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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">3cLrt7mbZ3hg9vV6byDTLpw</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00014</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2007000300014</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(07)08800314</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2007000300014</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Efeito do bisoprolol sobre a fun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca e o exerc&#237;cio em pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Issa</surname>
            <given-names>Victor Sarli</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Guimar&#227;es</surname>
            <given-names>Guilherme Vieira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Rezende</surname>
            <given-names>Marcos Val&#233;rio Coimbra</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Cruz</surname>
            <given-names>F&#225;tima das Dores</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ferreira</surname>
            <given-names>Silvia Moreira Ayub</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Bacal</surname>
            <given-names>Fernando</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Bocchi</surname>
            <given-names>Edimar Alcides</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">FM </institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>03</month>
        <year>2007</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>88</volume>
      <issue>3</issue>
      <fpage>340</fpage>
      <lpage>345</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>17</day>
          <month>04</month>
          <year>2006</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>23</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2006</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>22</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2006</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>OBJETIVO: Avaliar o efeito do bisoprolol sobre a capacidade de exerc&#237;cio e a fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular em pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca. M&#201;TODOS: Foi feita a an&#225;lise das vari&#225;veis cl&#237;nicas e hemodin&#226;micas, da fun&#231;&#227;o e do remodelamento ventricular, e da ergoespirometria de pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca com diferentes etiologias, antes e ap&#243;s administra&#231;&#227;o de bisoprolol. RESULTADOS: Foram analisados 22 pacientes, dos quais 1 paciente n&#227;o tolerou a medica&#231;&#227;o e 14 pacientes alcan&#231;aram a meta do estudo. A m&#233;dia das idades foi de 52 anos (36 a 64 anos), 9 pacientes eram do sexo masculino e 5 eram do sexo feminino, com tempo m&#233;dio de seguimento de 551 dias (238 a 1.109 dias). Foram observados melhora da classe funcional, redu&#231;&#227;o da freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca de repouso (78,8 + 8,7 bpm vs. 63 + 6,4 bpm; p &lt; 0,001), aumento da fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (31,3 + 8,5% vs. 39 + 14,7%; p = 0,043) e tend&#234;ncia a melhora do escore de qualidade de vida (31 + 20,6 vs. 17,8 + 14,8; p = 0,058). Ocorreu queda da freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca m&#225;xima no exerc&#237;cio (138,1 + 20,2 vs. 116,7 + 27,1; p = 0,01) e do consumo m&#225;ximo de oxig&#234;nio (20,9 + 6,8 vs. 15,1 + 3,5; p &lt; 0,001). N&#227;o houve modifica&#231;&#227;o do slope VE/VCO2. Os efeitos ocorreram em todas as etiologias, inclusive na doen&#231;a de Chagas. CONCLUS&#195;O: O bisoprolol produziu melhora cl&#237;nica e hemodin&#226;mica e de fun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca nas diferentes etiologias, sem, entretanto, apresentar efeitos de melhora na capacidade de exerc&#237;cio.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>Bisoprolol</kwd>
        <kwd>baixo d&#233;bito card&#237;aco</kwd>
        <kwd>exerc&#237;cio</kwd>
        <kwd>beta-antagonistas adren&#233;rgicos</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>21</day>
        <month>05</month>
        <year>2007</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>ARTIGO ORIGINAL</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Efeito do bisoprolol sobre a fun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca e o exerc&#237;cio em pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Victor Sarli Issa; Guilherme Vieira Guimar&#227;es; Marcos Val&#233;rio Coimbra Rezende; F&#225;tima das Dores Cruz; Silvia Moreira Ayub Ferreira; Fernando Bacal; Edimar Alcides Bocchi</bold>
    </p>
    <p> Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o (InCor) &#150; HC-FMUSP &#150; S&#227;o Paulo, SP</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVO:</bold> Avaliar o efeito do bisoprolol sobre a capacidade de exerc&#237;cio e a fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular em pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca. </p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS:</bold> Foi feita a an&#225;lise das vari&#225;veis cl&#237;nicas e hemodin&#226;micas, da fun&#231;&#227;o e do remodelamento ventricular, e da ergoespirometria de pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca com diferentes etiologias, antes e ap&#243;s administra&#231;&#227;o de bisoprolol. </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS:</bold> Foram analisados 22 pacientes, dos quais 1 paciente n&#227;o tolerou a medica&#231;&#227;o e 14 pacientes alcan&#231;aram a meta do estudo. A m&#233;dia das idades foi de 52 anos (36 a 64 anos), 9 pacientes eram do sexo masculino e 5 eram do sexo feminino, com tempo m&#233;dio de seguimento de 551 dias (238 a 1.109 dias). Foram observados melhora da classe funcional, redu&#231;&#227;o da freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca de repouso (78,8 + 8,7 bpm vs. 63 + 6,4 bpm; p &lt; 0,001), aumento da fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (31,3 + 8,5% vs. 39 + 14,7%; p = 0,043) e tend&#234;ncia a melhora do escore de qualidade de vida (31 + 20,6 vs. 17,8 + 14,8; p = 0,058). Ocorreu queda da freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca m&#225;xima no exerc&#237;cio (138,1 + 20,2 vs. 116,7 + 27,1; p = 0,01) e do consumo m&#225;ximo de oxig&#234;nio (20,9 + 6,8 vs. 15,1 + 3,5; p &lt; 0,001). N&#227;o houve modifica&#231;&#227;o do slope VE/VCO2. Os efeitos ocorreram em todas as etiologias, inclusive na doen&#231;a de Chagas. </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#195;O:</bold> O bisoprolol produziu melhora cl&#237;nica e hemodin&#226;mica e de fun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca nas diferentes etiologias, sem, entretanto, apresentar efeitos de melhora na capacidade de exerc&#237;cio.</p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave:</bold> Bisoprolol, baixo d&#233;bito card&#237;aco, exerc&#237;cio, beta-antagonistas adren&#233;rgicos.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Em pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca ocorre ativa&#231;&#227;o de eixos neuro-humorais, incluindo o sistema simp&#225;tico. A atividade simp&#225;tica est&#225; associada ao grau de remodelamento mioc&#225;rdico, ao grau de disfun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca e ao progn&#243;stico<sup>1,2</sup>. Betabloqueadores s&#227;o capazes de antagonizar parcialmente a atividade simp&#225;tica e a atividade inflamat&#243;ria, com efeitos na apoptose e na hipertrofia de cardiomi&#243;citos, levando a aumento da fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o e atenua&#231;&#227;o da progress&#227;o do remodelamento ventricular<sup>3</sup>. Estudos cl&#237;nicos comprovam o efeito dos betabloqueadores na redu&#231;&#227;o da mortalidade em pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, em diferentes classes funcionais<sup>4</sup>, e diretrizes indicam que pacientes com disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular sist&#243;lica do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo devam ser tratados com betabloqueadores<sup>5</sup>.</p>
    <p>Entretanto, a influ&#234;ncia dos betabloqueadores sobre a capacidade de exerc&#237;cio ainda &#233; assunto controverso. Os estudos atualmente dispon&#237;veis n&#227;o caracterizam de maneira consistente e reprodut&#237;vel os efeitos dos betabloqueadores sobre &#237;ndices ergom&#233;tricos<sup>6-9</sup>. Foi demonstrado que o consumo m&#225;ximo de oxig&#234;nio pode ser aumentado, reduzido ou mantido inalterado com a administra&#231;&#227;o de betabloqueadores. A maior parte desses estudos avaliou os efeitos do carvedilol e do metoprolol<sup>10</sup>. Existem, entretanto, significativas diferen&#231;as entre os betabloqueadores utilizados para tratamento da insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, tanto em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; afinidade por receptores alfa e beta e &#224;s propriedades farmacocin&#233;ticas como em rela&#231;&#227;o aos efeitos adversos e aos benef&#237;cios cl&#237;nicos<sup>11</sup>. Os efeitos do bisoprolol, bloqueador alfa 1 seletivo, sobre a capacidade de exerc&#237;cio na insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca n&#227;o foram avaliados de maneira sistem&#225;tica em casu&#237;sticas representativas e recentes.</p>
    <p>No Brasil, como os dados s&#227;o ainda mais escassos, t&#234;m sido feitas extrapola&#231;&#245;es para popula&#231;&#245;es nacionais a partir da literatura estrangeira, em que pese a exist&#234;ncia de significativa influ&#234;ncia &#233;tnica na fisiopatologia, no tratamento e no progn&#243;stico das doen&#231;as cardiovasculares<sup>12</sup>. Desde a primeira experi&#234;ncia brasileira publicada sobre o uso de betabloqueadores na insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca<sup>13</sup>, poucos trabalhos foram publicados<sup>14-16</sup>. N&#227;o h&#225; estudos publicados que tenham avaliado os efeitos do bisoprolol sobre a fun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca e a capacidade de exerc&#237;cio de pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca em casu&#237;stica brasileira.</p>
    <p>Neste estudo, foram avaliados, prospectivamente, o efeito do uso de bisoprolol sobre o exerc&#237;cio e a fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular em pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e sua tolerabilidade e seus efeitos sobre vari&#225;veis cl&#237;nicas e hemodin&#226;micas e sobre a qualidade de vida.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#233;todos</bold>
    </p>
    <p><italic>Casu&#237;stica</italic> - Foram selecionados para o estudo pacientes de ambulat&#243;rio especializado de cardiologia de hospital universit&#225;rio terci&#225;rio, no per&#237;odo de junho de 2002 a agosto de 2003, tendo como crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o idade maior que 18 anos e presen&#231;a de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca cr&#244;nica<sup>17</sup> e de miocardiopatia dilatada com diferentes etiologias, conforme crit&#233;rios existentes para seu diagn&#243;stico<sup>18</sup>, na aus&#234;ncia de betabloqueadores para tratamento da insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca. Foram considerados crit&#233;rios de exclus&#227;o: recusa do paciente; fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo por ecocardiografia transtor&#225;cica maior que 0,40; presen&#231;a de miocardiopatia dilatada por doen&#231;a infiltrativa, valvopatia reum&#225;tica ou degenerativa de grau moderado ou grave (insufici&#234;ncia mitral e/ou tric&#250;spide secund&#225;ria a dilata&#231;&#227;o ventricular n&#227;o foram consideradas crit&#233;rio de exclus&#227;o, independentemente de sua intensidade); choque cardiog&#234;nico; doen&#231;a card&#237;aca restritiva; etilismo nos &#250;ltimos seis meses; doen&#231;a pulmonar obstrutiva cr&#244;nica; uso de cortic&#243;ides ou imunossupressores nos &#250;ltimos tr&#234;s meses; neoplasia maligna; embolia pulmonar nos &#250;ltimos seis meses; cirurgia ou infec&#231;&#245;es agudas nos &#250;ltimos 30 dias; insufici&#234;ncia renal (creatinina s&#233;rica &gt; 2,5 mg/dl); depress&#227;o; doen&#231;a infecciosa aguda ou cr&#244;nica em atividade; e contra-indica&#231;&#227;o ao uso de betabloqueadores. </p>
    <p>O tratamento dos pacientes incluiu inibidores da enzima conversora da angiotensina (IECA), diur&#233;ticos (na presen&#231;a de evid&#234;ncia de hipervolemia), inibidor da aldosterona e digit&#225;licos. Inibidores do receptor de angiotensina II foram utilizados quando houve intoler&#226;ncia aos IECA. As doses m&#225;ximas de IECA foram atingidas antes da introdu&#231;&#227;o do betabloqueador e antes da avalia&#231;&#227;o inicial dos doentes, al&#233;m de terem sido mantidas constantes ao longo do estudo.</p>
    <p><italic>Desenho do estudo - </italic>Ap&#243;s ajuste m&#225;ximo das doses de inibidores da enzima conversora da angiotensina I (ou de inibidores do receptor da angiotensina II), os pacientes foram submetidos a anamnese e exame f&#237;sico, ocasi&#227;o em que foram coletados os dados demogr&#225;ficos e em que foi determinada a classe funcional segundo os crit&#233;rios da <italic>New York Heart Association </italic>(NYHA)<sup>19</sup>. A qualidade de vida foi avaliada por enfermeira especializada no seguimento de pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, com a utiliza&#231;&#227;o do Question&#225;rio de Minnesota (<italic>Minnesota Living With Heart Failure Questionnaire</italic>). A press&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica e a freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca foram determinadas com o paciente em posi&#231;&#227;o sentada, ap&#243;s cinco minutos de repouso. A freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca foi obtida pela contagem dos batimentos card&#237;acos durante um minuto, por meio de ausculta card&#237;aca, e a press&#227;o arterial foi determinada por meio de esfigmomanometria. </p>
    <p>Ap&#243;s a avalia&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica os pacientes foram submetidos a an&#225;lises da fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular por ecocardiografia transtor&#225;cica (sendo as medidas das dimens&#245;es das c&#226;maras card&#237;acas realizadas de acordo com as recomenda&#231;&#245;es correntes<sup>20</sup> e a medida da fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo realizada pelo m&#233;todo de Simpson modificado) e por ventriculografia radioisot&#243;pica de repouso. A capacidade funcional dos pacientes foi avaliada por ergoespirometria em esteira program&#225;vel (Marquette series 2000, Marquette Electronics, Estados Unidos), segundo protocolo de Naughton modificado. Os pacientes foram incentivados a se exercitar at&#233; a exaust&#227;o. O n&#237;vel do pept&#237;deo natriur&#233;tico tipo B foi determinado em sangue perif&#233;rico. </p>
    <p>A medica&#231;&#227;o foi iniciada na dose de 2,5 mg, sendo feitos incrementos de 2,5 mg a cada duas semanas, tendo como alvo a dose de 10 mg ou freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca de repouso de at&#233; 60 batimentos por minutos. Os ajustes das doses da medica&#231;&#227;o at&#233; a dose m&#225;xima foram feitos no prazo de at&#233; tr&#234;s meses. Foram registrados efeitos adversos atribu&#237;veis &#224; medica&#231;&#227;o. A avalia&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica e complementar foi repetida 30 dias ap&#243;s ter sido atingida a dose m&#225;xima de bisoprolol.</p>
    <p><italic>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica - </italic>A an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica foi realizada utilizando-se o programa <italic>SPSS for Windows</italic> vers&#227;o 11.0. As vari&#225;veis quantitativas s&#227;o expressas em m&#233;dia + desvio padr&#227;o e comparadas antes e ap&#243;s a administra&#231;&#227;o de bisoprolol. Para as vari&#225;veis de distribui&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o normal foi utilizado o teste n&#227;o-param&#233;trico de Wilcoxon e para as de distribui&#231;&#227;o normal, o teste <italic>t</italic> pareado. Foram considerados significativos os resultados com n&#237;veis descritivos (valores de p) inferiores a 0,05.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Resultados</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Durante o per&#237;odo do estudo foram analisados 22 pacientes. Desse total, 2 foram exclu&#237;dos, um por ter interrompido a medica&#231;&#227;o durante o protocolo e outro por ter sido submetido a opera&#231;&#227;o de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica ap&#243;s epis&#243;dio de isquemia coron&#225;ria aguda. Dois pacientes tiveram o seguimento interrompido, tr&#234;s pacientes morreram antes que fosse atingida a dose-alvo da medica&#231;&#227;o, e em um paciente a medica&#231;&#227;o teve que ser interrompida por intoler&#226;ncia ap&#243;s sucessivas tentativas, manifestada por piora da dispn&#233;ia e hipotens&#227;o. Neste &#250;ltimo caso, a administra&#231;&#227;o subseq&#252;ente de carvedilol produziu os mesmos sintomas, e o medicamento teve que ser suspenso. </p>
    <p>Em 14 pacientes foi alcan&#231;ada a meta do estudo: 11 pacientes alcan&#231;aram a dose de 10 mg/dia e 3 pacientes atingiram freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca de repouso de 60 bpm com doses inferiores a 10 mg/dia (1 paciente com 2,5 mg e 2 pacientes com 5 mg). A dose m&#233;dia de bisoprolol, no estudo, foi de 8,8 mg. Esses pacientes foram submetidos a an&#225;lises subseq&#252;entes. </p>
    <p>A m&#233;dia das idades foi de 52 anos (36 a 64 anos), 9 pacientes eram do sexo masculino e 5 eram do sexo feminino. O tempo m&#233;dio de seguimento dos pacientes foi de 551 dias (238 a 1.109 dias). As caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas iniciais dos pacientes s&#227;o descritas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01">tabela 1</xref>. No final do estudo, n&#227;o foi preciso suspender ou modificar as doses dos IECA em nenhum dos 14 pacientes; 1 paciente teve digital suspenso por melhora cl&#237;nica e 8 pacientes n&#227;o recebiam mais diur&#233;ticos. Antes da administra&#231;&#227;o do bisoprolol, 2 pacientes estavam em classe funcional I da NYHA, 9 em classe funcional II, e 3 em classe funcional III. Ap&#243;s a administra&#231;&#227;o do bisoprolol, 10 pacientes estavam em classe funcional I, 4 em classe funcional II, e nenhum em classe funcional III.</p>
    <table-wrap id="tab01">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-03-0340-00014-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p><italic>Hemodin&#226;mica - </italic>Com a administra&#231;&#227;o de bisoprolol, houve redu&#231;&#227;o da freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca de repouso, com redu&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o-significativa da press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica e da press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica. Apesar de o n&#237;vel plasm&#225;tico do pept&#237;deo natriur&#233;tico tipo B ter apresentado redu&#231;&#227;o, a varia&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o alcan&#231;ou signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab02">tab. 2</xref>).</p>
    <table-wrap id="tab02">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-03-0340-00014-gt02.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p><italic>Qualidade de vida - </italic>A avalia&#231;&#227;o antes e ap&#243;s a administra&#231;&#227;o de bisoprolol demonstrou tend&#234;ncia a melhora da qualidade de vida, indicada pela queda da pontua&#231;&#227;o das diferentes dimens&#245;es avaliadas. As diferen&#231;as encontradas n&#227;o alcan&#231;aram valor estat&#237;stico: na dimens&#227;o f&#237;sica, variou de 14,7 + 10,9 para 9,9 + 9,4 (p = 0,29); na dimens&#227;o emocional, de 8,9 + 7,3 para 5,9 + 14,9 (p = 0,18). O resultado final variou de 31 + 20,6 para 17,8 + 14,8 (p = 0,058).</p>
    <p><italic>Fun&#231;&#227;o e remodelamento ventriculares - </italic>N&#227;o houve redu&#231;&#227;o estatisticamente significativa do di&#226;metro diast&#243;lico final do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo pela ecocardiografia bidimensional.</p>
    <p>Foi detectado aumento da fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo pela ventriculografia radioisot&#243;pica. O aumento da fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo direito n&#227;o foi estatisticamente significativo (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01">tab. 1</xref>).</p>
    <p><italic>Capacidade de exerc&#237;cio - </italic>Os valores da freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca m&#225;xima atingida no exerc&#237;cio, do consumo m&#225;ximo de oxig&#234;nio e da inclina&#231;&#227;o da reta dada pela raz&#227;o do volume exalado pelo consumo de di&#243;xido de carbono s&#227;o mostrados na <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01">tabela 1</xref> e na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig01">figura 1</xref>.</p>
    <fig id="fig01">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-03-0340-00014-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    <p><italic>Etiologia chag&#225;sica - </italic>Um dos pacientes era portador de doen&#231;a de Chagas e tolerou a dose de 10 mg de bisoprolol. A classe funcional variou de III para II Ap&#243;s a administra&#231;&#227;o de bisoprolol foram observadas as seguintes varia&#231;&#245;es: freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca de repouso, de 72 bpm para 60 bpm; press&#227;o arterial, de 90 x 60 mmHg para 100 x 60 mmHg; n&#237;vel de pept&#237;deo natriur&#233;tico tipo B, de 1.090 para 863; di&#226;metro diast&#243;lico final do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, de 67 mm para 61 mm; fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, de 29% para 36%; e fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo direito, de 25% para 31%. O consumo m&#225;ximo de oxig&#234;nio variou de 13 ml/kg/min para 10,8 ml/kg/min, a freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca m&#225;xima variou de 130 bpm para 102 bpm e o <italic>slope</italic> VE/VCO<sub>2</sub>, de 49 para 52.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O bisoprolol, quando administrado a pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, produziu melhora cl&#237;nica, hemodin&#226;mica e da fun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca nas diferentes etiologias, inclusive na doen&#231;a de Chagas, sem, entretanto, apresentar melhora da capacidade de exerc&#237;cio.</p>
    <p>O bisoprolol foi medica&#231;&#227;o segura e bem tolerada por pacientes nas diferentes etiologias, o que corrobora os resultados de outros estudos<sup>21</sup> (at&#233; 76,5% dos pacientes toleraram a medica&#231;&#227;o, &#237;ndice que n&#227;o foi diferente do placebo). No paciente com doen&#231;a de Chagas, a medica&#231;&#227;o foi bem tolerada at&#233; a dose-alvo de 10 mg, com melhora dos sintomas e da fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular compar&#225;vel &#224; de pacientes com outras etiologias. Este representa o primeiro relato do uso do bisoprolol em paciente com doen&#231;a de Chagas, o que chama a aten&#231;&#227;o para a possibilidade de uso do bisoprolol tamb&#233;m nessa etiologia de miocardiopatia.</p>
    <p>A melhora obtida em diferentes par&#226;metros cl&#237;nicos (classe funcional, queda da freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca de repouso, melhora do &#237;ndice de qualidade de vida e queda dos n&#237;veis do pept&#237;deo natriur&#233;tico tipo B) est&#225; de acordo com os resultados descritos por outros autores<sup>4,22</sup>, demonstrando que o bisoprolol, por promover redu&#231;&#227;o da atividade simp&#225;tica, leva &#224; melhora cl&#237;nica e &#224; melhora da fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular, que se refletem no melhor progn&#243;stico encontrado na literatura.</p>
    <p>A queda do consumo m&#225;ximo de oxig&#234;nio observada neste estudo, associada a aumento do<italic> slope</italic> VE/VCO<sub>2</sub> e queda da freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca m&#225;xima durante exerc&#237;cio, est&#225; de acordo com o <italic>Cardiac Insufficiency Bisoprolol Study</italic> (CIBIS)<sup>16</sup>, que demonstrou queda do consumo m&#225;ximo de oxig&#234;nio e aumento do <italic>slope</italic> VE/VCO<sub>2</sub>. Resultados diversos, entretanto, foram encontrados por outros autores. </p>
    <p>Um estudo recente<sup>6</sup> avaliou o efeito do uso cr&#244;nico de betabloqueadores sobre a capacidade de exerc&#237;cio medida por ergoespirometria em 35 pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca cr&#244;nica, dos quais 24 receberam carvedilol e 11 receberam bisoprolol. A dose de bisoprolol administrada foi em m&#233;dia de 6,2 mg por paciente. Os autores encontraram redu&#231;&#227;o da freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca de repouso e m&#225;xima, sem mudan&#231;a da press&#227;o arterial. Houve redu&#231;&#227;o do volume diast&#243;lico do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo com aumento da fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o. N&#227;o foi encontrada mudan&#231;a nos valores do consumo m&#225;ximo de oxig&#234;nio ou do <italic>slop</italic>e VE/VCO<sub>2</sub> com qualquer dos betabloqueadores.</p>
    <p>Em outro estudo<sup>9 </sup>foi testado o efeito do bisoprolol (dose m&#233;dia de 7,2 mg) em 21 pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, tendo sido encontrada redu&#231;&#227;o da freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca em repouso e durante o pico do exerc&#237;cio. O consumo m&#225;ximo de oxig&#234;nio aumentou em 15%, sem que a diferen&#231;a fosse estatisticamente significante, e o tempo de exerc&#237;cio tendeu a aumentar. Houve aumento da fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o com tend&#234;ncia a redu&#231;&#227;o do volume ventricular esquerdo. </p>
    <p>Em outro estudo, que incluiu 201 pacientes<sup>8</sup> medicados com bisoprolol na dose m&#233;dia de 8,8 mg, foi observada melhora do consumo m&#225;ximo de oxig&#234;nio. Apesar de estatisticamente significante, a melhora em termo absolutos foi discreta. Houve ainda melhora da classe funcional e da fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o e redu&#231;&#227;o do di&#226;metro diast&#243;lico ventricular.</p>
    <p>Vistos em conjunto, os dados dispon&#237;veis atualmente indicam que, apesar de ser capaz de melhorar a capacidade para atividades cotidianas (indicado pela melhora da classe funcional e da qualidade de vida), de reduzir a atividade simp&#225;tica e de melhorar a fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular, o bisoprolol n&#227;o possui efeitos significativos de melhora da capacidade de exerc&#237;cio medida por ergoespirometria. A aus&#234;ncia de rela&#231;&#227;o entre os efeitos hemodin&#226;micos e a capacidade de exerc&#237;cio tem sido tamb&#233;m descrita para outras formas de tratamento da insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, incluindo vasodilatadores<sup>23</sup>, inotr&#243;picos<sup>24</sup> e transplante card&#237;aco<sup>25</sup>. Acredita-se que medidas como classe funcional, teste de caminhada de seis minutos ou &#237;ndices de qualidade de vida possam refletir melhor a capacidade f&#237;sica durante as atividades cotidianas que a ergoespirometria<sup>7</sup>. Do ponto de vista fisiopatol&#243;gico, pode-se imaginar que o bisoprolol teria efeito protetor, impedindo o sistema cardiovascular de atingir seus limites m&#225;ximos induzidos pela hiperativa&#231;&#227;o simp&#225;tica durante o exerc&#237;cio. Tais limites m&#225;ximos seriam provavelmente desnecess&#225;rios de se alcan&#231;ar durante a atividade f&#237;sica cotidiana. Vale ressaltar, ainda, que pacientes cujo consumo m&#225;ximo de oxig&#234;nio inicial &#233; considerado alto para um portador de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca tendem a ter queda do consumo por perda do cronotropismo dado pelo betabloqueador; por outro lado, pacientes cujo consumo m&#225;ximo de oxig&#234;nio inicial &#233; baixo, revelando formas mais avan&#231;adas da doen&#231;a, tendem a ter de base um d&#233;ficit cronotr&#243;pico dado pela doen&#231;a. Nessa situa&#231;&#227;o, a tend&#234;ncia &#233; de aumento do consumo de oxig&#234;nio no exerc&#237;cio gerado pelo ganho de fun&#231;&#227;o tido com o betabloqueador. Assim, o valor inicial do consumo de oxig&#234;nio pode influenciar o resultado ergoespirom&#233;trico obtido com a administra&#231;&#227;o de betabloqueador.</p>
    <p><italic>Limita&#231;&#245;es - </italic>Em que pese terem sido encontrados resultados positivos, trata-se de estudo com limitado n&#250;mero de pacientes. N&#227;o se pode excluir a possibilidade de que em casu&#237;sticas maiores e com maior tempo de seguimento venham a ser demonstradas diferen&#231;as para vari&#225;veis que n&#227;o alcan&#231;aram signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica. Al&#233;m disso, tendo em vista resultados j&#225; existentes sobre os efeitos ben&#233;ficos do bisoprolol em pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, n&#227;o foi considerada &#233;tica a inclus&#227;o de grupo controle.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Conclus&#245;es</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Apesar de ser medica&#231;&#227;o segura e bem tolerada por pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca cr&#244;nica nas diferentes etiologias, e de promover melhora cl&#237;nica e da fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular, o bisoprolol n&#227;o apresenta efeitos significativos de melhora da capacidade de exerc&#237;cio medida por ergoespirometria.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesses</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflitos de interesses pertinentes.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="end" fn-type="corresp">
        <p>Correspond&#234;ncia:</p>
        <p> Victor Sarli Issa </p>
        <p> Rua F&#225;bia, 500 </p>
        <p> 05051-030 &#150; S&#227;o Paulo, SP </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="victorissa@cardiol.br">victorissa@cardiol.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p> Artigo recebido em 17/04/06; revisado recebido em 23/05/06; aceito em 22/06/06.</p>
  </body>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Effects of bisoprolol on cardiac function and exercise in patients with heart failure</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>OBJECTIVE: To assess the effects of bisoprolol on exercise capacity and ventricular function in patients with heart failure. METHODS: Clinical and hemodynamic variables, ventricular function and remodeling, and ergospirometry of patients with heart failure of different etiologies were evaluated before and after the administration of bisoprolol. RESULTS: Twenty-two patients were analyzed; one patient did not tolerate medication and 14 patients reached the study goal. The group consisted of 9 men and 5 women, the mean age was 52 (36-64) years, and patients were followed during 551 days (238-1109). We observed an improvement in NYHA functional class, reduction in resting heart rate (78.8&#177;8.7 vs 63&#177;6.4 bpm, p &lt;0.001), increase in left ventricular ejection fraction (31.3&#177;8.5% vs 39&#177;14.7%. p=0.043), and a tendency towards improved quality of life scores (31&#177;20.6 vs 17.8&#177;14.8. p=0.058). The maximum heart rate dropped during exercise (138.1&#177;20.2 vs 116.7&#177;27.1. p=0.01), as did peak oxygen consumption (20.9&#177;6.8 vs 15.1&#177;3.5. p&lt;0.001); no change was observed on the EV/VCO2 slope. The effects were observed for all etiologies, including Chagas&#8217; disease. CONCLUSION: Bisoprolol was safe and well tolerated in patients with heart failure. Bisoprolol therapy improved the symptoms, hemodynamic variables, as well as the cardiac function for all etiologies; however, it did not result in improved exercise capacity.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Bisoprolol</kwd>
        <kwd>cardiac output, low</kwd>
        <kwd>exercise</kwd>
        <kwd>adrenergic beta-antagonists</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>ORIGINAL ARTICLE</bold>
      </p>
      <p> Effects of bisoprolol on cardiac function and exercise in patients with heart failure</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Victor Sarli Issa; Guilherme Vieira Guimar&#227;es; Marcos Val&#233;rio Coimbra Rezende; F&#225;tima das Dores Cruz; Silvia Moreira Ayub Ferreira; Fernando Bacal; Edimar Alcides Bocchi</bold>
      </p>
      <p> Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o (InCor) &#150; HC-FMUSP &#150; S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</p>
      <p>
        <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end-body2">Mailing Address</xref>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>SUMMARY</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVES:</bold> To assess the effects of bisoprolol on exercise capacity and ventricular function in patients with heart failure.</p>
      <p><bold>METHODS:</bold> Clinical and hemodynamic variables, ventricular function and remodeling, and ergospirometry of patients with heart failure of different etiologies were evaluated before and after the administration of bisoprolol.</p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS:</bold> Twenty-two patients were analyzed; one patient did not tolerate medication and 14 patients reached the study goal. The group consisted of 9 men and 5 women, the mean age was 52 (36-64) years, and patients were followed during 551 days (238-1109). We observed an improvement in NYHA functional class, reduction in resting heart rate (78.8&#177;8.7 vs 63&#177;6.4 bpm, p &lt;0.001), increase in left ventricular ejection fraction (31.3&#177;8.5% vs 39&#177;14.7%. p=0.043), and a tendency towards improved quality of life scores (31&#177;20.6 vs 17.8&#177;14.8. p=0.058). The maximum heart rate dropped during exercise (138.1&#177;20.2 vs 116.7&#177;27.1. p=0.01), as did peak oxygen consumption (20.9&#177;6.8 vs 15.1&#177;3.5. p&lt;0.001); no change was observed on the EV/VCO2 slope. The effects were observed for all etiologies, including Chagas&#146; disease.</p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSION:</bold> Bisoprolol was safe and well tolerated in patients with heart failure. Bisoprolol therapy improved the symptoms, hemodynamic variables, as well as the cardiac function for all etiologies; however, it did not result in improved exercise capacity.</p>
      <p><bold>Key words:</bold> Bisoprolol; cardiac output, low; exercise; adrenergic beta-antagonists.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Introduction</bold>
      </p>
      <p>In heart failure, neurohumoral axes are activated, including the sympathetic nervous system. Sympathetic activity is associated with the level of myocardial remodeling, cardiac dysfunction, and prognosis1<sup>,2</sup>. Beta-blockers may partially antagonize sympathetic and inflammatory activities, affecting cardiomyocyte apoptosis and hypertrophy, and leading to an increased ejection fraction and attenuated progression of ventricular remodeling<sup>3</sup>. Clinical studies have demonstrated the effect of beta-blockers in reducing mortality among patients with heart failure in different functional classes<sup>4</sup>, and guidelines recommend that patients with left ventricular (LV) systolic dysfunction be treated with beta-blockers<sup>5</sup>.</p>
      <p>However, the influence of beta-blockers on exercise capacity is still controversial. Studies currently available do not characterize, in a consistent and reproducible fashion, the effects of beta-blockers on ergometric indexes<sup>6-9</sup>. Beta-blocker administration was found to be capable of increasing, reducing, or maintaining peak oxygen consumption levels. Most of these studies evaluated the effects of carvedilol and metoprolol<sup>10</sup>. There are, however, significant differences among the beta-blockers used in the treatment of heart failure, both in affinity for alpha- and beta-receptors and pharmacokinetics properties, as well as in their adverse effects and clinical benefits<sup>11</sup>. The effects of bisoprolol, a selective beta-1 blocker, on exercise capacity in heart failure have not been systematically evaluated in recent and significant groups of patients.</p>
      <p>In Brazil, studies are even scarcer and data from foreign literature have been extrapolated to local populations, in spite of significant ethnical influence on the physiopathology, treatment, and prognosis of cardiovascular diseases<sup>12</sup>. Since the first Brazilian study on the effect of beta-blockers on heart failure<sup>13</sup>, few others have been published<sup>14-16</sup>. There are no studies evaluating the effects of bisoprolol on cardiac function and exercise capacity of patients with heart failure in Brazilian clinical experience.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Methods</bold>
      </p>
      <p><italic>Casuistic</italic> - Patients were selected from a cardiology outpatient service at a tertiary-level university hospital, from June 2002 to August 2003. Inclusion criteria were: age over 18 years, presence of chronic heart failure<sup>17</sup> and dilated myocardiopathy with different etiologies (according to existing criteria for their diagnosis)<sup>18</sup>, and no use of beta-blockers for the treatment of heart failure. Exclusion criteria were: patient&#146;s refusal, left ventricular ejection fraction over 0.40 (detected by transthoracic echocardiography), dilated myocardiopathy due to infiltrative disease, moderate or significant rheumatic or degenerative valvulopathy (mitral and/or tricuspid insufficiency secondary to ventricular dilation were not considered as exclusion criteria, regardless of their intensity), cardiogenic chock, restrictive cardiac disease, alcoholism during the past 6 months, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, use of corticoid or immunosuppressive agents during the past 3 months, malignant neoplasm, pulmonary embolism in the last 6 months, surgery or acute infections in the past 30 days, renal insufficiency (serum creatinine &gt; 2.5 mg/dl), depression, active acute or chronic infectious disease, and contraindication for the use of beta-blockers.</p>
      <p>Patients were treated with angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEI), diuretic agents (in the presence of evidence of hypervolemia), aldosterone inhibitors, and digitalis. Angiotensin II receptor inhibitors were used in cases of intolerance to ACE inhibitors. Maximum doses of ACEI had been reached before the introduction of beta-blockers and patients&#146; initial evaluation, and had remained constant throughout the study.</p>
      <p><italic>Study design</italic> - After the maximum adjustment of angiotensin-converting I enzyme inhibitor doses (or angiotensin-receptor II inhibitors), patients were submitted to anamnesis and physical examination, collection of demographic data, and determination of functional class according to New York Heart Association criteria<sup>19</sup>. A nurse specialized in the follow-up of heart failure patients assessed their quality of life using the Minnesota Living with Heart Failure Questionnaire. Systemic arterial blood pressure and heart rate were determined with the subject in the sitting position, after a five-minute rest. Heart rate was measured in beats per minute (counting the number of beats for 60 seconds) by auscultation, and arterial pressure was determined with a sphygmomanometer. </p>
      <p>After the clinical assessment, patients underwent transthoracic echocardiography for ventricular function analyses (measurements of heart chamber dimensions were made according to current recommendations<sup>20</sup> and measurement of left ventricular ejection fraction, by Simpson&#146;s modified method) and radioisotope ventriculography at rest. Patients&#146; functional capacity was assessed by ergospirometry on a programmable treadmill (Marquette series 2000, Marquette Electronics, USA), according to Naughton&#146;s modified protocol. Patients were encouraged to exercise to exhaustion. The level of b-type natriuretic peptide was measured in peripheral blood. </p>
      <p>Medication was started at the 2.5 mg dose, increased every 2 weeks by 2.5 mg increments up to a target dose of 10 mg or resting heart rate of 60 bpm. Medication dose adjustments were made for up to 3 months until the maximum dose had been reached. Adverse effects attributed to the medication were recorded. Clinical and supplementary evaluations were repeated 30 days later, after the maximum dose of bisoprolol had been reached.</p>
      <p><italic>Statistical analysis</italic> - The statistical analysis was performed using SPSS for Windows, version 11.0. Quantitative variables are expressed as means &#177; standard deviations, and compared before and after the administration of bisoprolol. For variables that did not follow a normal distribution, the non-parametric Wilcoxon test was employed, whereas for normal distribution variables, the paired t-test was used. Results with descriptive levels (p values) less than 0.05 were considered statistically significant.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Results</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Twenty-two patients were analyzed during the period of the study. Two patients were excluded: one for having interrupted the medication during the protocol, and one who had to undergo myocardial revascularization surgery after an acute coronary ischemic episode. Two patients were interrupted during follow-up, and 3 patients died before the target-dose of medication was reached. In one case, medication had to be discontinued after several attempts due to patient&#146;s intolerance manifested by worsening dyspnea and hypotension. For this patient, subsequent administration of carvedilol caused the same symptoms and had to be discontinued. </p>
      <p>Fourteen patients reached the study goal: 11 patients reached the 10 mg/day dose, and 3 patients reached a resting heart rate of 60 bpm at doses lower than 10 mg/day (1 patient at 2.5 mg, and 2 patients at 5 mg). The average dose of bisoprolol during the study was 8.8 mg. These patients underwent subsequent analyses. </p>
      <p>The average age was 52 (36-64) years, 9 patients were men, and 5 were women. The follow-up period lasted 551 (238-1109) days. <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01-body2">Table 1</xref> shows patients&#146; baseline clinical characteristics. At the end of the study, none of the 14 patients had to have ACE inhibitor use interrupted or doses modified; 1 patient had digitalis therapy interrupted due to clinical improvement, and 8 patients were no longer on diuretics. Before starting on bisoprolol, 2 patients were classified as NYHA functional class I, 9 were class II and 3 were class III. After administration of bisoprolol, 10 patients were classified as NYHA functional class I, 4 were class II, and none was class III.</p>
      <table-wrap id="tab01-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-03-0340-00014-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p><italic>Hemodynamics -</italic> With bisoprolol, the resting heart rate was reduced, with a non-significant reduction in systolic and diastolic arterial pressures. Despite the reduction in b-type natriuretic peptide plasma levels, the variance did not reach statistical significance (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab02-body2">Table 2</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="tab02-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-03-0340-00014-gt02-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p><italic>Quality of life - </italic>Quality of life assessed before and after the bisoprolol therapy showed a trend towards improvement, indicated by a drop in the scores of the different dimensions evaluated. Differences observed did not reach statistical value: the physical dimension ranged from 14.7&#177;10.9 to 9.9&#177;9.4 (p=0.29); the emotional dimension ranged from 8.9&#177;7.3 to 5.9&#177;14.9 (p=0.18); and the final results ranged from 31&#177;20.6 to 17.8&#177;14.8 (p=0.058).</p>
      <p><italic>Ventricular function and remodeling - </italic>On bidimensional echocardiography, no statistically significant reduction in end-diastolic diameter of the left ventricle was detected. </p>
      <p>On radioisotope ventriculography, an increase in left ventricular ejection fraction was detected. The increase in the right ventricular ejection fraction was not statistically significant (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01-body2">Table 1</xref>). </p>
      <p><italic>Exercise capacity - </italic><xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01-body2">Table 1</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig01-body2">Figure 1</xref> show the maximum heart rate reached with exercise, peak oxygen consumption, and slope inclination given by the ratio of the exhaled volume to the carbon dioxide consumption.</p>
      <fig id="fig01-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-03-0340-00014-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p><italic>Chagasic etiology -</italic> One patient with Chagas&#146; disease tolerated 10 mg doses of bisoprolol. Upon drug dosing, the functional class shifted from III to II, resting heart rate from 72 bpm to 60 bpm, arterial pressure from 90x60 mmHg to 100x60 mmHg, BNP level from 1090 to 863, left ventricular end-diastolic diameter from 67 mm to 61 mm, ejection fraction of the left ventricule went from 29% to 36% and of the right ventricle from 25% to 31%. Peak oxygen consumption ranged from 13 mL/Kg/min to 10.8 mL/Kg/min, maximum heart rate from 130 bpm to 102 bpm, and the VE/VCO<sub>2</sub> slope from 49 to 52. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Bisoprolol therapy improved the clinical and hemodynamic status, as well as the cardiac function of patients with heart failure of different etiologies, including those with Chagas&#146; disease; however, it did not result in improved exercise capacity.</p>
      <p>Bisoprolol was safe and well tolerated by patients in different etiologies, which is in agreement with other studies<sup>21</sup>; up to 76.5% of the patients tolerated the medication and this rate was not different from that of placebo-controlled studies. The patient with Chagas&#146; disease tolerated the medication well up to the 10 mg dose, and experienced improvement of the symptoms and ventricular function comparable to patients from other etiologies. This is the first report on the use of bisoprolol in patients with Chagas&#146; disease, and it draws attention to the possibility of using bisoprolol in this type of myocardiopathy, too.</p>
      <p>The improvement in different clinical parameters (functional class, reduced heart rate at rest, improved quality of life scores, and drop in B-type natriuretic peptide levels) concurs with results reported by other authors<sup>4,22</sup>, showing that, by promoting a reduction in sympathetic nervous activity, bisoprolol leads to an improvement in clinical status and ventricular function. This improvement is reflected in the best prognosis found in literature.</p>
      <p>The drop in peak oxygen consumption reported in this study, associated with an increase in the VE/VCO<sub>2</sub> slope and the drop in maximum heart rate during exercise, are in agreement with the findings in the CIBIS<sup>16</sup> study that reported a decline in peak oxygen consumption and an increased VE/VCO<sub>2</sub> slope. Different results, however, were found by other authors: a recent study<sup>6</sup> evaluated the effect of chronic use of beta-blockers on exercise capacity measured by ergospirometry in 35 patients with chronic heart failure, 24 of whom received carvedilol and 11 received bisoprolol. The average bisoprolol dose administered to each patient was 6.2 mg. The authors found that both resting and peak heart rates were reduced, without any changes in arterial pressure. A reduction in left ventricular diastolic volume and an increase in ejection fraction were observed. No changes in peak oxygen consumption or VE/VCO<sub>2</sub> slope values were observed with any of the beta-blockers. </p>
      <p>In another study<sup>9</sup>, the effect of bisoprolol (mean dose of 7.2 mg) was assessed in 21 patients with heart failure, and reductions in heart rate at rest and during peak exercise were noticed. Peak oxygen consumption increased by 15%, but the difference was not statistically significant and the duration of exercise tended to increase. The ejection fraction increased, with a tendency for reduction of the left ventricular volume. </p>
      <p>Moreover, in a study conducted with 201 patients<sup>8</sup> treated with bisoprolol at a mean dose of 8.8 mg, the peak oxygen consumption was improved. Despite being statistically significant, improvement in absolute terms was small. Improvements in NYHA functional class, ejection fraction, and a reduction of the ventricular diastolic diameter were also noticed.</p>
      <p>Taken as a whole, currently available data indicate that despite being capable of improving the capacity for daily activities (as indicated by the improvement of functional class and quality of life scores), reducing sympathetic activity and improving ventricular function, bisoprolol has no significant effect on the improvement of exercise capacity as measured by ergospirometry. The absence of a relationship between the hemodynamic effects and exercise capacity has been also described for other forms of heart failure therapies, including the use of vasodilators<sup>23</sup>, inotropic agents<sup>24</sup>, and heart transplantation<sup>25</sup>. It is believed that measurements such as functional class, 6-minute walk test, or quality of life scores may reflect physical capacity during daily activities better than ergospirometry<sup>7</sup>. From a physiopathological point of view, one can think of bisoprolol as having a protective effect that prevents the cardiovascular system from reaching its maximum limits induced by sympathetic hyperactivation during physical exercising. Probably, these limits would not need to be attained during routine physical activities. It is also worth mentioning that patients whose initial peak oxygen consumption may be considered high for a person with heart failure are likely to experience a drop in oxygen consumption due to the loss of chronotropism caused by the beta-blocker agent. On the other hand, patients whose initial peak oxygen consumption is low, indicating a more advanced stage of the disease, are likely to have an initial chronotropic deficit due to the disease; in this situation, the tendency is increased oxygen consumption during exercise due to improvement of function induced by beta-blocker use. Therefore, the initial value of oxygen consumption may influence the ergospirometry results obtained with the administration of a beta-blocker.</p>
      <p><italic>Limitations</italic> - Despite the positive results, this study has a limited number of patients. One cannot rule out the possibility that differences in the variables that did not reach statistical significance in this study may be verified in larger groups of patients with longer follow-up periods. Moreover, in view of current results on the beneficial effects of bisoprolol for patients with heart failure, the inclusion of a control group was not considered ethically sound.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Conclusion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Despite being a safe and well-tolerated medication for patients with chronic heart failure of different etiologies and promoting clinical and ventricular function improvement, bisoprolol did not show any significant effects for enhancing exercise capacity measured by ergospirometry.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
      </p>
      <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fn id="end-body2" fn-type="corresp">
          <label>
            <bold>Mailing Address:</bold>
          </label>
          <p> Victor Sarli Issa</p>
          <p> Rua F&#225;bia, 500</p>
          <p> 05051-030 &#150; S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</p>
          <p> E-mail: </p>
          <p>
            <email xlink:href="victorissa@cardiol.br">victorissa@cardiol.br</email>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p> Manuscript received April 17, 2006; revised manuscript received May 23, 2006; accepted June 22, 2006.</p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
