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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">LKc5PNp3FWK3LYzXDhwVJ6c</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00002</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2007000400002</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(07)08800402</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2007000400002</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Avaliando a atividade vagal card&#237;aca na eletrocardiografia convencional</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Teixeira</surname>
            <given-names>Fl&#225;via P.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ricardo</surname>
            <given-names>Djalma R.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Castro</surname>
            <given-names>Claudia Lucia Barros de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ara&#250;jo</surname>
            <given-names>Claudio Gil S. de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Gama Filho</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Programa de P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Educa&#231;&#227;o F&#237;sica </institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff03">
        <institution content-type="orgname">Cl&#237;nica de Medicina do Exerc&#237;cio</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff02">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="state">Minas Gerais</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Faculdade de Ci&#234;ncias M&#233;dicas e da Sa&#250;de de Juiz de Fora-Suprema</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>04</month>
        <year>2007</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>88</volume>
      <issue>4</issue>
      <fpage>378</fpage>
      <lpage>383</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>05</day>
          <month>10</month>
          <year>2006</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>18</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2006</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>18</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2006</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>OBJETIVO: Determinar a viabilidade da utiliza&#231;&#227;o de tra&#231;ado convencional de eletrocardiografia (ECG) para avalia&#231;&#227;o da atividade vagal card&#237;aca (AVC). M&#201;TODOS: Foram analisados, retrospectivamente, 1.395 indiv&#237;duos (995 homens), na faixa de idade de 46 + 17,2 anos (m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o), com tra&#231;ados de ECG convencional para medida do Delta RR, que representa a diferen&#231;a, em ms, entre o maior e o menor intervalo RR, e com resultados da avalia&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica parassimp&#225;tica, o teste de exerc&#237;cio de quatro segundos (T4s), que quantifica a AVC por meio do &#237;ndice vagal card&#237;aco (IVC). Foram obtidas curvas ROC para determinar os valores de Delta RR com melhor rela&#231;&#227;o entre sensibilidade e especificidade para os pontos de corte de baixa e alta AVC, respectivamente, de 1,20 e 1,95. RESULTADOS: Os valores de delta RR correlacionaram-se significativamente com os de IVC (r = 0,40; p &lt; 0,001). Foram identificados &lt; 60 ms e &gt; 120 ms como os melhores pontos de corte para baixa e alta AVC, com sensibilidade de 75% e 57%, especificidade de 62% e 79% e &#225;reas das curvas ROC de 0,76 e 0,74, respectivamente. CONCLUS&#195;O: A medida visual do delta RR em um tra&#231;ado de ECG parece ser v&#225;lida para a avalia&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica preliminar e r&#225;pida da AVC, podendo ser &#250;til em consult&#243;rios, emerg&#234;ncias ou situa&#231;&#245;es nas quais o uso de m&#233;todos mais sofisticados de avalia&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica n&#227;o seja vi&#225;vel, oportuno ou conveniente.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>Teste de esfor&#231;o</kwd>
        <kwd>eletrocardiografia</kwd>
        <kwd>freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>24</day>
        <month>05</month>
        <year>2007</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>ARTIGO ORIGINAL</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Avaliando a atividade vagal card&#237;aca na eletrocardiografia convencional</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Fl&#225;via P. Teixeira<sup>I</sup>; Djalma R. Ricardo<sup>II</sup>; Claudia Lucia Barros de Castro<sup>III</sup>; Claudio Gil S. de Ara&#250;jo<sup>I, III</sup></bold>
    </p>
    <p><sup>I</sup>Programa de P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Educa&#231;&#227;o F&#237;sica da Universidade Gama Filho </p>
    <p><sup>II</sup>Faculdade de Ci&#234;ncias M&#233;dicas e da Sa&#250;de de Juiz de Fora &#150; SUPREMA </p>
    <p><sup>III</sup>CLINIMEX &#150; Cl&#237;nica de Medicina do Exerc&#237;cio &#150; Juiz de Fora, MG - Rio de Janeiro, RJ</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="back">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVO:</bold> Determinar a viabilidade da utiliza&#231;&#227;o de tra&#231;ado convencional de eletrocardiografia (ECG) para avalia&#231;&#227;o da atividade vagal card&#237;aca (AVC). </p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS:</bold> Foram analisados, retrospectivamente, 1.395 indiv&#237;duos (995 homens), na faixa de idade de 46 + 17,2 anos (m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o), com tra&#231;ados de ECG convencional para medida do Delta RR, que representa a diferen&#231;a, em ms, entre o maior e o menor intervalo RR, e com resultados da avalia&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica parassimp&#225;tica, o teste de exerc&#237;cio de quatro segundos (T4s), que quantifica a AVC por meio do &#237;ndice vagal card&#237;aco (IVC). Foram obtidas curvas ROC para determinar os valores de Delta RR com melhor rela&#231;&#227;o entre sensibilidade e especificidade para os pontos de corte de baixa e alta AVC, respectivamente, de 1,20 e 1,95. </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS:</bold> Os valores de delta RR correlacionaram-se significativamente com os de IVC (r = 0,40; p &lt; 0,001). Foram identificados &lt; 60 ms e &gt; 120 ms como os melhores pontos de corte para baixa e alta AVC, com sensibilidade de 75% e 57%, especificidade de 62% e 79% e &#225;reas das curvas ROC de 0,76 e 0,74, respectivamente. </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#195;O:</bold> A medida visual do delta RR em um tra&#231;ado de ECG parece ser v&#225;lida para a avalia&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica preliminar e r&#225;pida da AVC, podendo ser &#250;til em consult&#243;rios, emerg&#234;ncias ou situa&#231;&#245;es nas quais o uso de m&#233;todos mais sofisticados de avalia&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica n&#227;o seja vi&#225;vel, oportuno ou conveniente.</p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave:</bold> Teste de esfor&#231;o, eletrocardiografia, freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Condi&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica adversa est&#225; freq&#252;entemente associada a maior risco de mortalidade por raz&#245;es cardiovasculares e por todas as causas<sup>1-4</sup>, primariamente em fun&#231;&#227;o da diminui&#231;&#227;o da atividade vagal card&#237;aca (AVC)<sup>1,5-7</sup>. Essa menor cardioprote&#231;&#227;o vagodependente pode ser avaliada pelos diferentes comportamentos da freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (FC), como, por exemplo, em situa&#231;&#245;es de repouso<sup>2</sup> e exerc&#237;cio<sup>8-10</sup>. Dessa forma, a modula&#231;&#227;o da FC tem sido amplamente utilizada como uma ferramenta para a an&#225;lise da AVC, sendo considerada potente e independente indicador progn&#243;stico de mortalidade<sup>11</sup>.</p>
    <p>A AVC, na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica, pode ser mensurada por diferentes procedimentos, como a variabilidade da freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (VFC) em seus dom&#237;nios do tempo e da freq&#252;&#234;ncia, em tra&#231;ados curtos e longos na eletrocardiografia (ECG), pela sensibilidade barorreflexa (SBR)<sup>12</sup> e por diversas manobras, como arritmia sinusal respirat&#243;ria (ASR)<sup>13</sup> e os transientes inicial e final de um exerc&#237;cio<sup>14,15</sup>. Dentro dessa perspectiva, Ara&#250;jo e cols.<sup>16</sup> propuseram e validaram um protocolo denominado teste de exerc&#237;cio de quatro segundos (T4s), que objetiva avaliar, reflexa e isoladamente, a AVC por meio do transiente inicial da FC em exerc&#237;cio din&#226;mico s&#250;bito, realizado em condi&#231;&#245;es respirat&#243;rias controladas, sendo expresso adimensionalmente pelo &#237;ndice vagal card&#237;aco (IVC). Esse teste, validado farmacologicamente<sup>16</sup> e altamente fidedigno<sup>17</sup>, vem sendo aplicado nas &#225;reas de investiga&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica e de medicina do exerc&#237;cio, demonstrando ser extremamente &#250;til, n&#227;o s&#243; como instrumento diagn&#243;stico<sup>18,19</sup> mas tamb&#233;m no acompanhamento longitudinal da AVC<sup>20</sup>.</p>
    <p>Diversos grupos de pesquisa<sup>17,21-23</sup> j&#225; evidenciaram que a redu&#231;&#227;o da AVC, mensurada pela variabilidade da freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, &#233; o principal preditor de arritmias complexas, como a taquicardia ventricular sustentada, em ECG de 24 horas<sup>24</sup>, precedendo inclusive os epis&#243;dios de morte s&#250;bita<sup>25</sup>. Entretanto, desconhece-se a possibilidade de avaliar a AVC com base em simples medidas visuais da dura&#231;&#227;o dos intervalos RR em tra&#231;ados eletrocardiogr&#225;ficos convencionais de curta dura&#231;&#227;o, obtidos em repouso e sem controle do padr&#227;o respirat&#243;rio ou influ&#234;ncia de manobras respirat&#243;rias espec&#237;ficas.</p>
    <p>O objetivo do presente estudo foi testar a viabilidade da utiliza&#231;&#227;o de um tra&#231;ado convencional de ECG em 10 segundos para avaliar a AVC, observando sua sensibilidade e especificidade em fun&#231;&#227;o do IVC.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#233;todos</bold>
    </p>
    <p><italic>Amostra -</italic> Foram analisados, retrospectivamente, os dados de 1.395 indiv&#237;duos avaliados em nosso laborat&#243;rio entre 2002 e 2006. Optou-se por uma amostra ampla e heterog&#234;nea, a fim de aumentar a validade externa de nosso estudo. A descri&#231;&#227;o da amostra est&#225; apresentada na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">tabela 1</xref>. Foram propositalmente exclu&#237;dos do estudo indiv&#237;duos com fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial cr&#244;nica, em uso de marcapasso card&#237;aco e em uso regular de medica&#231;&#245;es de a&#231;&#227;o cronotr&#243;pica negativa.</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="t1">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-04-0378-00002-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p>Todos os indiv&#237;duos foram submetidos, voluntariamente, a avalia&#231;&#227;o em medicina do exerc&#237;cio, voltada para diagn&#243;stico cl&#237;nico ou orienta&#231;&#227;o de exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico, composta por consulta m&#233;dica com hist&#243;ria cl&#237;nica detalhada e exame f&#237;sico, ECG convencional de repouso, espirometria, T4s e teste cardiopulmonar de exerc&#237;cio m&#225;ximo, todos realizados em uma mesma visita e sempre nessa ordem.</p>
    <p>Em adendo, os indiv&#237;duos leram e assinaram um termo de consentimento informado antes da realiza&#231;&#227;o dos procedimentos, o qual foi previamente aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica em Pesquisa. A quase totalidade dos indiv&#237;duos era de cor de pele clara e com elevado n&#237;vel socioecon&#244;mico.</p>
    <p><italic>Teste de exerc&#237;cio de 4 segundos</italic> - O T4s foi validado farmacologicamente<sup>16</sup> para avalia&#231;&#227;o isolada da integridade da AVC por meio da an&#225;lise do transiente inicial da FC (transi&#231;&#227;o repouso-exerc&#237;cio), j&#225; tendo sido empregado em estudos de nosso grupo<sup>16,26</sup> e por outros pesquisadores<sup>27</sup>. O T4s consiste em pedalar, o mais r&#225;pido poss&#237;vel, um cicloerg&#244;metro de membros inferiores (Cateye EC-1600, Cat Eye, Jap&#227;o) sem carga, do quarto ao oitavo segundos de apn&#233;ia inspirat&#243;ria m&#225;xima de 12 segundos. Durante a realiza&#231;&#227;o do T4s, os p&#233;s s&#227;o fixados em pedaleiras. Sob monitoriza&#231;&#227;o eletrocardiogr&#225;fica (Elite Ergo PC 3.1.2.5, Micromed, Brasil) de uma deriva&#231;&#227;o, geralmente CM5 ou CC5, s&#227;o visualmente identificados e posteriormente medidos com o aux&#237;lio dos recursos do <italic>software</italic>, com resolu&#231;&#227;o de 10 ms, determinando intervalos RR durante a manobra. O T4s quantifica a AVC por meio do IVC, que representa a acelera&#231;&#227;o da freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca desencadeada reflexamente pela inibi&#231;&#227;o vagal card&#237;aca. O IVC &#233; expresso pela raz&#227;o entre o intervalo RR imediatamente antes ou o primeiro do exerc&#237;cio, aquele que for mais longo (RRB), e o mais curto durante o exerc&#237;cio (RRC). Habitualmente, s&#227;o realizadas duas manobras, escolhendo-se aquela que proporciona o maior valor de IVC. Explica&#231;&#227;o mais detalhada sobre o m&#233;todo pode ser encontrada em uma publica&#231;&#227;o de nosso grupo de pesquisa<sup>28</sup>.</p>
    <p><italic>Medida do Delta RR (ECG convencional) -</italic> A medida do Delta RR foi obtida a partir de um tra&#231;ado de ECG de repouso de 10 segundos (Schiller Cardiovit AT 10, Su&#237;&#231;a), na posi&#231;&#227;o supina, sem controle respirat&#243;rio, ap&#243;s dois minutos de repouso em dec&#250;bito dorsal, usando-se a deriva&#231;&#227;o DII longa, a uma velocidade de 25 mm/s de registro.</p>
    <p>O Delta RR nesse tra&#231;ado, expresso em ms, foi obtido pela diferen&#231;a entre o maior e o menor intervalos RR contidos nesse registro, excluindo-se os ciclos extra-sist&#243;licos ou de escape. Os intervalos RR foram medidos visualmente (eventualmente com aux&#237;lio de lente milimetrada) por m&#233;dico treinado, com resolu&#231;&#227;o de 10 ms (0,25 mm), antes de o mesmo ter conhecimento do resultado do T4s.</p>
    <p><italic>Estat&#237;stica e procedimento de an&#225;lise dos dados</italic> - Inicialmente foi testada a normalidade e a homoscedasticidade da distribui&#231;&#227;o, validando a utiliza&#231;&#227;o da estat&#237;stica param&#233;trica. Para avalia&#231;&#227;o da associa&#231;&#227;o entre as vari&#225;veis analisadas, foi utilizada a correla&#231;&#227;o produto-momento de Pearson<italic>.</italic> A amostra foi subdividida em tr&#234;s subgrupos, de acordo com a AVC medida no T4s pelos pontos de corte do IVC (<underline>&lt;</underline> 1,20, entre 1,21 e 1,94, <underline>&gt;</underline> 1,95), e foi utilizada a an&#225;lise de vari&#226;ncia para observar as diferen&#231;as entre as m&#233;dias do Delta RR dos tr&#234;s subgrupos, seguida de compara&#231;&#245;es <italic>post hoc</italic> de Bonferroni, quando apropriado.</p>
    <p>As curvas ROC foram calculadas para determinar os valores de Delta RR que teriam melhor sensibilidade e especificidade para os pontos de corte propostos para baixa e alta AVC, respectivamente IVCs de 1,20 e 1,95. O ponto de corte inferior foi baseado em estudos anteriores de nosso laborat&#243;rio<sup>9,17</sup>, enquanto a escolha do ponto de corte superior foi baseada no percentil 95 para o IVC na amostra jovem (entre 18 e 35 anos) e saud&#225;vel do extenso banco de dados de nosso laborat&#243;rio. As an&#225;lises foram feitas no <italic>software</italic> estat&#237;stico SPSS, vers&#227;o 13.0, Estados Unidos, exceto as curvas ROC, que foram calculadas utilizando-se o <italic>software</italic> Medcalc vers&#227;o 7.3.0.1, B&#233;lgica. O estudo contou com o apoio financeiro do CNPq e da FAPERJ.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Resultados</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Os valores de Delta RR associaram-se significativamente com o IVC (r = 0,40; p &lt; 0,001). Com base nos pontos de corte utilizados para o IVC, 199 indiv&#237;duos foram classificados como portadores de baixa AVC e 106, como de alta AVC. Estratificando pelas caracter&#237;sticas da amostra, observou-se que entre os 113 atletas apenas um apresentou baixa AVC e que entre os 100 portadores de doen&#231;a arterial coronariana (DAC) somente tr&#234;s apresentaram elevada AVC.</p>
    <p>Os valores de Delta RR em ms, expressos como m&#233;dia (intervalo de confian&#231;a de 95% [IC 95%]), nos tr&#234;s grupos foram de 57 (51-63), 105 (100-110) e 188 (159-218). Os resultados da an&#225;lise de vari&#226;ncia e do <italic>post hoc</italic> de Bonferroni est&#227;o apresentados na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig1">figura 1</xref>.</p>
    <fig id="fig1">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-04-0378-00002-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>Analisando as curvas ROC, &lt; 60 ms e &gt; 120 ms foram identificados como os melhores pontos de corte correspondentes a baixa (IVC &lt; 1,20) e alta (IVC &gt; 1,95) AVC, com valores de sensibilidade de 75% e 57% e de especificidade de 62% e 79%, respectivamente. As curvas e suas respectivas &#225;reas est&#227;o apresentadas nas <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig2">figuras 2</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig3">3</xref>.</p>
    <fig id="fig2">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-04-0378-00002-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
    <fig id="fig3">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-04-0378-00002-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>As <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig4">figuras 4</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig5">5</xref> ilustram os tra&#231;ados de ECG de repouso, com medida do Delta RR e do T4s, com medida do IVC de dois casos t&#237;picos, um com baixa AVC e outro com alta AVC.</p>
    <fig id="fig4">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-04-0378-00002-gf04.jpg"/></fig>
    <fig id="fig5">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-04-0378-00002-gf05.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O transiente r&#225;pido da FC no in&#237;cio de exerc&#237;cio tanto passivo<sup>29</sup> como ativo ocorre exclusivamente pela retirada vagal, como validado farmacologicamente por Ara&#250;jo e cols.<sup>16</sup>, e &#233; a base fisiol&#243;gica do T4s. Sabe-se que a magnitude e a parte da variabilidade da FC em repouso s&#227;o dependentes do ramo parassimp&#225;tico do sistema nervoso aut&#244;nomo, e, embora representem momentos fisiol&#243;gicos distintos de atividade auton&#244;mica, constatou-se haver associa&#231;&#227;o entre os resultados encontrados nesses dois m&#233;todos para avalia&#231;&#227;o da AVC.</p>
    <p>Observou-se, na literatura cient&#237;fica, a proposi&#231;&#227;o de m&#233;todos diagn&#243;sticos, habitualmente, em decorr&#234;ncia dos valores encontrados por meio das curvas ROC. Considera-se v&#225;lido o m&#233;todo cuja curva possui &#225;rea superior a 0,50<sup>30</sup>. Al&#233;m disso, de grande relev&#226;ncia cl&#237;nica s&#227;o os valores encontrados para sensibilidade e especificidade do m&#233;todo proposto. Roche e cols.<sup>31</sup> identificaram ser a redu&#231;&#227;o na variabilidade da FC no dom&#237;nio do tempo um instrumento de <italic>screening</italic> v&#225;lido para a s&#237;ndrome da apn&#233;ia do sono, encontrando valores de 89,7% de sensibilidade e de 98,1% de especificidade.</p>
    <p>No passado, a ASR era o m&#233;todo mais utilizado para a avalia&#231;&#227;o da AVC. Media-se a diferen&#231;a entre os intervalos RR em momentos distintos de manobras respirat&#243;rias. No entanto, Piepoli e cols.<sup>32</sup>, h&#225; alguns anos, demonstraram que a ASR podia ser modificada de acordo com a estimula&#231;&#227;o barorreflexa de receptores arteriais, fazendo com que novos m&#233;todos fossem desenvolvidos e empregados.</p>
    <p>Atualmente, os principais estudos que versam sobre o tema utilizam os m&#233;todos de an&#225;lise espectral com medidas no dom&#237;nio do tempo ou da freq&#252;&#234;ncia<sup>33</sup>, gr&#225;ficos de Poincar&#233;, an&#225;lise da turbul&#234;ncia da freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca<sup>34</sup> e an&#225;lise fractal<sup>24</sup>. Existem, entretanto, diferen&#231;as metodol&#243;gicas importantes, al&#233;m de alguns desses m&#233;todos apresentarem resultados conflitantes, possibilitando cr&#237;ticas como a descrita por Goldberger e cols.<sup>35</sup>. Segundo esses autores, o n&#237;vel basal de atividade parassimp&#225;tica e a intensidade do est&#237;mulo s&#227;o determinantes da magnitude da variabilidade de FC, pelo efeito observado no n&#243;dulo sinusal. Na realidade, a multiplicidade de fatores que interferem nos componentes auton&#244;micos e que s&#227;o praticamente imposs&#237;veis de serem controlados em tra&#231;ado de 24 horas dificulta ainda mais a interpreta&#231;&#227;o dessas an&#225;lises ou limita seu uso cl&#237;nico.</p>
    <p>Em pesquisa anterior, realizada por especialistas<sup>36</sup>, o achado de ASR em um tra&#231;ado de ECG de repouso foi considerado um dos crit&#233;rios de maior suspei&#231;&#227;o para aumento da AVC. Assim, o objetivo dessa pesquisa foi propor uma estrat&#233;gia simples, r&#225;pida e n&#227;o-invasiva, extremamente pr&#225;tica, para a avalia&#231;&#227;o da AVC a partir de um tra&#231;ado de ECG convencional em salas de emerg&#234;ncia, em ambul&#226;ncias de resgate, em consult&#243;rios m&#233;dicos ou at&#233; em ambientes n&#227;o-m&#233;dicos, como est&#225;dios desportivos, tratamentos domiciliares (<italic>home care</italic>) ou aeroportos.</p>
    <p>Um estudo pr&#233;vio de nosso grupo de pesquisa<sup>37</sup> identificou elevada associa&#231;&#227;o entre IVC e dura&#231;&#227;o dos intervalos RR em ECG de repouso em atletas. Buscando identificar crit&#233;rio eletrocardiogr&#225;fico para vagotonia, foi utilizada a curva ROC, que evidenciou que uma m&#233;dia de intervalos RR acima de 990 ms teria adequada acur&#225;cia (75%) para identifica&#231;&#227;o de vagotonia, definida em tal estudo como IVC acima de 2,0, em decorr&#234;ncia do menor n&#250;mero da amostra e da participa&#231;&#227;o exclusiva de atletas.</p>
    <p>Nossos resultados corroboram a impress&#227;o de boa associa&#231;&#227;o entre o IVC e a medida de Delta RR em um tra&#231;ado de ECG de repouso sem manobras respirat&#243;rias em uma amostra propositadamente ampla e heterog&#234;nea, englobando adultos saud&#225;veis e n&#227;o-saud&#225;veis e atletas, o que sugere que a informa&#231;&#227;o fornecida nessa medida &#233; clinicamente relevante e pode ter ampla aplicabilidade pr&#225;tica. Destaca-se, ainda, que os valores propostos pelas curvas ROC para o Delta RR se mostraram bastante robustos para os extremos populacionais, ou seja, portadores de DAC e saud&#225;veis, conforme foi evidenciado nos resultados.</p>
    <p>Um questionamento de natureza pr&#225;tica poderia ser colocado em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; medida do Delta RR. Seria necess&#225;rio e operacional medir com resolu&#231;&#227;o de 10 ms em situa&#231;&#245;es de emerg&#234;ncia? Em princ&#237;pio, considerando que baixa e alta AVC s&#227;o representadas, respectivamente, por 60 ms e 120 ms, torna-se bastante simples e r&#225;pido visualmente distinguir e medir esses valores (1,5 mm e 3 mm) em um tra&#231;ado de DII longo, permitindo estimar com facilidade a AVC em diversas circunst&#226;ncias da pr&#225;tica m&#233;dica, mesmo sem precisar medir cuidadosamente o Delta RR com a resolu&#231;&#227;o utilizada em nossa an&#225;lise.</p>
    <p>Reconhecemos, entretanto, que o controle ao se realizar o tra&#231;ado de ECG, como tempo de dec&#250;bito, aus&#234;ncia de ru&#237;dos, temperatura est&#225;vel, bem como estado emocional dos indiv&#237;duos avaliados, pode ser uma limita&#231;&#227;o &#224; validade externa do estudo. Contudo, diante da vasta utiliza&#231;&#227;o de um tra&#231;ado de ECG em diversas situa&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas e da simplicidade do m&#233;todo aqui apresentado, contrapondo-se &#224; complexidade dos outros atualmente dispon&#237;veis para a mesma finalidade, reconhecemos o potencial da medida do Delta RR como m&#233;todo pr&#225;tico para avalia&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica preliminar da AVC.</p>
    <p>Em s&#237;ntese, pode-se concluir que a medida visual do Delta RR em 10 s de um tra&#231;ado de ECG em uma &#250;nica deriva&#231;&#227;o parece ser um instrumento v&#225;lido para se estimar preliminarmente, de modo simples e com baixo custo, a integridade vagal card&#237;aca, o que poder&#225; ser potencialmente &#250;til em quaisquer situa&#231;&#245;es nas quais o uso de m&#233;todos mais sofisticados de avalia&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica n&#227;o seja vi&#225;vel, oportuno ou conveniente.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="back" fn-type="corresp">
        <label>
          <bold>Correspond&#234;ncia:</bold>
        </label>
        <p> Claudio Gil S. de Ara&#250;jo </p>
        <p> Clinimex - Rua Siqueira Campos, 93/101 </p>
        <p> 22031-070 &#150; Rio de Janeiro, RJ </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="cgaraujo@iis.com.br">cgaraujo@iis.com.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Artigo recebido em 18/08/06; revisado recebido em 18/08/06; aceito em 05/10/06.</p>
  </body>
  <back>
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          <article-title>Criteria for electrocardiographic diagnosis of vagotonia: Is there a consensus in the opinion of specialists?</article-title>
          <source>Arq Bras Cardiol</source>
          <date>
            <year>1994</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>377</fpage>
          <lpage>81</lpage>
          <volume>63</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Lazzoli</surname>
              <given-names>JK</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Annarumma</surname>
              <given-names>MO</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ara&#250;jo</surname>
              <given-names>CG</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
    </ref-list>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Evaluating cardiac vagal activity on a conventional electrocardiogram</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>OBJECTIVE: To determine the viability of using a conventional electrocardiogram (ECG) tracing for assessment of CVA. METHODS: We retrospectively analyzed 1395 individuals (995 males), aged 46 &#177; 17.2 years (mean &#177; standard deviation) with conventional ECG tracings to measure the delta RR (which represents the difference in milliseconds (ms) between the greatest and smallest RR interval) and results of a second autonomic parasympathetic evaluation, the 4-second exercise test (T4s), that quantifies CVA by the cardiac vagal index (CVI). ROC curves were obtained to determine the values of Delta RR for a closer correlation with sensitivity and specificity for 1.20 and 1.95 ms, the low and high CVA cutoff points, respectively. RESULTS: The delta RR levels correlated significantly with those of the CVI (r=0.40; p&lt;0.001). We identified &lt; 60 and &gt; 120 ms as the best cutoff points for low and high CVA. Sensitivity was 75% and 57%, specificity was 62% and 79%, and the areas of the ROC curves were 0.76 and 0.74, respectively. CONCLUSION: The visual measurement of delta RR on an ECG tracing seems to be a valid quick preliminary clinical evaluation of CVA and can be useful in medical offices, emergency units, or situations in which the use of more sophisticated methods may not be feasible, appropriate, or convenient.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Exercise test</kwd>
        <kwd>electrocardiography</kwd>
        <kwd>heart rate</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>ORIGINAL ARTICLE</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Evaluating cardiac vagal activity on a conventional electrocardiogram</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Fl&#225;via P. Teixeira<sup>I</sup>; Djalma R. Ricardo<sup>II</sup>; Claudia Lucia Barros de Castro<sup>III</sup>; Claudio Gil S. de Ara&#250;jo<sup>I, III</sup></bold>
      </p>
      <p><sup>I</sup>Graduate course in Physical Educaton at the Educa&#231;&#227;o F&#237;sica da Universidade Gama Filho</p>
      <p><sup>II</sup>Faculdade de Ci&#234;ncias M&#233;dicas e da Sa&#250;de de Juiz de Fora &#150; SUPREMA</p>
      <p><sup>III</sup>CLINIMEX &#150; Cl&#237;nica de Medicina do Exerc&#237;cio &#150; Juiz de Fora, MG - Rio de Janeiro, RJ</p>
      <p>
        <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="back-body2">Mailing address</xref>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>SUMMARY</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVE:</bold> To determine the viability of using a conventional electrocardiogram (ECG) tracing for assessment of CVA.</p>
      <p><bold>METHODS:</bold> We retrospectively analyzed 1395 individuals (995 males), aged 46 &#177; 17.2 years (mean &#177; standard deviation) with conventional ECG tracings to measure the delta RR (which represents the difference in milliseconds (ms) between the greatest and smallest RR interval) and results of a second autonomic parasympathetic evaluation, the 4-second exercise test (T4s), that quantifies CVA by the cardiac vagal index (CVI). ROC curves were obtained to determine the values of Delta RR for a closer correlation with sensitivity and specificity for 1.20 and 1.95 ms, the low and high CVA cutoff points, respectively.</p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS:</bold> The delta RR levels correlated significantly with those of the CVI (r=0.40; p&lt;0.001). We identified <underline>&lt;</underline> 60 and <underline>&gt;</underline> 120 ms as the best cutoff points for low and high CVA. Sensitivity was 75% and 57%, specificity was 62% and 79%, and the areas of the ROC curves were 0.76 and 0.74, respectively.</p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSION:</bold> The visual measurement of delta RR on an ECG tracing seems to be a valid quick preliminary clinical evaluation of CVA and can be useful in medical offices, emergency units, or situations in which the use of more sophisticated methods may not be feasible, appropriate, or convenient.</p>
      <p><bold>Key words:</bold> Exercise test, electrocardiography, heart rate.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Introduction</bold>
      </p>
      <p>An adverse autonomic condition is frequently associated with a greater mortality risk due to cardiovascular causes and all causality<sup>1-4</sup>, primarily because of a decrease in cardiac vagal activity (CVA)<sup>1,5-7</sup>. This lower vago-dependent cardioprotection can be evaluated by the different heart rate (HR) behaviors, such as in situations of rest<sup>2</sup> and exercise<sup>8-10</sup>. Therefore, HR modulation has been widely used as a tool for analysis of the CVA, and is considered a potent and independent prognostic indicator of mortality<sup>11</sup>.</p>
      <p>In clinical practice, CVA can be measured by different procedures such as heart rate variability (HRV) in the domains of time and frequency, on short and long electrocardiograph (ECG) tracings, by baroreflex sensitivity (BRS)<sup>12</sup>, and by diverse maneuvers such as respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA)<sup>13</sup> and the initial and final transients of an exercise<sup>14,15</sup>. In this perspective, Ara&#250;jo et al<sup>16</sup> proposed and validated a protocol called the 4-second exercise test (T4s) in order to evaluate, both reflectively and isolatedly, the CVA by means of the initial HR transient in a sudden dynamic exercise carried out under controlled respiratory conditions, expressed adimensionally by the cardiac vagal index (CVI). This pharmacologically validated<sup>16</sup> and highly reliable<sup>17</sup> test has been increasingly applied in areas of clinical research and exercise medicine, proving extremely useful not only as a diagnostic tool<sup>18,19</sup>, but as a longitudinal follow-up of CVA<sup>20</sup> as well.</p>
      <p>Several research groups<sup>17,21-23</sup> have already showed that the reduction of the CVA, measured by HRV, is the main predictor of complex arrhythmias such as sustained ventricular tachycardia, in a 24-hour ECG<sup>24</sup>, and even precedes episodes of sudden death<sup>25</sup>. However, the possibility of evaluating the CVA based on simple visual measurements of the duration of RR intervals on short conventional electrocardiographic tracings at rest, with no control of the respiratory pattern or influence of specific respiratory maneuvers, is not known.</p>
      <p>The objective of this study was to test the viability of using conventional 10-second ECG tracings to assess the CVA, observing its sensitivity and specificity regarding CVI.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Methods</bold>
      </p>
      <p><italic>Sample</italic> - We retrospectively analyzed data from 1395 individuals evaluated at our laboratory between 2002 and 2006. We opted for an large heterogeneous sample in order to increase the external validity of our study. A description of the sample is presented on <xref ref-type="table" rid="en_02t1-body2">Table 1</xref>. Intentionally excluded from our study were individuals with chronic atrial fibrillation and cardiac pacemakers who regularly used negative chronotropic effect medications.</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="en_02t1-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-04-0378-00002-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>All subjects evaluated were voluntarily submitted to an exercise medicine assessment geared towards a clinical diagnosis or physical exercise orientation. This appraisal was comprised of a clinical visit that included a detailed medical history and physical examination, a conventional resting electrocardiogram, a 4-second exercise test (T4s), spirometry test and a maximal exercise cardiopulmonary test, all carried out during the same visit and in this order.</p>
      <p>Additionally, before any of the procedures took place, subjects read and signed an informed consent form that had been previously approved by the Research Ethics Committee. Most subjects were light-skinned and came from a high socioeconomic bracket.</p>
      <p><italic>The 4-second exercise test</italic> - The T4s was pharmacologically validated<sup>16</sup> for an isolated evaluation of the integrity of the CVA through analysis of the initial HR transient (resting-exercise transition), and had already been used in studies conducted by our group<sup>16,26</sup> and by other researchers<sup>27</sup>. The T4s consists of pedaling as fast as possible on a lower-limb cycle-ergometer (Cateye EC-1600, Cat Eye, Japan) with no load, from the 4<sup>th</sup> to the 8<sup>th</sup> second of a 12-second maximal inspiratory apnea. During the T4s test, the patient's feet are affixed to the pedals with toe clips. Under electrocardiographic monitoring (Elite Ergo PC 3.1.2.5, Micromed, Brazil) of one lead, generally CM5 or CC5, certain RR intervals are visually identified and subsequently measured during the maneuver with the help of software resources, using a 10 ms resolution. The T4s quantifies the CVA by means of the CVI, which represents the heart rate acceleration reflectively triggered by vagal cardiac inhibition. The CVI is expressed by the ratio between the RR interval immediately before exercise or the first RR interval of the exercise, whichever is longest (RRB), and the shortest RR interval during exercise (RRC). Generally, two maneuvers are performed, and the one that provides the greater CVI value is chosen. A more detailed explanation of the method may be found in a publication by our research group<sup>28</sup>.</p>
      <p><italic>Delta RR measurement (conventional ECG) -</italic> We obtained the measurement of delta RR, based on a resting 10-second ECG (Schiller Cardiovit AT 10, Switzerland) in the supine position, with no respiratory control, after the patient had been at rest, by observing the long DII lead, at a 25 mm/s paper speed.</p>
      <p>The delta RR on this tracing, expressed in ms, was obtained by the difference between the longest and the shortest RR intervals contained in this recording, excluding extrasystole or escape rhythm. The RR intervals were measured visually (sometimes with the aid of a millimeter lens) by a trained physician, using a 10 ms resolution (0.25 mm), before he was informed of the T4s result.</p>
      <p><italic>Statistics and data analysis procedure</italic> - Initially, normality and homoscedasticity of distribution were tested, validating the use of parametric statistics. In order to assess the association between the variables analyzed, we used Pearson's product-moment correlation. The sample was subdivided into three subgroups according to the CVA measured on the T4s by the CVI cutoff points (<underline>&lt;</underline> 1.20, between 1.21 and 1.94, and <underline>&gt;</underline> 1.95) and variance analysis was used to observe the differences between the means of delta RR among the three subgroups, followed by Bonferroni <italic>post hoc</italic> comparisons, whenever appropriate.</p>
      <p>The ROC curves were calculated in order to determine the values of delta RR with the best sensitivity and specificity for the proposed cutoff points for a high and low CVA, respectively, CVIs of 1.20 and 1.95. The lower cutoff point was based on previous studies at our laboratory<sup>9,17</sup>, while the upper cutoff point was based on the 95<sup>th</sup> percentile for CVI in the young (between 18 and 35 years of age) and healthy sample of the extensive database of our laboratory. The analyses were performed with the SPSS statistics software, 13.0 version, USA, except for the ROC curves that were calculated using Medcalc 7.3.0.1 version software, Belgium. Financial support was provided by the CNPq and FAPERJ.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Results</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The values of delta RR showed a significant correlation with the CVI (r=0.40; p&lt;0.001). Based on the cutoff points used for the CVI, 199 individuals were classified as having low CVA and 106 as having high CVA. When stratified by sample characteristics, we found that among the 113 athletes, only one had low CVA, and among the 100 subjects with CAD, only three had elevated CVA.</p>
      <p>The values of the delta RR in ms, expressed as means (95% CI) in the three groups were 57 (51 - 63), 105 (100 - 110), and 188 (159 - 218). The results of the variance analysis and of the Bonferroni <italic>post hoc</italic> comparisons are shown on <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig1-body2">Figure 1</xref>.</p>
      <fig id="fig1-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-04-0378-00002-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>Analyzing the ROC curves, we identified <underline>&lt;</underline> 60 and <underline>&gt;</underline> 120 ms as the best cutoff points corresponding to the low (CVI <underline>&lt;</underline> 1.20) and high (CVI <underline>&gt;</underline> 1.95) CVAs, with sensitivity levels of 75% and 57%, and specificity levels of 62% and 79%, respectively. Curves and their respective areas are shown on <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig2-body2">Figures 2</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig3-body2">3</xref>.</p>
      <fig id="fig2-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-04-0378-00002-gf02-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <fig id="fig3-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-04-0378-00002-gf03-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p><xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig4-body2">Figures 4</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig5-body2">5</xref> illustrate the resting ECG tracings, with measurements of delta RR, and of the T4s, with the measurement of the CVI, from two typical cases, one with a low CVA and the other with a high CVA.</p>
      <fig id="fig4-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-04-0378-00002-gf04-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <fig id="fig5-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-04-0378-00002-gf05-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The rapid HR transient at the beginning of a passive<sup>29</sup> or active exercise occurs exclusively by vagal removal, as was pharmacologically validated by Ara&#250;jo et al<sup>16</sup>; it is the physiological basis of the T4s. We know that the magnitude and part of the variability of the resting HR depend on the parasympathetic branch of the autonomic nervous system. Although they represent distinct physiological moments of autonomic activity, we noted an association between results found with these two methods for CVA evaluation.</p>
      <p>In scientific literature we observe the proposition of diagnostic methods habitually stemming from the results obtained by ROC curves, considering as valid a method with a curve area greater than 0.50<sup>30</sup>. Additionally, the levels obtained for sensitivity and specificity of the method proposed have great clinical relevance. Roche et al<sup>31</sup> noted that the reduction in HR variability in the time domain is a valid screening tool for the sleep apnea syndrome, with results of 89.7% in sensitivity and 98.1% in specificity.</p>
      <p>In the past, the RSA was the most utilized method for CVA evaluation. The difference was measured between the RR intervals in distinct respiratory maneuvers. However, some years ago, Piepoli et al<sup>32</sup> showed that the RSA could be modified according to the baroreflex stimulation of arterial receptors, thus leading to the development and implementation of new methods.</p>
      <p>At present, the main studies on the theme use spectral analysis methods with measurements in the time or frequency domains<sup>33</sup>, graphics of Poincar&#233;, analysis of heart rate turbulence<sup>34</sup>, and fractal analysis<sup>24</sup>. Nonetheless, there are significant methodological differences, and some showed conflicting results that allowed criticism of the referred methods, such as that by Goldberger et al<sup>35</sup>, who suggested that the baseline level of parasympathetic activity and the stimulus intensity determine the magnitude of the HR variability, by the effect observed in the sinus node. In fact, considering the multiplicity of factors that interfere in the autonomic components and are practically impossible to control by a 24-hour tracing, this makes the interpretation of these analyses even more difficult and limits their clinical use.</p>
      <p>In a prior investigation conducted by specialists<sup>36</sup>, the presence of RSA in a resting ECG was considered one of the criteria of greatest suspicion for an increased CVA. Thus, the objective of this research was to propose a simple, quick, non-invasive, and extremely practical strategy for the evaluation of CVA based on a conventional ECG tracing in emergency rooms, rescue vehicles, medical offices, or even non-medical environments such as sports arenas, home care, or airports.</p>
      <p>An earlier study by our research group<sup>37</sup> identified an important correlation between the CVI and the duration of RR intervals on a resting ECG in athletes. Seeking to identify an electrocardiographic criterion for vagotonia, we used the ROC curve, showing that a mean of RR intervals over 990 ms would have sufficient accuracy (75%) to identify vagotonia, which was defined in that study as a CVI over 2.0 because of the smaller sample and the exclusive participation of athletes.</p>
      <p>Our results corroborated the impression of a significant association between the CVI and the delta RR measurement on a resting ECG tracing without respiratory maneuvers in an intentionally ample and heterogeneous sample, encompassing healthy and non-healthy adults and athletes. This suggests that the information provided by this measurement is clinically relevant and may have wide practical applicability. We further note that the values proposed by the ROC curves for delta RR proved very robust for the populational extremes, i.e., subjects with CAD and healthy subjects, as shown in the results.</p>
      <p>A practical question could be asked regarding the delta RR measurement. Is it necessary and feasible to measure with a 10 ms resolution in emergency situations? Considering that high and low CVAs are represented by 60 and 120 ms, respectively, it is simple to visually distinguish and measure these values (1.5 and 3 mm) on a long DII tracing, thus allowing an easy estimate of the CVA in several circumstances of the medical practice, even without carefully measuring the delta RR with the resolution adopted in our analysis.</p>
      <p>We recognize, however, that control difficulties in producing an ECG tracing such as the time of decubitus, absence of noise, and the emotional state of the individuals analyzed, may constitute limitations to the external validity of the study. Nevertheless, considering the wide use of an ECG tracing in different clinical situations and the simplicity of the method we present, in contrast to the complexity of other methods currently available for the same purpose, we recognize the potential of the delta RR measurement as a practical method for a preliminary clinical evaluation of CVA.</p>
      <p>We conclude that the visual measurement of delta RR in 10s of an ECG tracing in one single lead seems to be a valid tool for a simple and low-cost preliminary estimate of cardiac vagal integrity; this may prove to be potentially useful in situations where more sophisticated methods of autonomic evaluation may not be feasible, timely or convenient.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fn id="back-body2" fn-type="corresp">
          <label>
            <bold>Mailing address:</bold>
          </label>
          <p> Claudio Gil S. de Ara&#250;jo</p>
          <p> Clinimex - Rua Siqueira Campos, 93/101</p>
          <p> 22031-070 &#150; Rio de Janeiro, RJ</p>
          <p> E-mail: </p>
          <p>
            <email xlink:href="cgaraujo@iis.com.br">cgaraujo@iis.com.br</email>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p>Manuscript received August 18, 2006; revised manuscript received August 18, 2006; accepted October 5, 2006</p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
