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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">LNxKF93sWgtDnmML7bxDLTC</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00024</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2007000300024</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(07)08800324</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2007000300024</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Relato de Caso</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Acesso trans-hep&#225;tico para atriosseptostomia em neonato</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Neves</surname>
            <given-names>Juliana Rodrigues</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ferreiro</surname>
            <given-names>Carlos R.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Fontes</surname>
            <given-names>Valmir F.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pedra</surname>
            <given-names>Carlos A. C.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state"/>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital do Cora&#231;&#227;o</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Hospital do Cora&#231;&#227;o </institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>03</month>
        <year>2007</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>88</volume>
      <issue>3</issue>
      <fpage>e59</fpage>
      <lpage>e61</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>10</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2006</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>01</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2006</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>06</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2007</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>Relatamos um caso de um neonato portador de transposi&#231;&#227;o completa das grandes art&#233;rias que foi submetido a atrioseptostomia de Rashkind por acesso trans-hep&#225;tico por interrup&#231;&#227;o cong&#234;nita da veia cava inferior. Os aspectos t&#233;cnicos do procedimento s&#227;o discutidos.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>Acesso trans-hep&#225;tico</kwd>
        <kwd>atriosseptostomia</kwd>
        <kwd>transposi&#231;&#227;o das grandes art&#233;rias</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>24</day>
        <month>05</month>
        <year>2007</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>RELATO DE CASO</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Acesso trans-hep&#225;tico para atriosseptostomia em neonato</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Juliana Rodrigues Neves; Carlos R. Ferreiro; Valmir F. Fontes; Carlos A. C. Pedra</bold>
    </p>
    <p> Hospital do Cora&#231;&#227;o da Associa&#231;&#227;o Sanat&#243;rio S&#237;rio - S&#227;o Paulo, SP</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Relatamos um caso de um neonato portador de transposi&#231;&#227;o completa das grandes art&#233;rias que foi submetido a atrioseptostomia de Rashkind por acesso trans-hep&#225;tico por interrup&#231;&#227;o cong&#234;nita da veia cava inferior. Os aspectos t&#233;cnicos do procedimento s&#227;o discutidos.</p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave:</bold> Acesso trans-hep&#225;tico, atriosseptostomia, transposi&#231;&#227;o das grandes art&#233;rias.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A mortalidade pr&#233;-operat&#243;ria em rec&#233;m-nascidos com transposi&#231;&#227;o completa das grandes art&#233;rias (TGA) se deve principalmente a comunica&#231;&#245;es interatriais (CIA) ausentes ou restritivas. No manuseio desses neonatos se destacam a utiliza&#231;&#227;o de prostaglandina para promover a pat&#234;ncia do canal arterial e a realiza&#231;&#227;o de atriosseptostomia por cateter-bal&#227;o (procedimento de Rashkind)<sup>1</sup>. A atriosseptostomia permite a sobrevida de v&#225;rios pacientes com cardiopatias cong&#234;nitas complexas constituindo-se em uma das poucas indica&#231;&#245;es de cateterismo de emerg&#234;ncia em neonatos<sup>2</sup>.</p>
    <p>Para a realiza&#231;&#227;o desse procedimento, no entanto, os acessos venosos percut&#226;neos tradicionais podem n&#227;o estar dispon&#237;veis, principalmente em raz&#227;o do uso anterior na UTI, por cateterismos card&#237;acos sucessivos e/ou cirurgias pr&#233;vias ou, ainda, por interrup&#231;&#227;o cong&#234;nita da veia cava inferior (VCI). A necessidade de novos cateterismos diagn&#243;sticos e interven&#231;&#245;es nesses pacientes levou ao desenvolvimento de novas vias de acesso ao cora&#231;&#227;o direito, como o acesso trans-hep&#225;tico. Como h&#225; poucos registros na literatura sobre o uso dessa t&#233;cnica em rec&#233;m-nascidos<sup>3</sup>, neste artigo relatamos o caso de um neonato com TGA e interrup&#231;&#227;o da VCI, no qual o acesso trans-hep&#225;tico foi empregado para viabilizar a atriosseptostomia.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Relato do Caso</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Neonato do sexo masculino, no sexto dia de vida, com diagn&#243;stico ecocardiogr&#225;fico de TGA com pequena CIA (4 mm) e septo interventricular &#237;ntegro. Encaminhado ao nosso servi&#231;o sob ventila&#231;&#227;o mec&#226;nica e infus&#227;o de prostaglandina E1 (Prostin<sup>&#174;</sup>) 0,02 &#181;g/kg/min, evoluiu com quadro infeccioso vindo a necessitar de antibioticoterapia de amplo espectro e suporte inotr&#243;pico. Na evolu&#231;&#227;o, mantinha-se com baixa satura&#231;&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica (abaixo de 65%) e em novo ecocardiograma foi caracterizado padr&#227;o de fluxo restritivo atrav&#233;s da CIA, sendo solicitada a atriosseptostomia. </p>
    <p>No laborat&#243;rio de hemodin&#226;mica e sob anestesia geral, realizou-se pun&#231;&#227;o de veia femoral introduzindo-se bainha pedi&#225;trica 6F. Identificou-se ent&#227;o aus&#234;ncia do segmento hep&#225;tico da VCI com continua&#231;&#227;o da veia &#225;zigos para a veia cava superior. N&#227;o havia possibilidade de acesso por veia umbilical, j&#225; que essa via fora utilizada para inser&#231;&#227;o de cateter venoso central nos primeiros dias de interna&#231;&#227;o. Como se tratava de neonato criticamente enfermo, com baixa satura&#231;&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica, sem condi&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas de procedimento cir&#250;rgico naquele momento, optou-se pela tentativa de pun&#231;&#227;o trans-hep&#225;tica da veia supra-hep&#225;tica.</p>
    <p>Ap&#243;s assepsia da regi&#227;o do hipoc&#244;ndrio direito, realizou-se pun&#231;&#227;o com agulha de raquianestesia 22 Gauge com mandril. Utilizaram-se como pontos de refer&#234;ncia: a por&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dia do f&#237;gado de acordo com fluoroscopia, a linha axilar m&#233;dia e angiografia realizada em &#225;trio direito (AD) para visualiza&#231;&#227;o das principais veias supra-hep&#225;ticas. A agulha foi dirigida de forma posterior e superior em dire&#231;&#227;o &#224; coluna, a poucos cent&#237;metros de sua borda direita. Depois de retirado o estilete da agulha, essa foi recuada lentamente sob aspira&#231;&#227;o cont&#237;nua. Ocasionalmente foram realizadas pequenas inje&#231;&#245;es de contraste n&#227;o-i&#244;nico (Hexabrix<sup>&#174;</sup>). Seis tentativas de pun&#231;&#227;o foram feitas direcionando a agulha anteriormente at&#233; que se observasse fluxo r&#225;pido de contraste em dire&#231;&#227;o superior ao &#225;trio direito. Foi introduzido ent&#227;o guia de angioplastia coron&#225;ria (0,014") e sobre ele foi posicionada bainha 6F, ap&#243;s dilata&#231;&#227;o progressiva utilizando a t&#233;cnica de Seldinger. Posteriormente, essa bainha foi trocado por outra de 7F para passagem dos cateteres-bal&#227;o, com sua extremidade distal mantida na por&#231;&#227;o mais baixa do AD (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig01">fig. 1</xref>). A partir desse momento, o procedimento foi guiado pela ecocardiografia transtor&#225;cica. Posicionou-se guia r&#237;gido 0,035" em veia pulmonar inferior esquerda e introduziram-se bal&#245;es Power-flex (Cordis) 7x20 mm, 9x20 mm e 12x20 mm para atriosseptostomias est&#225;ticas sucessivas (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig02">fig. 2</xref>), realizadas sem intercorr&#234;ncias. Para finalizar, foi realizada a atriosseptostomia com bal&#227;o de Rashkind 6F seguindo a t&#233;cnica convencional. Ao t&#233;rmino do procedimento, n&#227;o havia gradiente de press&#227;o interatrial e a satura&#231;&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica mantinha-se em torno de 80%. A ecocardiografia mostrou aumento da CIA de 3,5 para 6,5 mm, com fluxo bidirecional n&#227;o-restritivo.</p>
    <fig id="fig01">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-03-0e59-00024-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    <fig id="fig02">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-03-0e59-00024-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>Os cateteres-bal&#227;o foram retirados, sendo introduzido um cateter Judkins de coron&#225;ria direita 5F. Esse foi recuado junto com introdutor at&#233; estar localizado no par&#234;nquima hep&#225;tico, posi&#231;&#227;o confirmada por pequena inje&#231;&#227;o de contraste. Nesse local, foram introduzidas duas molas de Gianturco (38x5x5 e 38x4x3) para hemostasia hep&#225;tica. Um curativo oclusivo no local foi mantido por 24 horas.</p>
    <p>Ap&#243;s o procedimento, o neonato evoluiu est&#225;vel na UTI, mantendo satura&#231;&#227;o arterial satisfat&#243;ria e aguardando o t&#233;rmino da antibioticoterapia para realiza&#231;&#227;o da cirurgia corretiva. A ultra-sonografia de abdome realizada no dia seguinte n&#227;o evidenciou sinais de hematoma hep&#225;tico intraparenquimatoso, trombose venosa ou de hemorragia intracavit&#225;ria. A radiografia de t&#243;rax p&#243;s-procedimento n&#227;o evidenciou derrame pleural ou pneumot&#243;rax. As enzimas hep&#225;ticas e a hematimetria colhidas ap&#243;s o procedimento e no dia seguinte tamb&#233;m se encontravam nos limites da normalidade.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A CIA restritiva constitui-se numa das maiores causas de mortalidade nos neonatos com TGA<sup>1-2</sup>. A atriosseptostomia com cateter-bal&#227;o &#233; um procedimento seguro e eficaz nesses pacientes. &#201; geralmente realizada em regime de emerg&#234;ncia, podendo ser monitorada pela fluoroscopia ou pela ecocardiografia transtor&#225;cica &#224; beira do leito<sup>4</sup>. As vias de acesso mais comumente utilizadas para esse procedimento s&#227;o as veias femoral e umbilical. As principais t&#233;cnicas para sua realiza&#231;&#227;o s&#227;o: a atriosseptostomia por cateter-bal&#227;o, a com l&#226;mina de Park e a que envolve a dilata&#231;&#227;o est&#225;tica da CIA usando cateteres-bal&#227;o para angioplastia<sup>2</sup>. </p>
    <p>A maior vantagem do acesso umbilical em neonatos &#233; que esse procedimento poupa outros vasos para procedimentos futuros. A veia umbilical permanece p&#233;rvia nas primeiras 24 horas de vida, mas raramente ap&#243;s tr&#234;s a quatro dias. No paciente relatado, seu uso encontrava-se impossibilitado por cateteriza&#231;&#227;o pr&#233;via para administra&#231;&#227;o de medica&#231;&#245;es. Apesar de a veia jugular interna poder ser utilizada para cateterismos em lactentes, n&#227;o h&#225; relatos do uso desse acesso para atriosseptostomias, provavelmente pela dificuldade em cruzar a CIA por essa via com um bal&#227;o de Rashkind convencional sem furo terminal, valendo o mesmo argumento para a veia subcl&#225;via. </p>
    <p>Recentemente, tanto cateterismos diagn&#243;sticos quanto terap&#234;uticos v&#234;m sendo realizados por pun&#231;&#227;o trans-hep&#225;tica em crian&#231;as com impossibilidade de acesso venoso por vias convencionais<sup>3,5-8</sup>. Entretanto, h&#225; poucos relatos da realiza&#231;&#227;o de tais procedimentos em neonatos com aus&#234;ncia cong&#234;nita da parte hep&#225;tica da VCI. Shim e cols.<sup>7</sup> demonstraram que a via trans-hep&#225;tica &#233; segura e eficaz para realiza&#231;&#227;o de cateterismo em crian&#231;as, inclusive em dois neonatos com estenose pulmonar cr&#237;tica, em que o acesso trans-hep&#225;tico promoveu melhor posicionamento do cateter na via de sa&#237;da do ventr&#237;culo direito. O mesmo autor especula ainda que essa via promova melhor acesso para o fechamento percut&#226;neo de CIA tipo fossa oval pelo posicionamento mais perpendicular da bainha em rela&#231;&#227;o ao septo interatrial. A prop&#243;sito, uma das vantagens descritas desse acesso &#233; possibilitar o uso de bainhas de alto perfil mesmo em crian&#231;as pequenas, sem dano vascular. </p>
    <p>Para realiza&#231;&#227;o do procedimento, foi utilizada agulha de Chiba de 22-Gauge na maioria dos relatos. Recentemente, demonstrou-se que &#233; poss&#237;vel a realiza&#231;&#227;o da pun&#231;&#227;o de forma simples, utilizando a t&#233;cnica de Seldinger e equipamento normalmente empregado no laborat&#243;rio de cateterismo, como agulha de pun&#231;&#227;o 20-Gauge (Cook Inc., Bloomigham, Indiana)<sup>5</sup>. O local ideal de pun&#231;&#227;o pode ser identificado pela fluoroscopia<sup>3,7</sup> ou com aux&#237;lio da ultra-sonografia abdominal<sup>5</sup>. O ponto de refer&#234;ncia mais freq&#252;entemente utilizado &#233; a linha axilar m&#233;dia na por&#231;&#227;o hep&#225;tica m&#233;dia entre o diafragma e a borda inferior do f&#237;gado pela fluoroscopia. Angiografias anteriores tamb&#233;m podem ser utilizadas como refer&#234;ncia. A t&#233;cnica descrita &#233; semelhante &#224; utilizada nesse caso<sup>3,7-8</sup>. McLeod e cols.<sup>5</sup> afirmam que o uso de ultra-sonografia &#233; &#250;til e promove orienta&#231;&#227;o satisfat&#243;ria para canula&#231;&#227;o de veias hep&#225;ticas, reduzindo o tempo de fluoroscopia e exposi&#231;&#227;o &#224; radia&#231;&#227;o, mas especulam que a necessidade de aux&#237;lio ultra-sonogr&#225;fico diminui &#224; medida que aumenta a experi&#234;ncia do operador. A taxa de sucesso da pun&#231;&#227;o hep&#225;tica varia de 93% a 100% nas s&#233;ries consultadas<sup>3,5,7</sup>. </p>
    <p>As complica&#231;&#245;es s&#227;o infreq&#252;entes, ocorrendo em menos de 5% nos procedimentos trans-hep&#225;ticos mais tradicionais, tais como colangiografia trans-hep&#225;tica percut&#226;nea e acesso ao sistema venoso portal. Em 1998, Erenberg e cols.<sup>9</sup> relataram dois casos de hemorragia intraperitoneal significativa, determinando taxa de complica&#231;&#227;o de 4,6% para o cateterismo card&#237;aco. As principais complica&#231;&#245;es da t&#233;cnica s&#227;o: hemot&#243;rax ou pneumot&#243;rax, hemoperit&#244;neo, embolia pulmonar e peritonite. Outras complica&#231;&#245;es potenciais incluem: perfura&#231;&#227;o intestinal ou de ves&#237;cula biliar, trombose de veias hep&#225;ticas ou do sistema porta, hemobilia e altera&#231;&#245;es da fun&#231;&#227;o hep&#225;tica. Portanto, ap&#243;s o procedimento, faz-se necess&#225;ria a monitora&#231;&#227;o cuidadosa dos sinais vitais e marcadores laboratoriais aliados &#224; ultra-sonografia abdominal<sup>10</sup>. </p>
    <p>Para hemostasia hep&#225;tica ap&#243;s o t&#233;rmino do cateterismo preconiza-se geralmente ocluir o trajeto intra-hep&#225;tico com molas ou gelfoam. Kaye e cols.<sup>10</sup> advogam o uso desses dispositivos em todo o trajeto para prevenir sangramento intraperitoneal. Outra precau&#231;&#227;o a ser tomada &#233; evitar a emboliza&#231;&#227;o de veias hep&#225;ticas, garantindo que o cateter esteja no par&#234;nquima hep&#225;tico por pequenas inje&#231;&#245;es de contraste. A hemostasia tamb&#233;m pode ser garantida sem uso de dispositivos, por meio de compress&#227;o manual do hipoc&#244;ndrio direito, n&#227;o havendo relato de sangramento significativo ap&#243;s interven&#231;&#245;es com esse m&#233;todo<sup>5</sup>.</p>
    <p>Concluindo, no caso relatado, a pun&#231;&#227;o trans-hep&#225;tica viabilizou a realiza&#231;&#227;o da atriosseptostomia em um neonato com TGA e a interrup&#231;&#227;o da VCI. Essa via mostrou-se segura e eficaz para tal finalidade.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesses</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflitos de interesses pertinentes.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="end" fn-type="corresp">
        <p>Correspond&#234;ncia:</p>
        <p> Carlos A. C. Pedra </p>
        <p> Rua Dom Paulo Pedrosa 673/62A </p>
        <p> 05687-001 &#150; S&#227;o Paulo, SP </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p><email xlink:href="cacpedra@uol.com.br">cacpedra@uol.com.br</email> / </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="ju_neves@uol.com.br">ju_neves@uol.com.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p> Artigo recebido em 10/04/06; revisado recebido em 01/06/06; aceito em 27/08/06.</p>
  </body>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Case Report</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Transhepatic access for atrioseptostomy in a neonate</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>We report a case in which a neonate with complete transposition of the great arteries was submitted to an atrial septostomy through transhepatic access due to congenital interruption of the inferior vena cava. The technical aspects of the procedure are discussed.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Transhepatic access</kwd>
        <kwd>atrioseptostomy</kwd>
        <kwd>transposition of the great arteries</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>CASE REPORT</bold>
      </p>
      <p> Transhepatic access for atrioseptostomy in a neonate</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Juliana Rodrigues Neves; Carlos R. Ferreiro; Valmir F. Fontes; Carlos A. C. Pedra</bold>
      </p>
      <p> Hospital do Cora&#231;&#227;o da Associa&#231;&#227;o Sanat&#243;rio S&#237;rio - S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</p>
      <p>
        <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end-body2">Mailing Address</xref>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>SUMMARY</bold>
      </p>
      <p>We report the case of a neonate with total transposition of the great arteries who underwent Rashkind atrioseptostomy through transhepatic access due to congenital interruption of the inferior vena cava. The technical aspects of the procedure are discussed.</p>
      <p><bold>Key words:</bold> Transhepatic access, atrioseptostomy, transposition of the great arteries.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Introduction</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Preoperative mortality in newborns with total transposition of the great arteries (TGA) is mainly due to absent or restrictive atrial septal defects (ASD). In the management of these neonates there is special emphasis on the use of prostaglandins to promote patency of the ductus arteriosus and perform atrioseptostomy using a balloon catheter (Rashkind procedure)<sup>1</sup>. Atrioseptostomy allows the survival of several patients with complex congenital heart diseases and it is one of the few indications of urgent catheterization in neonates<sup>2</sup>.</p>
      <p>However, the traditional percutaneous venous accesses may not be available for performing this procedure, mainly due to their previous use in the ICU, successive heart catheterizations and/or previous surgeries, or also due to congenital interruption of the inferior vena cava (IVC). The need of new diagnostic catheterizations and interventions in these patients has led to the development of new access routes to the right heart, such as the transhepatic access. Since there are few records in the literature on the use of this technique in newborns<sup>3</sup>, in this article we report the case of a neonate with TGA and interruption of IVC, in whom the transhepatic access was employed to enable atrioseptostomy.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Case Report</bold>
      </p>
      <p>A male neonate, on the 6<sup>th</sup> day of life, with an echocardiographic diagnosis of TGA and a small ASD (4 mm) and normal interventricular septum. Patient was referred to our service under mechanical ventilation and infusion of prostaglandin E1 (Prostin<sup>&#174;</sup>) at 0.02 &#181;g/kg/min. He progressed with an infectious condition requiring broad-spectrum antibiotic therapy and inotropic support. In the clinical course, the patient maintained low systemic arterial saturation (below 65%); a new echocardiogram characterized a restrictive flow through the ASD and atrioseptostomy was indicated. </p>
      <p>Femoral vein puncture and insertion of a 6F-pediatric sheath were performed at the Intervention Cardiology Laboratory under general anesthesia. Absence of the IVC hepatic segment and continuity of azygos vein into the superior vena cava was identified. Access via umbilical vein was not possible since it had already been used for insertion of a central venous catheter in the first days of hospitalization. Since this was a critically ill neonate with low systemic arterial saturation and no clinical conditions for a surgical procedure at that moment, we decided to try the transhepatic puncture of the supra hepatic vein. </p>
      <p>After asepsis of the right hypochondrium region, a puncture with a 22F spinal anesthesia needle with a mandril was performed. The landmarks used were the liver mean portion according to fluoroscopy, mid-axillary line and angiography performed in right atrium (RA) to visualize the main supra hepatic veins. The needle was directed posteriorly and superiorly to the spine and just a few centimeters away from its right border. After removal of the stylet, the needle was slowly drawn back under continuous aspiration. Occasionally, small injections of non-ionic contrast (Hexabrix<sup>&#174;</sup>) were given. Six puncture attempts were performed by directing the needle anteriorly until a rapid contrast flow above the right atrium was observed. Then we inserted a coronary angioplasty guidewire (0.014") and a 6F-sheath was positioned on this guidewire after progressive dilation using the Seldinger technique. This sheath was later changed to another 7F-sheath for the passage of balloon catheters and its distal end was positioned in the lower part of the right atrium (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig01-body2">Figure 1</xref>). As of this moment, the procedure was guided by transthoracic echocardiography. A rigid 0.035" guidewire was positioned in the left inferior pulmonary vein and Power-flex (Cordis) 7x20mm, 9x20mm and 12x20mm balloons were inserted for successive static atrioseptostomies (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig02-body2">Figure 2</xref>) which were performed with no events. To complete the procedure, atrioseptostomy using a Rashkind 6F balloon was performed according to the conventional technique. At the end of the procedure there was no interatrial pressure gradient and systemic arterial saturation was maintained close to 80%. Echocardiography showed an increase in the ASD from 3.5 to 6.5 mm with a non-restrictive bidirectional flow. </p>
      <fig id="fig01-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-03-0e59-00024-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <fig id="fig02-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-03-0e59-00024-gf02-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>Balloon catheters were removed; a 5F Judkins catheter for right coronary artery was inserted. The catheter was drawn back along with the introducer until it was located in the liver parenchyma; this position was confirmed by a small injection of contrast. At this site, two Gianturco (38x5x5 and 38x4x3) coils were inserted for hepatic hemostasis. An occlusive dressing was maintained in that site for 24 hours. </p>
      <p>After the procedure, the neonate evolved in stable conditions at the ICU, maintained satisfactory arterial saturation; we waited until the end of the antibiotic therapy before undertaking corrective surgery. Abdominal ultrasound performed on the next day did not show any signs of intraparenchymatous liver hematoma, venous thrombosis or intracavitary hemorrhage. Post-procedural chest X-ray did not demontrate pleural effusion or pneumothorax. Liver enzymes and blood counts after the procedure and on the next day were also within normal limits.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Restrictive ASD is one of the major causes of mortality in neonates with TGA<sup>1-2</sup>. Atrioseptostomy with a balloon catheter is a safe and effective procedure in these patients. It is usually performed in an emergency setting, and can be monitored by fluoroscopy or bedside transthoracic echocardiography<sup>4</sup>. The access routes most commonly used for this procedure are the femoral and umbilical veins. The main techniques include atrioseptostomy with a balloon catheter, atrioseptostomy with a Park blade and atrioseptostomy involving the static dilation of ASD with angioplasty balloon catheters<sup>2</sup>. </p>
      <p>The greatest advantage of the umbilical access in neonates is that it spares other vessels for future procedures. The umbilical vein remains pervious in the first 24 hours of life, but rarely after three or four days. In this patient, the umbilical vein could not be used because of previous catheterization for drug administration. Although the internal jugular vein may be used for catheterization in infants, there is no report on the use of this access for atrial septostomies, probably due to the difficulty to cross the ASD with this route when using a conventional Rashkind balloon with no terminal hole; the same explanation is valid for the subclavian vein. </p>
      <p>Recently, both diagnostic and therapeutic catheterizations have been performed by means of a transhepatic puncture in children who do not have conventional venous access<sup>3,5-8</sup>. However, there are few reports on such procedures in neonates with congenital absence of the hepatic portion of the IVC. Shim et al<sup>7 </sup>showed that the transhepatic route is safe and effective for catheterization in children, including two neonates with critical pulmonary stenosis, in whom the transhepatic access promoted better positioning of the catheter at the right ventricle outlet. The same authors also speculate that this route promotes better access for percutaneous closure of the ASD of the oval fossa due to the more perpendicular positioning of the sheath in relation to the interatrial septum. By the way, one of the advantages described with this route is that it allows the use of high profile sheaths even in young children without vascular damage. </p>
      <p>A 22-G Chiba needle was used in most of the procedures reported. It was recently shown that it is possible to perform the puncture in a simple way through the Seldinger technique and the use of equipment normally used in the catheterization laboratory, such as a 20-Gauge puncture needle (Cook Inc., Bloomingham, Indiana)<sup>5</sup>. The ideal puncture site can be identified by fluoroscopy<sup>3,7 </sup>or with the use of abdominal ultrasound<sup>5</sup>. The landmark most commonly used is the mid-axillary line in the mid-hepatic portion between the diaphragm and the hepatic lower border identified by fluoroscopy. Previous angiographies can also be used as reference. The technique described is similar to that used in this case<sup>3,7-8</sup>. McLeod et al<sup>5</sup> reported that the use of ultrasound is useful and promotes satisfactory orientation for cannulation of hepatic veins, thus reducing the duration of fluoroscopy and exposure to radiation, but they speculated that the need of ultrasound decreases as the experience gained by the operator increases. Success rates in hepatic puncture range between 93% and 100% in the series evaluated<sup>3,5,7</sup>. </p>
      <p>Complications are rare and they occur in less than 5% of the more traditional transhepatic procedures, such as percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography and access to the portal venous system. In 1998, Eremberg et al<sup>9 </sup>reported two cases of significant intraperitoneal hemorrhage and determined a complication rate of 4.6% for heart catheterization. The main complications of the technique are hemothorax or pneumothorax, hemoperitoneum, pulmonary embolism and peritonitis. Other potential complications include intestinal or gallbladder perforation, thrombosis of hepatic veins or portal system veins, hemobilia and liver function abnormalities. Therefore, after the procedure it is necessary to carry out careful monitoring of vital signs and laboratory markers, along with abdominal ultrasonography<sup>10</sup>. </p>
      <p>Hepatic hemostasis after the end of catheterization can be attained with occlusion of the intrahepatic path with coils or gelfoam. Kaye et al<sup>10</sup> advocate the use of such devices in the entire path to prevent intraperitoneal bleeding. Another precaution is to avoid embolization of hepatic veins, assuring that the catheter is in the liver parenchyma by means of small contrast injections. Hemostasis can also be assured without the use of any devices and by manual compression on the right hypochondrium; there is no report of significant bleeding after interventions with this method<sup>5</sup>. </p>
      <p>In conclusion, transhepatic puncture in this case report enabled the performance of atrioseptostomy in a neonate with TGA and interruption of the IVC. It showed to be safe and effective for this purpose.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
      </p>
      <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fn id="end-body2" fn-type="corresp">
          <label>
            <bold>Mailing Address:</bold>
          </label>
          <p> Carlos A. C. Pedra</p>
          <p> Rua Dom Paulo Pedrosa 673/62A</p>
          <p> 05687-001 &#150; S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</p>
          <p> E-mail: </p>
          <p><email xlink:href="cacpedra@uol.com.br">cacpedra@uol.com.br</email> / </p>
          <p>
            <email xlink:href="ju_neves@uol.com.br">ju_neves@uol.com.br</email>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p>Manuscript received April 10, 2006; revised manuscript received June 01, 2006; accepted August 27, 2006.</p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
