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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">5TtgbrFPL8XqJhfDHfm7rYw</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00016</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2007000300016</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(07)08800316</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2007000300016</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>S&#237;ndrome da hipoplasia do cora&#231;&#227;o esquerdo: a influ&#234;ncia da estrat&#233;gia cir&#250;rgica nos resultados</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233; Pedro da</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Fonseca</surname>
            <given-names>Luciana da</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Baumgratz</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233; Francisco</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Castro</surname>
            <given-names>Rodrigo Moreira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Franchi</surname>
            <given-names>Sonia Meiken</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sylos</surname>
            <given-names>Cristina de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Grassi</surname>
            <given-names>Liliane M. G. Pozzi</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Cattani</surname>
            <given-names>C&#233;sar Augusto M.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lopes</surname>
            <given-names>L&#237;lian Maria</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Vila</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233; Henrique Andrade</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Benefic&#234;ncia Portuguesa de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>03</month>
        <year>2007</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>88</volume>
      <issue>3</issue>
      <fpage>354</fpage>
      <lpage>360</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>05</day>
          <month>10</month>
          <year>2006</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>07</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2006</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>16</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2006</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>OBJETIVOS: Relatar uma estrat&#233;gia cir&#250;rgica para a opera&#231;&#227;o de Norwood na s&#237;ndrome de hipoplasia do cora&#231;&#227;o esquerdo (SHCE), que possibilite tempo curto de parada circulat&#243;ria hipot&#233;rmica e reconstru&#231;&#227;o do arco a&#243;rtico com peric&#225;rdio aut&#243;logo. Comparar os resultados das t&#233;cnicas anastomose de Blalock-Taussig modificado (B-Tm) e tubo ventr&#237;culo direito para art&#233;ria pulmonar (VD-AP) no restabelecimento da circula&#231;&#227;o pulmonar. M&#201;TODOS: Estudo retrospectivo compreendendo 71 neonatos portadores de SHCE, consecutivamente operados entre mar&#231;o de 1999 e fevereiro de 2006. Foi usada a mesma t&#233;cnica de reconstru&#231;&#227;o da neo-aorta e duas t&#233;cnicas diferentes de restabelecimento da circula&#231;&#227;o pulmonar: anastomose de B-Tm nos primeiros 37 neonatos e tubo VD-AP nos &#250;ltimos 34. A canula&#231;&#227;o do canal arterial para a perfus&#227;o arterial foi a parte principal da estrat&#233;gia cir&#250;rgica para diminuir o tempo de parada circulat&#243;ria hipot&#233;rmica. RESULTADOS: A sobrevida geral foi de 74,64%, sendo de 67,57% no grupo B-Tm e de 82,35% no grupo tubo VD-AP (p = 0,1808). Os &#237;ndices de mortalidade entre o primeiro e o segundo est&#225;gios foram de 40% e de 4,4%, respectivamente, nos grupo B-Tm e tubo VD-AP (p = 0,0054). Os tempos de parada circulat&#243;ria hipot&#233;rmica foram, respectivamente, de 45,79 + 1,99 minutos e de 36,62 + 1,62 minutos (p = 0,0012). Coarcta&#231;&#227;o tardia da aorta ocorreu em cinco pacientes (7,2%). CONCLUS&#195;O: Essa estrat&#233;gia cir&#250;rgica resultou em tempo curto de parada circulat&#243;ria, baixa mortalidade e boa morfologia da neo-aorta, com baixa incid&#234;ncia tardia de coarcta&#231;&#227;o a&#243;rtica. A maior sobrevida ao primeiro est&#225;gio com o tubo VD-AP n&#227;o foi significante, mas a mortalidade interest&#225;gios foi estatisticamente menor na compara&#231;&#227;o com o procedimento B-Tm.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>Valva mitral</kwd>
        <kwd>valva a&#243;rtica</kwd>
        <kwd>valva mitral</kwd>
        <kwd>valva a&#243;rtica</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>21</day>
        <month>05</month>
        <year>2007</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>ARTIGO ORIGINAL</bold>
    </p>
    <p>S&#237;ndrome da hipoplasia do cora&#231;&#227;o esquerdo: a influ&#234;ncia da estrat&#233;gia cir&#250;rgica nos resultados</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Jos&#233; Pedro da Silva; Luciana da Fonseca; Jos&#233; Francisco Baumgratz; Rodrigo Moreira Castro; Sonia Meiken Franchi; Cristina de Sylos; Liliane M. G. Pozzi Grassi; C&#233;sar Augusto M. Cattani; L&#237;lian Maria Lopes; Jos&#233; Henrique Andrade Vila</bold>
    </p>
    <p> Hospital Benefic&#234;ncia Portuguesa de S&#227;o Paulo &#150; S&#227;o Paulo, SP</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVOS:</bold> Relatar uma estrat&#233;gia cir&#250;rgica para a opera&#231;&#227;o de Norwood na s&#237;ndrome de hipoplasia do cora&#231;&#227;o esquerdo (SHCE), que possibilite tempo curto de parada circulat&#243;ria hipot&#233;rmica e reconstru&#231;&#227;o do arco a&#243;rtico com peric&#225;rdio aut&#243;logo. Comparar os resultados das t&#233;cnicas anastomose de Blalock-Taussig modificado (B-Tm) e tubo ventr&#237;culo direito para art&#233;ria pulmonar (VD-AP) no restabelecimento da circula&#231;&#227;o pulmonar. </p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS:</bold> Estudo retrospectivo compreendendo 71 neonatos portadores de SHCE, consecutivamente operados entre mar&#231;o de 1999 e fevereiro de 2006. Foi usada a mesma t&#233;cnica de reconstru&#231;&#227;o da neo-aorta e duas t&#233;cnicas diferentes de restabelecimento da circula&#231;&#227;o pulmonar: anastomose de B-Tm nos primeiros 37 neonatos e tubo VD-AP nos &#250;ltimos 34. A canula&#231;&#227;o do canal arterial para a perfus&#227;o arterial foi a parte principal da estrat&#233;gia cir&#250;rgica para diminuir o tempo de parada circulat&#243;ria hipot&#233;rmica. </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS:</bold> A sobrevida geral foi de 74,64%, sendo de 67,57% no grupo B-Tm e de 82,35% no grupo tubo VD-AP (p = 0,1808). Os &#237;ndices de mortalidade entre o primeiro e o segundo est&#225;gios foram de 40% e de 4,4%, respectivamente, nos grupo B-Tm e tubo VD-AP (p = 0,0054). Os tempos de parada circulat&#243;ria hipot&#233;rmica foram, respectivamente, de 45,79 + 1,99 minutos e de 36,62 + 1,62 minutos (p = 0,0012). Coarcta&#231;&#227;o tardia da aorta ocorreu em cinco pacientes (7,2%). </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#195;O:</bold> Essa estrat&#233;gia cir&#250;rgica resultou em tempo curto de parada circulat&#243;ria, baixa mortalidade e boa morfologia da neo-aorta, com baixa incid&#234;ncia tardia de coarcta&#231;&#227;o a&#243;rtica. A maior sobrevida ao primeiro est&#225;gio com o tubo VD-AP n&#227;o foi significante, mas a mortalidade interest&#225;gios foi estatisticamente menor na compara&#231;&#227;o com o procedimento B-Tm.</p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave:</bold> Valva mitral / anormalidades, valva a&#243;rtica / anormalidades, valva mitral / cirurgia, valva a&#243;rtica / cirurgia.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O termo s&#237;ndrome de hipoplasia do cora&#231;&#227;o esquerdo (SHCE) foi introduzido por Noonan e Nadas, em 1958, para descrever as caracter&#237;sticas morfol&#243;gicas da atresia mitral e da atresia a&#243;rtica combinadas<sup>1</sup>. Entretanto, o conceito de SHCE pode ser ampliado para os casos que tenham valvas mitral e a&#243;rtica, mas em que o hipodesenvolvimento do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo o incapacite de manter a circula&#231;&#227;o sist&#234;mica<sup>2</sup>. </p>
    <p>A hist&#243;ria natural dessa s&#237;ndrome, geralmente fatal no primeiro m&#234;s de vida<sup>3</sup>, foi modificada com a opera&#231;&#227;o de Norwood, que publicou os primeiros casos de sucesso numa s&#233;rie de crian&#231;as operadas entre 1979 e 1981<sup>4,5</sup>. Esse procedimento consiste em conectar o tronco da art&#233;ria pulmonar ao arco a&#243;rtico previamente ampliado com enxerto de politetrafluoretileno (PTFE), formando uma nova aorta. A perfus&#227;o pulmonar &#233; mantida por um enxerto tubular de PTFE anastomosado nas art&#233;rias subcl&#225;via direita e pulmonar direita. </p>
    <p>Em 2003, Sano e cols.<sup>6</sup> publicaram bons resultados com uma modifica&#231;&#227;o da t&#233;cnica de Norwood, utilizando o enxerto de PTFE anastomosado entre o ventr&#237;culo direito (VD) e a art&#233;ria pulmonar (AP). Diferentemente do que ocorre com a anastomose sist&#234;mico-pulmonar, o fluxo para art&#233;ria pulmonar ocorre somente na s&#237;stole ventricular. Isso facilita o manuseio do paciente no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio, porque evita a queda de fluxo coronariano causado pelo "roubo de fluxo" para os pulm&#245;es durante a di&#225;stole<sup>6-8</sup>. </p>
    <p>Este estudo tem como objetivos relatar a estrat&#233;gia cir&#250;rgica que visa &#224; diminui&#231;&#227;o do tempo de parada circulat&#243;ria e reconstru&#231;&#227;o do arco a&#243;rtico com peric&#225;rdio aut&#243;logo e comparar os resultados das t&#233;cnicas de Blalock-Taussig modificado (B-Tm) e conduto ventr&#237;culo direito para art&#233;ria pulmonar (tubo VD-AP) no restabelecimento da circula&#231;&#227;o pulmonar.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#233;todos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Este estudo retrospectivo, que exclui o per&#237;odo de aprimoramento iniciado em 1994, enfoca 71 neonatos consecutivos, operados de 1999 a 2006, divididos em dois grupos: um submetido &#224; opera&#231;&#227;o de Norwood com a anastomose sist&#234;mico-pulmonar tipo B-Tm e outro submetido &#224; opera&#231;&#227;o de Norwood com tubo VD-AP como m&#233;todo de suprir a circula&#231;&#227;o arterial pulmonar. Este trabalho foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica em Pesquisa.</p>
    <p>As caracter&#237;sticas dos pacientes est&#227;o expostas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01">tabela 1</xref>. Foram inclu&#237;dos apenas rec&#233;m-nascidos submetidos &#224; cirurgia de Norwood, em que o ventr&#237;culo direito fosse o ventr&#237;culo sist&#234;mico, sendo, portanto, exclu&#237;das as variantes anat&#244;micas, que, ao serem submetidas ao mesmo procedimento, resultassem em ventr&#237;culo anatomicamente esquerdo como ventr&#237;culo sist&#234;mico. Foram tamb&#233;m exclu&#237;dos tr&#234;s neonatos em quem o tratamento cir&#250;rgico foi contra-indicado por disfun&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica grave em dois e hipoxia grave decorrente de septo interatrial &#237;ntegro e conseq&#252;ente comprometimento neurol&#243;gico em um. A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig01">figura 1</xref> apresenta o ecocardiograma de um caso de SHCE.</p>
    <table-wrap id="tab01">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-03-0354-00016-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <fig id="fig01">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-03-0354-00016-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    <p><italic>T&#233;cnica operat&#243;ria</italic> - A estrat&#233;gia cir&#250;rgica do grupo a partir de 1999 tem sido a mesma em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224;s t&#233;cnicas de reconstru&#231;&#227;o da aorta, de circula&#231;&#227;o extracorp&#243;rea (CEC) e de prote&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica. Entretanto, houve diferen&#231;a quanto &#224; fonte de perfus&#227;o pulmonar. Nos primeiros 37 neonatos, foram utilizados enxertos de PTFE anastomosados na art&#233;ria subcl&#225;via direita e na art&#233;ria pulmonar (B-Tm). A partir de 2003, passou a ser utilizada a anastomose de tubo VD-AP, sendo aplicada nos &#250;ltimos 34 casos.</p>
    <p><italic>Circula&#231;&#227;o extracorp&#243;rea -</italic> Por meio de esternotomia mediana, a aorta ascendente, o arco a&#243;rtico e o in&#237;cio da aorta descendente s&#227;o expostos amplamente. A CEC &#233; estabelecida por canula&#231;&#227;o do canal arterial para a perfus&#227;o arterial e por canula&#231;&#227;o do ap&#234;ndice atrial direito para a drenagem venosa. A c&#226;nula arterial &#233; avan&#231;ada atrav&#233;s do canal arterial at&#233; a aorta descendente e um torniquete &#233; apertado em torno dela, permitindo que grande parte da opera&#231;&#227;o seja feita sem parada circulat&#243;ria. Ap&#243;s a sec&#231;&#227;o proximal do canal arterial, a art&#233;ria pulmonar &#233; dividida pr&#243;ximo &#224; bifurca&#231;&#227;o, separando o coto distal conectado aos ramos pulmonares e o coto proximal, que far&#225; parte da neo-aorta. O preparo da art&#233;ria pulmonar distal se completa com a sutura do remanescente do canal arterial e com a anastomose de um tubo de PTFE ap&#243;s pequena plicatura transversal. O di&#226;metro desse tubo, que &#233; posteriormente conectado &#224; art&#233;ria subcl&#225;via direita, foi de 3 mm ou 4 mm (grupo B-Tm), e de 4 mm ou 5 mm quando conectado ao ventr&#237;culo direito (grupo tubo VD-AP). </p>
    <p><italic>Constru&#231;&#227;o da neo-aorta -</italic> Enquanto a temperatura &#233; gradualmente baixada a 16&#186;C, a aorta ascendente &#233; pin&#231;ada e seccionada, sendo a solu&#231;&#227;o cardiopl&#233;gica infundida nas coron&#225;rias. A por&#231;&#227;o proximal da aorta ascendente &#233; anastomosada na face lateral do tronco da art&#233;ria pulmonar, iniciando-se a reconstru&#231;&#227;o da neo-aorta. Somente a partir dessa etapa a CEC &#233; interrompida e a c&#226;nula arterial &#233; retirada da parte distal do canal arterial. O tecido ductal restante &#233; retirado totalmente da aorta e a abertura resultante &#233; estendida proximalmente ao arco a&#243;rtico e distalmente &#224; aorta descendente. Um enxerto de peric&#225;rdio aut&#243;logo tratado com glutaralde&#237;do &#233; usado para ampliar a aorta descendente e o arco a&#243;rtico, o qual &#233; juntado ao tronco pulmonar, completando a neo-aorta. A c&#226;nula arterial &#233; novamente colocada no tronco pulmonar (neo-aorta). A CEC &#233; reiniciada, mantendo-se baixa a temperatura. A CEC &#233; interrompida novamente por dois a tr&#234;s minutos para amplia&#231;&#227;o da comunica&#231;&#227;o interatrial e anuloplastia tric&#250;spide, quando necess&#225;ria. </p>
    <p><italic>Restabelecimento da circula&#231;&#227;o pulmonar -</italic> Nos primeiros pacientes dessa s&#233;rie (grupo B-Tm) o tubo de PTFE de 3 mm a 4 mm de di&#226;metro, previamente suturado na art&#233;ria pulmonar, foi anastomosado na art&#233;ria subcl&#225;via direita ou tronco braquiocef&#225;lico. No grupo tubo VD-AP, a parte proximal do tubo de PTFE foi anastomosado ao VD, em que foi previamente realizada pequena ventriculotomia. Em geral os batimentos card&#237;acos retornam espontaneamente com o aquecimento gradual do paciente. O t&#243;rax pode ser mantido aberto, com afastamento esternal, utilizando-se placa de l&#225;tex suturada &#224; pele, posteriormente coberto com adesivo pl&#225;stico est&#233;ril. </p>
    <p><italic>Manuseio p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio</italic> - O manuseio p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio tentou manter o delicado balan&#231;o entre as resist&#234;ncias vasculares (pulmonar e sist&#234;mica). A ventila&#231;&#227;o visou obter pH de 7,40, PaO<sub>2</sub> de 40 mmHg e PCO<sub>2</sub> de 40 mmHg (balan&#231;o 40/40/40). A satura&#231;&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica de O<sub>2</sub> foi mantida entre 75% e 80%.</p>
    <p>As drogas inotr&#243;picas usadas com maior freq&#252;&#234;ncia foram a milrinona (0,35 &#181;g/kg/min a 0,75 &#181;g/kg/min) e a dopamina (5 &#181;g/kg/min a 15 &#181;g/kg/min), utilizadas em 90% dos pacientes, n&#227;o havendo diferen&#231;a significativa entre os dois grupos. A epinefrina (0,02 &#181;g/kg/min a 0,06 &#181;g/kg/min) ou a norepinefrina foram indicadas em cerca de 30% dos casos, em decorr&#234;ncia de hipotens&#227;o significativa (press&#227;o arterial m&#233;dia abaixo de 40 mmHg).</p>
    <p>O uso rotineiro de heparina no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio teve como objetivo evitar a trombose do enxerto de PTFE. O fechamento definitivo do t&#243;rax foi realizado em 24 a 48 horas, ap&#243;s a compensa&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca, sendo retardada por at&#233; seis dias em alguns casos.</p>
    <p><italic>Defini&#231;&#245;es e estat&#237;stica</italic> - A mortalidade hospitalar foi definida como todo &#243;bito ocorrido at&#233; 30 dias ap&#243;s a cirurgia ou em crian&#231;as que nunca tiveram alta da Unidade de Terapia Intensiva (UTI) ap&#243;s a cirurgia. A mortalidade interina foi aquela ocorrida em crian&#231;as que tiveram alta hospitalar, mas que n&#227;o chegaram ao segundo est&#225;gio. As vari&#225;veis num&#233;ricas foram expressas em m&#233;dia e desvio padr&#227;o e comparadas com a utiliza&#231;&#227;o do teste <italic>t</italic> de Student; nas compara&#231;&#245;es da mortalidade entre os grupos A e B, foi utilizado o teste exato de Fisher.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Resultados</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A sobrevida geral dos 71 pacientes com SHCE submetidos a cirurgia de Norwood foi de 74,64%, ou seja, houve 53 sobreviventes. </p>
    <p>A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig02">figura 2</xref> ilustra as imagens resultantes das duas t&#233;cnicas cir&#250;rgicas empregadas. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig02">Fig. 2</xref> - Fontes de perfus&#227;o pulmonar: A) angiorresson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica (reconstru&#231;&#227;o multiplanar) mostrando anastomose Blalock- Taussig modificado conectando a art&#233;ria braquiocef&#225;lica &#224; art&#233;ria pulmonar; B) angiotomografia com reconstru&#231;&#227;o multiplanar mostrando tubo ventr&#237;culo direito para a art&#233;ria pulmonar e C) reconstru&#231;&#227;o tridimensional do cora&#231;&#227;o correlacionando o ventr&#237;culo direito, a neoaorta e o tubo de PTFE. VD- ventr&#237;culo direito, AP- art&#233;ria pulmonar, N AO- neoaorta e T tubo de PTFE.</p>
    <fig id="fig02">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-03-0354-00016-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>Os grupos B-Tm e tubo VD-AP foram semelhantes em rela&#231;&#227;o a idade, peso, sexo e di&#226;metro da aorta ascendente, conforme a <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01">tabela 1</xref>.</p>
    <p>O tempo de CEC foi menor no grupo B-Tm, pois a constru&#231;&#227;o da anastomose do tubo de PTFE na art&#233;ria subcl&#225;via foi realizada durante o aquecimento do paciente. O tempo de parada circulat&#243;ria hipot&#233;rmica foi menor no grupo tubo VD-AP, como mostra a <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab02">tabela 2</xref>.</p>
    <table-wrap id="tab02">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-03-0354-00016-gt02.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig03">figura 3</xref> demonstra que, dos 37 rec&#233;m-nascidos em que a anastomose sist&#234;mico-pulmonar tipo B-Tm foi utilizada, 25 sobreviveram (67,57%), e que, dos 34 submetidos a conex&#227;o ventr&#237;culo direito-art&#233;ria pulmonar (tubo VD-AP) como m&#233;todo de suprir a circula&#231;&#227;o arterial pulmonar, 28 sobreviveram (82,35%).</p>
    <fig id="fig03">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-03-0354-00016-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>A sobrevida ao per&#237;odo entre o primeiro e o segundo est&#225;gios, que corresponde as crian&#231;as submetidas a opera&#231;&#227;o de Glenn, est&#225; representada na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig04">figura 4</xref>. Cinco pacientes submetidos a tubo VD-AP aguardam o segundo est&#225;gio. Os estudos feitos antes do segundo est&#225;gio demonstraram boa morfologia da aorta na maioria dos pacientes (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig05">fig. 5</xref>). O desenvolvimento de coarcta&#231;&#227;o tardia da neo-aorta, que ocorreu em cinco pacientes (7,2%) na fase inicial desta s&#233;rie, foi solucionada por meio de interven&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica por toracotomia lateral ou por dilata&#231;&#227;o com cateter-bal&#227;o, obtendo-se bom resultado.</p>
    <fig id="fig04">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-03-0354-00016-gf04.jpg"/></fig>
    <fig id="fig05">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-03-0354-00016-gf05.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A boa sobrevida geral de 74,64% dos pacientes com SHCE submetidos ao primeiro est&#225;gio da opera&#231;&#227;o de Norwood, sendo de 67,57% no grupo B-Tm e de 82,35% no grupo em que o conduto VD-AP foi o meio de perfus&#227;o pulmonar, foi conseguida ap&#243;s uma s&#233;rie inicial de 12 neonatos operados entre 1994 e 1998, n&#227;o inclu&#237;dos neste estudo. Naqueles primeiros 12 pacientes conseguiram-se apenas 4 sobreviventes, ocorrendo melhora de resultados com a revis&#227;o desses casos e aproveitamento de conceitos da literatura, chegando-se &#224; estrat&#233;gia cir&#250;rgica aqui descrita, a qual permitiu boa corre&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica, enfatizando a prote&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica e a redu&#231;&#227;o do tempo de parada circulat&#243;ria, al&#233;m de melhora dos cuidados p&#243;s-operat&#243;rios. Procurou-se incorporar a grande evolu&#231;&#227;o de conceitos e resultados da experi&#234;ncia internacional. Na d&#233;cada de 1980, poucos centros faziam a opera&#231;&#227;o de Norwood com sucesso. As publica&#231;&#245;es demonstravam sobrevida hospitalar variando entre 42% e 66%, com a maioria dos &#243;bitos ocorrendo nas primeiras 24 horas ap&#243;s a cirurgia, em decorr&#234;ncia de baixo d&#233;bito card&#237;aco. A sobrevida em longo prazo variou entre 21% e 44%<sup>9-11</sup>. </p>
    <p>Dados do Congenital Heart Surgeons Society Data Center, num estudo prospectivo realizado em 29 institui&#231;&#245;es, demonstraram sobrevida de 72%, 60% e 54%, respectivamente, com um m&#234;s, um ano e cinco anos ap&#243;s a corre&#231;&#227;o estagiada. Foram analisadas 710 crian&#231;as com SHCE, entre 1994 e 2000. Os fatores de risco para morte ap&#243;s o primeiro est&#225;gio envolveram fatores individuais (baixo peso ao nascimento, aorta ascendente pequena e idade mais alta na opera&#231;&#227;o de Norwood), fatores institucionais e fatores cir&#250;rgicos (shunt originando na aorta, tempo longo de parada circulat&#243;ria e manuseio da aorta ascendente). Fatores de risco para &#243;bito ap&#243;s o segundo est&#225;gio inclu&#237;ram idade mais jovem na deriva&#231;&#227;o cavopulmonar e necessidade de plastia da valva atrioventricular<sup>11</sup>. </p>
    <p>Tweddell e cols.<sup>12</sup> relataram melhora da sobrevida hospitalar de 53% nas opera&#231;&#245;es feitas entre 1992 e meados de 1996 para 93% numa s&#233;rie de 81 pacientes submetidos a opera&#231;&#227;o de Norwood com enxerto B-Tm entre julho de 1996 e outubro de 2001. O uso de agentes antiinflamat&#243;rios (aprotinina) melhorou a sobrevida por an&#225;lise univari&#225;vel, enquanto a monitoriza&#231;&#227;o cont&#237;nua da satura&#231;&#227;o venosa central de oxig&#234;nio, o uso de fenoxibenzamina como vasodilatador e a menor dura&#231;&#227;o da parada circulat&#243;ria foram identificados como fatores de melhora da sobrevida por an&#225;lise multivariada. H&#225;, entretanto, que se destacar que essa s&#233;rie n&#227;o era constitu&#237;da exclusivamente de neonatos com SHCE cl&#225;ssica, havendo 23% de variantes anat&#244;micas que resultam em ventr&#237;culo esquerdo como ventr&#237;culo sist&#234;mico.</p>
    <p>O grupo do Children&#146;s Hospital, de Boston, fez um estudo comparando os resultados do primeiro est&#225;gio da opera&#231;&#227;o de Norwood em SHCE com o mesmo procedimento aplicado a outras malforma&#231;&#245;es. Esse grupo demonstrou que a sobrevida operat&#243;ria e em um ano na presen&#231;a de ventr&#237;culo esquerdo n&#227;o-hipopl&#225;sico (respectivamente de 96,3% e 88,9%) foi significantemente melhor que as sobrevidas na SHCE (64,7% operat&#243;ria e de 52,7% em um ano)<sup>13</sup>.</p>
    <p>Embora os dados mais recentes reflitam a tend&#234;ncia de melhora cont&#237;nua dos resultados nos centros mundiais de excel&#234;ncia em cardiologia pedi&#225;trica com a opera&#231;&#227;o de Norwood em SHCE, a mortalidade ainda &#233; elevada, especialmente em institui&#231;&#245;es com menor experi&#234;ncia. Checchia e cols.<sup>14</sup>, usando dados dos hospitais membros do Child Health Corporation of America, estudaram 1.105 neonatos admitidos entre 1998 e 2001 com diagn&#243;stico de SHCE, observando que 801 foram submetidos a procedimento de Norwood, 39 foram submetidos a transplante card&#237;aco, e os restantes 265 (24%) n&#227;o foram submetidos a interven&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica. Os neonatos submetidos a opera&#231;&#227;o Norwood tiveram sobrevida hospitalar de 68% (546/801). As quatro institui&#231;&#245;es com maior n&#250;mero de opera&#231;&#245;es apresentaram 78% de sobrevida e as outras 25 institui&#231;&#245;es obtiveram, em m&#233;dia, 59% de sobrevida hospitalar. </p>
    <p>Investiga&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas recentes demonstram preocupa&#231;&#227;o com riscos de problemas neurol&#243;gicos cognitivos, neuromotores e psicossociais, que podem ocorrer ap&#243;s essas opera&#231;&#245;es<sup>15</sup>. Cianose, insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e anormalidades do sistema nervoso central preexistentes, que podem acompanhar a SHCE, assim como CEC e parada circulat&#243;ria em hipotermia usadas na corre&#231;&#227;o estagiada podem causar dano neurol&#243;gico. Perfus&#227;o cerebral seletiva com baixo fluxo tem sido utilizada por alguns grupos como alternativa &#224; parada circulat&#243;ria total<sup>12,16</sup>. </p>
    <p>Os resultados obtidos com a estrat&#233;gia descrita assemelham-se aos da literatura internacional, considerando que apenas neonatos com SHCE foram inclu&#237;dos nessa s&#233;rie. Al&#233;m disso, o tamanho da aorta ascendente ou a presen&#231;a de insufici&#234;ncia tric&#250;spide n&#227;o foram crit&#233;rios de exclus&#227;o, sendo a opera&#231;&#227;o de Norwood contra-indicada em menos de 5% dos casos. Adicionalmente, ela permite tempos curtos de parada circulat&#243;ria hipot&#233;rmica, provavelmente contribuindo para que a maior sobrevida seja acompanhada de menor risco de les&#245;es no sistema nervoso. </p>
    <p>O uso de peric&#225;rdio aut&#243;logo tratado com glutaralde&#237;do &#233; uma nova modifica&#231;&#227;o da t&#233;cnica de amplia&#231;&#227;o do arco a&#243;rtico e aorta descendente na SHCE. Essa foi uma solu&#231;&#227;o simples, que resultou em boa morfologia para a neo-aorta e baixa incid&#234;ncia de coarcta&#231;&#227;o no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio. Uma das t&#233;cnicas mais utilizadas na reconstru&#231;&#227;o do arco a&#243;rtico inclui o uso de homoenxerto pulmonar, cujos problemas s&#227;o o custo elevado, a dificuldade de obten&#231;&#227;o e a sensibiliza&#231;&#227;o imunol&#243;gica, que pode ocasionar problemas futuros caso seja necess&#225;rio transplante card&#237;aco<sup>12,17,18</sup>. A anastomose direta da aorta &#233; tecnicamente mais complexa e nem sempre poss&#237;vel de ser realizada, embora n&#227;o mostre diferen&#231;a em rela&#231;&#227;o ao enxerto hom&#243;logo quanto &#224; necessidade de reinterven&#231;&#227;o no arco a&#243;rtico.<sup>19-22</sup></p>
    <p>A recente populariza&#231;&#227;o do tubo VD-AP tornou o curso p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio mais est&#225;vel, embora o impacto na sobrevida seja ainda controverso. Na experi&#234;ncia do grupo, mostrou melhor resultado em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; sobrevida hospitalar e &#224; mortalidade entre est&#225;gios, embora tenha atingido signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica apenas em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; ultima vari&#225;vel, pelo teste exato de Fischer. Subjetivamente facilitou o manuseio p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio. Sano e cols.<sup>6</sup> relataram sobrevida de 84% (61/73) para pacientes submetidos a opera&#231;&#227;o de Norwood com essa t&#233;cnica em tr&#234;s centros no Jap&#227;o, entre 1998 e 2002, identificando como fatores de risco a experi&#234;ncia do cirurgi&#227;o e a ventila&#231;&#227;o mec&#226;nica anterior &#224; opera&#231;&#227;o. O tubo VD-AP oferece fluxo anter&#243;grado para as art&#233;rias pulmonares somente durante a s&#237;stole, podendo ter maior di&#226;metro e menor incid&#234;ncia de oclus&#227;o aguda que o B-Tm, mas permite fluxo reverso na di&#225;stole, levando a sobrecarga de volume ventricular. Al&#233;m disso, a necessidade de ventriculotomia direita, teoricamente, aumenta o risco de arritmias card&#237;acas e de redu&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular nesses pacientes com fisiologia univentricular. J&#225; o B-Tm propicia fluxo anter&#243;grado pelo tubo durante todo o ciclo card&#237;aco, sendo controverso se propicia maior crescimento das art&#233;rias pulmonares<sup>7,23</sup>, mas as press&#245;es diast&#243;licas mais baixas na aorta comprometem o fluxo sangu&#237;neo coronariano<sup>7,8</sup> e, possivelmente, a fun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca por hipoperfus&#227;o subendoc&#225;rdica.</p>
    <p>A conclus&#227;o de Sano e cols. de que com a conex&#227;o VD-AP seria poss&#237;vel melhorar os resultados para muitos cirurgi&#245;es foi baseada no relato de uma s&#233;rie de casos<sup>6</sup>. Tamb&#233;m outros relatos demonstrando melhora da sobrevida com o conduto VD-AP usaram como controle s&#233;ries hist&#243;ricas de pacientes com B-Tm.<sup>7,8,23</sup></p>
    <p>Os estudos que mostraram n&#227;o haver impacto na sobrevida quanto ao tipo de conduto utilizado, al&#233;m de compararem grupos n&#227;o contempor&#226;neos, tinham popula&#231;&#245;es muito pequenas de neonatos<sup>24,25</sup>. Pacientes com conduto VD-AP apresentaram maior mortalidade e indica&#231;&#227;o de transplante ap&#243;s o segundo est&#225;gio. O estudo comparativo de Tabbut e cols., feito em pacientes contempor&#226;neos, mostrou que n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a na mortalidade entre os grupos VD-AP e B-Tm, mas tem a limita&#231;&#227;o de n&#227;o ser randomizado, apresentando alguns vieses de sele&#231;&#227;o, tais como inclus&#227;o de pacientes com ventr&#237;culo esquerdo sist&#234;mico, teoricamente com melhor progn&#243;stico, apenas no grupo B-Tm, e inclus&#227;o preferencial de pacientes com atresia da valva a&#243;rtica no grupo VD-AP<sup>26</sup>. </p>
    <p>Apesar dos bons resultados atuais com a t&#233;cnica B-Tm no primeiro est&#225;gio, ainda persiste o risco de 4% a 15% de &#243;bito tardio antes do segundo est&#225;gio<sup>11,27-29</sup>, embora a utiliza&#231;&#227;o de um programa domiciliar de monitoramento possa reduzir esse risco<sup>30</sup>. O uso de tubo VD-AP diminuiu a mortalidade interest&#225;gios entre os sobreviventes da opera&#231;&#227;o de Norwood, em estudo publicado por Pizarro, em que 40 dos 46 pacientes do grupo B-Tm e 49 dos 50 pacientes do grupo tubo VD-AP atingiram o est&#225;gio Hemi-Fontan com taxa de mortalidade interina de 13% e 2%, respectivamente<sup>31</sup>. Entretanto, os grupos que apresentavam excelentes resultados com a t&#233;cnica de B-Tm mostraram resultados id&#234;nticos com a modifica&#231;&#227;o de Sano. Isso pode indicar que essa modifica&#231;&#227;o est&#225; associada &#224; melhora dos resultados nos grupos que tinham mortalidade pr&#243;xima da m&#233;dia, talvez porque o tubo VD-AP facilite o manuseio p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio. Estudos randomizados s&#227;o necess&#225;rios para comprovar as poss&#237;veis vantagens dessa t&#233;cnica. </p>
    <p>A principal limita&#231;&#227;o do presente estudo quanto &#224; an&#225;lise dos resultados comparativos entre as duas t&#233;cnicas &#233; que os grupos n&#227;o s&#227;o contempor&#226;neos. Embora tenham caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas e cuidados p&#243;s-operat&#243;rios semelhantes, &#233; ineg&#225;vel que o &#250;ltimo grupo foi beneficiado com a maior experi&#234;ncia da equipe. Tamb&#233;m a pr&#225;tica de manter a maioria dos pacientes hospitalizados at&#233; o segundo est&#225;gio foi progressivamente institu&#237;da, beneficiando os pacientes mais recentes em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; sobrevida interest&#225;gios.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Conclus&#245;es</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A estrat&#233;gia cir&#250;rgica utilizada na opera&#231;&#227;o de Norwood resultou em tempo curto de parada circulat&#243;ria e baixa mortalidade dos neonatos com SHCE, obtendo-se boa morfologia da neo-aorta e baixa incid&#234;ncia de coarcta&#231;&#227;o de aorta com o uso de peric&#225;rdio aut&#243;logo tratado na amplia&#231;&#227;o do arco a&#243;rtico.</p>
    <p>A melhor sobrevida com o conduto VD-AP n&#227;o foi significante quando comparada ao procedimento de B-Tm; entretanto, a mortalidade no per&#237;odo interest&#225;gios foi estatisticamente menor no primeiro grupo.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="end" fn-type="corresp">
        <p>Correspond&#234;ncia:</p>
        <p> Jose Pedro da Silva </p>
        <p> Rua Maestro Cardim, 769/202 </p>
        <p> 01323-001 &#150; S&#227;o Paulo, SP </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="clinicajpdasilva@uol.com.br">clinicajpdasilva@uol.com.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p> Artigo recebido em 16/05/06; revisado recebido em 07/07/06; aceito em 05/10/06.</p>
  </body>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Hypoplastic left heart syndrome: the influence of surgical strategy on outcomes</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>OBJECTIVES: To report a surgical strategy for the Norwood procedure in the hypoplastic left heart syndrome (HLHS) that enables short hypothermic circulatory arrest time and aortic arch reconstruction with autologous pericardium patch, and to compare the results of the modified Blalock-Taussig (mBT) shunt with the right ventricle-to-pulmonary artery (RV-PA) conduit procedures as the source of pulmonary blood flow. METHODS: Retrospective study of 71 newborns with HLHS consecutively operated between March, 1999 and February, 2006. One technique for reconstruction of the neoaorta and two different techniques for reestablishment of the pulmonary blood flow were used: the mBT shunt in the first 37 newborns and RV-PA conduit in the last 34. Cannulation of the ductus arteriosus for arterial perfusion was the main part of the surgical strategy to reduce the hypothermic circulatory arrest time. RESULTS: In-hospital survival for the entire cohort was 74.64%, or 67.57% and 82.35% for the mBT shunt and RV-PA conduit groups, respectively (p=0.1808). Mortality rates between the first and second palliation stages were 40% and 4.4% for the mBT shunt and RV-PA conduit groups, respectively (p=0.0054). Hypothermic circulatory arrest times were 45.79&#177;1.99 min and 36.62&#177;1.62min (p=0.0012), respectively. Late coarctation of the aorta occurred in five patients (7.2%). CONCLUSION: This surgical strategy resulted in short circulatory arrest time, low mortality and favorable morphology of the neoaorta, with low incidence of late coarctation of the aorta. The higher rate of survival to first palliation stage with the RV-PA conduit was not significant, but interstage mortality was statistically lower when compared with the modified Blalock-Taussig shunt procedure.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Mitral valve</kwd>
        <kwd>aortic valve</kwd>
        <kwd>mitral valve</kwd>
        <kwd>aortic valve</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>ORIGINAL ARTICLE</bold>
      </p>
      <p> Hypoplastic left heart syndrome: the influence of surgical strategy on outcomes</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Jos&#233; Pedro da Silva; Luciana da Fonseca; Jos&#233; Francisco Baumgratz; Rodrigo Moreira Castro; Sonia Meiken Franchi; Cristina de Sylos; Liliane M. G. Pozzi Grassi; C&#233;sar Augusto M. Cattani; L&#237;lian Maria Lopes; Jos&#233; Henrique Andrade Vila</bold>
      </p>
      <p> Hospital Benefic&#234;ncia Portuguesa de S&#227;o Paulo &#150; S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</p>
      <p>
        <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end-body2">Mailing Address</xref>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>SUMMARY</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVES:</bold> To report a surgical strategy for the Norwood procedure in the hypoplastic left heart syndrome (HLHS) that enables short hypothermic circulatory arrest time and aortic arch reconstruction with autologous pericardium patch, and to compare the results of the modified Blalock-Taussig (mBT) shunt with the right ventricle-to-pulmonary artery (RV-PA) conduit procedures as the source of pulmonary blood flow.</p>
      <p><bold>METHODS:</bold> Retrospective study of 71 newborns with HLHS consecutively operated between March, 1999 and February, 2006. One technique for reconstruction of the neoaorta and two different techniques for reestablishment of the pulmonary blood flow were used: the mBT shunt in the first 37 newborns and RV-PA conduit in the last 34. Cannulation of the ductus arteriosus for arterial perfusion was the main part of the surgical strategy to reduce the hypothermic circulatory arrest time.</p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS:</bold> In-hospital survival for the entire cohort was 74.64%, or 67.57% and 82.35% for the mBT shunt and RV-PA conduit groups, respectively (p=0.1808). Mortality rates between the first and second palliation stages were 40% and 4.4% for the mBT shunt and RV-PA conduit groups, respectively (p=0.0054). Hypothermic circulatory arrest times were 45.79&#177;1.99 min and 36.62&#177;1.62min (p=0.0012), respectively. Late coarctation of the aorta occurred in five patients (7.2%).</p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSIONS:</bold> This surgical strategy resulted in short circulatory arrest time, low mortality and favorable morphology of the neoaorta, with low incidence of late coarctation of the aorta. The higher rate of survival to first palliation stage with the RV-PA conduit was not significant, but interstage mortality was statistically lower when compared with the modified Blalock-Taussig shunt procedure.</p>
      <p><bold>Key words:</bold> Mitral valve / abnormalities; aortic valve / abnormalities; mitral valve / surgery; aortic valve / surgery; Norwood procedure</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Introduction</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The term HLHS was introduced by Noonan and Nadas in 1958 to describe the morphological characteristics of combined mitral and aortic atresia<sup>1</sup>. However, the concept of HLHS may be extended to cases in which the mitral and aortic valves are present but where the underdevelopment of the left ventricle makes it unable to maintain the systemic circulation<sup>2</sup>.</p>
      <p>The natural history of this syndrome, usually lethal within the first month of life<sup>3</sup>, was modified with the Norwood procedure, who published the first few successful cases in a series of children operated between 1979 and 1981<sup>4,5</sup>. This procedure consists of connecting the main pulmonary artery to the aortic arch previously expanded with a polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) graft, thus forming a new aorta. Pulmonary perfusion is maintained by a tubular PTFE graft anastomosed in the right subclavian and right pulmonary arteries.</p>
      <p>In 2003, Sano et al<sup>6</sup> published favorable outcomes with a modified Norwood procedure, using a PTFE graft anastomosed between the right ventricle (RV) and pulmonary artery (PA). Unlike in the systemic-to-pulmonary shunt, flow into the pulmonary artery occurs only during the ventricular systole. This facilitates the postoperative patient management because it prevents the coronary flow reduction caused by the diastolic runoff into the lungs<sup>6-8</sup>. </p>
      <p>The objectives of this study are to report a surgical strategy that aims at reducing times of circulatory arrest and aortic reconstruction with autologous pericardium, and to compare the results of the modified Blalock-Taussig (mBT) shunt and right ventricle-to-pulmonary artery conduit (RV-PA conduit) procedures in the reestablishment of the pulmonary circulation.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Methods</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This retrospective study, which excludes the learning period started in 1994, analyzed 71 consecutive newborns operated from 1999 to 2006 divided into two groups: one undergoing the Norwood procedure with modified Blalock-Taussig (mBT) systemic-to-pulmonary shunt, and the other undergoing the Norwood procedure with right ventricle-to-pulmonary artery conduit (RV-PA conduit), as a method to supply the pulmonary arterial circulation. This study was approved by the Research Ethics Committee. </p>
      <p>Patients&#146; characteristics are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01-body2">Table 1</xref>. Only newborns undergoing the Norwood procedure in whom the morphologically right ventricle was the systemic ventricle were included. Therefore, we excluded newborns with anatomic variants that resulted in a morphologically left ventricle as the systemic ventricle when undergoing this procedure. Three newborns to whom surgical treatment was contraindicated due to severe myocardial dysfunction (in two), and severe hypoxia due to intact interatrial septum with subsequent neurological impairment (in one) were also excluded. </p>
      <table-wrap id="tab01-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-03-0354-00016-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>The echocardiogram of a patient with HLHS is shown in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig01-body2">Figure 1</xref>. </p>
      <fig id="fig01-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-03-0354-00016-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p><italic>Surgical procedure</italic> - As of 1999, our surgical strategy has been the same in relation to aortic reconstruction, cardiopulmonary bypass and myocardial protection procedures. However, there were differences regarding the source of pulmonary perfusion, and in the first 37 newborns PTFE grafts anastomosed in the right subclavian and pulmonary arteries (modified Blalock-Taussig) were used. As of 2003, conduit anastomosis in the right ventricle and pulmonary artery (RV-PA Conduit) was adopted and used in the last 34 cases. </p>
      <p><italic>Cardiopulmonary bypass</italic> - Through a median sternotomy, the ascending aorta, aortic arch, and initial portion of the descending aorta are fully exposed. Cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) is established with cannulation of the ductus arteriosus for arterial perfusion and cannulation of the right atrial appendix for venous drainage. The arterial cannula is advanced through the ductus arteriosus down to the descending aorta; a tourniquet is tightened around it, thus enabling a great part of the operation to be performed without circulatory arrest. </p>
      <p>After proximal section of the ductus arteriosus, the pulmonary artery is divided close to its bifurcation, thus separating the distal stump connected to the pulmonary branches from the proximal stump that will be part of the neoaorta. </p>
      <p>Preparation of the distal pulmonary artery is completed with the suture of the remaining ductus arteriosus and anastomosis of a PTFE conduit after a small transverse plication. The diameter of this conduit which is further connected to the right subclavian artery was 3 or 4 mm (mBT group), and 4 or 5 mm, when connected to the right ventricle (RV-PA Conduit group). </p>
      <p><italic>Construction of the neoaorta</italic> - While temperature is gradually cooled down to 16&#186; C, the ascending aorta is clamped and sectioned, and the cardioplegic solution in infused in the coronary arteries. The proximal portion of the ascending aorta is anastomosed in the lateral side of the pulmonary artery, and the reconstruction of the neoaorta is started. Only as of this stage is the hypothermic circulatory arrest started, and the arterial cannula removed from the distal portion of the ductus arteriosus. The remaining ductal tissue is totally removed from the aorta, and the resulting opening is extended proximally to the aortic arch, and distally to the descending aorta. A glutaraldehyde-treated autologous pericardial patch is used to enlarge the descending aorta and the aortic arch, which is connected to the pulmonary artery to complete the neoaorta. The arterial cannula is again placed in the pulmonary artery (neoaorta). The perfusion is restarted, and the temperature is kept low. CPB is interrupted again for two to tree minutes for atrial septal defect enlargement and tricuspid annuloplasty, when necessary. </p>
      <p><italic>Reestablishment of the pulmonary circulation</italic><bold> - </bold>In the first 37 patients of this series (mBT group), the 3 to 4-mm-diameter PTFE conduit previously sutured to the pulmonary artery was anastomosed in the right subclavian artery or in the brachiocephalic artery. In the RV-PA conduit group, the proximal portion of the PTFE conduit was anastomosed in the RV, where a small ventriculotomy had been previously performed.</p>
      <p>Generally, the heart beats return spontaneously by gradually rewarming the patient. The thorax can be kept opened, with sternal retraction, using a latex plaque sutured to the skin, which is further covered with a sterile plastic patch. </p>
      <p><italic>Postoperative management</italic><bold> - </bold>In the postoperative management, we sought to maintain the delicate balance between the vascular resistances (pulmonary and systemic). Ventilation was aimed at achieving a pH of 7.40, PaO<sub>2 </sub>of 40 mmHg, and PCO<sub>2 </sub>of 40 mmHg (40/40/40 balance). Systemic arterial O<sub>2</sub> saturation was maintained between 75% and 80%.</p>
      <p>The inotropes most frequently used were milrinone (0.35 to 0.75 &#181;g/kg/min) and dopamine (5 to 15 &#181;g/kg/min) used in 90% of the patients. No significant difference was observed between the two groups. Epinephrine (0.02 to 0.06 &#181;g/kg/min) or norepinephrine were indicated in approximately 30% of the cases due to significant hypotension (mean blood pressure lower than 40 mmHg).</p>
      <p>Routine use of heparin in the postoperative period aimed at preventing PTFE graft thrombosis. Definitive chest closure was performed within 24-48 hours, after cardiac compensation, and was postponed to up to six days in some cases.</p>
      <p><italic>Definitions and statistics</italic> - In-hospital mortality was defined as every death occurring up to 30 days after surgery, or in children who were never discharged from the ICU after surgery. Interim mortality was that occurring in children who had been discharged from hospital, but who did not reach the second palliation stage. Numeric variables were expressed as mean and standard deviation and compared using the Student&#146;s t test. For comparisons of mortality between the groups A and B the Fisher&#146;s exact test was used.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Results</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Overall survival of the 71 patients with HLHS undergoing the Norwood procedure was 74.64%, that is, 53 survivors. </p>
      <p>Images from the two surgical techniques are shown in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig02-body2">Figure 2</xref>.</p>
      <fig id="fig02-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-03-0354-00016-gf02-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>The mBT and RV-PA conduit groups were similar in relation to age, weight, gender and diameter of the ascending aorta, as shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01-body2">Table 1</xref>.</p>
      <p>Cardiopulmonary bypass time was shorter in the mBT group because the anastomosis of the PTFE conduit in the subclavian artery was performed during patient rewarming. Hypothermic circulatory arrest time was shorter in the RV-PA Conduit group, as shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab02-body2">Table 2</xref>.</p>
      <table-wrap id="tab02-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-03-0354-00016-gt02-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>Of the 37 newborns in whom the modified Blalock-Taussig-type systemic pulmonary anastomosis was used, 25 survived (67.57%), and of the 34 newborns undergoing the right ventricle-to-pulmonary artery connection (RV-PA Conduit) as a method to supply the pulmonary artery circulation, 28 survived (82.35%), as shown in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig03-body2">Figure 3</xref>.</p>
      <fig id="fig03-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-03-0354-00016-gf03-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>Survival in the period between the first and second palliation stages that corresponds to children undergoing the Glenn procedure is shown in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig04-body2">Figure 4</xref>. Five patients undergoing the RV-PA Conduit technique await the second-stage procedure. Studies conducted before the second palliation stage show favorable morphology of the aorta in the great majority of patients (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig05-body2">Figure 5</xref>).</p>
      <fig id="fig04-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-03-0354-00016-gf04-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <fig id="fig05-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-03-0354-00016-gf05-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>Development of late coarctation of the neoarta, which occurred in five patients (7.2%) in the early phase of this series, was resolved with surgical intervention via lateral thoracotomy or balloon-catheter dilatation with favorable outcomes.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The favorable overall survival of 74.64% for HLHS patients undergoing the first stage Norwood procedure, or 67.57% in the mBT group in which the modified Blalock-Taussig procedure was used, and 82.35% in the group where the RV-PA conduit was the source of pulmonary perfusion, was achieved after an initial series of 12 newborns operated between 1994 and 1998, who were not included in this study. Of those first 12 patients, only four survived and better outcomes were obtained by reviewing those cases and using concepts from the literature, thus reaching the surgical strategy described here, which enabled satisfactory surgical repair with emphasis on myocardial protection and reduction of circulatory arrest time, in addition to improving the postoperative management. We sought to incorporate the great evolution of concepts and outcomes of the international experience. In the 1980&#146;s, few centers performed the Norwood procedure successfully. Publications reported in-hospital survival rates ranging between 42 and 66%, with most of the deaths occurring in the first 24 hours after surgery due to low cardiac output. Long-term survival ranged between 21 and 44% <sup>9-11</sup>. </p>
      <p>Data from the Congenital Heart Surgeons Society Data Center in a prospective study conducted in 29 institutions showed survival rates of 72%, 60%, and 54% at one month, one year, and 5 years after staged repair, respectively. A total of 710 children with HLHS were analyzed between 1994 and 2000. Risk factors for death after the first palliation stage included patient-specific variables (low birth weight, small ascending aorta, and older age at Norwood procedure), institutional variables, and procedural variables (shunt originating from the aorta, long circulatory arrest time, and manipulation of the ascending aorta). Risk factors for death after the second palliation stage included younger age at cavopulmonary shunt and need for atrioventricular valve repair<sup>11</sup>. </p>
      <p>Tweddell et al<sup>12</sup> reported improved in-hospital survival from 53% in the operations performed between 1992 and mid-1996 to 93% in a series of 81 patients undergoing the Norwood procedure with modified Blalock-Taussig shunt between July, 1996 and October, 2001. The use of anti-inflammatory drugs (aprotinine) was shown to improve survival rates by univariate analysis, whereas continuous monitoring of central venous oxygen saturation, use of phenoxybenzamine as vasodilator, and the shorter duration of circulatory arrest were identified as factors of survival rate improvement by multivariate analysis. However, we should point out that this series was not exclusively comprised of newborns with classic HLHS, but included 23% of anatomic variants that resulted in left ventricle as the systemic ventricle.</p>
      <p> The team of the Children&#146;s Hospital, Boston, conducted a study comparing the outcomes of the first stage Norwood procedure in HLHS with the same procedure applied to other malformations. They demonstrated that operative and one-year survival in the presence of a nonhypoplastic left ventricle (96.3% and 88.9%, respectively) was significantly higher than survival rates in HLHS (64.7% and 52.7%, respectively)<sup>13</sup>.</p>
      <p>Although the most recent data reflects a tendency of continuous improvement of results in world centers of excellence in Pediatric Cardiology with the Norwood procedure in HLHS, mortality rates are still high, especially in less experienced institutions. Using data from hospital members of the Child Health Corporation of America, Checchia PA et al<sup>14</sup> studied 1105 newborns from 1988 to 2001 admitted with the diagnosis of HLHS, and observed that 801 had undergone the Norwood procedure, 39 heart transplantation, and the remaining 265 (24%) did not undergo surgical intervention. The newborns undergoing the Norwood procedure had an in-hospital survival of 68% (546/801). The four institutions with greater number of operations had 78% of survival and the other 25 achieved, on average, a 59% in-hospital survival.</p>
      <p>Recent clinical investigations show concern with risks of cognitive, neuromotor, and psychosocial problems that could occur after these operations<sup>15</sup>. Preexisting cyanosis, heart failure, and central nervous system abnormalities that may accompany HLHS, as well as extracorporeal circulation and hypothermic circulatory arrest used in the staged procedure may cause neurological damage. Some groups have used selective low-flow cerebral perfusion as an alternative to full circulatory arrest<sup>12,16</sup>.</p>
      <p>The results obtained with the strategy described are similar to those of the international literature, considering that only newborns with HLHS were included in this series. Additionally, the size of the ascending aorta and the presence of tricuspid regurgitation were not exclusion criteria, and the Norwood procedure was contraindicated in less than 5% of the cases. Also, it allows short hypothermic circulatory arrest times, thus probably contributing to the higher survival rate to be accompanied by a lower risk of nervous system damage.</p>
      <p>The use of glutaraldehyde-treated autologous pericardium is a new modification in the aortic arch and descending aorta enlargement procedure in HLHS. This was a simple solution that resulted in a favorable morphology for the neoaorta and low incidence of postoperative coarctation. One of the most frequently employed techniques for aortic arch reconstruction includes the use of pulmonary homografts, but they are expensive, difficult to obtain, and immunologic sensitization may lead to further problems if heart transplantation is required<sup>12,17,18</sup>. </p>
      <p>Direct aortic anastomosis is technically more complex and cannot always be performed, although no difference is observed in relation to homologous grafts as for the need for aortic arch reintervention<sup>19-22</sup>. </p>
      <p>The recent popularization of the RV-PA made the postoperative course more stable, although the impact on survival remains controversial. In our experience, it showed better outcomes in relation to in-hospital survival and interstage mortality, although statistical significance had been observed only in relation to the latter variable, using the Fischer&#146;s exact test. Subjectively, the postoperative management was easier. Sano et al<sup>6</sup> reported survival of 84% (61/73) for patients undergoing the Norwood procedure with this technique in three centers in Japan between 1998 and 2002. They identified surgeons&#146; experience and mechanical ventilation prior to the operation as risk factors. The RV-PA conduit provides forward flow into the pulmonary arteries only during systole, and may have a larger diameter and lower incidence of acute occlusion than mBT, but allows reverse flow during diastole, thus leading to ventricular volume overload. Additionally, the need for right ventriculotomy theoretically increases the risk of cardiac arrhythmias and reduced ventricular function in these patients with single-ventricle physiology. The modified Blalock-Taussig shunt, in turn, provides forward flow through the conduit during all the cardiac cycle, and it is controversial whether it provides greater pulmonary artery growth<sup>7,23</sup>, but the lower diastolic pressures in the aorta affect the coronary blood flow<sup>7,8</sup> and, possibly, the cardiac function due to low subendocardial perfusion.</p>
      <p>Sano et al&#146;s conclusion that with the RV-PA conduit better outcomes could be achieved by many surgeons was based on a case series report<sup>6</sup>. Other reports showing improvement of survival with the RV-PA conduit also used historical series of patients with mBT as controls<sup>7,8, 23</sup>. </p>
      <p>Studies that showed lack of impact on survival in relation to the type of conduit analyzed very small newborn populations, in addition to comparing non-contemporary groups<sup>24,25</sup>. Patients with the RV-PA conduit had higher mortality rates and indication for transplant after the second palliation stage. Tabbutt S et al&#146;s comparative study with contemporary patients showed no differences in mortality between the RV-PA and mBT groups, but it has the limitation of not being randomized and having some selection biases such as: inclusion of patients with systemic left ventricle, theoretically with better prognosis, only in the mBT group, and preferential inclusion of patients with aortic valve atresia in the RV-PA group<sup>26</sup>.</p>
      <p>Despite the favorable outcomes currently achieved with the first-stage mBT procedure, a 4% to 15% late death risk still persists before the second palliation stage<sup>11,27-29</sup>, although the use of a home surveillance program could reduce this risk<sup>30</sup>. The use of a RV-PA conduit reduced interstage mortality among Norwood procedure survivors in a study published by Pizarro, in which 40 out of 46 Blalock-Taussig group patients and 49 out of 50 RV-PA conduit group patients achieved the hemi-Fontan stage with interim mortality rates of 13% and 2%, respectively<sup>31</sup>. However, the groups that showed excellent outcomes with the BT procedure had identical outcomes with Sano&#146;s modification. It may indicate that this modification is associated with improvement of outcomes in the groups that had mortality rates less than ideal, perhaps because the RV-PA conduit facilitates postoperative management. Further randomized studies are necessary to corroborate the possible advantages of this procedure. </p>
      <p>The major limitation of the present study regarding to the analysis of comparative outcomes between the two procedures is that the groups are not contemporary. Although the groups have similar clinical characteristics and postoperative care, it is undeniable that the last group benefited from the greater team&#146;s experience. Also, the practice of keeping the majority of the patients hospitalized until the second palliation stage was progressively adopted, thus benefiting the most recent patients concerning to interstage survival.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Conclusion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The surgical strategy used in the Norwood procedure resulted in short circulatory arrest time, low mortality of newborns with hypoplastic left heart syndrome, and we obtained favorable morphology of the neoaorta and low incidence of coarctation of the aorta with the use of glutaraldehyde-treated autologous pericardium to enlarge the aortic arch. </p>
      <p>The higher survival rate with the right ventricle-to-pulmonary artery conduit was not significant when compared with the modified Blalock-Taussig procedure. However, interstage mortality was statistically lower in the first group.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fn id="end-body2" fn-type="corresp">
          <label>
            <bold>Mailing Address:</bold>
          </label>
          <p> Jose Pedro da Silva</p>
          <p> Rua Maestro Cardim, 769/202</p>
          <p> 01323-001 &#150; S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</p>
          <p> E-mail: </p>
          <p>
            <email xlink:href="clinicajpdasilva@uol.com.br">clinicajpdasilva@uol.com.br</email>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p> Manuscript received May 16, 2006; revised manuscript received July 7, 2006; accepted October, 5 2006.</p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
