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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">wGVKr8FbfgFjmpN3mQ3cYcw</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00003</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2007000400003</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(07)08800403</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2007000400003</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Efetividade da pr&#243;tese de Amplatzer&#8482; para fechamento percut&#226;neo do defeito do septo interatrial tipo Ostium Secundum</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Cardoso</surname>
            <given-names>Cristiano Oliveira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Rossi Filho</surname>
            <given-names>Raul Ivo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Machado</surname>
            <given-names>Paulo Renato</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Fran&#231;ois</surname>
            <given-names>Lisia M. Galant</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Horowitz</surname>
            <given-names>Estela S. K.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sarmento-Leite</surname>
            <given-names>Rog&#233;rio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state"/>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Funda&#231;&#227;o Universit&#225;ria de Cardiologia</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Instituto de Cardiologia do Rio Grande do Sul </institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Programa de P&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>04</month>
        <year>2007</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>88</volume>
      <issue>4</issue>
      <fpage>384</fpage>
      <lpage>389</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>03</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2006</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>31</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2006</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>29</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2006</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>OBJETIVO: Avaliar a efetividade da pr&#243;tese de Amplatzer&#174; para tratamento de comunica&#231;&#227;o interatrial tipo ostium secundum (CIA OS). M&#201;TODOS: Estudo de coorte hist&#243;rica entre novembro de 1998 e setembro de 2005, em que foram realizados 101 procedimentos para oclus&#227;o percut&#226;nea de CIA OS em nossa institui&#231;&#227;o. Os procedimentos foram efetuados no laborat&#243;rio de hemodin&#226;mica, sob anestesia geral e com monitoriza&#231;&#227;o por ecocardiografia transesof&#225;gica (ETE). Os pacientes foram acompanhados clinicamente e com ecocardiografia em 30 dias, seis meses e depois anualmente. O resultados s&#227;o apresentados em m&#233;dia, desvio padr&#227;o e porcentual, e a sobrevida livre de eventos foi estimada pela curva de Kaplan-Meier. RESULTADOS: Dos 101 pacientes, 60 (59,4%) eram mulheres. As m&#233;dias para idade, peso, altura, &#237;ndice de massa corporal e superf&#237;cie corporal foram, respectivamente, de 24,3 + 18,31 anos, 51,88 + 23,76 kg, 140,59 + 39,3 cm, 23,18 + 18,9 kg/m&#178;, e 1,24 + 0,21 m&#178;. A preval&#234;ncia de aneurisma do septo interatrial foi de 4,95%, e 98 casos eram de defeito &#250;nico. O di&#226;metro das CIAs foi de 21,47 + 6,96 mm pela angiografia e de 21,22 + 7,93 mm pela ETE. As pr&#243;teses implantadas mediam 23,92 + 7,25 mm, variando de 9 mm a 40 mm. O tempo de procedimento foi de 90,47 + 26,67 minutos e a m&#233;dia de interna&#231;&#227;o hospitalar, de 2,51 + 0,62 dias. Os seguimentos cl&#237;nico e ecocardiogr&#225;fico ocorreram com 12,81 + 8,41 meses e todas as pr&#243;teses estavam bem ancoradas e sem shunt residual. O sucesso do procedimento foi de 93% (94/101). Em cinco casos n&#227;o se conseguiu libera&#231;&#227;o adequada do dispositivo e dois pacientes apresentaram CIA residual. N&#227;o foram registradas complica&#231;&#245;es maiores. CONCLUS&#195;O: A pr&#243;tese de Amplatzer&#174; mostrou-se efetiva para o tratamento percut&#226;neo de CIA OS.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>Comunica&#231;&#227;o interatrial</kwd>
        <kwd>Amplatzer&#174;</kwd>
        <kwd>tratamento percut&#226;neo</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>29</day>
        <month>05</month>
        <year>2007</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>ARTIGO ORIGINAL</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Efetividade da pr&#243;tese de Amplatzer<sup> &#8482; </sup> para fechamento percut&#226;neo do defeito do septo interatrial tipo <italic>Ostium Secundum</italic></bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Cristiano Oliveira Cardoso; Raul Ivo Rossi Filho; Paulo Renato Machado; Lisia M. Galant Fran&#231;ois; Estela S. K. Horowitz; Rog&#233;rio Sarmento-Leite</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Programa de P&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o do Instituto de Cardiologia do Rio Grande do Sul &#150; Funda&#231;&#227;o Universit&#225;ria de Cardiologia &#150; Porto Alegre, RS</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="back">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVO:</bold> Avaliar a efetividade da pr&#243;tese de Amplatzer<sup>&#174;</sup> para tratamento de comunica&#231;&#227;o interatrial tipo ostium secundum (CIA OS). </p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS:</bold> Estudo de coorte hist&#243;rica entre novembro de 1998 e setembro de 2005, em que foram realizados 101 procedimentos para oclus&#227;o percut&#226;nea de CIA OS em nossa institui&#231;&#227;o. Os procedimentos foram efetuados no laborat&#243;rio de hemodin&#226;mica, sob anestesia geral e com monitoriza&#231;&#227;o por ecocardiografia transesof&#225;gica (ETE). Os pacientes foram acompanhados clinicamente e com ecocardiografia em 30 dias, seis meses e depois anualmente. O resultados s&#227;o apresentados em m&#233;dia, desvio padr&#227;o e porcentual, e a sobrevida livre de eventos foi estimada pela curva de Kaplan-Meier. </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS:</bold> Dos 101 pacientes, 60 (59,4%) eram mulheres. As m&#233;dias para idade, peso, altura, &#237;ndice de massa corporal e superf&#237;cie corporal foram, respectivamente, de 24,3 + 18,31 anos, 51,88 + 23,76 kg, 140,59 + 39,3 cm, 23,18 + 18,9 kg/m<sup>2</sup>, e 1,24 + 0,21 m<sup>2</sup>. A preval&#234;ncia de aneurisma do septo interatrial foi de 4,95%, e 98 casos eram de defeito &#250;nico. O di&#226;metro das CIAs foi de 21,47 + 6,96 mm pela angiografia e de 21,22 + 7,93 mm pela ETE. As pr&#243;teses implantadas mediam 23,92 + 7,25 mm, variando de 9 mm a 40 mm. O tempo de procedimento foi de 90,47 + 26,67 minutos e a m&#233;dia de interna&#231;&#227;o hospitalar, de 2,51 + 0,62 dias. Os seguimentos cl&#237;nico e ecocardiogr&#225;fico ocorreram com 12,81 + 8,41 meses e todas as pr&#243;teses estavam bem ancoradas e sem shunt residual. O sucesso do procedimento foi de 93% (94/101). Em cinco casos n&#227;o se conseguiu libera&#231;&#227;o adequada do dispositivo e dois pacientes apresentaram CIA residual. N&#227;o foram registradas complica&#231;&#245;es maiores. </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#195;O:</bold> A pr&#243;tese de Amplatzer<sup>&#174;</sup> mostrou-se efetiva para o tratamento percut&#226;neo de CIA OS.</p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave:</bold> Comunica&#231;&#227;o interatrial, Amplatzer<sup>&#174;</sup>, tratamento percut&#226;neo.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A comunica&#231;&#227;o interatrial (CIA) &#233; uma das malforma&#231;&#245;es cong&#234;nitas mais comuns, representando cerca de 5% a 10% dos defeitos card&#237;acos cong&#234;nitos. Apresenta predomin&#226;ncia em pacientes do sexo feminino, com preval&#234;ncia de 1,5-3,5 mulheres para cada homem<sup>1</sup>. A CIA tipo <italic>ostium secundum</italic> (CIA OS) representa cerca de 75% dessa afec&#231;&#227;o, sendo os outros 25% decorrentes de CIA tipo <italic>ostium primum</italic>, CIA tipo seio venoso e defeito do seio coron&#225;rio<sup>2</sup>. Desde 1948, quando Murray descreveu a primeira atriosseptoplastia<sup>3</sup>, o tratamento cir&#250;rgico vem sendo a terap&#234;utica utilizada, com excelentes resultados imediatos. Konstantinides e cols.<sup>4</sup>, Murphy e cols.<sup>5</sup>, Groundstroem e cols.<sup>6</sup> e Ross-Hesselink e cols.<sup>7</sup> demonstraram o seguimento tardio por meio do fechamento cir&#250;rgico, com altos &#237;ndices de sucesso e baixas complica&#231;&#245;es. Nas &#250;ltimas d&#233;cadas, v&#225;rios dispositivos foram utilizados na tentativa do fechamento percut&#226;neo das CIA OS, por&#233;m sem resultados animadores. Em 1997, Sharafudin e cols.<sup>8</sup> publicaram estudo experimental com uma nova pr&#243;tese em componente &#250;nico, autocentr&#225;vel e auto-expans&#237;vel, denominada Amplatzer<sup>&#174;</sup> (AGA Medical Corporation, Golden Valley, EUA). Desde ent&#227;o, estudos cl&#237;nicos v&#234;m demonstrando que esse dispositivo apresenta resultados semelhantes aos da cirurgia<sup>9,10</sup>. Em adultos com essa afec&#231;&#227;o, v&#225;rias s&#233;ries com seguimento tardio t&#234;m demonstrado evolu&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica favor&#225;vel<sup>11-17</sup>.</p>
    <p>Este trabalho tem como objetivo avaliar a efetividade da pr&#243;tese de Amplatzer<sup>&#174;</sup> para tratamento percut&#226;neo da CIA OS.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#233;todos</bold>
    </p>
    <p><italic>Delineamento -</italic> Estudo de coorte hist&#243;rica n&#227;o controlada.</p>
    <p><italic>Popula&#231;&#227;o do estudo -</italic> Entre novembro de 1998 e setembro de 2005, foram realizados 101 procedimentos para fechamento da CIA OS no setor de hemodin&#226;mica em nossa institui&#231;&#227;o. O crit&#233;rio de inclus&#227;o foi a presen&#231;a de CIA OS, confirmada por ecocardiografia transtor&#225;cica (ETT) ou por ecocardiografia transesof&#225;gica (ETE), e com indica&#231;&#227;o de fechamento do defeito em raz&#227;o das repercuss&#245;es cl&#237;nicas. Foram exclu&#237;dos os pacientes com CIA tipo <italic>ostium primum</italic>, seio venoso, defeito do seio coron&#225;rio ou que apresentassem outros defeitos cong&#234;nitos associados.</p>
    <p><italic>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica -</italic> Os resultados s&#227;o apresentados em m&#233;dia, desvio padr&#227;o e porcentual. Foi calculada a curva de sobrevida por Kaplan-Meier e considerada diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significante quando p &lt; 0,05. Os dados foram analisados no programa SPSS 11.0.</p>
    <p><italic>Pr&#243;tese de Amplatzer<sup>&#174;</sup> -</italic> A pr&#243;tese de Amplatzer<sup>&#174;</sup> &#233; constitu&#237;da por uma liga met&#225;lica de nitinol (55% n&#237;quel e 45% tit&#226;nio) com espessura de 0,004-0,0075 polegada, composta de dois discos interligados por uma cintura em corpo &#250;nico, sendo auto-expans&#237;vel e autocentr&#225;vel. Um disco permanece aderido ao septo pelo lado do &#225;trio direito e o outro pelo &#225;trio esquerdo, sendo este maior que o primeiro. O tamanho da pr&#243;tese &#233; determinado pela "cintura da pr&#243;tese", que corresponde ao di&#226;metro da CIA. O dispositivo, dispon&#237;vel em v&#225;rios tamanhos (4 mm a 40 mm), &#233; preenchido por fibra de poli&#233;ster, que possui alto grau de trombogenicidade.</p>
    <p><italic>Procedimento percut&#226;neo - O</italic>s procedimentos foram realizados no laborat&#243;rio de hemodin&#226;mica sob anestesia geral e com monitoramento por ETE. Durante o cateterismo, por via venosa femoral, foram registradas as press&#245;es das cavidades direitas e esquerdas e coletadas amostras sangu&#237;neas para oximetria e c&#225;lculo de fluxo tanto pulmonar como sist&#234;mico. A seguir, foi ultrapassado o defeito e medido o mesmo com o bal&#227;o de medi&#231;&#227;o (<italic>sizing balloon</italic>), sendo o di&#226;metro distendido avaliado por ecocardiografia e por cinegrafia. O tamanho da pr&#243;tese de Amplatzer<sup>&#174;</sup> foi definido pelas medidas da ecocardiografia e da cinegrafia ap&#243;s a distens&#227;o com o bal&#227;o, acrescentando-se 1 mm ou 2 mm. A t&#233;cnica de implante da pr&#243;tese foi a mesma descrita por Fontes e cols.<sup>18</sup>.</p>
    <p>O procedimento foi monitorado por ETE com a finalidade de aferi&#231;&#227;o do tamanho do defeito, acompanhamento da posi&#231;&#227;o da pr&#243;tese no septo, certifica&#231;&#227;o da oclus&#227;o do defeito e avalia&#231;&#227;o do fluxo residual e poss&#237;vel comprometimento de estrutura adjacente. As bordas ideais, a dist&#226;ncia entre as margens da CIA e as valvas atrioventriculares, veias cavas inferior e superior, seio coron&#225;rio e aorta foram consideradas apropriadas quando com mais de 5 mm.</p>
    <p>Todos os pacientes receberam &#225;cido acetilsalic&#237;lico (AAS) na dose de 5 mg/kg antes do procedimento e antibioticoterapia profil&#225;tica com cefazolina (50 mg/kg) no momento do fechamento e com oito e 16 horas ap&#243;s o mesmo, al&#233;m de orienta&#231;&#227;o para profilaxia de endocardite infecciosa e uso de AAS por seis meses ap&#243;s o implante.</p>
    <p>No dia seguinte, os pacientes foram avaliados clinicamente, por meio de eletrocardiografia, radiografia de t&#243;rax e ETT. Ap&#243;s a alta, houve seguimento tanto cl&#237;nico como ecocardiogr&#225;fico com 30 dias, seis e 12 meses.</p>
    <p>Os pacientes ou respons&#225;veis foram esclarecidos sobre o procedimento e assinaram termo de consentimento aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica e Pesquisa de nossa institui&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Resultados</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Neste estudo, 101 pacientes foram submetidos a implante de pr&#243;tese de Amplatzer<sup>&#174;</sup> para tratamento da CIA OS em nossa institui&#231;&#227;o. As caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas dos pacientes est&#227;o apresentadas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab1">tabela 1</xref>.</p>
    <table-wrap id="tab1">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-04-0384-00003-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>De acordo com os achados eletrocardiogr&#225;ficos pr&#233;-procedimento: 96,03% (97/101) dos pacientes apresentavam ritmo sinusal; 2,97% (3/101), fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial; e 0,99% (1/101), <italic>flutter</italic> atrial. Com rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; condu&#231;&#227;o: 29,7% (30/101) apresentavam condu&#231;&#227;o normal; 12,87% (13/101), bloqueio completo de ramo direito; e 57,42% (58/101), dist&#250;rbio de condu&#231;&#227;o pelo ramo direito.</p>
    <p>A ETE, durante o procedimento, revelou que 98 (97,02%) pacientes apresentavam CIA OS com defeito &#250;nico, sendo a presen&#231;a de aneurisma do septo encontrada em apenas cinco pacientes (4,95%).</p>
    <p>Por interm&#233;dio do cateterismo card&#237;aco, verificou-se que a m&#233;dia da press&#227;o sist&#243;lica em art&#233;ria pulmonar foi de 23,83 <underline>+</underline> 1,15 mmHg, a m&#233;dia da press&#227;o diast&#243;lica em art&#233;ria pulmonar foi de 11,27 <underline>+</underline> 7,14 mmHg, e a rela&#231;&#227;o do fluxo pulmonar/sist&#234;mico (Qp/Qs) foi de 4,93.</p>
    <p>A dura&#231;&#227;o dos procedimentos, o tempo de fluoroscopia e o tempo de interna&#231;&#227;o hospitalar est&#227;o apresentados na <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab2">tabela 2</xref>.</p>
    <table-wrap id="tab2">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-04-0384-00003-gt02.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>O tamanho m&#233;dio das pr&#243;teses foi de 23,92 <underline>+</underline> 7,25 mm, sendo a menor de 9 mm e a maior de 40 mm. O tamanho do defeito foi estimado por meio da distens&#227;o com o bal&#227;o de medi&#231;&#227;o por ETE e cinegrafia, e seus valores foram, respectivamente, de 21,22 <underline>+</underline> 7,93 mm e de 21,47 <underline>+</underline> 6,96 mm. N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significante em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224;s medidas realizadas pelo ecocardiografista e pelo hemodinamicista (p = 0,89).</p>
    <p>N&#227;o ocorreram complica&#231;&#245;es imediatas no momento da libera&#231;&#227;o, tais como morte, perfura&#231;&#245;es, emboliza&#231;&#227;o da pr&#243;tese ou comprometimento neurol&#243;gico. Tr&#234;s pacientes (2,97%) tiveram hematoma no s&#237;tio da pun&#231;&#227;o femoral e um paciente apresentou taquicardia supraventricular revertida com adenosina durante o procedimento. A taxa de sucesso foi de 93% (94/101), sendo sete os casos de insucesso. Em dois casos o <italic>device</italic> n&#227;o ocluiu totalmente o defeito, permanecendo uma pequena CIA residual, e em outras cinco situa&#231;&#245;es a pr&#243;tese n&#227;o foi liberada por compress&#227;o de seio coron&#225;rio ou veias cavas. Nesses, os dispositivos foram retirados sem complica&#231;&#245;es e os pacientes foram posteriormente encaminhados a cirurgia. Dos dois pacientes que permaneceram com <italic>shunt</italic> residual ap&#243;s o fechamento, um foi encaminhado para cirurgia e outro foi mantido em tratamento cl&#237;nico. Cefal&#233;ia, sintoma descrito ap&#243;s implante desse tipo de dispositivo, foi observada em tr&#234;s pacientes nos primeiros 30 dias, com resolu&#231;&#227;o espont&#226;nea ap&#243;s esse per&#237;odo. As complica&#231;&#245;es imediatas e tardias est&#227;o apresentadas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab3">tabela 3</xref>.</p>
    <table-wrap id="tab3">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-04-0384-00003-gt03.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>Atualmente o seguimento tardio encontra-se com 12,81 <underline>+</underline> 8,41 meses e 98,9% (100/101) dos pacientes apresentam-se assintom&#225;ticos (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">fig. 1</xref>). Apenas um paciente, tratado aos 70 anos e com hipertens&#227;o arterial pulmonar, foi hospitalizado em decorr&#234;ncia de descompensa&#231;&#227;o da insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca por duas vezes. Ao controle ecocardiogr&#225;fico, evidenciou-se posicionamento adequado das pr&#243;teses, sem <italic>shunt</italic> residual e com oclus&#227;o completa do defeito. Em nossa s&#233;rie, n&#227;o foram observados casos de trombos relacionados ao dispositivo de Amplatzer<sup>&#174;</sup>, endocardite ou outra complica&#231;&#227;o tardia.</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <fig id="f1">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-04-0384-00003-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Neste estudo, apesar de ser uma coorte com pequeno n&#250;mero de pacientes, foram observadas grande seguran&#231;a e efetividade da pr&#243;tese de Amplatzer<sup>&#174;</sup> para oclus&#227;o da CIA OS. Nos 101 pacientes estudados, n&#227;o ocorreu nenhum caso de morte, perfura&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca ou outra complica&#231;&#227;o mais grave na fase hospitalar, concordando com os relatos da literatura<sup>19,20</sup>. Na evolu&#231;&#227;o tardia, atualmente com 12,81 <underline>+</underline> 8,41 meses, n&#227;o foram registrados casos de trombos, emboliza&#231;&#227;o ou endocardite relacionados ao dispositivo, embora essas complica&#231;&#245;es j&#225; tenham sido relatadas<sup>21-23</sup>. Atualmente, com bastante seguran&#231;a e comprovada efic&#225;cia, a pr&#243;tese de Amplatzer<sup>&#174;</sup> pode ser considerada uma alternativa ao tratamento cir&#250;rgico em pacientes selecionados.</p>
    <p>Outro aspecto importante e indispens&#225;vel &#233; o monitoramento com ETE durante o procedimento. Tal acompanhamento propicia adequada visualiza&#231;&#227;o das bordas e seguran&#231;a para libera&#231;&#227;o do dispositivo, al&#233;m da confirma&#231;&#227;o da n&#227;o compress&#227;o de estruturas vitais, como veias cavas, seio coron&#225;rio e borda a&#243;rtica. J&#225; bem descrita na literatura, a defici&#234;ncia de bordas est&#225; intimamente relacionada com o sucesso do procedimento e adequada fixa&#231;&#227;o do dispositivo ao septo<sup>24,25</sup>. Se liberada sem essa criteriosa avalia&#231;&#227;o, a chance de n&#227;o-oclus&#227;o completa do defeito ou emboliza&#231;&#227;o da pr&#243;tese aumenta significativamente. Em nosso estudo, cinco dispositivos n&#227;o foram liberados pela compress&#227;o de estruturas vitais do cora&#231;&#227;o e tiveram de ser retirados sem danos aos pacientes. Essa abordagem confirma que a visualiza&#231;&#227;o adequada no implante do dispositivo, por meio de ETE, &#233; extremamente importante.</p>
    <p>Em nossa s&#233;rie, confirmamos os achados da literatura em que a pr&#243;tese de Amplatzer<sup>&#174;</sup> &#233; uma alternativa segura como terap&#234;utica para as CIA OS. O procedimento apresenta baixo &#237;ndice de complica&#231;&#245;es hospitalares, reduzido tempo de interna&#231;&#227;o e seguran&#231;a comprovada no seguimento tardio<sup>26-28</sup>. Al&#233;m de ser comprovadamente seguro, o tratamento percut&#226;neo evita a toracotomia e tem a vantagem de o paciente n&#227;o precisar ser submetido a clampeamento a&#243;rtico e a circula&#231;&#227;o extracorp&#243;rea, tempos fundamentais na atriosseptoplastia. Tais tempos est&#227;o diretamente relacionados &#224; morbidade da cirurgia. Em estudo prospectivo comparando o dispositivo de Amplatzer<sup>&#174;</sup> e o tratamento cir&#250;rgico em crian&#231;as, Bialkowski e cols.<sup>29</sup> encontraram semelhante taxa de sucesso no fechamento (95,5% cirurgia vs. 97,9% percut&#226;neo; p = NS), por&#233;m com maior tempo de hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o para cirurgia (7,5 x 2,2 dias; p &lt; 0,001). Al&#233;m disso, todas as complica&#231;&#245;es cir&#250;rgicas (derrame peric&#225;rdico, arritmias, sangramento, pneumonia e reopera&#231;&#227;o) foram observadas em 68,2% dos pacientes contra 6,4% no grupo Amplatzer<sup>&#174;</sup>. A necessidade de transfus&#227;o sangu&#237;nea foi de 40,9% na cirurgia e de 2,12% no grupo do tratamento percut&#226;neo (p &lt; 0,001). Em outro estudo, Du e cols.<sup>30</sup> tamb&#233;m compararam os resultados de cirurgia com o fechamento percut&#226;neo para corre&#231;&#227;o de CIA OS, encontrando taxa de sucesso de 100% para cirurgia contra 95,7% para Amplatzer<sup>&#174;</sup> (p = 0,006). Com rela&#231;&#227;o aos desfechos, as complica&#231;&#245;es maiores (embolia cerebral, perfura&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca, endocardite, reopera&#231;&#227;o, morte relacionada ao procedimento, emboliza&#231;&#227;o da pr&#243;tese ou necessidade de marcapasso definitivo) foram de 0,2% para o procedimento percut&#226;neo e de 5,2% para a cirurgia (p &lt; 0,001). O grupo cir&#250;rgico apresentou maior tempo de anestesia (159,7 <underline>+</underline> 54,1 minutos vs. 105,7 <underline>+</underline> 43,2 minutos; p &lt; 0,001) e de hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o (3,4 <underline>+</underline> 1,2 dias vs. 1 <underline>+</underline> 0,3 dia; p &lt; 0,001). N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a quanto &#224; mortalidade no per&#237;odo hospitalar e no seguimento tardio. Em nossa coorte, apresentamos resultados superpon&#237;veis aos resultados cir&#250;rgicos existentes na literatura internacional.</p>
    <p><italic>Limita&#231;&#245;es do estudo -</italic> Este estudo apresenta limita&#231;&#245;es que devem ser consideradas. Trata-se de um estudo de coorte hist&#243;rica sem controle com grupo submetido a cirurgia. Embora nossos resultados sejam semelhantes aos resultados cir&#250;rgicos publicados na literatura (com rela&#231;&#227;o a &#237;ndices de sucesso, complica&#231;&#245;es e sucesso tardio), n&#227;o podemos atestar a superioridade de um tratamento sobre outro, uma vez que o delineamento ideal seria um ensaio cl&#237;nico randomizado. Al&#233;m disso, o Sistema &#218;nico de Sa&#250;de (SUS) n&#227;o custeia a pr&#243;tese, e somente os pacientes com plano privado de sa&#250;de t&#234;m acesso a esse tipo de tratamento.</p>
    <p><italic>Perspectivas futuras -</italic> Diante do sucesso semelhante ao obtido cirurgicamente e com menor morbidade, o fechamento percut&#226;neo da CIA OS vem crescendo cada vez mais em nosso meio, pois as complica&#231;&#245;es cir&#250;rgicas s&#227;o mais expressivas. Al&#233;m disso, o procedimento &#233; curativo na maioria dos casos e com menor agressividade ao paciente. Em alguns pa&#237;ses de primeiro mundo, o procedimento percut&#226;neo tem superado a cirurgia. J&#225; nos pa&#237;ses em desenvolvimento, seu custo tem papel limitante na utiliza&#231;&#227;o rotineira. Vida e cols.<sup>31</sup>, em estudo n&#227;o-randomizado conduzido na Guatemala, compararam efetividade e custos entre os dois tratamentos. As duas terapias mostraram-se efetivas, por&#233;m o grupo Amplatzer<sup>&#174;</sup> apresentou custo superior em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; cirurgia. Sem d&#250;vida alguma, em um futuro pr&#243;ximo, a perspectiva &#233; que o tratamento percut&#226;neo seja mais utilizado em nosso meio, uma vez que apresenta sucesso semelhante na cura do paciente, com menor morbidade. &#201; evidente que se faz necess&#225;rio um ensaio cl&#237;nico randomizado para definitivamente atestar a superioridade de um tratamento sobre o outro.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Conclus&#245;es</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O dispositivo de Amplatzer<sup>&#174;</sup> &#233; seguro e efetivo para o fechamento percut&#226;neo da CIA OS, com altos &#237;ndices de sucesso, baixas complica&#231;&#245;es e manuten&#231;&#227;o adequada a longo prazo.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesses</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflitos de interesses pertinentes.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="back" fn-type="corresp">
        <label>
          <bold>Correspond&#234;ncia:</bold>
        </label>
        <p> Raul Ivo Rossi Filho </p>
        <p> Av. Princesa Isabel, 370  &#150; U. Pesquisa </p>
        <p> 90620-001  &#150; Porto Alegre, RS </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="rossi.pesquisa@cardiologia.org.br">rossi.pesquisa@cardiologia.org.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Artigo recebido em 31/05/06; revisado recebido em 29/08/06; aceito em 03/11/06.</p>
  </body>
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            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
    </ref-list>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Effectiveness of the Amplatzer &#8482; device for transcatheter closure of an ostium secundum atrial septal defect</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effectiveness of the Amplatzer&#8482; septal occluder in the treatment of ostium secundum atrial septal defects (OS ASDs). METHODS: Retrospective cohort study conducted between November 1998 and September 2005 involving 101 OS ASD transcatheter occlusion procedures in our institution. All procedures were conducted in the hemodynamic laboratory under general anesthesia with transoesophageal echocardiographic monitoring (TEE). Clinical and echocardiography assessments of the patients were conducted at 30 days, six months and on an annual basis. The results are presented as averages, standard deviations and percentages. Event-free survival was estimated using the Kaplan-Meier curve. RESULTS: From the 101 patients, 60 (59.4%) were females. Mean age, weight, height, body mass index and body surface area were, respectively: 24.3 &#177; 18.31 years, 51.88 &#177; 23.76kg, 140.59 &#177; 39.3cm, 23.18 &#177; 18.9kg/m&#178; and 1.24 &#177; 0.21m&#178;. The prevalence of interatrial septum aneurysms was 4.95%, and 98 cases had an isolated defect. ASD diameters were 21.47 &#177; 6.96mm using an angiography and 21.22 &#177; 7.93 mm using a TEE. The average size of the implanted devices was 23.92 &#177; 7.25mm, ranging from 9mm to 40mm. The procedure time was 90.47 &#177; 26.67 minutes and the average hospital stay was 2.51 &#177; 0.62 days. Clinical and echocardiography follow-up was conducted at 12.81 &#177; 8.41 months and all devices were securely anchored without any residual shunts. The procedure success rate was 93% (94/101). In five cases adequate deployment of the device was not possible and 2 patients presented residual ASD. No major complications occurred. CONCLUSION: The Amplatzer&#8482; septal occluder is an effective OS ASD transcatheter treatment device.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Atrial septal defect</kwd>
        <kwd>Amplatzer&#8482;</kwd>
        <kwd>transcatheter closure</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>ORIGINAL ARTICLE</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Effectiveness of the Amplatzer &#8482; device for transcatheter closure of an ostium secundum atrial septal defect</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Cristiano Oliveira Cardoso; Raul Ivo Rossi Filho; Paulo Renato Machado; Lisia M. Galant Fran&#231;ois; Estela S. K. Horowitz; Rog&#233;rio Sarmento-Leite</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Programa de P&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o do Instituto de Cardiologia do Rio Grande do Sul &#150; Funda&#231;&#227;o Universit&#225;ria de Cardiologia &#150; Porto Alegre, RS</p>
      <p>
        <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="back-body2">Mailing address</xref>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>SUMMARY</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVE:</bold> To evaluate the effectiveness of the Amplatzer&#153; septal occluder in the treatment of ostium secundum atrial septal defects (OS ASDs).</p>
      <p><bold>METHODS:</bold> Retrospective cohort study conducted between November 1998 and September 2005 involving 101 OS ASD transcatheter occlusion procedures in our institution. All procedures were conducted in the hemodynamic laboratory under general anesthesia with transoesophageal echocardiographic monitoring (TEE). Clinical and echocardiography assessments of the patients were conducted at 30 days, six months and on an annual basis. The results are presented as averages, standard deviations and percentages. Event-free survival was estimated using the Kaplan-Meier curve.</p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS:</bold> From the 101 patients, 60 (59.4%) were females. Mean age, weight, height, body mass index and body surface area were, respectively: 24.3 &#177; 18.31 years, 51.88 &#177; 23.76kg, 140.59 &#177; 39.3cm, 23.18 &#177; 18.9kg/m<sup>2</sup> and 1.24 &#177; 0.21m<sup>2</sup>. The prevalence of interatrial septum aneurysms was 4.95%, and 98 cases had an isolated defect. ASD diameters were 21.47 &#177; 6.96mm using an angiography and 21.22 &#177; 7.93 mm using a TEE. The average size of the implanted devices was 23.92 &#177; 7.25mm, ranging from 9mm to 40mm. The procedure time was 90.47 &#177; 26.67 minutes and the average hospital stay was 2.51 &#177; 0.62 days. Clinical and echocardiography follow-up was conducted at 12.81 &#177; 8.41 months and all devices were securely anchored without any residual shunts. The procedure success rate was 93% (94/101). In five cases adequate deployment of the device was not possible and 2 patients presented residual ASD. No major complications occurred.</p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSION:</bold> The Amplatzer&#153; septal occluder is an effective OS ASD transcatheter treatment device.</p>
      <p><bold>Key words:</bold> Atrial septal defect; Amplatzer&#153;; transcatheter closure.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Introduction</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Atrial septal defects (ASDs) are one of the most common cardiac congenital defects, accounting for roughly 5% to 10% of all cases. It predominates in females with a 1.5 - 3.5:1 female/male ratio<sup>1</sup>. <italic>Ostium secundum</italic> ASD (OS ASD) accounts for roughly 75% of this pathology and the remaining 25% are due to <italic>ostium primum</italic> ASD, sinus venosus ASD and coronary sinus ASD<sup>2</sup>. Since 1948, when Murray described the first atrioseptoplasty<sup>3</sup>, it has been the gold standard surgical therapy offering excellent immediate results. Konstantinides<sup>4</sup>, Murphy<sup>5</sup>, Groundstrem<sup>6</sup> and Ross-Hessenlink<sup>7</sup> reported high success rates and very few complications during late postoperative follow-up of the surgical closure. During the past few decades, various devices have been used in percutaneous OS ASD closure attempts, however the results were not encouraging. In 1997, Sharafudin and associates<sup>8</sup> published an experimental study using a new integrated, self centering and self-expandable prosthesis called Amplatzer<sup>&#174;</sup> (AGA Medical Corporation, Golden Valley, USA). Subsequently, clinical studies have been demonstrating that the results with this device are similar to surgery<sup>9-10</sup>. In adults with this pathology, various study series with late postoperative follow-up have demonstrated favorable clinical evolution<sup>11-17</sup>.</p>
      <p>The objective of this study is to evaluate the effectiveness of the Amplatzer<sup>&#174;</sup> device (AGA Medical Corporation, Golden Valley, USA) for transcatheter treatment of OS ASD.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Methods</bold>
      </p>
      <p><italic>Delineation -</italic> Uncontrolled retrospective cohort study.</p>
      <p><italic>Study population -</italic> Between November 1998 and September 2005, 101 OS ASD closure procedures were performed in the hemodynamic department of our institution. The inclusion criterion was the presence of OS ASD confirmed by a transthoracic (TTE) or transesophageal (TEE) echocardiograph, with indication for defect closure due to clinical repercussions. Patients with ostium primum ASD, sinus venosus ASD, coronary sinus ASD or other associated congenital defects were excluded.</p>
      <p><italic>Statistical analysis -</italic> The results are expressed as averages, standard deviations and percentages. The Kaplan-Meier survival curve was calculated and differences were considered statistically significant when p&lt;0.05. The data were analyzed using the computer program SPSS 11.0.</p>
      <p>Amplatzer<sup>&#174;</sup> Septal Occluder</p>
      <p>The Amplatzer<sup>&#174;</sup> septal occluder (AGA Medical Corporation, Golden Valley, USA) is made with a 0.004 &#150; 0.0075 inch thick nitinol metal alloy (55% nickel and 45% titanium) comprised of two disks linked together by a short connecting waist forming an integrated unit which is self- expandable and self-centering. One disk remains attached to the septum on the right atrial side and the other, which is larger, on the left atrial side. The size of the prosthesis is determined by the waist of the device that corresponds to the ASD diameter. The device is available in various sizes (4 - 40mm) and is filled with polyester fiber that has high thrombogenic properties.</p>
      <p>Transcatheter procedure</p>
      <p>The procedures were performed in the hemodynamic laboratory under general anesthesia and TEE monitoring. During the femoral vein catheterization, right and left cavity pressures were recorded; blood samples were taken for oximetry and to calculate pulmonary and systemic blood flow. Next a sizing balloon was placed across the defect and the stretched diameter was measured guided by echocardiography and cineangiography. The size of the Amplatzer<sup>&#174;</sup> device was determined using the stretched balloon echocardiography and cineangiography measurements plus 1 or 2mm. The device implantation technique followed the method described by Fontes and associates<sup>18</sup>.</p>
      <p>The procedure was monitored by TEE in order to compare the defect size, guide the device positioning in the septum, verify defect occlusion, evaluate residual flow and assess any possible risk to the adjacent structure. The margins, the distance between the ASD margins and the atrioventricular valves, inferior and superior vena cava, coronary sinus and aorta, were considered ideal when they exceeded 5 mm.</p>
      <p>All patients were given a 5 mg/kg dose of acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) before the procedure and prophylactic antibiotic therapy with cefazolin (50 mg/kg) upon closure as well as 8 and 16 hours after closing, in addition to the recommendation of prophylactic treatment for infectious endocarditis and use of ASA for 6 months after the implant.</p>
      <p>On the following day, the patients were clinically evaluated with electrocardiogram, chest x-ray and TEE. After discharge, clinical and echocardiographic assessments were conducted at 30 days, 6 months and 1 year.</p>
      <p>The patients or their designated representatives were briefed on the procedure and signed a consent form approved by the research and ethics committee of our institution.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Results</bold>
      </p>
      <p>In this study 101 patients underwent Amplatzer<sup>&#174;</sup> septal occluder implantations to treat OS ASD in our institution. The clinical characteristics of the patients are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab1-body2">Table 1</xref>.</p>
      <table-wrap id="tab1-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-04-0384-00003-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>The electrocardiography findings before the procedure demonstrate that 96.03% (97/101) of the patients presented sinus rhythm, 2.97% (3/101) atrial fibrillation and 0.99% (1/101) atrial flutter. In relation to conduction, 29.7% (30/101) presented normal conduction, 12.87% (13/101) complete right bundle branch block and 57.42% (58/101) right bundle branch conduction disorders.</p>
      <p>The TEE, during the procedure, revealed that 98 (97.02%) of the patients presented isolated OS ASD and only five patients (4.95%) had septal aneurysms.</p>
      <p>Using cardiac catheterization it was confirmed that the mean pulmonary artery systolic pressure was 23.83 &#177; 1.15 mmHg, the mean pulmonary artery diastolic pressure was 11.27 &#177; 7.14 mmHg, and the pulmonary to systemic blood flow ratio (Qp/Qs) was 4.93.</p>
      <p>Procedure, fluoroscopy and hospital stay durations are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab2-body2">Table 2</xref>.</p>
      <table-wrap id="tab2-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-04-0384-00003-gt02-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>Mean septal occluder size was 23.92 &#177; 7.25 mm, of which the smallest was 9mm and the largest 40mm. Defect size was estimated by the stretched balloon size using TEE and cineangiography and the respective sizes were 21.22 &#177; 7.93 mm and 21.47 &#177; 6.96 mm. There was no significant statistical difference in relation to the measurements taken by the echocardiography technician and the hemodynamic technician (p=0.89).</p>
      <p>During deployment there were no immediate complications such as death, perforations, embolization of the device or neurological complications. Three patients (2.97%) had a hematoma at the femoral puncture site and 1 presented supraventricular tachycardia that was reverted with adenosine during the procedure. The success rate was 93% (94/101) with 7 unsuccessful procedures. In 2 cases, the device did not completely occlude the defect leaving a slight residual ASD and in 5 other cases the device did not deploy due to coronary sinus or vena cava compression. In these cases, the devices were removed with no complications and the patients were referred for subsequent surgery. One of the 2 patients that had a residual shunt after closure was referred to surgery and the other was given clinical treatment. Three patients suffered from headaches during the first 30 postoperative days, a known symptom after implantation of this type of device, that was spontaneously resolved thereafter. Immediate and late complications are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab3-body2">Table 3</xref>.</p>
      <table-wrap id="tab3-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-04-0384-00003-gt03-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>Long term follow-up is currently at 12.81 &#177; 8.41 months and 98.9% (100/101) of the patients are asymptomatic (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig1-body2">Figure 1</xref>). One patient that was 70 years old at the time of the implantation with pulmonary artery hypertension has been admitted to the hospital twice for heart failure decompensation. Echocardiographic monitoring showed adequate device positioning, without a residual shunt and complete occlusion of the defect. In our series, no cases of thrombi, endocarditis or other late complications related to the Amplatzer<sup>&#174;</sup> device were observed.</p>
      <fig id="fig1-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-04-0384-00003-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Even though this study was a cohort with a small number of patients, it demonstrated that occlusion of OS ASD using the Amplatzer<sup>&#174;</sup> device is very safe and effective. From the 101 patients included in the study, there were no deaths, cardiac perforations or other serious complications during the hospital phase, which is consistent with the reports in literature<sup>19,20</sup>. During the late evolution, currently at 12.81 &#177; 8.41 months, no cases of thrombi, embolization or endocarditis related to the device have been recorded even though these complications have been reported in literature<sup>21-23</sup>. The Amplatzer<sup>&#174;</sup> prothesis has proven to be a safe and effective device and currently can be considered an alternative to surgical treatment for selected patients.</p>
      <p>Another important and essential aspect is TEE monitoring during the procedure. This guidance offers adequate visualization of the margins and safe deployment of the device as well as confirmation that the vital structures such as vena cavae, coronary sinus and aortic rim are not compressed. It has been often reported in medical literature that deficient rims are intimately related to the success of the procedure and adequate attachment of the device to the septum<sup>24,25</sup>. If the device is deployed without this critical evaluation the chance of incomplete defect occlusion or embolization of the prosthesis increases significantly. In our study, five devices were not deployed due to compression of the vital heart structures and were removed without harming the patients. This approach confirms that the adequate visualization during device implantation using TEE, is extremely important.</p>
      <p>Our series confirmed medical literature findings that the Amplatzer<sup>&#174;</sup> prosthesis is a safe alternative to treat <italic>ostium secundum</italic> atrial septal defects. The procedure presents a low rate of hospital complications, reduced hospital stays and safety, based on late follow-up<sup>26-28</sup>. Besides the device's proven safety, the transcatheter procedure avoids a thoracotomy and offers the benefit of not submitting the patient to aortic clamping and extracorporeal circulation, crucial timeframes in atrioseptoplasty. These timeframes are directly related to surgical morbidity. In a prospective study comparing the Amplatzer<sup>&#174;</sup> device with surgical treatment in children, Bialbowski and associates<sup>29</sup> found similar closure success rates (95.5% surgery vs. 97.9% transcatheter, p=NS), however the hospital stays for surgery were longer (7.5 vs. 2.2 days, p&lt;0.001). In addition, all surgical complications (pericardial hemorrhage, arrhythmias, bleeding, pneumonia and repeat surgery) were observed in 68.2% of the patients in comparison to 6.4% in the Amplatzer<sup>&#174;</sup> group. Blood transfusion requirements were 40.9% in the surgical group and 2.12% in the transcatheter group (p&lt;0.001). In another study, Zhong-Dong DU and associates<sup>30</sup> also compared surgical and transcatheter closure results for OS ASD treatment and found a success rate of 100% for surgery in comparison to 95.7% for Amplatzer<sup>&#174;</sup> (p=0.006). In regard to outcomes, major complication rates (cerebral embolism, cardiac perforation, endocarditis, repeat surgery, death related to the procedure, embolization of the prosthesis or permanent pacemaker requirements) were 0.2% for the transcatheter procedure and 5.2% for surgery (p&lt;0.001). The surgical group presented greater anesthesia times (159.7 &#177; 54.1 vs. 105.7 &#177; 43.2 minutes, p&lt;0.001) and hospital stays (3.4 &#177; 1.2 vs. 1 &#177; 0.3 days, p&lt;0.001). No differences were found in regard to mortality during the hospital stay or late follow-up. The results from our cohort coincide with surgical outcomes reported in international literature.</p>
      <p><italic>Study limitations -</italic> The present study presents limitations that should be considered. This was an uncontrolled retrospective cohort study of a group submitted to surgery. Even though our results are similar to the surgical results published in literature (in relation to success rates, complications and late success), we cannot confirm that one method is superior to the other since the ideal delineation would be a randomized clinical trial (RCT). Additionally, the Single Health Care System (SUS) does not cover the prosthesis and only patients with private health care plans have access to this type of treatment.</p>
      <p><italic>Future prospects -</italic> The use of OS ASD transcatheter closures has been on the rise in our area since it offers similar success rates, lower morbidity and less expressive complications than surgery. Additionally, in the majority of cases the procedure is corrective and less aggressive for the patient. In some developed countries, the percutaneous procedure has surpassed surgery. However, in developing countries cost is a limiting factor for routine use. Vladimiro Vida and associates<sup>31</sup>, in a non-randomized study conducted in Guatemala, compared the effectiveness and cost of the two treatments. The two therapies proved to be effective, however the Amplatzer<sup>&#174;</sup> presented a higher cost than surgery. Without any doubt, in the near future, the prospect is that the use of the transcatheter treatment will be more widespread in our area since it presents similar corrective success and lower morbidity. It is evident that a RCT is required to definitely confirm the superiority of one treatment over the other.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Conclusion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The Amplatzer<sup>&#174;</sup> device is safe and effective for OS ASD transcatheter closure offering high success rates, few complications and adequate long term maintenance.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
      </p>
      <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fn id="back-body2" fn-type="corresp">
          <label>
            <bold>Mailing address:</bold>
          </label>
          <p> Raul Ivo Rossi Filho</p>
          <p> Av. Princesa Isabel, 370 &#150; U. Pesquisa</p>
          <p> 90620-001 &#150; Porto Alegre, RS</p>
          <p> E-mail: </p>
          <p>
            <email xlink:href="rossi.pesquisa@cardiologia.org.br">rossi.pesquisa@cardiologia.org.br</email>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p>Manuscript received May 31, 2006; revised manuscript received August 29, 2006; accepted November 3, 2006.</p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
