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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">df7Jz5xPHPh67Ljt5mcGM8P</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00022</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2007000300022</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(07)08800322</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2007000300022</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Relato de Caso</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Interven&#231;&#227;o coronariana percut&#226;nea em art&#233;ria coronariana &#250;nica em paciente com angina inst&#225;vel de alto risco</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Yokoyama</surname>
            <given-names>Hugo Alexandre Ross</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pessoa</surname>
            <given-names>Caio M&#225;rio de Almeida</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Carvalho</surname>
            <given-names>F&#225;bio Cardoso de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Campos</surname>
            <given-names>Ricardo Fernando de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Franco</surname>
            <given-names>Roberto Jorge da Silva</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Bregagnollo</surname>
            <given-names>Edson Antonio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Bauru</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Estadual Paulista</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu </institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Hospital Estadual de Bauru</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>03</month>
        <year>2007</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>88</volume>
      <issue>3</issue>
      <fpage>e53</fpage>
      <lpage>e55</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>12</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2006</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>05</day>
          <month>04</month>
          <year>2006</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>12</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2006</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>No presente caso, relatamos a realiza&#231;&#227;o de angioplastia coronariana com implante de stent na art&#233;ria coronariana direita de paciente com quadro de angina inst&#225;vel de alto risco, portadora de art&#233;ria coronariana &#250;nica com origem no seio coronariano direito. As art&#233;rias descendente anterior e circunflexa originavam-se isoladamente no ter&#231;o proximal da art&#233;ria coronariana direita. Trata-se de rara anomalia coronariana com poucos relatos de interven&#231;&#227;o coronariana percut&#226;nea na literatura. Este caso ilustra a necessidade da avalia&#231;&#227;o anat&#244;mica pormenorizada do trajeto das art&#233;rias coronarianas, precedendo a realiza&#231;&#227;o da angioplastia transluminal percut&#226;nea, objetivando-se a preven&#231;&#227;o de complica&#231;&#245;es.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>Angioplastia transluminal percut&#226;nea coron&#225;ria</kwd>
        <kwd>anomalias dos vasos coron&#225;rios</kwd>
        <kwd>angina inst&#225;vel</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>24</day>
        <month>05</month>
        <year>2007</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>RELATO DE CASO</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Interven&#231;&#227;o coronariana percut&#226;nea em art&#233;ria coronariana &#250;nica em paciente com angina inst&#225;vel de alto risco</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Hugo Alexandre Ross Yokoyama; Caio M&#225;rio de Almeida Pessoa; F&#225;bio Cardoso de Carvalho; Ricardo Fernando de Campos; Roberto Jorge da Silva Franco; Edson Antonio Bregagnollo</bold>
    </p>
    <p> Hospital Estadual de Bauru e Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu &#150; UNESP - Bauru, SP &#150; Botucatu, SP</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p>No presente caso, relatamos a realiza&#231;&#227;o de angioplastia coronariana com implante de stent na art&#233;ria coronariana direita de paciente com quadro de angina inst&#225;vel de alto risco, portadora de art&#233;ria coronariana &#250;nica com origem no seio coronariano direito. As art&#233;rias descendente anterior e circunflexa originavam-se isoladamente no ter&#231;o proximal da art&#233;ria coronariana direita. Trata-se de rara anomalia coronariana com poucos relatos de interven&#231;&#227;o coronariana percut&#226;nea na literatura. Este caso ilustra a necessidade da avalia&#231;&#227;o anat&#244;mica pormenorizada do trajeto das art&#233;rias coronarianas, precedendo a realiza&#231;&#227;o da angioplastia transluminal percut&#226;nea, objetivando-se a preven&#231;&#227;o de complica&#231;&#245;es.</p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave:</bold> Angioplastia transluminal percut&#226;nea coron&#225;ria, anomalias dos vasos coron&#225;rios, angina inst&#225;vel.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A art&#233;ria coronariana &#250;nica (ACU) &#233; descrita como uma art&#233;ria isolada, com origem na raiz da aorta, por meio de um &#243;stio &#250;nico e sem evid&#234;ncia de um segundo &#243;stio, sendo ent&#227;o respons&#225;vel pela irriga&#231;&#227;o de todo o cora&#231;&#227;o, independentemente de sua distribui&#231;&#227;o<sup>1,2</sup>.</p>
    <p>Anomalias das art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias podem causar problemas t&#233;cnicos durante a angiografia e a angioplastia transluminal coronariana (ATC), sendo portanto necess&#225;rio um conhecimento maior quanto ao procedimento e &#224; completa avalia&#231;&#227;o da anatomia arterial coronariana para preven&#231;&#227;o de complica&#231;&#245;es.</p>
    <p>Relatamos o caso de A.T.C. com implante de <italic>stent</italic> em ramo coronariano direito distal, de paciente com ACU com quadro de angina inst&#225;vel ap&#243;s avalia&#231;&#227;o do trajeto proximal da art&#233;ria descendente anterior (DA).</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Relato do Caso</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Paciente de 69 anos, sexo feminino, branca, aposentada, tabagista, hipertensa e dislipid&#234;mica, em uso domiciliar de AAS e propranolol, internada em raz&#227;o de quadro de angina inst&#225;vel h&#225; dois dias. O eletrocardiograma (ECG) mostrava ritmo sinusal, freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca de 60 bpm e invers&#227;o da onda T na parede inferior. Durante os epis&#243;dios dolorosos apresentava supradesnivelamento do segmento ST na parede inferior com melhora da repolariza&#231;&#227;o ap&#243;s uso de nitrato sublingual (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig01">fig. 1</xref>). Os exames laboratoriais n&#227;o mostraram altera&#231;&#245;es dos marcadores de les&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica.</p>
    <fig id="fig01">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-03-0e53-00022-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>A paciente foi submetida a coronariografia, que evidenciou a presen&#231;a de ACU com origem no seio coron&#225;rio direito. As art&#233;rias DA e circunflexa esquerda (CX) originavam-se isoladamente no ter&#231;o proximal da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria direita (CD), a qual apresentava les&#227;o obstrutiva significativa (95%) em seu ter&#231;o distal (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig02">fig. 2</xref>). Na ventriculografia esquerda observou-se discreto d&#233;ficit contr&#225;til por hipocinesia da parede inferior.</p>
    <fig id="fig02">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-03-0e53-00022-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>Ap&#243;s estudo do trajeto proximal da art&#233;ria DA com o uso de um cat&#233;ter Pigtail posicionado em art&#233;ria pulmonar, optou-se por ATC com implante de <italic>stent</italic> coron&#225;rio. O procedimento foi realizado por pun&#231;&#227;o da art&#233;ria femoral utilizando-se cateter-guia JR 4 6F. Durante a seletiva&#231;&#227;o da art&#233;ria coronariana &#250;nica, a corda-guia 0,014 floppy progredia preferencialmente para a art&#233;ria DA. Ap&#243;s posicionamento adequado da corda-guia no leito distal da CD e pr&#233;-dilata&#231;&#227;o da les&#227;o com bal&#227;o 2,0 x 20 mm, realizou-se implante de <italic>stent</italic> de 2,5 x 16 mm com sucesso prim&#225;rio e fluxo coronariano distal TIMI III (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig03">fig. 3</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig04">4</xref>).</p>
    <fig id="fig03">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-03-0e53-00022-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
    <fig id="fig04">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-03-0e53-00022-gf04.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>A paciente evoluiu sem intercorr&#234;ncias, recebendo alta ap&#243;s dois dias, com prescri&#231;&#227;o de ticlopidina (500 mg/dia por 30 dias), omeprazol (20 mg/dia), captopril (50 mg/dia), &#225;cido acetilsalic&#237;lico (200 mg/dia) e metoprolol (50 mg/dia).</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Com a introdu&#231;&#227;o e o desenvolvimento de novas t&#233;cnicas de imagem do cora&#231;&#227;o, a anatomia normal, as varia&#231;&#245;es e anomalias das art&#233;rias coronarianas t&#234;m assumido um novo significado. A incid&#234;ncia de todas as anomalias coronarianas &#233; de 0,23% em achados de aut&#243;psia, e varia de 0,3% a 12% em achados de angiografias<sup>3</sup>.</p>
    <p>As anomalias coronarianas podem ser classificadas como<sup>2</sup>: 1) as que alteram a perfus&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica (f&#237;stulas, origem da coron&#225;ria esquerda a partir da art&#233;ria pulmonar, estenose ou atresia cong&#234;nita da coron&#225;ria, origem a partir do seio contralateral com passagem entre a aorta e o trato ventricular direito); 2) as que n&#227;o comprometem a perfus&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica (origem da art&#233;ria circunflexa a partir do seio a&#243;rtico direito, origem da descendente anterior esquerda a partir do seio a&#243;rtico direito, art&#233;ria coronariana &#250;nica, origem das tr&#234;s art&#233;rias coronarianas a partir dos seios direito ou esquerdo atrav&#233;s de &#243;stios separados e origem alta das art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias). Em particular, a origem e o curso an&#244;malos da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria esquerda, classicamente considerados como malforma&#231;&#227;o menor, t&#234;m sido implicados como causadores de isquemia mioc&#225;rdica e morte s&#250;bita<sup>1,2</sup>. A incid&#234;ncia de ACU &#233; de 0,024% quando isolada, e de 0,03% a 0,04% quando associada a outras anormalidades card&#237;acas.</p>
    <p>O progn&#243;stico nos casos de ACU, como anomalia isolada, varia de excelente a reservado, conforme sua distribui&#231;&#227;o anat&#244;mica, incluindo risco de morte s&#250;bita; 15% dos pacientes apresentam problemas card&#237;acos graves antes dos 40 anos. Esse risco &#233; justificado pelo trajeto da coron&#225;ria an&#244;mala atrav&#233;s da base do cora&#231;&#227;o at&#233; atingir seu territ&#243;rio de distribui&#231;&#227;o, o que pode levar &#224; compress&#227;o por outras estruturas ou &#224; angula&#231;&#227;o/acotovelamento de sua origem<sup>1,2</sup>. Pacientes com a art&#233;ria coronariana esquerda originando-se do seio coron&#225;rio direito apresentam taxa de mortalidade elevada antes dos 20 anos (59%). As mortes geralmente ocorrem durante ou ap&#243;s a pr&#225;tica de atividade f&#237;sica intensa<sup>1</sup>. Assim, a avalia&#231;&#227;o do trajeto do vaso aberrante &#233; de fundamental import&#226;ncia para a determina&#231;&#227;o do progn&#243;stico, uma vez que o trajeto entre a via de sa&#237;da do ventr&#237;culo direito e a aorta apresenta progn&#243;stico reservado se o tratamento cir&#250;rgico n&#227;o for institu&#237;do. A forma adequada para essa avalia&#231;&#227;o consiste em posicionar um cat&#233;ter na art&#233;ria pulmonar e depois realizar a angiografia coronariana para a determina&#231;&#227;o se o trajeto da coron&#225;ria an&#244;mala &#233; anterior ou posterior &#224; art&#233;ria pulmonar. Nos casos com trajeto anterior, o progn&#243;stico &#233; benigno.</p>
    <p>Nos pacientes com ACU, os mecanismos de morte s&#250;bita n&#227;o s&#227;o totalmente conhecidos, visto que a maioria dos dados prov&#233;m de achados de aut&#243;psias. Os principais mecanismos de morte s&#250;bita apontados na literatura incluem: 1) compress&#227;o do trajeto an&#244;malo entre a aorta e a art&#233;ria pulmonar; 2) a ACU sairia da aorta em posi&#231;&#227;o obl&#237;qua, possibilitando um acotovelamento pr&#243;ximo ao &#243;stio que durante a expans&#227;o da aorta poderia obstruir o &#243;stio coron&#225;rio; 3) presen&#231;a de angula&#231;&#227;o incomum da ACU e curso proximal tortuoso, determinando padr&#227;o de fluxo turbulento e aterosclerose acelerada<sup>1-4</sup>.</p>
    <p>Em uma revis&#227;o de 178 casos de anomalias coronarianas submetidas a tratamento cir&#250;rgico, Reul e cols.<sup>5</sup> relatam que 15 pacientes apresentavam anomalias de origem da coron&#225;ria direita ou esquerda proveniente do seio coron&#225;rio contralateral. As t&#233;cnicas cir&#250;rgicas utilizadas foram o reimplante da art&#233;ria coronariana an&#244;mala, a ligadura da coron&#225;ria seguida de enxerto com safena e anastomose com art&#233;ria mam&#225;ria interna. Questionamentos quanto &#224; melhor t&#233;cnica geralmente s&#227;o feitos, visto que a maioria desses pacientes &#233; jovem e os enxertos com safenas apresentam degenera&#231;&#227;o maior que as anastomoses de mam&#225;ria.</p>
    <p>Neste relato, a anomalia coronariana observada est&#225; de acordo com a classifica&#231;&#227;o de Shirani e Roberts<sup>6</sup>. Seguindo essa classifica&#231;&#227;o, este seria um caso IID1, no qual temos um &#243;stio solit&#225;rio no seio coron&#225;rio direito, a art&#233;ria CX com origem na por&#231;&#227;o proximal da CD seguindo para a esquerda por tr&#225;s da aorta e a art&#233;ria DA tamb&#233;m surgindo da CD proximal e seguindo para a esquerda anteriormente &#224; art&#233;ria pulmonar<sup>7</sup>.</p>
    <p>Topaz e cols.<sup>8</sup> relatam o tratamento de cinco casos de les&#245;es ateroscler&#243;ticas coronarianas com a angioplastia em pacientes com anomalias coron&#225;rias. Nestes casos, a avalia&#231;&#227;o cuidadosa da configura&#231;&#227;o do orif&#237;cio coron&#225;rio, angula&#231;&#227;o proximal, trajeto do vaso e localiza&#231;&#227;o da les&#227;o esten&#243;tica foram primordiais para o sucesso do procedimento, sendo a sele&#231;&#227;o adequada do cateter-guia e o avan&#231;o do bal&#227;o na por&#231;&#227;o proximal do vaso an&#244;malo os maiores determinantes de sucesso. Em nosso caso, ap&#243;s cuidadosa avalia&#231;&#227;o do trajeto da coron&#225;ria an&#244;mala, optou-se pela interven&#231;&#227;o utilizando-se cateter-guia tipo JR. No in&#237;cio do procedimento houve certa dificuldade, pois o cateter escolhido apresentava a tend&#234;ncia de desviar-se da origem da art&#233;ria DA an&#244;mala na por&#231;&#227;o proximal da art&#233;ria CD e, com isso, a corda-guia 0,014 n&#227;o atingia o ramo coronariano direito. O direcionamento da ponta do cateter para a art&#233;ria CX possibilitou a manipula&#231;&#227;o da corda-guia 0,014 at&#233; o leito distal da art&#233;ria CD. A partir de ent&#227;o, o procedimento n&#227;o apresentou dificuldades t&#233;cnicas. </p>
    <p>Deve-se salientar que em casos de obstru&#231;&#245;es ateroscler&#243;ticas associadas a anomalias coronarianas, o estudo adequado do trajeto do vaso an&#244;malo &#233; fundamental, visto que, caso diagnosticado trajeto entre a art&#233;ria pulmonar e a aorta, o tratamento cir&#250;rgico &#233; a op&#231;&#227;o preferencial para os casos eletivos.</p>
    <p>Praharaj e Ray<sup>9</sup> relataram dois casos de angioplastia coronariana com implante de <italic>stent</italic> em art&#233;ria coronariana direita an&#244;mala originando-se do seio coronariano esquerdo. Nesse relato, salientam a necessidade da avalia&#231;&#227;o completa da anatomia coronariana precedendo a realiza&#231;&#227;o da interven&#231;&#227;o, para a preven&#231;&#227;o de complica&#231;&#245;es. </p>
    <p>Nas diretrizes para ATC da Sociedade Europ&#233;ia da Cardiologia, no item que avalia a ATC em situa&#231;&#245;es especiais n&#227;o s&#227;o apresentadas orienta&#231;&#245;es quanto a condutas que deveriam ser utilizadas em pacientes com anomalias coronarianas<sup>10</sup>. No entanto, a normatiza&#231;&#227;o definitiva &#233; dif&#237;cil, dadas a raridade e as varia&#231;&#245;es anat&#244;micas dessas anomalias. No momento, acreditamos que cada caso deva ser analisado e tratado individualmente, de acordo com as varia&#231;&#245;es anat&#244;micas observadas.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesses</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflitos de interesses pertinentes.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="end" fn-type="corresp">
        <p>Correspond&#234;ncia:</p>
        <p> Hugo Alexandre Ross Yokoyama </p>
        <p> Av. Luiz Edmundo Corrijo Coube, 1-100 &#150; N&#250;cleo Geisel </p>
        <p> 17033-360 &#150; Bauru, SP </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="haross@cardiol.br">haross@cardiol.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p> Artigo recebido em 05/04/06; revisado recebido em 12/06/06; aceito em 12/06/06.</p>
  </body>
  <back>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Case Report</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Percutaneous coronary intervention in single coronary artery in a patient with hig-risk unstable angina</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>In the present case, we report the performance of coronary angioplasty with stent implantation in the right coronary artery of a patient with high-risk unstable angina and single coronary artery originating from the right coronary sinus. The anterior descending and circumflex arteries originated separately from the proximal third of the right coronary artery. This is a rare coronary anomaly and few reports of percutaneous coronary intervention are found in the literature. This case illustrates the need for a detailed anatomical assessment of the course of the coronary arteries prior to the performance of a percutaneous transluminal angioplasty, with the purpose of preventing complications.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>High-risk unstable angina</kwd>
        <kwd>coronary artery disease</kwd>
        <kwd>percutaneous coronary intervention</kwd>
        <kwd>single coronary artery</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>CASE REPORT</bold>
      </p>
      <p> Percutaneos coronary intervention in single coronary artery in a patient with high-risk unstable angina </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Hugo Alexandre Ross Yokoyama; Caio M&#225;rio de Almeida Pessoa; F&#225;bio Cardoso de Carvalho; Ricardo Fernando de Campos; Roberto Jorge da Silva Franco; Edson Antonio Bregagnollo</bold>
      </p>
      <p> Hospital Estadual de Bauru e Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu &#150; UNESP - Bauru, SP &#150; Botucatu, SP - Brazil</p>
      <p>
        <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end-body2">Mailing Address</xref>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>SUMMARY</bold>
      </p>
      <p>In the present case, we report the performance of coronary angioplasty with stent implantation in the right coronary artery of a patient with high-risk unstable angina and single coronary artery originating from the right coronary sinus. The anterior descending and circumflex arteries originated separately from the proximal third of the right coronary artery. This is a rare coronary anomaly and few reports of percutaneous coronary intervention are found in the literature. This case illustrates the need for a detailed anatomical assessment of the course of the coronary arteries prior to the performance of a percutaneous transluminal angioplasty, with the purpose of preventing complications.</p>
      <p><bold>Key words:</bold> High-risk unstable angina, coronary artery disease, percutaneous coronary intervention, single coronary artery.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Introduction</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Single coronary artery (SCA) is described as an isolated coronary artery originating in the aortic root through a single ostium and with no evidence of a second ostium, thus being responsible for supplying blood to the whole heart, regardless of its distribution<sup>1,2</sup>.</p>
      <p>Coronary artery anomalies may cause technical problems during angiography and transluminal coronary angioplasty (TCA), so that greater knowledge on the procedure and complete assessment of the anatomy of the coronary artery are necessary to prevent complications. </p>
      <p>We report a case of TCA with stent implantation in a distal branch of the right coronary of a patient with SCA presenting unstable angina after assessment of the proximal course of the anterior descending artery (AD).</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Case Report</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Sixty-nine-year-old female patient, white, retiree, smoker, with hypertension and dyslipidemia, taking AAS and propranolol at home. She was admitted to the hospital due to unstable angina for two days. Electrocardiogram (ECG) showed sinus rhythm, heart rate of 60 bpm and T-wave inversion in the inferior wall. During the episodes of pain, the patient presented ST-segment elevation in the inferior wall with improvement of repolarization after taking sublingual nitrate (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig01-body2">Figure 1</xref>). Laboratory tests did not show any alterations of markers of myocardial lesion. </p>
      <fig id="fig01-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-03-0e53-00022-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>The patient underwent coronary angiography, which showed the presence of SCA originating from the right coronary sinus. The AD and left circumflex (LCX) arteries originated separately from the proximal third of the right coronary artery (RC), which showed a significant (95%) stenotic lesion in its distal third (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig02-body2">Figure 2</xref>). A left ventriculography showed a mild contractility deficit due to hypokinesia of the inferior wall. </p>
      <fig id="fig02-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-03-0e53-00022-gf02-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>After study of the proximal course of the AD artery by means of a pigtail catheter positioned in the pulmonary artery, a TCA with coronary stent implantation was chosen. The procedure was performed via the femoral approach using a JR 4 6F guiding catheter. During selection of the single coronary artery, the 0.014 floppy guidewire progressed preferably toward the AD artery. After adequate positioning of the guidewire in the distal bed of the RC and lesion predilation with a 2.0 x 2.0-mm balloon, a 2.5 x 16-mm stent was implanted with primary success and TIMI III distal coronary flow (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig03-body2">Figures 3</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig04-body2">4</xref>).</p>
      <fig id="fig03-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-03-0e53-00022-gf03-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <fig id="fig04-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-03-0e53-00022-gf04-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>Recovery was uneventful and the patient was discharged two days later with a prescription of ticlopidine (500 mg/day for 30 days), omeprazole (20mg/day), captopril (50mg/day), acetyl salicylic acid (200mg/day) and metoprolol (50 mg/day).</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>With the introduction and development of new techniques of cardiac imaging, the normal anatomy, variations and anomalies of the coronary arteries have assumed new significance. The incidence of all coronary anomalies is 0.23% in necropsy series and ranges between 0.3 and 12% in angiographic series<sup>3</sup>.</p>
      <p>Coronary anomalies may be classified as<sup>2</sup>: 1) those that affect myocardial perfusion (fistulae, origin of the left coronary from the pulmonary artery, congenital coronary stenosis or atresia, origin of either coronary artery from the contralateral sinus with passage between the aorta and the right ventricular outflow tract; 2) those that do not affect myocardial perfusion (origin of the left circumflex artery from the right aortic sinus, origin of the left anterior descending from the right aortic sinus, single coronary artery, origin of the three coronary arteries from the right or left sinus through separate ostia, and high origin of the coronary arteries). In particular, the anomalous origin and course of the left coronary artery, classically considered minor malformations, have been implicated as causing myocardial ischemia and sudden death<sup>1,2</sup>. The incidence of SCA is 0.024% when isolated and from 0.03 to 0.04% when associated with other cardiac anomalies. </p>
      <p>Prognosis in cases of SCA as an isolated anomaly ranges from excellent to guarded according to its anatomic distribution, including risk of sudden death, and 15% of the patients present severe heart problems before 40 years of age. This risk is justified by the course of the anomalous coronary through the base of the heart until it reaches its territory of distribution, which can lead to compression by other structures or to bend/kink of its origin<sup>1,2</sup>. Patients with the left coronary artery originating from the right coronary sinus have a high mortality rate before 20 years of age (59%). Deaths occur usually during or after strenuous physical activity<sup>1</sup>. Thus, the evaluation of the course of the aberrant vessel is of the utmost importance to determine the prognosis, since the course between the right ventricular outflow tract and the aorta has a guarded prognosis if not surgically treated. Proper evaluation consists of positioning a catheter in the pulmonary artery and then performing the coronary angiography to determine whether the course of the anomalous coronary is anterior or posterior to the pulmonary artery. In cases with anterior course, the prognosis is favorable.</p>
      <p>In patients with SCA the mechanisms of sudden death are not fully known, since the majority of the data come from necropsy findings. The main mechanisms of sudden death pointed in the literature include: 1) compression of the anomalous course between the aorta and the pulmonary artery; 2) the SCA would originate from the aorta in an oblique position, thus enabling a kink close to the ostium, which could obstruct the coronary ostium during aortic expansion; 3) presence of an uncommon bend of the SCA, and a sinuous proximal course determining a pattern of turbulent flow and accelerated atherosclerosis<sup>1,4</sup>.</p>
      <p>In a review of 178 cases of coronary anomalies undergoing surgical treatment, Reul et al<sup>5</sup> reported that 15 patients had anomalous origin of the right or left coronary arising from the contralateral coronary sinus. The surgical techniques used were reimplantation of the anomalous coronary artery, coronary ligation followed by saphenous vein graft and anastomosis with internal mammary artery. Questions regarding the best technique to be used generally arise, since the majority of these patients is young and saphenous vein grafts present more degeneration than mammary anastomoses. </p>
      <p>In this report, the coronary anomaly observed is in accordance with Shirani and Roberts&#146; classification.<sup>6</sup> Following this classification, this would be a IID1 case in which we have a single ostium in the right coronary sinus, with the CX artery originating from the proximal portion of the RC going to the left posteriorly to the aorta, and the AD artery also arising from the proximal RC and going to the left anteriorly to the pulmonary artery<sup>7</sup>.</p>
      <p>Topaz et al<sup>8</sup> reported the treatment of five cases of coronary atherosclerotic lesions with angioplasty in patients with coronary anomalies. In those cases, careful assessment of the coronary orifice configuration, proximal angulation, vessel course and location of the stenotic lesion were fundamental for the procedural success; the adequate guiding catheter selection and advancement of the balloon to the proximal portion of the anomalous vessel were the major determinants of success. Praharaj<sup>1</sup> reported the treatment of two cases of anomalous right coronary from the left coronary sinus. In our case, after careful assessment of the course of the anomalous coronary, intervention using a JR guiding catheter was chosen. There was some difficulty in the beginning of the procedure, because the catheter chosen had a tendency to deviate from the origin of the anomalous AD artery in the proximal portion of the RC artery and thus the 0.014 guidewire would not reach the right coronary branch. Positioning of the catheter tip toward the CX artery enabled the manipulation of the 0.014 guidewire up to the distal bed of the RC artery. From then on, no technical difficulties were faced during the procedure.</p>
      <p>We should point out that in cases of atherosclerotic obstruction associated with coronary anomalies, the adequate study of the course of the anomalous vessel is fundamental, since if a course between the pulmonary artery and the aorta is diagnosed, surgical treatment is the option of choice for elective cases. </p>
      <p>Praharaj and Ray<sup>9</sup> reported two cases of coronary angioplasty with stent implantation in an anomalous right coronary artery originating from the left coronary sinus. In that report, they pointed out the need for a complete assessment of the coronary anatomy prior to the intervention, so as to prevent complications. </p>
      <p>In the guidelines for TCA of the European Society of Cardiology, in the item analyzing TCA in special situations, no guidance is given as regards the management of patients with coronary anomalies<sup>10</sup>. However, a definitive standardization is difficult, given the low frequency and anatomical variations of these anomalies. Presently, we believe that each case should be analyzed and treated individually, according to the anatomical variations observed.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
      </p>
      <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fn id="end-body2" fn-type="corresp">
          <label>
            <bold>Mailing Address:</bold>
          </label>
          <p> Hugo Alexandre Ross Yokoyama</p>
          <p> Av. Luiz Edmundo Corrijo Coube, 1-100 &#150; N&#250;cleo Geisel </p>
          <p> 17033-360 &#150; Bauru, SP - Brazil</p>
          <p> E-mail: </p>
          <p>
            <email xlink:href="haross@cardiol.br">haross@cardiol.br</email>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p>Manuscript received May 04, 2006; accepted December 06, 2006.</p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
