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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">KJM7vxNv5W8KsXJTKbj986N</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00018</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2007000300018</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(07)08800318</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2007000300018</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Comunica&#231;&#227;o Breve</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Resposta press&#243;rica de pacientes com miocardiopatia chag&#225;sica ante o uso do sildenafil</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Athanazio</surname>
            <given-names>Rodrigo Abensur</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Freitas</surname>
            <given-names>Daniel Meira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Almeida</surname>
            <given-names>Daniela Batista de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Dantas</surname>
            <given-names>Nei</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Reis</surname>
            <given-names>Francisco</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Salvador</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state"/>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal da Bahia</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>03</month>
        <year>2007</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>88</volume>
      <issue>3</issue>
      <fpage>367</fpage>
      <lpage>370</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>23</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2006</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>06</day>
          <month>04</month>
          <year>2005</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>24</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2006</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>OBJETIVO: Verificar o efeito do sildenafil na press&#227;o arterial (PA) e freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (FC) de indiv&#237;duos portadores de miocardiopata chag&#225;sica (MCC) e de disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular sist&#243;lica grave (FE&lt;40%) submetidos &#224; atividade f&#237;sica. M&#201;TODOS: Foram avaliados 12 homens com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o&lt;40% e MCC confirmada por sorologia. Foi realizado o Teste de 6 minutos (T6M) antes e ap&#243;s a ingest&#227;o de sildenafil 50 mg, com intervalo de 30 minutos. Antes e depois de cada T6M aferiram-se a freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (FC) e a press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica (PAS) e diast&#243;lica (PAD). Para an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica, o estudo foi dividido em 4 etapas: Antes do T6M realizado antes do Sildenafil (T1); ap&#243;s o T6M, antes do Sildenafil (T2); ap&#243;s o sildenafil, antes do T6M (T3); ap&#243;s o Sildenafil, ap&#243;s o T6M (T4). RESULTADOS: A idade dos participantes variou entre 47 e 68 anos (57,6&#177;6,4). PAS e PAD ap&#243;s o T6M e uso do sildenafil (T4) mostraram-se menores do que antes do f&#225;rmaco (T2): 134,2&#177;15,1 versus 125,5&#177;14,0 e 88,4&#177;12,4 versus 83,0&#177;10,8, respectivamente. Nenhum indiv&#237;duo referiu sintomas durante a realiza&#231;&#227;o do T6M. N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a na dist&#226;ncia total percorrida no T6M antes e depois do uso do sildenafil (487,5&#177;15,22 versus 505,3&#177;18,45 metros, respectivamente) - p=0,056, e na FC (antes sildenafil 75,5&#177;8,79 e 96,8&#177;10,36 bpm e ap&#243;s 77,1&#177;9,81 e 96,1 &#177; 12,97 bpm). CONCLUS&#195;O: Observou-se significante diminui&#231;&#227;o da PA ap&#243;s atividade f&#237;sica sob uso do sildenafil. Entretanto, durante o Teste de 6 minutos, n&#227;o foram relatados sintomas pelos pacientes, sugerindo, ent&#227;o, que esse efeito parece n&#227;o ser suficiente para causar manifesta&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas entre os portadores de MCC e insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>Baixo d&#233;bito card&#237;aco</kwd>
        <kwd>doen&#231;a de Chagas</kwd>
        <kwd>sildenafil</kwd>
        <kwd>cardiomiopatia chag&#225;sica</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>21</day>
        <month>05</month>
        <year>2007</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>COMUNICA&#199;&#195;O BREVE</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Resposta press&#243;rica de pacientes com miocardiopatia chag&#225;sica ante o uso do sildenafil</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Rodrigo Abensur Athanazio; Daniel Meira Freitas; Daniela Batista de Almeida; Nei Dantas; Francisco Reis</bold>
    </p>
    <p> Universidade Federal da Bahia &#150; Salvador, BA</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVO:</bold> Verificar o efeito do sildenafil na press&#227;o arterial (PA) e freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (FC) de indiv&#237;duos portadores de miocardiopata chag&#225;sica (MCC) e de disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular sist&#243;lica grave (FE&lt;40%) submetidos &#224; atividade f&#237;sica. </p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS:</bold> Foram avaliados 12 homens com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o&lt;40% e MCC confirmada por sorologia. Foi realizado o Teste de 6 minutos (T6M) antes e ap&#243;s a ingest&#227;o de sildenafil 50 mg, com intervalo de 30 minutos. Antes e depois de cada T6M aferiram-se a freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (FC) e a press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica (PAS) e diast&#243;lica (PAD). Para an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica, o estudo foi dividido em 4 etapas: Antes do T6M realizado antes do Sildenafil (T1); ap&#243;s o T6M, antes do Sildenafil (T2); ap&#243;s o sildenafil, antes do T6M (T3); ap&#243;s o Sildenafil, ap&#243;s o T6M (T4). </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS:</bold> A idade dos participantes variou entre 47 e 68 anos (57,6&#177;6,4). PAS e PAD ap&#243;s o T6M e uso do sildenafil (T4) mostraram-se menores do que antes do f&#225;rmaco (T2): 134,2&#177;15,1 versus 125,5&#177;14,0 e 88,4&#177;12,4 versus 83,0&#177;10,8, respectivamente. Nenhum indiv&#237;duo referiu sintomas durante a realiza&#231;&#227;o do T6M. N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a na dist&#226;ncia total percorrida no T6M antes e depois do uso do sildenafil (487,5&#177;15,22 versus 505,3&#177;18,45 metros, respectivamente) &#150; p=0,056, e na FC (antes sildenafil 75,5&#177;8,79 e 96,8&#177;10,36 bpm e ap&#243;s 77,1&#177;9,81 e 96,1 &#177; 12,97 bpm). </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#195;O:</bold> Observou-se significante diminui&#231;&#227;o da PA ap&#243;s atividade f&#237;sica sob uso do sildenafil. Entretanto, durante o Teste de 6 minutos, n&#227;o foram relatados sintomas pelos pacientes, sugerindo, ent&#227;o, que esse efeito parece n&#227;o ser suficiente para causar manifesta&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas entre os portadores de MCC e insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca.</p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave:</bold> Baixo d&#233;bito card&#237;aco, doen&#231;a de Chagas, sildenafil, cardiomiopatia chag&#225;sica.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Com base nos dados dos estudos nacionais sobre a epidemiologia da disfun&#231;&#227;o er&#233;til (DE), estima-se que atualmente no Brasil cerca de 25 milh&#245;es de homens com mais de 18 anos sofram de algum grau de DE, e que 11,3 milh&#245;es tenham disfun&#231;&#227;o moderada a grave. Essa preval&#234;ncia encontra-se muito maior em pacientes portadores de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca em raz&#227;o de particularidades como disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial, baixo d&#233;bito card&#237;aco, uso de medicamentos que levam a impot&#234;ncia sexual e maior predisposi&#231;&#227;o a eventos tromboemb&#243;licos<sup>1</sup>. </p>
    <p>Recentemente, uma classe nova de agentes denominados inibidores da fosfodiesterase do tipo 5 (nafil) vem se mostrando bastante eficaz no tratamento da DE na popula&#231;&#227;o em geral. Apesar de ser espec&#237;fico pela fosfodiesterase tipo 5 (PDE5) mais relacionada &#224; fun&#231;&#227;o sexual do que ao controle da press&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica, estudos demonstraram redu&#231;&#227;o discreta, por&#233;m estatisticamente significante da press&#227;o arterial com o uso do sildenafil. A associa&#231;&#227;o com agentes anti-hipertensivos e vasodilatadores pode trazer efeitos hipotensores sin&#233;rgicos colocando em risco a vida do paciente.</p>
    <p>Na popula&#231;&#227;o com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e suas caracter&#237;sticas peculiares de baixo d&#233;bito e uso de agentes com potencial efeito vasodilatador sin&#233;rgico fazem-se necess&#225;rios estudos que mostrem n&#227;o apenas efic&#225;cia, mas, sobretudo, seguran&#231;a com o uso dos nafil<sup>2</sup>. Isso se torna ainda mais relevante quando se analisam certas caracter&#237;sticas singulares de nossa popula&#231;&#227;o onde existe uma alta preval&#234;ncia de portadores de miocardiopatia Chag&#225;sica que comumente apresentam alguns eventos espec&#237;ficos em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica encontrada em outras etiologias da insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca. Em pacientes chag&#225;sicos h&#225; maior freq&#252;&#234;ncia de altera&#231;&#245;es da condu&#231;&#227;o el&#233;trica card&#237;aca como bloqueio de ramo e atrioventricular, extra-s&#237;stoles e arritmias complexas como taquicardia ventricular. </p>
    <p>Novos estudos t&#234;m demonstrado uma participa&#231;&#227;o importante do &#243;xido n&#237;trico na fisiopatologia da miocardiopatia chag&#225;sica. A infec&#231;&#227;o pelo <italic>Trypanossoma cruzi</italic> induz a express&#227;o da iNOS que acarreta uma libera&#231;&#227;o acentuada de &#243;xido n&#237;trico, que em &#250;ltima an&#225;lise desencadeia um processo inflamat&#243;rio com destrui&#231;&#227;o dos mi&#243;citos. Os inibidores da fosfodiesterase tipo 5 regulam a produ&#231;&#227;o de &#243;xido n&#237;trico e podem, no futuro, servir como uma op&#231;&#227;o terap&#234;utica para esses pacientes. </p>
    <p>O objetivo do estudo &#233; verificar agudamente o efeito hemodin&#226;mico do sildenafil na press&#227;o arterial e freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca de portadores de miocardiopatia chag&#225;sica e disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular grave submetidos &#224; atividade f&#237;sica.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#233;todos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Foram inclu&#237;dos no estudo pacientes do sexo masculino, acima de 18 anos, portadores de doen&#231;a de chagas confirmado por ELISA ou imunofluoresc&#234;ncia e portadores de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca sist&#243;lica com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o menor que 40%, evidenciado por ecocardiograma pela f&#243;rmula de Simpson. Os pacientes n&#227;o podiam fazer uso de nitrato, apresentar sintomatologia para doen&#231;a coronariana isqu&#234;mica ou estar em classe funcional III ou IV da NYHA. </p>
    <p>A coleta de dados da hist&#243;ria cl&#237;nica pregressa, sintomas atuais e tratamento foi realizada por meio de entrevista e revis&#227;o de prontu&#225;rio. Foi aplicado question&#225;rio IIEF (<italic>International Index of Erectile Disfunction</italic>) para avalia&#231;&#227;o de disfun&#231;&#227;o er&#233;til. Todos os participantes do estudo tiveram freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e press&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica aferidos antes e ap&#243;s Teste de caminhada de 6 minutos (T6M), ao qual foram submetidos duas vezes. O T6M foi realizado segundo protocolo da <italic>American Thoracic Association</italic>&#179;.</p>
    <p>Ap&#243;s a realiza&#231;&#227;o do primeiro T6M<sup>3</sup>, receberam sildenafil via oral na dose de 50 mg, ficando em repouso por 30 minutos. Ap&#243;s esse per&#237;odo, eram submetidos ao segundo T6M.</p>
    <p>Para an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica, o estudo foi dividido em quatro etapas: antes do T6M realizado antes do sildenafil (T1); ap&#243;s o T6M, antes do Sildenafil (T2); ap&#243;s o sildenafil, antes do T6M (T3); ap&#243;s o sildenafil, ap&#243;s o T6M (T4). Os dados foram comparados por meio do software SPSS. Utilizou-se teste Qui-quadrado para vari&#225;veis nominais e <italic>t </italic>Student para cont&#237;nuas. Considerou-se estatisticamente significante quando p&lt;0,05.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Resultados</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Foram inclu&#237;dos 12 pacientes com m&#233;dia de idade de 57,5&#177;6,3 anos. Em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; ra&#231;a, 25,0% eram brancos, 41,7% pardos e 33,3% negros. A maioria dos pacientes encontrava-se em classe funcional I (91,7%). Entre os participantes do estudo, 75% apresentavam disfun&#231;&#227;o er&#233;til segundo question&#225;rio IIEF. Em rela&#231;&#227;o ao uso de medicamentos, 100% utilizavam inibidor da ECA, 66% digit&#225;licos; 58%, diur&#233;ticos; 41%, betabloqueador; e 50%, antiarr&#237;tmico classe 3 (amiodarona).</p>
    <p>N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significante na dist&#226;ncia total percorrida no Teste de 6 minutos (T6M) antes e depois do uso do sildenafil (487,5&#177;15,22 versus 505,3&#177;18,45 metros, respectivamente) &#150; p=0,056 (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="grf01">Gr&#225;fico 1</xref>).</p>
    <fig id="grf01">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-03-0367-00018-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>A m&#233;dia da press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica antes do T6M e do uso do sildenafil (T1) foi de 120,5&#177;14,59mmHg. Houve aumento estatisticamente significante na press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica ap&#243;s o Teste de 6 minutos (T2), 134,2&#177;15,17 &#150; p=0,002. O mesmo achado foi encontrado para a press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica antes (T1) e ap&#243;s (T2) o T6M, ainda antes do uso do sildenafil (82,6&#177;12,59 versus 88,4&#177;12,41mmHg &#150; p=0,009). O mesmo incremento da press&#227;o arterial foi encontrado ap&#243;s o uso do sildenafil. Antes do Teste de 6 minutos e ap&#243;s o uso do sildenafil (T3) a press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica e diast&#243;lica foi de 113,6&#177;13,37 e 78,5&#177;13,94 mmHg, respectivamente. Ap&#243;s o T6M e uso do medicamento (T4), os valores foram de 125,2&#177;14,09 e 83,0&#177;10,87 mmHg. O valor de "p" para a press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica foi igual a 0,0004 e para a diast&#243;lica, de 0,04. </p>
    <p>A freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca tamb&#233;m apresentou aumento significativo ap&#243;s o exerc&#237;cio. Os valores antes do f&#225;rmaco foram de 75,5&#177;8,79 e 96,8&#177;10,36 bpm (p=0,00005) e ap&#243;s de 77,1&#177;9,81 e 96,1&#177;12,97 bpm (p=0,0003). </p>
    <p>A varia&#231;&#227;o do aumento (D) antes e ap&#243;s o uso do sildenafil, entretanto, n&#227;o se mostrou diferente (p&gt;0,05), tanto para a press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica e diast&#243;lica como para a freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca. </p>
    <p>A compara&#231;&#227;o dos valores da press&#227;o arterial e freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; influ&#234;ncia do sildenafil sobre esses par&#226;metros durante o Teste de caminhada de 6 minutos encontram-se na <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01">tabela 1</xref>. Diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significante foi encontrada apenas na queda da press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica e diast&#243;lica ap&#243;s uso do sildenafil e do T6M (T2 e T4).</p>
    <table-wrap id="tab01">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-03-0367-00018-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>Nenhum paciente referiu sintomas durante a realiza&#231;&#227;o do estudo, apresentando boa toler&#226;ncia ao T6M tanto antes como ap&#243;s uso do sildenafil.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A disfun&#231;&#227;o er&#233;til n&#227;o se constitui em uma doen&#231;a que ponha em risco a vida do paciente. Entretanto, diferentes estudos mostram que a fun&#231;&#227;o sexual &#233; um componente importante do cotidiano individual, um fator de qualidade de vida, um balizador da fun&#231;&#227;o e do status ps&#237;quico e individual, um fator de auto-estima, e um marcador precoce e significativo de uma s&#233;rie de outras doen&#231;as. Dessa forma, tratar a DE &#233; uma maneira de melhorar a qualidade de vida do individuo, propiciando, ali&#225;s, est&#237;mulo como aux&#237;lio do tratamento da doen&#231;a de base<sup>4</sup>.</p>
    <p>O sildenafil &#233; um inibidor preferencial da fosfodiesterase tipo 5 (PDE5) que se concentra na genit&#225;lia masculina e feminina. Apesar da PDE5 estar difundida em toda a vasculatura sist&#234;mica, outras fosfodiesterases parecem exercer efeito mais importante no metabolismo do GMPc e, conseq&#252;entemente, na press&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica. O sildenafil tem afinidade cerca de cem vezes maior do que os tipos 1, 2, 3 e 4 da fosfodiesterase. Essa rela&#231;&#227;o &#233; importante, visto que a PDE3 est&#225; envolvida na contratilidade card&#237;aca. Sildenafil produz redu&#231;&#227;o discreta e transit&#243;ria da press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica e na press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica. Por&#233;m, pode ter efeitos catastr&#243;ficos quando associado a outras classes de anti-hipertensivos como os nitratos, quando a produ&#231;&#227;o de GMPc aumenta drasticamente, causando hipotens&#227;o severa<sup>5</sup>. </p>
    <p>Em nosso estudo, o efeito do sildenafil mostrou redu&#231;&#227;o na press&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica tanto antes como ap&#243;s o Teste de 6 minutos; entretanto, uma queda estatisticamente significante foi observada apenas ap&#243;s o esfor&#231;o f&#237;sico. Tal altera&#231;&#227;o, contudo, n&#227;o foi acompanhada de sintomatologia. A freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca mostrou-se inalterada sob efeito do inibidor da fosfodiesterase tipo 5. O gasto energ&#233;tico relacionado ao ato sexual j&#225; foi demonstrado em diversos estudos, sendo comparado a uma atividade f&#237;sica de moderado a grande esfor&#231;o. Apesar de a atividade sexual abranger outras dimens&#245;es que n&#227;o apenas o aspecto f&#237;sico, tais como quest&#245;es emocionais, o Teste de 6 minutos &#233; um modo capaz de simular o esfor&#231;o f&#237;sico do paciente durante uma rela&#231;&#227;o sexual.</p>
    <p>Segundo Cheitlin e cols.<sup>6</sup>, sildenafil produz redu&#231;&#227;o discreta e transit&#243;ria na press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica (8 a 10 mmHg) e diast&#243;lica (5 a 6 mmHg), n&#227;o sendo observados efeitos significativos na freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca. Os efeitos hipotensores s&#227;o independentes de doses e raramente causam efeito ortost&#225;ticos. Em volunt&#225;rios normais, n&#227;o houve altera&#231;&#245;es importantes no &#237;ndice card&#237;aco at&#233; 12 horas ap&#243;s uma dose oral de sildenafil (100 a 200 mg).</p>
    <p>Bocchi e cols.<sup>7</sup> realizaram estudo randomizado, duplo-cego, placebo-controlado, com 24 pacientes com ICC classes II, III e IV (NYHA), submetidos &#224; caminhada de 6 minutos cerca de uma hora ap&#243;s ingest&#227;o de sildenafil ou placebo. Como resultado, observaram a redu&#231;&#227;o da freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e da press&#227;o arterial de repouso, com normaliza&#231;&#227;o desses par&#226;metros durante o exerc&#237;cio. Conclu&#237;ram que a hipotens&#227;o durante atividade sexual &#233; um efeito adverso improv&#225;vel do sildenafil.</p>
    <p>Em outro estudo, 35 pacientes com ICC e DE foram estudados e observou-se uma diminui&#231;&#227;o assintom&#225;tica de 6&#177;3 mmHg na press&#227;o arterial dos indiv&#237;duos que fizeram uso do sildenafil, n&#227;o ocorrendo hipotens&#227;o sintom&#225;tica ou outros efeitos adversos<sup>8</sup>. No trabalho realizado por Katz e cols.<sup>9</sup>, 60% (36/60) dos pacientes portadores de ICC que receberam sildenafil, e 48% (35/72) dos que receberam placebo desenvolveram efeitos adversos, incluindo cefal&#233;ia transit&#243;ria, rubor facial e astenia. Entretanto, a incid&#234;ncia de eventos relacionados aos efeitos cardiovasculares foi baixa<sup>9</sup>.</p>
    <p>A import&#226;ncia do estudo &#233; comprovar que os mesmo efeitos do sildenafil, assim como sua magnitude sobre a press&#227;o arterial e freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca s&#227;o compar&#225;veis aos de outras popula&#231;&#245;es com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca<sup>10</sup>. Nesses estudos, a maior parte dos pacientes era de portadores de doen&#231;a hipertensiva e arterial coronariana. Em raz&#227;o da alta preval&#234;ncia de portadores de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca por causa da miocardiopatia chag&#225;sica em nosso meio a confirma&#231;&#227;o desses dados &#233; obrigat&#243;ria para seguran&#231;a desses pacientes. Neste estudo, observou-se significante diminui&#231;&#227;o da PA ap&#243;s atividade f&#237;sica sob uso do sildenafil. Entretanto, durante o Teste de 6 minutos, n&#227;o foram relatados sintomas pelos pacientes sugerindo, ent&#227;o, que esse efeito parece n&#227;o ser suficiente para causar manifesta&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas entre os portadores de MCC e IC. Novos estudos devem ser realizados para comprovar definitivamente a seguran&#231;a do uso do sildenafil em pacientes com miocardiopatia chag&#225;sica.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesses</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflitos de interesses pertinentes.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="end" fn-type="corresp">
        <p>Correspond&#234;ncia:</p>
        <p> Rodrigo Abensur Athanazio </p>
        <p> Rua Cear&#225; 853/1503 </p>
        <p> 41830-450 &#150; Salvador, BA </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="rathanazio@yahoo.com.br">rathanazio@yahoo.com.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p> Artigo recebido em 06/04/05; revisado recebido 23/08/06; aceito em 24/11/06.</p>
  </body>
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  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Brief Comments</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Pressure response in chagasic cardiomyopathy patients after using sildenafil</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>OBJECTIVE: To accurately verify the effect of Sildenafil on blood pressure (BP) and heart rate (HR) in individuals with Chagasic myocardiopathy (CMC) and severe systolic ventricular dysfunction (EF&lt;40%) submitted to physical activity. METHODS: Twelve men with ejection fractions &lt;40% and CMC confirmed by a serological test were assessed. The six-minute walk test (6MWT) was performed before and after administration of 50 mg of Sildenafil, with a 30 minute interval. Heart rate (HR), systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure were taken and compared before and after each 6MWT. For statistical analysis purposes, the study was divided into four stages: before the 6MWT and administration of Sildenafil (S1); after the 6MWT but before the administration of Sildenafil (S2); after the administration of Sildenafil but before the 6MWT (S3); and after the administration of Sildenafil and the 6MWT (S4). RESULTS: Participant ages ranged from 47 to 68 years (57.6 &#177; 6.4). SBP and DBP after the 6MWT and the administration of Sildenafil (S4) were lower than before taking the drug (S2): 134.2 &#177; 15.1 versus 125.5 &#177; 14.0 and 88.4 &#177; 12.4 versus 83.0 &#177; 10.8, respectively. None of the patients reported any symptoms during the 6MWT. There were no differences in the distances walked during the 6MWT before or after taking Sildenafil (487.5&#177;15.22 versus 505.3&#177;18.45 meters, respectively)-p=0.056, or in HR (before Sildenafil 75.5 &#177; 8.79 and 96.8 &#177; 10.36 bpm and after 77.1 &#177; 9.81 and 96.1 &#177; 12.97 bpm). CONCLUSION: Based on these results, it can be concluded that both prediction equations significantly overestimated HRmax measured during maximal GXT in Brazilian elderly women, a finding that may have important implications when prescribing exercise intensity for this population. In addition, HRmax was inversely related to the volunteers&#8217; age, suggesting that the chronotropic reserve continues to decline after age 60.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Cardiac output, low</kwd>
        <kwd>Chagas disease</kwd>
        <kwd>sildenafil</kwd>
        <kwd>Chagas cardiomyopathy</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>BRIEF COMMENTS</bold>
      </p>
      <p> Pressure response in chagasic cardiomyopathy patients after using sildenafil</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Rodrigo Abensur Athanazio; Daniel Meira Freitas; Daniela Batista de Almeida; Nei Dantas, Francisco Reis</bold>
      </p>
      <p> Universidade Federal da Bahia &#150; Salvador, BA - Brazil</p>
      <p>
        <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end-body2">Mailing Address</xref>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>SUMMARY</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVE:</bold> To accurately verify the effect of Sildenafil on blood pressure (BP) and heart rate (HR) in individuals with Chagasic myocardiopathy (CMC) and severe systolic ventricular dysfunction (EF&lt;40%) submitted to physical activity.</p>
      <p><bold>METHODS:</bold> Twelve men with ejection fractions &lt;40% and CMC confirmed by a serological test were assessed. The six-minute walk test (6MWT) was performed before and after administration of 50 mg of Sildenafil, with a 30 minute interval. Heart rate (HR), systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure were taken and compared before and after each 6MWT. For statistical analysis purposes, the study was divided into four stages: before the 6MWT and administration of Sildenafil (S1); after the 6MWT but before the administration of Sildenafil (S2); after the administration of Sildenafil but before the 6MWT (S3); and after the administration of Sildenafil and the 6MWT (S4).</p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS:</bold> Participant ages ranged from 47 to 68 years (57.6 &#177; 6.4). SBP and DBP after the 6MWT and the administration of Sildenafil (S4) were lower than before taking the drug (S2): 134.2 &#177; 15.1 versus 125.5 &#177; 14.0 and 88.4 &#177; 12.4 versus 83.0 &#177; 10.8, respectively. None of the patients reported any symptoms during the 6MWT. There were no differences in the distances walked during the 6MWT before or after taking Sildenafil (487.5&#177;15.22 versus 505.3&#177;18.45 meters, respectively)&#150;p=0.056, or in HR (before Sildenafil 75.5 &#177; 8.79 and 96.8 &#177; 10.36 bpm and after 77.1 &#177; 9.81 and 96.1 &#177; 12.97 bpm).</p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSION:</bold> A significant reduction in BP after physical activity while using Sildenafil was observed. However, during the six-minute walk test, the patients did not report any symptoms, indicating that this effect is not sufficient to cause clinical manifestations in CMC and heart failure patients.</p>
      <p><bold>Key words:</bold> Cardiac output, low; Chagas disease; sildenafil; Chagas cardiomyopathy.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Introduction</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Based on data from national studies on the epidemiology of erectile dysfunction (ED), it is estimated that there are currently approximately 25 million men over the age of 18 in Brazil who suffer from some degree of ED and that 11.3 million have moderate to serious dysfunction. This prevalence is much higher in heart failure patients due to specific characteristics such as endothelial dysfunction, low cardiac output, use of drugs that cause sexual impotence and a greater possibility to suffer thromboembolytic events<sup>1</sup>. </p>
      <p>Recently, a new class of drugs called phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitors (nafil) has proven effective in the treatment of ED for the population in general. Even though these inhibitors are specifically indicated for phosphodiesterase type 5 (PDE5) that has a closer relationship with sexual function than systemic blood pressure, studies have shown that Sildenafil causes slight, but statistically significant blood pressure reductions. Its association with high blood pressure and vasodilator drugs can cause synergic hypotensive effects and endanger the patient&#146;s life.</p>
      <p>Studies that demonstrate not only the efficacy but especially the safety of PDE5 inhibitors are required for the population with heart failure due to the distinctive characteristics of low cardiac output and the use of drugs with potential synergic vasodilatation effects<sup>2</sup>. This is even more relevant when analyzing particular distinct characteristics of the Brazilian population where there is a high prevalence of individuals with the Chagas myocardiopathy that usually present some specific events in relation to systolic dysfunction that are also present with other heart failure etiologies. In Chagasic patients there is a higher incidence of cardiac electrical conduction alterations such as bundle branch and atrioventricular blocks, extrasystoles and complex arrhythmias, such as ventricular tachycardia.</p>
      <p>New studies have demonstrated a significant nitric oxide involvement in the Chagasic myocardiopathy physiopathology. The infection caused by the <italic>Trypanossoma cruzi</italic> induces an iNOS expression, greatly increasing the release of nitric oxide causing an inflammatory process that destroys the myocytes. The phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitors regulate nitric oxide production and could be a therapeutic option for these patients in the future. </p>
      <p>The objective of the study is to accurately verify the hemodynamic effects of Sildenafil on blood pressure and heart rate during physical exercise in patients with Chagasic myocardiopathy and severe ventricular dysfunction.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Methods</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The participants in the study were male patients over the age of 18 with Chagas disease, confirmed by ELISA or immunofluorescence, or systolic heart failure with ejection fractions less than 40%, confirmed by an echocardiogram using the Simpson formula. Exclusion criteria included the use of nitrate, presence of ischemic heart disease symptoms and NYHA functional class III or IV. </p>
      <p>Interviews and medical chart information were used to collect data on prior medical histories, current symptoms and treatments. The IIEF (International Index of Erectile Dysfunction) questionnaire was used to assess erectile dysfunction. Heart rate and systemic blood pressure readings for the study participants were taken before and after the two six-minute walk tests (6MWT). The 6MWT was conducted according to the American Thoracic Association protocol<sup>3</sup>.</p>
      <p>After the first 6MWT<sup>3</sup>, the patients were given a 50mg oral dose of Sildenafil and rested for 30 minutes. After this interval they underwent the second 6MWT.</p>
      <p>For statistical analysis purposes, the study was divided in four stages: Before the 6MWT and administration of Sildenafil (S1); after the 6MWT but before the administration of Sildenafil (S2); after the administration of Sildenafil but before the 6MWT (S3); and after the administration of Sildenafil, and the 6MWT (S4). Data comparison was performed with the SPSS software SPSS program. The chi-square test was used for nominal variables and the Student&#146;s t-test for continuous variables. Statistical significance was determined as p&lt;0.05.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Results</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The study included twelve patients with an average age of 57.5 &#177; 6.3 years. In relation to race, 25.0% were white, 41.7% mulattos and 33.3% negroes. The majority of the patients were functional class I (91.7%). According to the IIEF questionnaire, 75% of the study participants had erectile dysfunction. In relation to the use of drugs, 100% used ACE inhibitors, 66% digitalis, 58% diuretics, 41% beta-blockers and 50% class 3 antiarrhythmic agents (amiodarone).</p>
      <p>There was no statistically significant difference in the total distance walked during the six-minute walk test (6MWT) before and after the use of Sildenafil (487.5 &#177; 15.22 versus 505.3 &#177; 18.45 meters, respectively) &#150; p = 0.056 (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="grf01-body2">Graphic 1</xref>).</p>
      <fig id="grf01-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-03-0367-00018-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>Mean systolic blood pressure before the 6MWT and the administration of Sildenafil (S1) was 120.5&#177;14.59mmHg. There was a statistically significant increase in systolic blood pressure after the six-minute walk test (S2), 134.2&#177;15.17 &#150; p = 0.002. Statistically significant increases were also found for diastolic blood pressure before (S1) and after (S2) the 6MWT, even before the administration of Sildenafil (82.6&#177;12.59 versus 88.4&#177;12.41mmHg &#150; p = 0.009). The same blood pressure increments were found after the administration of Sildenafil. Before the six-minute walk test but after the administration of Sildenafil (S3) systolic and diastolic blood pressures were 113.6&#177;13.37 and 78.5&#177;13.94 mmHg, respectively. After the 6MWT and drug administration (S4), the values were 125.5&#177;14.09 and 83.0&#177;10.87mmHg. The "p" value for systolic blood pressure was equal to 0.0004 and for diastolic 0.04. </p>
      <p>Heart rate also presented a significant increase after exercise. The values before taking the medication were 75.5 &#177; 8.79 and 96.8 &#177; 10.36 bpm (p = 0.00005) and after 77.1 &#177; 9.81 and 96.1 &#177; 12.97 bpm (p = 0.0003). </p>
      <p>Nevertheless, the increment increase (D) before and after Sildenafil administration did not reveal any difference (p&gt;0.05) for systolic or diastolic blood pressure or heart rate.</p>
      <p>Comparison of the blood pressure and heart rate values in relation to the influence of Sildenafil on these parameters during the six-minute walktest are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01-body2">Table 1</xref>. Significant statistical differences were only found for the systolic and diastolic blood pressure drop after the use of Sildenafil and the 6MWT (S2 and S4). </p>
      <table-wrap id="tab01-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-03-0367-00018-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>No patient reported symptoms during the study, presenting good tolerance to the 6MWT both before and after the administration of Sildenafil.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Erectile dysfunction is not a life-threatening pathology. Nevertheless, various studies show that sexual function is an important part of everyday life, a factor of quality of life, a marker of psychic and individual status and function, a factor of self-esteem and an early and significant marker for a series of other pathologies. Based on this, ED treatment is one way to improve the individual&#146;s quality of life and can even stimulate the treatment of the main disease<sup>4</sup>.</p>
      <p>Sildenafil is a selective inhibitor of type 5 phosphodiesterase (PDE5) that is concentrated in male and female genitals. Even though PDE5 is dispersed throughout the circulatory system other phosphodiesterases appear to have a more significant effect on GMPc metabolism and therefore on systemic blood pressure. Sildenafil has an affinity close to 100 times greater than the types 1, 2, 3, and 4 phosphodiesterases. This relationship is important, since PDE3 is involved in cardiac contractibility. Sildenafil produces a slight and transient reduction in systolic and diastolic blood pressures. However, it could have catastrophic effects when associated with other types of blood pressure drugs such as nitrates, after which the production of GMPc increases drastically, causing severe hypotension<sup>5</sup>. </p>
      <p>In our study, Sildenafil reduced systemic blood pressure both before and after the six-minute walk test, however a statistically significant drop was only observed after physical exertion. Nevertheless, this alteration was not accompanied with symptomatology. Heart rate was not altered by the type 5 phosphodiesterase inhibitor. Energy expenditure during the sexual act has been demonstrated in various studies and is compared to a physical activity involving moderate to intense exertion. Even though sexual activity includes other aspects in addition to the physical element, such as emotional issues, the six-minute test is a viable method to simulate the patient&#146;s physical exertion during sexual relations.</p>
      <p>According to Cheitlin et al<sup>6</sup>, Sildenafil produces a slight and transient reduction in systolic (8 to 10 mmHg) and diastolic (5 to 6 mmHg) blood pressures with no noticeable effects on heart rate. The hypotensive effects are not dependent on dosages and rarely cause an orthostatic effect. In normal volunteers, no significant alterations in the cardiac index were observed in a 12 hour timeframe after taking an oral dose of Sildenafil (100 to 200 mg).</p>
      <p>Bochi et al<sup>7</sup> conducted a double-blind, placebo controlled, randomized study with 24 class II, III and IV (NYHA) congestive heart failure (CHF) patients, submitted to a six-minute walk roughly 1 hour after taking Sildenafil or placebo. Their results revealed reduced resting heart rates and blood pressures, which normalized during exercise. They concluded that hypotension during sexual activity is an unlikely adverse effect of Sildenafil.</p>
      <p>In another study, involving 35 patients with CHF and ED, an asymptomatic blood pressure reduction of 6 &#177; 3 mmHg was observed in the patients who took Sildenafil with no occurrences of symptomatic hypotension or other adverse effects<sup>8</sup>. In the study conducted by Katz et al<sup>9</sup>, 60% (36/60) of the CHF patients that took Sildenafil and 48% (35/72) of the patients that took placebo, developed adverse effects including transient headache, facial flushing and weakness. Nevertheless the incidence of events related to cardiovascular effects was low<sup>9</sup>.</p>
      <p>The significance of the study is to prove that the effects and magnitude of Sildenafil on blood pressure and heart rate is comparable to that of other populations with heart failure<sup>10</sup>. In these studies, the majority of the patients had hypertension and coronary artery disease. Owing to the high prevalence of individuals with heart failure related to the Chagasic cardiomyopathy in Brazil, confirmation of these data is mandatory for patient safety. In this study, a significant BP reduction was observed after physical activity while using Sildenafil. However, during the six-minute walk test the patients did not report any symptoms, indicating that this effect seems to be insufficient to cause clinical manifestations in CMC and HF patients. Further studies are required to prove the actual safety of Sildenafil in patients with Chagasic cardiomyopathy.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
      </p>
      <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fn id="end-body2" fn-type="corresp">
          <label>
            <bold>Mailing Address:</bold>
          </label>
          <p> Rodrigo Abensur Athanazio</p>
          <p> Rua Cear&#225; 853/1503</p>
          <p> 41830-450 &#150; Salvador, BA - Brazil</p>
          <p> E-mail: </p>
          <p>
            <email xlink:href="rathanazio@yahoo.com.br">rathanazio@yahoo.com.br</email>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p> Manuscript received April 6, 2005; revised manuscript received August 23, 2006; accepted November 24, 2006.</p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
