metro crescente (rela&#231;&#227;o bal&#227;o/art&#233;ria <underline>&lt;</underline> 1,1/1). Se fosse necess&#225;rio o implante de <italic>stent</italic> em outros vasos, ele seria realizado em outro procedimento ap&#243;s a alta hospitalar. Todos os pacientes receberam medica&#231;&#227;o antiplaquet&#225;ria com aspirina (200 mg/dia), mantida indefinidamente, e clopidogrel na dose de 300 mg no m&#237;nimo seis horas antes do procedimento e 75 mg/dia at&#233; completar 30 dias de uso. O uso de inibidores da glicoprote&#237;na IIb/IIIa ficou a crit&#233;rio do investigador. A an&#225;lise angiogr&#225;fica quantitativa foi realizada por observador que desconhecia o tipo de <italic>stent</italic> implantado com an&#225;lise <italic>on-line</italic> pelo sistema autom&#225;tico de detec&#231;&#227;o de bordas Philips modelo Integris 5.000 (Philips Medical System, The Netherlands).</p>
    <p>O objetivo prim&#225;rio foi a taxa de reestenose angiogr&#225;fica aos seis meses p&#243;s-implante. O sucesso angiogr&#225;fico foi definido como porcentual de estenose em di&#226;metro &lt; 20% com fluxo TIMI 3 e o sucesso do procedimento como o sucesso angiogr&#225;fico sem eventos card&#237;acos maiores (morte, infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio e revasculariza&#231;&#227;o da les&#227;o-alvo). O ganho luminal agudo foi definido como a diferen&#231;a entre o di&#226;metro luminal m&#237;nimo (DLM) imediatamente p&#243;s-implante e o DLM inicial. A perda tardia foi definida como a diferen&#231;a entre o DLM imediatamente ap&#243;s e o DLM aos seis meses p&#243;s-implante. A reestenose bin&#225;ria foi definida como um porcentual de estenose em di&#226;metro &gt; 50% na angiografia realizada aos seis meses p&#243;s-implante no segmento do <italic>stent</italic> e at&#233; 5 mm proximal e distal &#224;s bordas. As angiografias de controle foram realizadas aos seis meses p&#243;s-implante ou mais precocemente, se clinicamente indicadas.</p>
    <p>Os objetivos secund&#225;rios foram a taxa de eventos card&#237;acos maiores um e seis meses p&#243;s-implante. Os pacientes foram atendidos no ambulat&#243;rio do hospital um e seis meses p&#243;s-implante. O infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio (IAM) foi definido como o surgimento de uma nova onda Q &gt; 0,04 segundos em duas deriva&#231;&#245;es cont&#237;guas com eleva&#231;&#227;o dos n&#237;veis da fra&#231;&#227;o MB da creatinofosfoquinase. O IAM sem supradesnivelamento do segmento ST foi definido como a aus&#234;ncia de novas ondas Q e a eleva&#231;&#227;o da fra&#231;&#227;o MB da creatinofosfoquinase &gt; 3 vezes o limite superior normal.</p>
    <p>O c&#225;lculo da amostra de 180 pacientes, divididos em dois grupos iguais, foi baseado na suposi&#231;&#227;o de um erro tipo I de 0,05, com poder do teste de 80% e uma taxa de reestenose angiogr&#225;fica de 30% para o <italic>stent</italic> Penta<sup>17</sup> e 12% para o <italic>stent</italic> Phytis<sup>18</sup>. Para se testar a hip&#243;tese de igualdade de m&#233;dias dos grupos foi utilizada o teste <italic>t</italic> de Student para amostras independentes. Para a compara&#231;&#227;o entre as propor&#231;&#245;es foi utilizado o teste Qui-quadrado ou o teste de Fischer, quando ocorreram freq&#252;&#234;ncias esperadas abaixo de 5. Para se avaliar as correla&#231;&#245;es (univariadas) existentes entre a reestenose e as vari&#225;veis cl&#237;nicas e angiogr&#225;ficas foi empregado o coeficiente de Pearson, e para se estudar essas correla&#231;&#245;es de forma multivariada foi utilizado o modelo de regress&#227;o linear multivariado com processo de sele&#231;&#227;o de vari&#225;veis "stepwise". O n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia utilizado para os testes foi de 5%. Os dados foram expressos como m&#233;dia &#177; DP para as vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas e como freq&#252;&#234;ncia para as vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas. As an&#225;lises estat&#237;sticas foram realizadas com o emprego do Statistical Analysis System (SAS) vers&#227;o 6.12.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Resultados</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Entre janeiro de 2003 e julho de 2004, 90 pacientes foram randomizados para receber o implante de <italic>stent</italic> Phytis<sup>&#174;</sup>, e 90 para receberem o <italic>stent</italic> Penta<sup>&#174;</sup>.</p>
    <p>As caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas dos pacientes est&#227;o listadas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="tabela1">tabela 1</xref>. Os dois grupos foram semelhantes com respeito a todas vari&#225;veis examinadas. A <xref ref-type="table" rid="tabela2">tabela 2</xref> lista as caracter&#237;sticas e localiza&#231;&#245;es das les&#245;es tratadas, n&#227;o se observando diferen&#231;as estatisticamente significante.</p>
    <table-wrap id="tabela1">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-04-0390-00004-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <table-wrap id="tabela2">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-04-0390-00004-gt02.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>As vari&#225;veis do procedimento nos dois grupos foram compar&#225;veis, exceto pela extens&#227;o do <italic>stent</italic> que foi menor no grupo Penta<sup>&#174;</sup> (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tabela3">tab. 3</xref>). Os grupos n&#227;o apresentaram diferen&#231;a com respeito &#224; taxa de sucesso do procedimento (98,9% em ambos os grupos). Ocorreu uma morte em cada grupo por IAM com choque cardiog&#234;nico e, exceto por esses, n&#227;o foram observadas eleva&#231;&#245;es enzim&#225;ticas ap&#243;s o procedimento acima dos crit&#233;rios estabelecidos.</p>
    <table-wrap id="tabela3">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-04-0390-00004-gt03.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>Tr&#234;s pacientes no grupo Phytis<sup>&#174;</sup> e 12 pacientes no grupo Penta<sup>&#174;</sup> abandonaram o protocolo, permanecendo 86 pacientes (95,5%) e 77 pacientes (85,5%), respectivamente. O seguimento cl&#237;nico aos seis meses p&#243;s-implante foi obtido em todos os pacientes que permaneceram no protocolo, observando-se que 75 pacientes (87,2%) no grupo Phytis<sup>&#174;</sup> e 67 pacientes (87%) no grupo Penta estavam assintom&#225;ticos. A angiografia coron&#225;ria de controle dos pacientes que permaneceram no protocolo foi realizada em 70 pacientes do grupo Phytis<sup>&#174;</sup> e em 55 pacientes no grupo Penta<sup>&#174;</sup> (81,4% vs 71,5%, p=0,63), obtida em 208,4&#177;54,88 dias e 203,97&#177;45,77 dias (p=0,26), respectivamente. A an&#225;lise angiogr&#225;fica aos seis meses e a taxa de reestenose foi obtida baseada na angiografia coron&#225;ria realizada nesses pacientes.</p>
    <p>Os resultados da an&#225;lise quantitativa das angiografias pr&#233;, imediatamente ap&#243;s e aos seis meses p&#243;s-implante dos <italic>stents</italic> Phytis<sup>&#174;</sup> e Penta<sup>&#174;</sup> est&#227;o listados na <xref ref-type="table" rid="tabela4">tabela 4</xref>. O di&#226;metro de refer&#234;ncia foi maior no grupo Penta. O porcentual de estenose em di&#226;metro e o di&#226;metro luminal m&#237;nimo imediatamente ap&#243;s o implante e o ganho agudo foram maiores no grupo Penta<sup>&#174;</sup>. A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="figura1">figura 1</xref> mostra as curvas de distribui&#231;&#227;o cumulativa do di&#226;metro luminal m&#237;nimo pr&#233;, imediatamente ap&#243;s e seis meses p&#243;s-implante dos stents. A perda tardia (1,06&#177;0,73 vs 1,08&#177;0,89, respectivamente, p=0,02) e a taxa de reestenose (24,5% vs 21,8%, respectivamente, p=0,84) n&#227;o apresentaram diferen&#231;as estatisticamente significante.</p>
    <table-wrap id="tabela4">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-04-0390-00004-gt04.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <fig id="figura1">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-04-0390-00004-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>A an&#225;lise univariada revelou que o diabete melito, o di&#226;metro de refer&#234;ncia pr&#233;-implante, a extens&#227;o da les&#227;o e o tipo de stent apresentaram associa&#231;&#227;o estatisticamente significante com a reestenose. Contudo, somente o di&#226;metro de refer&#234;ncia pr&#233;-implante e a extens&#227;o da les&#227;o estiveram associados de modo independente com a reestenose (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tabela5">tab. 5</xref>).</p>
    <table-wrap id="tabela5">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-04-0390-00004-gt05.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>A taxa de eventos card&#237;acos maiores cumulativo aos seis meses foi similar em ambos os grupos (16,8% vs 17,5%, respectivamente, p=1). A taxa de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o da les&#227;o-alvo foi tamb&#233;m similar em ambos os grupos (15,7% vs 16,4%, respectivamente, p=1).</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Este estudo prospectivo e randomizado, comparativo entre o <italic>stent</italic> de a&#231;o inoxid&#225;vel recoberto com carbono semelhante ao diamante e o <italic>stent</italic> de a&#231;o inoxid&#225;vel n&#227;o-recoberto, n&#227;o demonstrou diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significante na taxa de reestenose aos seis meses p&#243;s-implante entre os dois grupos.</p>
    <p>S&#227;o escassas na literatura m&#233;dica publica&#231;&#245;es sobre os resultados do implante de <italic>stents</italic> com cobertura com carbono semelhante ao diamante em art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias de seres humanos, sendo publicado apenas um estudo randomizado comparativo de <italic>stent</italic>s com a mesma configura&#231;&#227;o, diferentes apenas na cobertura com carbono semelhante ao diamante, n&#227;o se observando diferen&#231;as na taxa de reestenose e na perda tardia aos seis meses p&#243;s-implante entre os dois <italic>stent</italic>s. A limita&#231;&#227;o desse estudo foi que os achados n&#227;o poderiam ser estendidos para outros tipos de <italic>stent</italic>s com diferentes configura&#231;&#245;es ou diferentes coberturas de carbono<sup>19</sup>. Ent&#227;o, o presente estudo adiciona novas informa&#231;&#245;es sobre a influ&#234;ncia da configura&#231;&#227;o entre os <italic>stent</italic>s de a&#231;o inoxid&#225;vel com ou sem cobertura com carbono semelhante ao diamante na taxa de reestenose e na perda tardia aos seis meses p&#243;s-implante.</p>
    <p>Os <italic>stent</italic>s Phytis<sup>&#174;</sup> e Penta<sup>&#174;</sup> s&#227;o de a&#231;o inoxid&#225;vel, com iguais di&#226;metros e diferentes comprimentos (9, 12, 16, 20 e 25 mm vs 8, 13, 15, 18, 23, 28 e 33 mm, respectivamente), diferen&#231;a que n&#227;o influenciou nos resultados imediatos p&#243;s-implante avaliada pela raz&#227;o <italic>stent</italic>/comprimento da les&#227;o (1,11&#177;0,30 vs 1,09&#177;0,32, respectivamente, p=0,62). Esses <italic>stents</italic> apresentam configura&#231;&#245;es distintas com di&#226;metros das hastes similares (90 e 91 &#181;m, respectivamente)<sup>17</sup>, considerados <italic>stent</italic>s de estrutura fina, caracter&#237;stica que influencia favoravelmente nos resultados tardios<sup>20-23</sup>. Portanto, acreditamos que os <italic>stent</italic>s utilizados nos dois grupos s&#227;o adequadamente compar&#225;veis.</p>
    <p>No presente estudo, o di&#226;metro de refer&#234;ncia dos <italic>stent</italic>s, o di&#226;metro luminal m&#237;nimo e o ganho agudo foram maiores no grupo dos <italic>stents</italic> Penta<sup>&#174;</sup>. A an&#225;lise univariada e multivariada revelou o di&#226;metro de refer&#234;ncia como preditor independente da reestenose. Esse di&#226;metro maior pode ter favorecido o <italic>stent</italic> Penta<sup>&#174;</sup>, pois um vaso maior poderia acomodar mais adequadamente a hiperplasia intimal. Entretanto, se atentarmos &#224; perda tardia intra-<italic>stent</italic>, considerada &#224; medida que melhor reflete o real e puro efeito biol&#243;gico do desempenho dos <italic>stent</italic>s coron&#225;rios<sup>24</sup>, observamos que a perda tardia foi semelhante entre os dois <italic>stent</italic>s, pr&#243;ximo a 1 mm, valor compar&#225;vel ao observado em estudos pr&#233;vios com <italic>stent</italic>s de a&#231;o inoxid&#225;vel recoberto por carbono semelhante ao diamante<sup>18</sup>, carbeto de sil&#237;cio<sup>25</sup> e carbono<sup>26,27</sup>.</p>
    <p>Uma das vantagens te&#243;ricas da cobertura com carbono semelhante ao diamante &#233; a menor incid&#234;ncia de trombose aguda ou subaguda pela melhor biocompatibilidade com baixa ativa&#231;&#227;o de plaquetas<sup>10,13,26,27</sup>. O presente estudo utilizou a mesma terapia antiplaquet&#225;ria em ambos os grupos (aspirina e clopidogrel) pelo mesmo per&#237;odo de tempo (30 dias). A despeito da predomin&#226;ncia de s&#237;ndrome coron&#225;ria aguda no grupo Phytis<sup>&#174;</sup> (61,1% dos pacientes) e complexidade das les&#245;es (aproximadamente 64% das les&#245;es em ambos os grupos eram tipos B2 e C), a taxa de trombose aguda/subaguda e de IAM foi baixa (1,1% para ambos os <italic>stent</italic>s), n&#227;o se observando vantagem dos <italic>stent</italic>s recobertos com carbono semelhante ao diamante sobre os n&#227;o-recobertos.</p>
    <p>Os estudos cl&#237;nico<sup>8</sup> e laboratorial<sup>9</sup> sugerem que a cobertura da superf&#237;cie dos <italic>stent</italic>s com material hemo e biocompat&#237;vel diminui a rea&#231;&#227;o inflamat&#243;ria pela diminui&#231;&#227;o da libera&#231;&#227;o de &#237;ons de metais citot&#243;xicos; no entanto, quando foi avaliada comparativamente a concentra&#231;&#227;o de marcadores de inflama&#231;&#227;o (prote&#237;na C-reativa e citoquinas) p&#243;s-implante de <italic>stent</italic>s com ou sem cobertura de carbono<sup>28</sup>, a resposta inflamat&#243;ria n&#227;o foi afetada. &#201; poss&#237;vel que somente os pacientes com alergia ao n&#237;quel ou molibd&#234;nio sejam beneficiados pela cobertura dos <italic>stent</italic>s com material inerte<sup>7</sup>.</p>
    <p>Foram limita&#231;&#245;es do estudo atual: 1) a n&#227;o-inclus&#227;o de subgrupos portadores de doen&#231;a coron&#225;ria de mais complexo acometimento, pois foram exclu&#237;dos pacientes com les&#245;es mais extensas (&gt; 20 mm), les&#245;es localizadas em tronco da art&#233;ria coronariana esquerda n&#227;o-protegida e em bifurca&#231;&#245;es, obstru&#231;&#245;es totais cr&#244;nicas e les&#245;es reesten&#243;ticas; 2) a taxa de angiografia coronariana de controle para ambos os grupos foi inferior &#224;s preconizadas (&lt; 80%) para avaliar a presen&#231;a de reestenose como desfecho principal, o que pode criar um vi&#233;s de sele&#231;&#227;o; ent&#227;o, a aus&#234;ncia de evid&#234;ncia de que os pacientes tratados com <italic>stent</italic> com cobertura apresentam melhores resultados que os com <italic>stents</italic> sem cobertura pode indicar que n&#227;o existem essas diferen&#231;as ou que elas n&#227;o puderam ser detectadas neste estudo.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Conclus&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Os resultados deste estudo n&#227;o mostraram diferen&#231;as nas taxas de reestenose e eventos card&#237;acos maiores um e seis meses p&#243;s-implante de <italic>stents</italic> de a&#231;o inoxid&#225;vel com cobertura de carbono semelhante ao diamante em compara&#231;&#227;o com os <italic>stents</italic> de a&#231;o inoxid&#225;vel sem cobertura.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="back" fn-type="corresp">
        <label>
          <bold>Correspond&#234;ncia:</bold>
        </label>
        <p> George C&#233;sar Ximenes Meireles </p>
        <p> Rua Sena Madureira, 1265/102 </p>
        <p> 04021-051 &#150; S&#227;o Paulo, SP </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="gcxm@cardiol.br">gcxm@cardiol.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Artigo recebido em 19/06/06; revisado recebido em 25/09/06; aceito em 24/11/06.</p>
  </body>
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              <surname>Bolognese</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B28">
        <mixed-citation>28. Korkmaz ME,    Tayfun E, Muderrisoglu H, Yidirir A, Ozin B, Ulucam M, et al. Carbon coating    of stents has no effect on inflammatory response to primary stent deployment.    Angiology. 2002; 53: 563-8.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Carbon coating of stents has no effect on inflammatory response to primary stent deployment</article-title>
          <source>Angiology</source>
          <date>
            <year>2002</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>563</fpage>
          <lpage>8</lpage>
          <volume>53</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Korkmaz</surname>
              <given-names>ME</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Tayfun</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Muderrisoglu</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Yidirir</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ozin</surname>
              <given-names>B</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ulucam</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
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      </ref>
    </ref-list>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Randomized comparative study of diamond-like carbon coated stainless steel stent versus uncoated stent implantation in patients with coronary artery disease</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>OBJECTIVE: To compare restenosis and major cardiac event rates at one and six months after DLC-coated stent implantation with those of uncoated stents. METHODS: Randomized, prospective, comparative study of 180 patients with coronary insufficiency undergoing DLC coated stent (Phytis&#8482;) or uncoated stent (Penta&#8482;) implantation, from January, 2003 to July, 2004. Inclusion criteria were: de novo lesion with &gt;50% diameter stenosis in a coronary artery with reference diameter &gt; 2,5 mm and &lt; 4 mm, and length &lt; 20 mm. Exclusion criteria were: left main coronary artery and bifurcation lesions, chronic total occlusion, and in-stent restenosis. RESULTS: Clinical and angiographic baseline characteristics of the groups were similar. Procedural success was achieved in 98.9% of the patients in both groups. One cardiac death occurred in each group during hospitalization. Reference diameter and acute gain were greater in the Penta&#8482; group (3.21&#177;0.37 mm vs. 3.34&#177;0.8 mm, p=0.02 and 2.3&#177;0.5 vs. 2.49&#177;0.5, p=0.009, respectively). Angiographic follow-up at six months showed similar rates of restenosis (24.3% vs. 21.8%, p=0.84) and of major cardiac events (16.8% vs. 17.5%, p=1). CONCLUSION: DLC coated stents did not provide better outcomes in relation to uncoated stents.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Coronary disease</kwd>
        <kwd>coronary restenosis</kwd>
        <kwd>angioplasty transluminal percutaneous coronary</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>ORIGINAL ARTICLE</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Randomized comparative study of diamond-like carbon coated stainless steel stent versus uncoated stent implantation in patients with coronary artery disease</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>George C&#233;sar Ximenes Meireles; Luciano Mauricio de Abreu; Antonio Artur da Cruz Forte; Marcos Kiyoshi Sumita; Jorge Hideki Sumita; Jose Del Carmen Solano Aliaga</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Hospital Stella Maris &#150; S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</p>
      <p>
        <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="back-body2">Mailing address</xref>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>SUMMARY</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVE:</bold> To compare restenosis and major cardiac event rates at one and six months after DLC-coated stent implantation with those of uncoated stents.</p>
      <p><bold>M&#201;THODS:</bold> Randomized, prospective, comparative study of 180 patients with coronary insufficiency undergoing DLC coated stent (Phytis&#153;) or uncoated stent (Penta&#153;) implantation, from January, 2003 to July, 2004. Inclusion criteria were: de novo lesion with &gt;50% diameter stenosis in a coronary artery with reference diameter <underline>&gt;</underline> 2,5 mm and <underline>&lt;</underline> 4 mm, and length &lt; 20 mm. Exclusion criteria were: left main coronary artery and bifurcation lesions, chronic total occlusion, and in-stent restenosis.</p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS:</bold> Clinical and angiographic baseline characteristics of the groups were similar. Procedural success was achieved in 98.9% of the patients in both groups. One cardiac death occurred in each group during hospitalization. Reference diameter and acute gain were greater in the Penta&#153; group (3.21&#177;0.37 mm vs. 3.34&#177;0.8 mm, p=0.02 and 2.3&#177;0.5 vs. 2.49&#177;0.5, p=0.009, respectively). Angiographic follow-up at six months showed similar rates of restenosis (24.3% vs. 21.8%, p=0.84) and of major cardiac events (16.8% vs. 17.5%, p=1).</p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSION:</bold> DLC coated stents did not provide better outcomes in relation to uncoated stents.</p>
      <p><bold>Key words:</bold> Coronary disease, coronary restenosis, angioplasty transluminal percutaneous coronary.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Introduction</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The efficacy and safety of drug-eluting stents has been confirmed by several studies published in prestigious medical journals<sup>1-6</sup>, and these stents are used in more than 80% of the percutaneous procedures in the United States of America, but the utilization rate is much lower in some countries in Europe and Latin America (&lt;30%) due to the high cost of the procedure<sup>7</sup>. Most of the standard and drug-eluting stents are made of stainless steel. Therefore, new information on stainless steel stents is of great importance.</p>
      <p>Stainless steel stents may release heavy metal ions such as nickel, chromium, and molybdenum, and these ions may cause allergic and hypersensitivity reactions resulting in a stimulus for proliferation and migration of smooth muscle cells, and, consequently, in restenosis. Stent surface coating with hemocompatible and biocompatible material may reduce thrombogenicity by reducing platelet adhesion and activation, and inflammatory response by reducing the release of cytotoxic metal ions<sup>8-14</sup>.</p>
      <p>Stent coating may be divided into two categories: biocompatible materials and drug-eluting coatings (ex.: sirolimus and paclitaxel). Biocompatible materials include inert coatings such as carbon, gold and silicon carbide<sup>15</sup>.</p>
      <p>Diamond-like carbon is essentially diamond with a small percentage of hydrogen (4%). Because of the carbon-carbon bond resistance, diamond is, along with boron nitride, the hardest substance known, and if used in stent coating it would result in inflexible endoprostheses. The introduction of hydrogen into the carbon structure of diamond adds the benefits of diamond (resistance) to the coating flexibility provided by the presence of hydrocarbon bonds within the carbon atom clusters. Some of the properties of diamond-like carbon are: low friction coefficient, hydrophilic surface, inertness, flexibility, and hemocompatibility and biocompatibility<sup>10-12</sup>.</p>
      <p>The objective of this study was to determine whether diamond-like carbon coated stainless steel stents may reduce restenosis rates more efficiently than uncoated stainless steel stents.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Methods</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Prospective, randomized, monocenter study comparing diamond-like carbon coated stainless steel stent (Phytis&#153;, Phytis Medical Devices GmbH, Berlin, Germany) with uncoated stainless steel stent (Multi-link Penta&#153;, Guidant's Vascular Intervention Group, Santa Clara, California) implantation in patients with coronary artery disease. The study protocol was approved by the institution's Research Ethics Committee and was conducted according to the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki. Written informed consent was obtained from all patients.</p>
      <p>Patients with single or multivessel coronary artery disease, stable angina, or acute coronary syndrome were included in the study. In patients with multivessel disease only one lesion was treated with one of the protocol stents. Angiographic inclusion criteria were the presence of de novo lesion with &gt; 50% diameter stenosis in native coronary arteries, with reference diameter <underline>&gt;</underline> 2.5 mm and <underline>&lt;</underline> 4 mm and length &lt; 20 mm.</p>
      <p>Patients with contraindication to the use of aspirin and clopidogrel, those undergoing primary angioplasty, and those with a chronic systemic disease that could influence survival (chronic hepatic or renal failure, malignant neoplasm, cerebrovascular disease and connective tissue diseases) were excluded. Angiographic exclusion criteria were in-stent restenosis, lesions in unprotected left main coronary artery and bifurcations, and chronic total occlusions (more than three months).</p>
      <p>After patient eligibility was evaluated and written informed consent was obtained, patients were randomly assigned to Phytis&#153; stent or Penta&#153; stent implantation in a ratio of 1:1, and only one stent was implanted per procedure. A table with random numbers was used to assign the patients to the groups.</p>
      <p>Phytis&#153; stent is a laser-cut tubular stent mounted in a low-compliance balloon; it has a 90-&#181;m-thickness strut with a diamond-like carbon film coating, and is available in five different lengths (9, 12, 16, 20, and 25mm) and four different diameters (2.5, 3, 3.5, and 4mm). Penta&#153; stent is also a laser-cut tubular stent mounted in a low-compliance balloon, and has a 91-&#181;m-diameter strut. It is available in seven different lengths (8, 13, 15, 18, 23, 28 and 33 mm) and four different diameters (2, 5, 3, 3.5 and 4 mm)<sup>16</sup>.</p>
      <p>The lesions were treated with standard stent implantation procedures, via a femoral artery approach, and the choice between predilatation with a balloon catheter 0.5mm smaller than the reference diameter and post-dilatation with a balloon catheter shorter than the stent with increasing diameter (balloon/artery ratio <underline>&lt;</underline> 1.1/1) was left to the investigator's discretion. When stent implantation in other vessels was necessary, another procedure was performed after hospital discharge. All patients received antiplatelet therapy with aspirin (200 mg/day), which was maintained indefinitely, and clopidogrel at a dose of 300 mg at least six hours prior to the procedure and 75 mg/day for 30 days. Use of glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors was left to the investigator's discretion. Quantitative angiographic analysis was performed by an observer who was unaware of the type of stent implanted using on-line analysis with the Philips Integris 5.000 (Philips Medical System, The Netherlands) automatic edge detection system.</p>
      <p>The primary endpoint was angiographic restenosis rate at six months after implantation. Angiographic success was defined as a percent diameter stenosis &lt; 20% with TIMI 3 flow, and procedural success was defined as angiographic success without major cardiac events (death, myocardial infarction and target vessel revascularization). Acute lumen gain was defined as the difference between the minimum lumen diameter (MLD) immediately after implantation and baseline MLD. Late lumen loss was defined as the difference between MLD immediately after and MLD at six months after implantation. Binary restenosis was defined as a percent diameter stenosis &gt; 50% in angiography performed at six months after implantation in the stent segment, and up to 5mm proximal and distal to the edges. Control angiographies were performed at six months after implantation or earlier, if clinically indicated.</p>
      <p>Secondary endpoints were major cardiac event rates at one and six months after implantation. The patients were seen in the hospital's outpatient service at one and six months after implantation. Myocardial infarction (MI) was defined as the occurrence of a new Q wave &gt; 0.04 seconds in two contiguous leads with elevation of CK-MB levels. Non-ST elevation MI was defined as the absence of new Q waves and elevation of CK-MB levels at more than three times the upper normal limit.</p>
      <p>Calculation of a sample of 180 patients divided into two equal groups was based on the supposition of a 0.05 type I error, with a power of test of 80%, and an angiographic restenosis rate of 30% for Penta stents<sup>17</sup> and of 12% for Phytis stents<sup>18</sup>. In order to test the hypothesis of equality of means in the groups, the Student's t test was used for independent samples. For comparison between the proportions, the chi-square test or Fisher test was used when expected frequencies below 5 occurred. To assess the correlations (univariate) between restenosis and clinical and angiographic variables, the Pearson's correlation coefficient was used; and to study these correlations in a multivariate fashion, the multivariate linear regression model with stepwise variable selection was used. The significance level used for the tests was 5%. Data were expressed as mean &#177; SD for continuous variables, and as frequency for categorical variables. Statistical analyses were performed with the Statistical Analysis System (SAS) version 6.12.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Results</bold>
      </p>
      <p>From January, 2003 to July, 2004, 90 patients were randomly assigned to Phytis&#153; stent implantation and 90 to Penta&#153; stent implantation.</p>
      <p>The clinical characteristics of the patients are listed in <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab1-body2">Table 1</xref>. Both groups were similar as regards all variables analyzed. Characteristics and location of the lesions treated are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab2-body2">Table 2</xref>, and no statistically significant differences were observed.</p>
      <table-wrap id="tab1-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-04-0390-00004-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <table-wrap id="tab2-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-04-0390-00004-gt02-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>Procedure variables were comparable in the two groups, except for stent length which was shorter in the Penta&#153; group (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab3-body2">Table 3</xref>). No difference was observed between the groups with respect to procedural success (98.9% in both groups). One death occurred in each group due to MI with cardiogenic shock and, except for these, no elevations in enzyme levels above the established criteria were observed after the procedure.</p>
      <table-wrap id="tab3-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-04-0390-00004-gt03-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>Three patients in the Phytis&#153; group and 12 in the Penta&#153; group dropped out of the protocol, so that 86 patients (95.5%) and 77 patients (85.5%) remained in each group, respectively. Clinical assessment at six months after implantation was performed for all patients who remained in the protocol, showing 75 asymptomatic patients (87.2%) in the Phytis&#153; group and 67 (87%) in the Penta&#153; group. Control coronary angiography of the patients who remained in the protocol was performed in 70 patients of the Phytis&#153; group and in 55 patients of the Penta&#153; group (81.4% <italic>vs</italic> 71.5%, p=0.63), at 208.4&#177;54.88 days and 203.97&#177;45.77 days (p=0.26), respectively. Angiographic analysis at six months and restenosis rate were based on the coronary angiography performed in these patients.</p>
      <p>Results of the quantitative analysis of the angiographies performed before, immediately after, and at six months after Phytis&#153; and Penta&#153; stent implantation are listed in <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab4-body2">Table 4</xref>. Reference diameter was larger in the Penta&#153; group. Percent diameter stenosis and minimum lumen diameter immediately after implantation and acute gain were higher in the Penta&#153; group. Cumulative distribution curves of minimum lumen diameter before, immediately after, and at six months after stent implantation are shown in Figure 1. Late loss (1.06 &#177; 0.73 <italic>vs</italic> 1.08 &#177; 0.89, respectively, p=0.02) and restenosis rate (24.5% <italic>vs</italic> 21.8%, respectively, p=0.84) did not show statistically significant differences.</p>
      <table-wrap id="tab4-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-04-0390-00004-gt04-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>Univariate analysis showed that diabetes mellitus, post-implantation reference diameter, lesion length and stent type had a statistically significant association with restenosis. However, only the pre-implantation reference diameter and lesion length were independently associated with restenosis (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab5-body2">Table 5</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="tab5-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-04-0390-00004-gt05-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>Cumulative rates of major cardiac events at six months were similar in both groups (16.8% <italic>vs</italic> 17.5%, respectively, p=1). Target-lesion revascularization rates were similar in both groups (15.7% <italic>vs</italic> 16.4%, respectively, p=1).</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This randomized, prospective, comparative study between diamond-like carbon coated stainless steel stents and uncoated stainless steel stents did not show statistically significant differences in restenosis rates at six months after implantation between the two groups.</p>
      <p>Few results of diamond-like carbon coated stent implantation in human coronary arteries are published in the medical literature, and only one randomized comparative study with stents of similar design, differing only as to the diamond-like carbon coating was published, showing no differences in restenosis rates and late loss between the two stents at six months after implantation. The limitation of this study was that the findings could not be extended to other types of stents with different designs or different carbon coatings<sup>19</sup>. Thus, the present study adds new information on the influence of the design of diamond-like carbon coated or uncoated stainless steel stents on restenosis rates and late loss at six months after implantation.</p>
      <p>Phytis&#153; and Penta&#153; are stainless steel stents with equal diameters and different lengths (9, 12, 16, 20 and 25 mm vs. 8, 13, 15, 18, 23, 28 and 33 mm, respectively), a difference that did not influence the immediate post-implantation outcomes as assessed by the stent/lesion length ratio (1.11 &#177; 0.30 vs. 1.09 &#177; 0.32, respectively, p=0.62). These stents have different designs with similar strut diameters (90 and 91 &#181;m, respectively)<sup>17</sup>, and are considered thin-strut stents, a characteristic that has a favorable impact on late outcomes<sup>20-23</sup>. Therefore, we believe that the stents used in the two groups are adequately comparable.</p>
      <p>In the present study, stent reference diameter, minimum lumen diameter, and acute gain were higher in the Penta&#153; stent group. Univariate and multivariate analyses revealed the reference diameter as an independent predictor of restenosis. This higher diameter may have favored Penta&#153; stents, because a wider vessel could accommodate intimal hyperplasia more adequately. Nevertheless, if we focus on in-stent late loss, which is considered the measurement that best reflects the real and pure biological effect of coronary stent performance<sup>24</sup>, we will observe that late loss was similar between the two stents, of approximately 1 mm, a value that is comparable to that observed in previous studies with diamond-like carbon<sup>18</sup>, silicon carbide<sup>25</sup> and carbon-coated<sup>26,27</sup> stainless steel stents.</p>
      <p>One of the theoretical advantages of diamond-like carbon coating is the lower incidence of acute or subacute thrombosis because of a better biocompatibility with low platelet activation<sup>10,13,26,27</sup>. The present study used the same antiplatelet therapy in both groups (aspirin and clopidogrel) for the same period (30 days). Despite the predominance of acute coronary syndrome in the Phytis&#153; group (61.1% of the patients) and lesion complexity (approximately 64% of the lesions in both groups were B2 and C types), acute/subacute thrombosis and MI rates were low (1.1% for both stents), and no advantages were observed in diamond-like carbon coated over uncoated stents.</p>
      <p>Clinical<sup>8</sup> and laboratory<sup>9</sup> studies suggest that stent surface coating with hemocompatible and biocompatible material reduces the inflammatory response by decreasing the release of cytotoxic metal ions. However, when the concentration of inflammation markers (C-reactive protein and cytokines) was comparatively assessed after carbon-coated or uncoated stent implantation<sup>28</sup>, the inflammatory response was not affected. It is possible that only patients allergic to nickel or molybdenum benefit from stent coating with inert material<sup>7</sup>.</p>
      <p>The present study had the following limitations: 1) subgroups of patients with more complex coronary artery disease were not included because patients with longer lesions (&gt; 20 mm), lesions in unprotected left main coronary artery lesions and in bifurcations, chronic total stenosis, and restenotic lesions were excluded; 2) control coronary angiography rates for both groups were lower than those recommended (&lt;80%) to assess the presence of restenosis as the main endpoint, which may create a selection bias; thus, the lack of evidence that patients treated with coated stent present better results than those treated with uncoated stents may indicate that these differences do not exist or that they could not be detected in this study.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Conclusions</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The results of this study did not show any differences in restenosis and major cardiac event rates at one and six months after diamond-like carbon coated stainless steel stent implantation in comparison with uncoated stainless steel stents.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fn id="back-body2" fn-type="corresp">
          <label>
            <bold>Mailing address:</bold>
          </label>
          <p> George C&#233;sar Ximenes Meireles</p>
          <p> Rua Sena Madureira, 1265/102</p>
          <p> 04021-051 &#150; S&#227;o Paulo, SP</p>
          <p> E-mail: </p>
          <p>
            <email xlink:href="gcxm@cardiol.br">gcxm@cardiol.br</email>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p>Manuscript received June 19, 2006; revised manuscript received September 25, 2006; accepted November 24, 2006.</p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
