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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">QDpH676RNC56KygbSCM8t8C</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00025</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2007000300025</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(07)08800325</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2007000300025</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Relato de Caso</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Valvoplastia mitral percut&#226;nea em paciente gestante guiada apenas pelo ecocardiograma transesof&#225;gico</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Mangione</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233; A.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Cristov&#227;o</surname>
            <given-names>Salvador Andr&#233; Bavaresco</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Maior</surname>
            <given-names>Gustavo Ithamar Souto</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Abensur</surname>
            <given-names>Henry</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Benefic&#234;ncia Portuguesa de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Departamento de Hemodin&#226;mica e Cardiologia Intervencionista </institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>03</month>
        <year>2007</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>88</volume>
      <issue>3</issue>
      <fpage>e62</fpage>
      <lpage>e65</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>01</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2006</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>01</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2006</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>03</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2006</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>A estenose da v&#225;lvula mitral &#233; a les&#227;o de v&#225;lvula mais comum durante a gravidez. Apesar de um tratamento cl&#237;nico eficaz e de uma anatomia valvular favor&#225;vel, de acordo com o crit&#233;rio de Wilkins e Block [score de Wilkins-Block], a interven&#231;&#227;o percut&#226;nea em pacientes sintom&#225;ticas mostra-se muito importante. Nessas pacientes, recomenda-se evitar ao m&#225;ximo a exposi&#231;&#227;o aos raios X para proteger o feto dos efeitos delet&#233;rios da radia&#231;&#227;o ionizante. Neste relato de caso, uma paciente de 24 anos, gr&#225;vida, com grave estenose mitral (&#225;rea valvular de 0,9 cm&#178;), foi submetida com sucesso a um tratamento percut&#226;neo com ETE-guiado, sem o uso de raios X.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>Estenose da valva mitral</kwd>
        <kwd>cateterismo com bal&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>gravidez</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>24</day>
        <month>05</month>
        <year>2007</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>RELATO DE CASO</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Valvoplastia mitral percut&#226;nea em paciente gestante guiada apenas pelo ecocardiograma transesof&#225;gico</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Jos&#233; A. Mangione; Salvador Andr&#233; Bavaresco Cristov&#227;o; Gustavo Ithamar Souto Maior; Henry Abensur</bold>
    </p>
    <p> Departamento de Hemodin&#226;mica e Cardiologia Intervencionista do Hospital Benefic&#234;ncia Portuguesa - S&#227;o Paulo, SP</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A estenose da v&#225;lvula mitral &#233; a les&#227;o de v&#225;lvula mais comum durante a gravidez. Apesar de um tratamento cl&#237;nico eficaz e de uma anatomia valvular favor&#225;vel, de acordo com o crit&#233;rio de Wilkins e Block [score de Wilkins-Block], a interven&#231;&#227;o percut&#226;nea em pacientes sintom&#225;ticas mostra-se muito importante. Nessas pacientes, recomenda-se evitar ao m&#225;ximo a exposi&#231;&#227;o aos raios X para proteger o feto dos efeitos delet&#233;rios da radia&#231;&#227;o ionizante. Neste relato de caso, uma paciente de 24 anos, gr&#225;vida, com grave estenose mitral (&#225;rea valvular de 0,9 cm<sup>2</sup>), foi submetida com sucesso a um tratamento percut&#226;neo com ETE-guiado, sem o uso de raios X.</p>
    <p><bold>Palavra-chave:</bold> Estenose da valva mitral, cateterismo com bal&#227;o, gravidez.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A valvoplastia por bal&#227;o guiada por fluoroscopia &#233; reconhecida por ser segura e eficiente para pacientes gr&#225;vidas com estenose mitral sintom&#225;tica, e seu papel est&#225; muito bem estabelecido na literatura mundial<sup>1,2,3</sup>. Contudo, nesse procedimento o feto &#233; exposto aos efeitos delet&#233;rios da radia&#231;&#227;o ionizante. A aus&#234;ncia de relatos de caso, na literatura, que utilizem o ecocardiograma transesof&#225;gico como guia de valvoplastia em pacientes gr&#225;vidas e a elimina&#231;&#227;o da exposi&#231;&#227;o fetal aos efeitos danosos da radia&#231;&#227;o ionizante nos motivou a publicar o presente relato.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Relato do Caso</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Paciente de 24 anos, caucasiana, casada, primigesta, nascida e residente em Porto Velho - RO, no Brasil, apresentando estenose mitral reum&#225;tica, foi admitida em nosso servi&#231;o em outubro de 2005 com uma classe funcional III da New York Heart Association &#150; NYHA, apesar do uso de propranolol (120 mg/dia) e hidroclorotiazida (25 mg/dia).</p>
    <p>Ao exame f&#237;sico, a paciente apresentou bom estado geral: peso - 64 kg, altura - 1,65 m, freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca - 68 bpm, ritmo card&#237;aco regular em 2 tempos, primeira bulha hiperfon&#233;tica e sopro diast&#243;lico 4+/6+ na &#225;rea mitral, com a presen&#231;a de fr&#234;mito. Seus pulm&#245;es estavam limpos e o abd&#244;men grav&#237;dico. O eletrocardiograma apresentou ondas "p" com dura&#231;&#227;o no limite superior da normalidade (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig01">fig. 1</xref>).</p>
    <fig id="fig01">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-03-0e62-00025-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>O ecocardiograma transtor&#225;cico realizado no momento da admiss&#227;o revelou que a &#225;rea da v&#225;lvula mitral era de 0,9 cm<sup>2</sup>, com um gradiente de 15 mmHg e um score de Wilkins e Block<sup>4</sup> de 9 pontos (mobilidade 3, espessamento 3, c&#225;lcio 1 e aparato subvalvular 2). Verificou-se ainda regurgita&#231;&#227;o mitral discreta, di&#226;metro diast&#243;lico do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (VE) de 48 mm, fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do VE de 0,81, &#225;trio esquerdo (AE) com 49 mm (aumento importante), insufici&#234;ncia discreta da valva tric&#250;spide e press&#227;o sist&#243;lica da art&#233;ria pulmonar estimada de 50 mmHg, sem outras altera&#231;&#245;es significativas.</p>
    <p>Baseado em sua condi&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica e na morfologia favor&#225;vel do aparato valvular mitral descrito no estudo ecocardiogr&#225;fico, decidiu-se tratar a estenose mitral percutaneamente, usando a t&#233;cnica Inoue<sup>5</sup>, guiada apenas pela ecocardiografia transesof&#225;gica, evitando-se assim a exposi&#231;&#227;o do feto aos potenciais efeitos delet&#233;rios da radia&#231;&#227;o ionizante<sup>6</sup>.</p>
    <p>Antes do procedimento foi realizada uma avalia&#231;&#227;o ginecol&#243;gica e obst&#233;trica. O exame de ultra-som revelou gesta&#231;&#227;o t&#243;pica e &#250;nica; biometria fetal estimada em 24 semanas e dois dias, desenvolvimento adequado e freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca fetal de 154 bpm; placenta anterior grau 0; apresenta&#231;&#227;o cef&#225;lica; posi&#231;&#227;o longitudinal; volume normal de l&#237;quido amni&#243;tico e cord&#227;o umbilical com tr&#234;s vasos.</p>
    <p>A valvoplastia mitral foi realizada no laborat&#243;rio de cateterismo card&#237;aco, na presen&#231;a das equipes obst&#233;trica e ecocardigr&#225;fica. A paciente foi submetida &#224; seda&#231;&#227;o superficial e analgesia com midazolan intravenoso (6 mg) e meperidina (15 mg), sem necessidade de intuba&#231;&#227;o orotraqueal. A art&#233;ria e a veia femoral direita foram puncionadas e canuladas com introdutores 6F e 7F, respectivamente.</p>
    <p>Posicionou-se o fio guia ao n&#237;vel da veia cava superior usando a vis&#227;o longitudinal bicaval subcostal (90&#186;). A pun&#231;&#227;o transeptal foi feita com a t&#233;cnica Brockenbrough<sup>7</sup>, utilizando um cateter Mullins ap&#243;s a visualiza&#231;&#227;o do septo interatrial, usando a mesma vis&#227;o (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig02">fig. 2</xref>). Ap&#243;s a pun&#231;&#227;o do septo interatrial, administrou-se heparina I.V. em 70U/kg. O fio guia foi posicionado no AE (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig03">fig. 3</xref>) e a dilata&#231;&#227;o do septo interatrial foi realizada com um dilatador 14F. Um bal&#227;o Inoue de 26 mm (calculado a partir da f&#243;rmula: di&#226;metro do bal&#227;o = [altura (cm) /10] + 10) foi introduzido no VE. Ap&#243;s nos certificarmos de que o bal&#227;o estava livre na c&#226;mara ventricular esquerda, este foi insuflado em sua por&#231;&#227;o distal e ancorado no &#226;nulo mitral e a dilata&#231;&#227;o valvular foi feita com um di&#226;metro de bal&#227;o de 25 mm, por aproximadamente 5 segundos (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig04">fig. 4</xref>).</p>
    <fig id="fig02">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-03-0e62-00025-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
    <fig id="fig03">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-03-0e62-00025-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
    <fig id="fig04">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-03-0e62-00025-gf04.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>O resultado ecocardiogr&#225;fico obtido ap&#243;s a primeira insufla&#231;&#227;o foi considerado insatisfat&#243;rio (a &#225;rea valvular era de 1,6 cm<sup>2</sup>) e decidiu-se por uma nova insufla&#231;&#227;o, at&#233; 26 mm, ap&#243;s a qual obteve como resultado uma &#225;rea valvar de 2,2 cm<sup>2</sup> e refluxo mitral discreto. O bal&#227;o Inoue foi removido e n&#227;o se detectou shunt de esquerda para direita ao n&#237;vel do septo interatrial (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig05">fig. 5</xref>).</p>
    <fig id="fig05">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-03-0e62-00025-gf05.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>O procedimento foi realizado sem intercorr&#234;ncias com dura&#231;&#227;o de 25 minutos desde a pun&#231;&#227;o femoral.</p>
    <p>A paciente permaneceu na Unidade de Tratamento Intensivo por 24 horas, sob observa&#231;&#227;o, recebendo alta hospitalar em seguida.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A estenose mitral &#233; a les&#227;o valvular mais comum durante a gravidez<sup>8,9</sup>, sendo no Brasil a respons&#225;vel por 50% de todas as valvopatias em mulheres gr&#225;vidas<sup>10</sup>. Durante a gravidez, a maioria das pacientes com estenose mitral de moderada a intensa evoluem com a piora de uma ou duas classes funcionais da NYHA<sup>8,11</sup>. As altera&#231;&#245;es fisiol&#243;gicas (aumento do d&#233;bito card&#237;aco, do n&#237;vel sang&#252;&#237;neo e da freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca) agravam a doen&#231;a hemodin&#226;mica resultante da obstru&#231;&#227;o durante o esvaziamento do &#225;trio esquerdo, o que causa um aumento de press&#227;o no AE e no territ&#243;rio pulmonar.</p>
    <p>Al&#233;m das repercuss&#245;es maternas, a estenose mitral est&#225; relacionada a um importante aumento da taxa de prematuridade, retardo do crescimento fetal e neonatos de baixo peso<sup>11,12</sup>.</p>
    <p>A estabiliza&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica de gestantes portadoras de estenose mitral pode, na maioria dos casos, ser obtida com o controle da freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e redu&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o atrial esquerda, alcan&#231;ados com a limita&#231;&#227;o da atividade f&#237;sica e a utiliza&#231;&#227;o de beta-bloqueadores e diur&#233;ticos. Entretanto, estes &#250;ltimos devem ser utilizados com grande cautela para se evitar uma redu&#231;&#227;o expressiva do fluxo sang&#252;&#237;neo placent&#225;rio. Em pacientes que persistem com sintomas significativos apesar da terap&#234;utica cl&#237;nica adequada, o tratamento invasivo percut&#226;neo ou cir&#250;rgico pode ser indicado.</p>
    <p>&#201; importante salientar que at&#233; mesmo pacientes em classes funcionais I e II podem evoluir desfavoravelmente, j&#225; que apresentam valvopatia obstrutiva. J&#225; pacientes em classes funcionais III e IV normalmente t&#234;m evolu&#231;&#227;o desfavor&#225;vel. Portanto, terapias invasivas mostram-se de grande valor para o adequado controle cl&#237;nico dessas pacientes. </p>
    <p>Contudo, cirurgias abertas ou fechadas est&#227;o relacionadas &#224; alta morbi-mortalidade do bin&#244;mio materno-fetal, o que limita seu uso<sup>13,14</sup>.</p>
    <p>V&#225;rios ensaios<sup>1-3,15 </sup>t&#234;m mostrado bons resultados imediatos com o tratamento percut&#226;neo dessas pacientes, que desenvolvem significativo aumento na &#225;rea valvular com baixa taxa de complica&#231;&#245;es.</p>
    <p>At&#233; o momento, o acompanhamento cl&#237;nico das crian&#231;as tem sido positivo, com desenvolvimento normal e sem os efeitos adversos resultantes da radia&#231;&#227;o ionizante<sup>3,16</sup>. No entanto, nesses pacientes, &#233; recomend&#225;vel evitar, ao m&#225;ximo, a exposi&#231;&#227;o ao raios X, especialmente no primeiro trimestre da gravidez, quando se d&#225; a organog&#234;nese fetal. Embora, ap&#243;s esse per&#237;odo, os riscos estejam minimizados, a exposi&#231;&#227;o &#224; radia&#231;&#227;o est&#225; associada a efeitos delet&#233;rios. H&#225; relatos de retardamento do crescimento intra-uterino, anormalidades do sistema nervoso central e aumento da incid&#234;ncia de neoplasias na inf&#226;ncia, como a leucemia<sup>6</sup>.</p>
    <p>As prote&#231;&#245;es fetais mais comumente usadas durante a VMP incluem o m&#237;nimo poss&#237;vel de tempo de fluoroscopia e o uso de um avental de chumbo nas regi&#245;es abdominal e p&#233;lvica da m&#227;e.</p>
    <p>Procurando eliminar completamente os poss&#237;veis riscos da utiliza&#231;&#227;o da radia&#231;&#227;o ionizante, a valvoplastia a qual esta paciente foi submetida foi realizada somente com a utiliza&#231;&#227;o do ecocardiograma transesof&#225;gico que proporcionou facilidade e seguran&#231;a. Essa forma de tratamento &#233; recomendada para pacientes gr&#225;vidas, particularmente com a t&#233;cnica de Inoue, pela sua maior simplicidade, e deve ser realizada por equipes que possuam grande experi&#234;ncia no tratamento percut&#226;neo da estenose mitral.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesses</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflitos de interesses pertinentes.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="end" fn-type="corresp">
        <p>Correspond&#234;ncia:</p>
        <p> Gustavo Ithamar Souto Maior </p>
        <p> R. Maestro Cardim, 769 &#150; 1&#186; SS &#150; SL 71 &#150; BL 1 </p>
        <p> 01323-900 &#150; S&#227;o Paulo/SP </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="gustavomaior@cardiol.br">gustavomaior@cardiol.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p> Artigo recebido em 03/05/06; revisado recebido em 01/06/06; aceito em 01/06/06.</p>
  </body>
  <back>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Case Report</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Percutaneous mitral valvuloplastry in a pregnant woman guided only by the transesophageal echocardiography</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>Mitral valve stenosis is the most common valve lesion in pregnancy. In spite of an optimized clinical treatment and a favorable valve anatomy according to Wilkins and Block score, in symptomatic patients, percutaneous intervention is shown to be of great importance. In these patients, avoiding x-ray exposure as much as possible is recommended so as to protect the fetus from the deleterious effects of ionizing radiation. In this case report, a 24-year old pregnant patient with severe mitral stenosis (valve area of 0.9 cm&#178;) was successfully submitted to a TEE-guided percutaneous treatment, without the use of x-ray.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Mitral valve stenosis</kwd>
        <kwd>balloon dilatation</kwd>
        <kwd>pregnancy</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>CASE REPORT</bold>
      </p>
      <p> Percutaneous mitral valvuloplastry in a pregnant woman guided only by the transesophageal echocardiography</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Jos&#233; A. Mangione; Salvador Andr&#233; Bavaresco Cristov&#227;o; Gustavo Ithamar Souto Maior; Henry Abensur</bold>
      </p>
      <p> Departamento de Hemodin&#226;mica e Cardiologia Intervencionista do Hospital Benefic&#234;ncia Portuguesa - S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</p>
      <p>
        <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end-body2">Mailing Address</xref>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>SUMMARY</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Mitral valve stenosis is the most common valve lesion in pregnancy. In spite of an optimized clinical treatment and a favorable valve anatomy according to Wilkins and Block score, in symptomatic patients, percutaneous intervention is shown to be of great importance. In these patients, avoiding x-ray exposure as much as possible is recommended so as to protect the fetus from the deleterious effects of ionizing radiation. In this case report, a 24-year old pregnant patient with severe mitral stenosis (valve area of 0.9 cm&#178;) was successfully submitted to a TEE-guided percutaneous treatment, without the use of x-ray.</p>
      <p><bold>Key words:</bold> Mitral valve stenosis; balloon dilatation; pregnancy.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Introduction</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Fluoroscopy-guided balloon valvuloplasty is known to be safe and effective in pregnant patients with symptomatic mitral stenosis, and its role is well established in the literature worldwide<sup>1-3</sup>. However, the fetus is exposed to the harmful effects of ionizing radiation. The lack of case reports in the literature on the use of transesophageal echocardiography as a guide to valvuloplasty in pregnant patients, and the elimination of fetal exposure to the harmful effects of ionizing radiation encouraged us to publish this article.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Case Report</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Patient, 24 years old, Caucasian, married, primigravida, born and residing in Porto Velho &#150; State of Rond&#244;nia, Brazil, was admitted in our service in October, 2005 with rheumatic mitral stenosis and NYHA (New York Heart Association) functional class III, despite the use of propranolol (120mg/day) and hydrochlorothiazide (25mg/day).</p>
      <p>Her physical examination revealed good general conditions: weight - 64Kg, height &#150; 1.65 m, heart rate &#150; 68 bpm, regular heart rhythm with no extra sounds, accentuated S1, grade 4/6 diastolic murmur in the mitral area and the presence of thrill. She had vesicular breath sounds and a pregnant abdomen. The electrocardiogram showed p-wave duration at the upper limit of normal (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig01-body2">Figure 1</xref>).</p>
      <fig id="fig01-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-03-0e62-00025-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>The transthoracic echocardiogram at admission revealed a mitral valve area of 0.9 cm<sup>2 </sup>with a mean gradient of 15 mmHg and a Wilkins and Block score<sup>4 </sup>of 9 points (3 mobility, 3 thickening, 1 calcification, and 2 subvalvular apparatus); mild mitral regurgitation; left ventricular (LV) diastolic diameter of 48 mm; LV ejection fraction of 0.81; left atrium (LA) with 49 mm (significant enlargement); mild tricuspid regurgitation; and systolic pulmonary artery pressure estimated at 50 mmHg, without further significant alterations.</p>
      <p>Based on the patient&#146;s clinical status and on the favorable morphology of the mitral valve apparatus as described in the echocardiographic study, the decision was to treat the mitral stenosis percutaneously using the Inoue technique<sup>5</sup>, guided only by transesophageal echocardiography, so as to prevent fetal exposure to the potentially harmful effects of ionizing radiation<sup>6</sup>.</p>
      <p>A gynecological and obstetric evaluation was performed prior to the procedure. The ultrasonography revealed a single fetus, fetal biometry estimated at 24 weeks and two days, adequate development and fetal heart rate of 154 bpm, anterior grade 0 placenta, cephalic presentation, longitudinal lie, normal amniotic fluid volume, and a three-vessel umbilical chord.</p>
      <p>The procedure was carried out in the presence of the obstetric and echocardiography teams in the catheterization laboratory. The patient underwent conscious sedation and analgesia with intravenous midazolam (6mg) and meperidine (15mg), not requiring orotracheal intubation. The right femoral artery and vein were punctured and cannulated with 6F and 7F introducers, respectively.</p>
      <p>We positioned the guidewire at the superior vena cava using the subcostal bicaval longitudinal view (90&#186;). Transeptal puncture was performed with the Brockenbrough technique<sup>7 </sup>utilizing a Mullins catheter after visualization of the interatrial septum using the same view (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig02-body2">Figure 2</xref>). After puncture, IV heparin was given at 70U/kg. The guidewire was positioned in the left atrium (LA) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig03-body2">Figure 3</xref>), and the dilation of the interatrial septum was performed with a 14F dilator. A 26-mm Inoue balloon (calculated with the formula: balloon diameter = [height (cm) /10] + 10) was introduced up to the left ventricle (LV). After making sure that the balloon was free in the left ventricular chamber, it was inflated in its distal portion and anchored at the mitral annulus, and valve dilation was performed with a 25-mm-diameter balloon for approximately 5 seconds (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig04-body2">Figure 4</xref>).</p>
      <fig id="fig02-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-03-0e62-00025-gf02-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <fig id="fig03-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-03-0e62-00025-gf03-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <fig id="fig04-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-03-0e62-00025-gf04-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>After the first inflation, the echocardiographic result obtained was not considered satisfactory (valve area of 1.6 cm<sup>2</sup>), so we decided to perform a second inflation, with a 26-mm-diameter balloon, with a resulting valve area of 2.2 cm<sup>2</sup> and mild mitral regurgitation. The Inoue balloon was removed, and no left-to-right shunt was detected at the interatrial septum. (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig05-body2">Figure5</xref>). </p>
      <fig id="fig05-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-03-0e62-00025-gf05-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>The procedure was uneventful and had a total duration of 25 minutes as of the femoral puncture.</p>
      <p>The patient remained in the Intensive Care Unit for 24 hours under observation, after which she was discharged.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Mitral valve stenosis is the most common valve disease in pregnancy<sup>8,9</sup>. In Brazil, it accounts for 50% of all heart valve diseases in pregnant women<sup>10</sup>. During pregnancy, most patients with moderate to severe mitral stenosis progress with a deterioration of one or two NYHA functional classes<sup>8,11</sup>. The physiological alterations (increased cardiac output, blood volume and heart rate) worsen the hemodynamic status resulting from the obstruction during left atrial emptying, which causes a pressure increase in the LA and in the pulmonary region.</p>
      <p>In addition to the repercussions for the mother, mitral stenosis is related to a significant increase in prematurity, fetal growth retardation and low birth weight<sup>11,12</sup>.</p>
      <p>Clinical stabilization of pregnant women with mitral stenosis can be obtained, in most cases, with heart rate control and left atrial pressure reduction, by means of limited physical activities and the use of beta-blockers and diuretics. Nevertheless, the latter two must be used with great caution so as to avoid a significant reduction in placental blood flow. In patients who persist with significant symptoms despite adequate clinical therapy, percutaneous or invasive surgical treatment is indicated.</p>
      <p>It is important to note that even functional class I and II patients may have an unfavorable outcome because they may present an obstructive valve disease. Functional class III and IV patients usually have an unfavorable outcome. Therefore, invasive therapies have proven to be of great value for the adequate clinical control of these patients.</p>
      <p>However, open or closed surgery are related to high fetal and maternal mortality and morbidity rates, which limit their use<sup>13,14</sup>.</p>
      <p>Several studies<sup>1-15</sup> have shown favorable immediate results with percutaneous treatment in these patients, with a significant increase in valve area and low complication rates.</p>
      <p>So far, the children&#146;s clinical follow-up has been favorable, with normal development and no adverse effects resulting from ionizing radiation<sup>3,16</sup>. However, these patients are advised to avoid x-ray exposure as much as possible, particularly in the first trimester of pregnancy, when fetal organogenesis occurs. Although after this period the risks are minimized, radiation exposure is associated with harmful effects. Intrauterine growth retardation, central nervous system abnormalities and increased incidence of childhood cancer, such as leukemia, are reported<sup>6</sup>.</p>
      <p>The most commonly used form of fetal protection during PMV includes the shortest possible time of fluoroscopy and the placement of a lead apron on the mother&#146;s abdominal and pelvic regions.</p>
      <p>In an attempt to completely eliminate the possible risks associated with the use of ionizing radiation, valvuloplasty was performed using only transesophageal echocardiography, which made the procedure easy and safe. This option should be encouraged in pregnant patients, particularly with the use of the Inoue technique, because of its greater simplicity, and performed by teams experienced in the percutaneous treatment of mitral stenosis.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
      </p>
      <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fn id="end-body2" fn-type="corresp">
          <label>
            <bold>Mailing Address:</bold>
          </label>
          <p> Gustavo Ithamar Souto Maior</p>
          <p> R. Maestro Cardim, 769 &#150; 1&#186; SS &#150; SL 71 &#150; BL 1</p>
          <p> 01323-900 &#150; S&#227;o Paulo/SP - Brazil</p>
          <p> E-mail: </p>
          <p>
            <email xlink:href="gustavomaior@cardiol.br">gustavomaior@cardiol.br</email>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p> Manuscript received May 3, 2006; revised manuscript received June 1, 2006; accepted June 1, 2006.</p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
