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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">5gY4SYWBbRLTV9N6GWxb4DF</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00019</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2007000300019</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(07)08800319</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2007000300019</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Ponto de Vista</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Pesquisa e ensino: componentes essenciais do hospital universit&#225;rio</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Luz</surname>
            <given-names>Prot&#225;sio L. da</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">USP</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">FM </institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas</institution>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>03</month>
        <year>2007</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>88</volume>
      <issue>3</issue>
      <fpage>371</fpage>
      <lpage>372</lpage>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>21</day>
        <month>05</month>
        <year>2007</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>PONTO DE VISTA</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Pesquisa e ensino: componentes essenciais do hospital universit&#225;rio</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Prot&#225;sio L. da Luz</bold>
    </p>
    <p> Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas &#150; FMUSP &#150; S&#227;o Paulo, SP</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>Na recente crise do Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o (InCor)/Funda&#231;&#227;o Zerbini, pouca &#234;nfase se deu ao sistema de pesquisa/educa&#231;&#227;o estabelecido no InCor desde sua funda&#231;&#227;o, h&#225; 30 anos. Quando se discute a quest&#227;o InCor, emerge com mais clareza a parte assistencial: 80% de atendimentos pelo Sistema &#218;nico de Sa&#250;de (SUS), procedimentos de alta complexidade e aplica&#231;&#227;o de t&#233;cnicas avan&#231;adas em praticamente todas as &#225;reas da cardiologia, como imagem, hemodin&#226;mica, arritmias, cirurgias e cardiologia pedi&#225;trica. Evidentemente essa parte assistencial &#233; um pilar b&#225;sico que ajudou a construir o prest&#237;gio do InCor.</p>
    <p>Por sua vez, a parte acad&#234;mica, composta de ensino e pesquisa, merece ser examinada em maior profundidade. O InCor &#233; respons&#225;vel pelo ensino de gradua&#231;&#227;o e de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o. Alunos de terceiro, quarto e sexto anos da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo (FMUSP) treinam no InCor. A p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o <italic>stricto sensu </italic>tem, atualmente, 165 alunos, tendo sido apresentadas 20 teses em 2006. A Resid&#234;ncia do InCor, que hoje conta com 88 residentes, &#233; uma das mais procurada do Pa&#237;s, na propor&#231;&#227;o de cinco candidatos por vaga. Esses alunos e m&#233;dicos s&#227;o formados para atuar em todo o Pa&#237;s. Muitos p&#243;s-graduandos do InCor s&#227;o, hoje, chefes de unidades de ensino, chefes de servi&#231;os m&#233;dicos, presidentes de entidades de classe, professores e pesquisadores em muitas escolas brasileiras e tamb&#233;m no exterior.</p>
    <p>A estrutura de pesquisa profissional, com laborat&#243;rios de investiga&#231;&#227;o b&#225;sica como biologia molecular e investiga&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica em todas as &#225;reas da cardiologia, foi sendo formada ao longo de anos. De fato, antes do InCor, n&#227;o havia uma estrutura profissional de pesquisa na cardiologia. Quando o InCor foi criado, concomitantemente foram criadas tamb&#233;m as divis&#245;es cir&#250;rgica, cl&#237;nica e experimental, dotadas, igualmente, de estruturas administrativas pr&#243;prias. Esse simples, mas decisivo, fato de pol&#237;tica administrativa foi o ponto de partida para a profissionaliza&#231;&#227;o da pesquisa, seguida pelo tempo integral e pela carreira de pesquisador. Com o tempo, chegou-se ao que se tem hoje: pesquisadores capacitados, trabalhando em tempo integral, a maioria deles com doutorado e muitos com <italic>post doc</italic> no exterior. Isso gera, a cada ano, grande n&#250;mero de publica&#231;&#245;es cient&#237;ficas e de apresenta&#231;&#245;es em congressos. Em 2005, por exemplo, foram publicados 213 trabalhos nacionais e 203 internacionais. Assim, o InCor tem contribu&#237;do regularmente para o progresso da cardiologia. V&#225;rias dessas pesquisas s&#227;o financiadas por recursos obtidos pelos pr&#243;prios investigadores em ag&#234;ncias financiadoras, como Funda&#231;&#227;o de Amparo &#224; Pesquisa do Estado de S&#227;o Paulo (FAPESP) e Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient&#237;fico e Tecnol&#243;gico (CNPq), ou na ind&#250;stria farmac&#234;utica.</p>
    <p>Isso n&#227;o seria poss&#237;vel sem a Funda&#231;&#227;o Zerbini, que suplementa ou paga integralmente seus sal&#225;rios, renovando constantemente seus quadros, mantendo um programa permanente de treinamento no exterior e adquirindo instrumentos necess&#225;rios &#224; pesquisa. &#201; preciso, aqui, deixar claro que eventuais problemas administrativos, que devem ser sempre rapidamente corrigidos, n&#227;o invalidam o modelo funda&#231;&#227;o/hospital universit&#225;rio que tanto contribui para o desenvolvimento do sistema assist&#234;ncia/ensino/pesquisa que o InCor simboliza.</p>
    <p>Freq&#252;entemente, por&#233;m, quando se analisa o desempenho do InCor, &#233; comum considerar-se apenas a quest&#227;o assistencial, ou seja, quanto custa tratar de doentes. Ali&#225;s, h&#225; um custo estimado relacionado ao cuidado m&#233;dico, como consultas, cateterismo ou cirurgias, tanto particular como de conv&#234;nios e SUS. Com base nesses crit&#233;rios, cuja propriedade n&#227;o discutirei aqui, hospitais e profissionais s&#227;o remunerados.</p>
    <p>Em contraposi&#231;&#227;o, n&#227;o temos o custo, mesmo que estimado, da produ&#231;&#227;o cient&#237;fica. Parece que produ&#231;&#227;o cient&#237;fica e ensino nada custam e, portanto, nada valem. Quanto custa um trabalho cient&#237;fico quando &#233; publicado? Quanto custa o desenvolvimento de uma pr&#243;tese de valva card&#237;aca? Quanto custa a produ&#231;&#227;o de um ventr&#237;culo artificial feito no InCor?</p>
    <p>&#201; evidente que o InCor ou qualquer hospital universit&#225;rio n&#227;o pode ser avaliado apenas pelo trabalho assistencial, como se fosse um hospital de bairro, que apenas trata de doentes. O hospital universit&#225;rio, al&#233;m de cuidados m&#233;dicos de alto n&#237;vel, gera novos conhecimentos e instru&#231;&#227;o, revertidos em benef&#237;cio da popula&#231;&#227;o. Por outro lado, exerce papel fundamental na triagem de equipamentos e nas novas tecnologias desenvolvidas no Primeiro Mundo, e que s&#227;o utilizados por todo o sistema de sa&#250;de do Pa&#237;s. </p>
    <p>Assim, esse crit&#233;rio de avalia&#231;&#227;o baseado apenas na assist&#234;ncia m&#233;dica precisa ser revisto pelos &#243;rg&#227;os governamentais quando se discutem or&#231;amentos e destina&#231;&#227;o de verbas. Uma solu&#231;&#227;o seria considerar os custos da assist&#234;ncia e da pesquisa, com igual prioridade, como inerentes intrinsecamente &#224; natureza do hospital universit&#225;rio. Deveria ser criada uma estrutura administrativa que permitisse obter financiamentos espec&#237;ficos para pesquisa/desenvolvimento e que pudesse fornecer recursos por meio da Secretaria de Ci&#234;ncia e Tecnologia, como se o hospital universit&#225;rio fosse um de seus institutos de pesquisa. Isso permitiria incorporar despesas com pessoal, equipamentos, instala&#231;&#245;es, manuten&#231;&#227;o e custeio. A FAPESP, que contribui de forma significativa para a ci&#234;ncia e para a tecnologia em nosso Estado, financia projetos de pesquisa, mas sua a&#231;&#227;o &#233; bem espec&#237;fica. Por exemplo, n&#227;o financia pessoal e infra-estrutura, e essa &#233; a contrapartida que se espera da institui&#231;&#227;o que prop&#245;e a pesquisa. </p>
    <p>Quem deveria pagar por uma estrutura assim? Primeiro, o pr&#243;prio Estado, porque &#233; o respons&#225;vel n&#227;o s&#243; pela sa&#250;de dos cidad&#227;os, mas tamb&#233;m pelo desenvolvimento tecnol&#243;gico do Pa&#237;s. Igualmente, deve ser responsabilidade da sociedade civil, porque ela &#233; benefici&#225;ria direta do desenvolvimento gerado pelo hospital universit&#225;rio. E aqui entram as funda&#231;&#245;es de apoio &#224;s entidades universit&#225;rias. J&#225; que sabidamente o Estado n&#227;o tem recursos para atender &#224;s necessidades do Pa&#237;s no que se refere a sa&#250;de, pesquisa e desenvolvimento, a sociedade civil deveria ajudar, e as funda&#231;&#245;es de apoio s&#227;o o ve&#237;culo para se fazer isso. </p>
    <p>A sociedade civil tem dado mostras de que &#233; sens&#237;vel a essas necessidades, at&#233; mesmo reconhecendo interesses comuns com as universidades e entidades acad&#234;micas. As a&#231;&#245;es conjuntas universidade/empresa e p&#250;blico/privadas s&#227;o uma tend&#234;ncia positiva de pol&#237;ticas modernas. No que concerne aos hospitais universit&#225;rios, precisamos de mudan&#231;a de conceitos e de inova&#231;&#227;o, que considere sua participa&#231;&#227;o no campo da pesquisa e do ensino. &#201; necess&#225;ria uma a&#231;&#227;o coordenada e persistente das entidades universit&#225;rias, governamentais e civis para elaborar programas que visem ao desenvolvimento cient&#237;fico/tecnol&#243;gico, revertendo em benef&#237;cio da comunidade.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="end" fn-type="corresp">
        <label>
          <bold>Correspond&#234;ncia:</bold>
        </label>
        <p> Prot&#225;sio L. da Luz </p>
        <p> InCor </p>
        <p> Av. Dr. En&#233;as Carvalho de Aguiar, 44 </p>
        <p> 05403-000 &#150; S&#227;o Paulo, SP </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="daluzp@incor.usp.br">daluzp@incor.usp.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p> Artigo recebido em 19/01/07; aceito em 23/01/07.</p>
  </body>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Point of View</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Research and teaching: essential components of a university hospital</article-title>
      </title-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>POINT OF VIEW</bold>
      </p>
      <p> Research and teaching: essential components of a university hospital</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Prot&#225;sio L. da Luz</bold>
      </p>
      <p> Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas &#150; FMUSP &#150; S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</p>
      <p>
        <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end-body2">Mailing Address</xref>
      </p>
      <p>During the recent crisis at InCor (Heart Institute/Zerbini Foundation), scant emphasis was placed on the research/education system established at InCor since its foundation 30 years ago. When discussing the InCor issue, it is the assistential side that emerges most clearly: 80% of cases are treated through the Unified Health System (SUS) &#150; highly complex procedures and the use of advanced techniques in virtually all areas of cardiology such as imaging, hemodynamics, arrhythmias, surgeries, and pediatric cardiology. Obviously, this assistential side is a basic pillar that helped bolster InCor&#146;s prestige.</p>
      <p>In its turn, the academic side, made up of teaching and research, is worthy of more in-depth examination. InCor is responsible for teaching on both the undergraduate and graduate levels. Third, fourth, and sixth-year medical students of the University of S&#227;o Paulo Medical School (FMUSP) train at InCor. At present, there are 165 students in the <italic>stricto sensu </italic>graduate program and 20 theses were presented in 2006. Residency at the InCor &#150; currently numbering 88 residents &#150; is among the most sought after in Brazil in the proportion of five candidates for each opening. These students and physicians are trained to work throughout the country. Many InCor graduate alumni are now heads of teaching units, heads of medical services, presidents of professional associations, and professors or researchers at both Brazilian and foreign medical schools.</p>
      <p>The professional research structure, with basic investigation laboratories such as molecular biology, and clinical investigation in all areas of cardiology, was set up gradually over time. In fact, prior to the InCor, there was no professional cardiac research structure. The surgical, clinical, and experimental divisions &#150; each with its own administrative structure &#150; were created concomitant to InCor&#146;s foundation. This simple but decisive factor of administrative policy was the starting point for the professionalization of research, and was followed by the recognition of research as a full time professional career. With time, InCor achieved what it has today: qualified researchers &#150; most of whom have doctorate degrees and many who have <italic>post doc</italic> abroad &#150; working full time. This leads to a large number of scientific publications and presentations at congresses each year. For example, only in 2005 the InCor research team had 213 papers published in Brazil and 203 abroad. InCor has thus contributed to the progress of cardiology on a regular basis. Funding for several of these research projects is obtained by the researchers themselves from funding agencies such as FAPESP (the S&#227;o Paulo State Research Foundation) and CNPq (the National Counsel of Technological and Scientific Development), or from the pharmaceutical industry.</p>
      <p>This would not have been possible without the Zerbini Foundation, which foots the bill for researchers&#146; salaries or supplemental income, constantly renewing staff, maintaining an ongoing training program abroad, and purchasing the required research instruments. It must be made clear that eventual administrative problems, which must always be corrected in a timely fashion, do not invalidate the university hospital foundation model that has contributed so much to development of the assistential/teaching/research system that InCor symbolizes.</p>
      <p>Frequently, however, when analyzing InCor&#146;s performance, only the assistential factor is taken into consideration i.e., how much it costs InCor to treat patients. Actually, there are estimated cost criteria related to medical care such as consultations, catheterization or surgery, whether private or through health plans and SUS. Hospital and professional health worker remuneration is based on these criteria.</p>
      <p>No such cost criteria &#150; not even estimated &#150; are applied to scientific production. It would seem that scientific production and teaching cost nothing and are therefore worth nothing. How much does it cost to publish a scientific paper? How much does it cost to develop a cardiac valve prosthesis? How much does it cost InCor to produce an artificial ventricle?</p>
      <p>Obviously, neither InCor nor any other university hospital can be evaluated exclusively on the basis of its assistential work, as though it were a community hospital dealing only with patient care. University hospitals, in addition to providing top level medical care, generate new knowledge and training that revert to the benefit of the population. In addition, they play an essential role in the triage of equipment and new technologies developed in the First World that are later used throughout the country&#146;s whole health system.</p>
      <p>Therefore, this evaluation criterion based solely on medical assistance must be reformulated by the government agencies when discussing budgets and the destination of funds. One solution would be to consider the costs of assistance and research, with equal priority, as intrinsically inherent to the nature of university hospitals. An administrative structure must be created that would allow university hospitals to obtain funding earmarked specifically for research/development, and that could provide funds through the Secretariat for Science and Technology, as though the university hospital were one of its research institutes. This would make it possible to incorporate expenses related to personnel, equipment, facilities, maintenance, and overhead. FAPESP, which lends substantial support to science and technology in the State of S&#227;o Paulo, does finance research projects, but its funding scope is very limited. For example, it does not finance personnel or infrastructure, the counterpart expected of an institution that proposes research. </p>
      <p>Who should be responsible for funding a university hospital structure? Primarily, the government itself should foot the bill, because the government is responsible not only for the health of its citizens, but for the country&#146;s technological development as well. Civil society should be held equally responsible because it is the direct beneficiary of the development generated by a university hospital. And it is here that we come to foundations that lend support to university entities.</p>
      <p>It is well-known fact that the government lacks sufficient funds to meet the country&#146;s needs in terms of health, research and development. Civil society must help, and the support foundations are the appropriate funding vehicle for this purpose.</p>
      <p>Civil society has demonstrated that it is aware of these needs, even acknowledging common interests with universities and other academic entities. Joint university/industry and public/private actions are a positive trend in modern politics. As far as university hospitals are concerned, we need conceptual change and innovation that would take into account the participation of university hospitals in the fields of research and teaching. Coordinated and ongoing action on the part of university, government, and civil entities is essential if we are to continue drawing up programs aimed at scientific and technological development that reverts to the benefit of the community.</p>
      <p>
        <fn id="end-body2" fn-type="corresp">
          <label>
            <bold>Mailing Address:</bold>
          </label>
          <p> Prot&#225;sio L. da Luz</p>
          <p> InCor</p>
          <p> Av. Dr. En&#233;as Carvalho de Aguiar, 44</p>
          <p> 05403-000 &#150; S&#227;o Paulo, SP </p>
          <p> E-mail: </p>
          <p>
            <email xlink:href="daluzp@incor.usp.br">daluzp@incor.usp.br</email>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p> Manuscript received January 19, 2007; accepted January 23, 2007.</p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
