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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">MbHcm6RgWVWwfG5hnvhfDhQ</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00012</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2007000300012</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(07)08800312</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2007000300012</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Press&#227;o arterial em adolescentes durante teste ergom&#233;trico</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Becker</surname>
            <given-names>M&#244;nica de Moraes Chaves</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Odwaldo Barbosa e</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Moreira</surname>
            <given-names>Isaura Elaine Gon&#231;alves</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Victor</surname>
            <given-names>Edgar Guimar&#227;es</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Recife</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state"/>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Pernambuco</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>03</month>
        <year>2007</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>88</volume>
      <issue>3</issue>
      <fpage>329</fpage>
      <lpage>333</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>09</day>
          <month>10</month>
          <year>2006</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>31</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2006</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>02</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2006</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>OBJETIVO: Descrever a resposta da press&#227;o arterial em adolescentes submetidos ao teste de esfor&#231;o. M&#201;TODOS: Foi realizado estudo transversal de 218 adolescentes entre 10 e 19 anos (131 do sexo masculino) submetidos a teste ergom&#233;trico, e descrita a freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca m&#225;xima, tempo de exerc&#237;cio, consumo m&#225;ximo de oxig&#234;nio, press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica (PAS) e diast&#243;lica (PAD) de repouso, no esfor&#231;o m&#225;ximo e aos seis minutos da recupera&#231;&#227;o. RESULTADOS: No repouso, a PAS teve valores maiores no sexo masculino e a PAD n&#227;o mostrou diferen&#231;a entre os sexos, por&#233;m ambas aumentaram com a idade. No exerc&#237;cio ocorreu eleva&#231;&#227;o da PAS e queda da PAD em ambos os sexos. A varia&#231;&#227;o da PAS foi maior no sexo masculino, principalmente acima dos 14 anos. CONCLUS&#195;O: A an&#225;lise dos resultados demonstrou que a PAS durante o exerc&#237;cio teve rela&#231;&#227;o direta com idade, peso, altura e &#237;ndice de massa corp&#243;rea do indiv&#237;duo e a PAD teve rela&#231;&#227;o apenas com a idade.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>Press&#227;o arterial</kwd>
        <kwd>teste de esfor&#231;o</kwd>
        <kwd>sa&#250;de do adolescente</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>21</day>
        <month>05</month>
        <year>2007</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>ARTIGO ORIGINAL</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Press&#227;o arterial em adolescentes durante teste ergom&#233;trico</p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#244;nica de Moraes Chaves Becker; Odwaldo Barbosa e Silva; Isaura Elaine Gon&#231;alves Moreira; Edgar Guimar&#227;es Victor</bold>
    </p>
    <p> Universidade Federal de Pernambuco - Recife, PE</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVO:</bold> Descrever a resposta da press&#227;o arterial em adolescentes submetidos ao teste de esfor&#231;o. </p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS:</bold> Foi realizado estudo transversal de 218 adolescentes entre 10 e 19 anos (131 do sexo masculino) submetidos a teste ergom&#233;trico, e descrita a freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca m&#225;xima, tempo de exerc&#237;cio, consumo m&#225;ximo de oxig&#234;nio, press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica (PAS) e diast&#243;lica (PAD) de repouso, no esfor&#231;o m&#225;ximo e aos seis minutos da recupera&#231;&#227;o. </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS:</bold> No repouso, a PAS teve valores maiores no sexo masculino e a PAD n&#227;o mostrou diferen&#231;a entre os sexos, por&#233;m ambas aumentaram com a idade. No exerc&#237;cio ocorreu eleva&#231;&#227;o da PAS e queda da PAD em ambos os sexos. A varia&#231;&#227;o da PAS foi maior no sexo masculino, principalmente acima dos 14 anos. </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#195;O:</bold> A an&#225;lise dos resultados demonstrou que a PAS durante o exerc&#237;cio teve rela&#231;&#227;o direta com idade, peso, altura e &#237;ndice de massa corp&#243;rea do indiv&#237;duo e a PAD teve rela&#231;&#227;o apenas com a idade.</p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave:</bold> Press&#227;o arterial, teste de esfor&#231;o, sa&#250;de do adolescente.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A press&#227;o arterial (PA) &#233; o principal elemento para avalia&#231;&#227;o indireta da resposta inotr&#243;pica do cora&#231;&#227;o em rela&#231;&#227;o ao esfor&#231;o, associada ao grau de toler&#226;ncia ao exerc&#237;cio<sup>1</sup>. Ainda n&#227;o existe consenso sobre os valores normais de varia&#231;&#227;o da PA com o esfor&#231;o f&#237;sico. &#201; importante que sejam definidos padr&#245;es para indiv&#237;duos jovens e idosos, mulheres e homens, brancos e negros, sendo necess&#225;rios estudos adicionais para estabelecimento desses padr&#245;es<sup>1</sup>. A resposta hiperreativa da PA ao esfor&#231;o f&#237;sico em indiv&#237;duos normotensos tem valor preditivo para o futuro desenvolvimento de hipertens&#227;o arterial, com uma probabilidade de duas a quatro vezes maior em desenvolver essa condi&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica<sup>1-3</sup>. </p>
    <p>O teste ergom&#233;trico (TE) em crian&#231;as e adolescentes tem diversas indica&#231;&#245;es, entre elas, avaliar os n&#237;veis de capacidade funcional para participa&#231;&#227;o em atividades vocacionais, recreativas e desportivas e observar a resposta da press&#227;o arterial ao esfor&#231;o<sup>4,5</sup>. </p>
    <p>Diversos estudos t&#234;m demonstrado as respostas hemodin&#226;micas e trocas gasosas em adultos submetidos ao teste de esfor&#231;o com protocolo em rampa<sup>6-10</sup>. A maioria dos estudos em crian&#231;as e adolescentes &#233; em esteira e com o protocolo de Bruce<sup>5,11,12</sup>, por&#233;m, em muitos n&#227;o h&#225; descri&#231;&#227;o dos dados relativos &#224; resposta da press&#227;o arterial. </p>
    <p>Os objetivos do estudo foram: 1) Descrever a resposta da press&#227;o arterial em adolescentes submetidos ao teste de esfor&#231;o na esteira ergom&#233;trica; 2) Descrever valores da press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica e diast&#243;lica no esfor&#231;o m&#225;ximo e no sexto minuto ap&#243;s o exerc&#237;cio; 3) Descrever a varia&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica e diast&#243;lica intra-esfor&#231;o; 4) Determinar a influ&#234;ncia de sexo, idade, peso, altura e &#237;ndice de massa corp&#243;rea (IMC) no comportamento da press&#227;o arterial ao esfor&#231;o.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#233;todos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Foi realizado um estudo descritivo, tipo casu&#237;stica, a partir de um banco de dados dos testes ergom&#233;tricos realizados por um &#250;nico examinador no per&#237;odo de abril de 1998 a abril de 2004. Foram selecionados 131 adolescentes do sexo masculino e 87 do feminino, entre 10 e 19 anos (idade m&#233;dia de 13,7&#177;2,5 anos), sem doen&#231;a card&#237;aca conhecida, e encaminhados para realiza&#231;&#227;o de TE para avalia&#231;&#227;o principalmente da capacidade funcional, arritmia ou dor tor&#225;cica. Foram inclu&#237;dos os exames dos indiv&#237;duos saud&#225;veis que atingiram FC maior ou igual a 180 bpm, com o esfor&#231;o interrompido por fadiga. N&#227;o foram inclu&#237;dos os portadores de HAS, encaminhados para avalia&#231;&#227;o da PA ou em uso de medica&#231;&#245;es que pudessem interferir no comportamento da press&#227;o arterial (broncodilatadores, betabloqueadores, simpaticomim&#233;ticos). </p>
    <p>Foram seguidas as normas padronizadas pela Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia para temperatura e umidade do laborat&#243;rio. Peso e altura foram obtidos com a utiliza&#231;&#227;o de balan&#231;a antropom&#233;trica Filizola, e os participantes foram classificados em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; presen&#231;a ou n&#227;o de obesidade de acordo com os crit&#233;rios descritos por Cole e cols.<sup>13</sup>. A coloca&#231;&#227;o dos eletrodos para a monitoriza&#231;&#227;o eletrocardiogr&#225;fica foi precedida da limpeza da pele com gaze embebida em &#225;lcool. Precedendo o esfor&#231;o, foram realizados anamnese, exame f&#237;sico, medida da freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, press&#227;o arterial e registro do eletrocardiograma de superf&#237;cie, procedimentos repetidos durante o exerc&#237;cio de dois em dois minutos. Ap&#243;s o esfor&#231;o, os pacientes permaneceram monitorizados por seis minutos ou mais tempo, quando necess&#225;rio. Para a execu&#231;&#227;o da medida da press&#227;o arterial foi utilizado esfigmoman&#244;metro aner&#243;ide, calibrado duas vezes ao ano. A largura do manguito do tensi&#244;metro tinha aproximadamente dois ter&#231;os do comprimento do bra&#231;o, sendo adequado de acordo com o tamanho do indiv&#237;duo.</p>
    <p>Todos os participantes realizaram o TE em esteira com protocolo em rampa, com pequenos e constantes incrementos na intensidade do esfor&#231;o, com velocidade e inclina&#231;&#227;o da esteira adaptados a idade e sexo do paciente testado<sup>14</sup>. A fase I de Korotkoff foi utilizada para defini&#231;&#227;o da PA sist&#243;lica (PAS) e a fase V para a PA diast&#243;lica (PAD)<sup>15-18</sup>. Na an&#225;lise dos resultados foram utilizadas as aferi&#231;&#245;es da PA em repouso, no esfor&#231;o m&#225;ximo e no sexto minuto ap&#243;s o exerc&#237;cio. </p>
    <p>Os participantes foram divididos em cinco grupos, de acordo com a idade: 10 a 11 anos; 12 a 13; 14 a 15; 16 a 17 e 18 a 19 anos. A compara&#231;&#227;o entre os grupos de idade e entre os sexos foi realizada com o teste de an&#225;lise de vari&#226;ncia (ANOVA) e teste <italic>t</italic> de Student n&#227;o-pareado, respectivamente. Foram utilizadas an&#225;lises de correla&#231;&#227;o lineares entre as diversas vari&#225;veis. Quando necess&#225;rios, foram utilizados os testes de Mann-Whitney e teste <italic>t</italic> de Student pareado. Foi considerado erro a=5% (signific&#226;ncia quando p<underline>&lt;</underline>0,05). Os dados foram processados em <italic>Excel </italic>8.0<italic> microsoft&#174;</italic> e a an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica realizada usando os programas <italic>Sigmastat</italic> 3.0 e o SPSS (<italic>Statistical Package for Social Science</italic>), vers&#227;o 8.0.</p>
    <p>O projeto foi apresentado e aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica em Pesquisa Envolvendo Seres Humanos, do Centro de Ci&#234;ncias da Sa&#250;de da Universidade Federal de Pernambuco.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Resultados</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Da popula&#231;&#227;o estudada, 79,8% apresentavam IMC normal, segundo crit&#233;rios descritos por Cole e cols.<sup>13</sup>.</p>
    <p>O tempo de exerc&#237;cio foi 10:57+01:35 min. no sexo masculino, e 10:05+00:35 min. no feminino (p&lt;0,001). N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a significativa quando comparadas as faixas et&#225;rias no mesmo sexo. A freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca m&#225;xima foi semelhante em ambos os sexos (192+08 bpm). No sexo masculino foram observados menores valores da FC m&#225;xima na faixa et&#225;ria dos 10 aos 11 anos (p = 0,021). A inclina&#231;&#227;o e a velocidade m&#225;ximas atingidas e o VO<sub>2</sub> m&#225;x. alcan&#231;ado tiveram valores maiores no sexo masculino(16,9+2,9 %, 8,8&#177;1,1 km/h e 55,7&#177;7,4 ml/kg/min, respectivamente) do que no feminino (15,6&#177;2,1 %, 7,6&#177;0,8 km/h e 46,7&#177;5,8 ml/kg/min, respectivamente) com p&lt;0,001. Contudo, sem diferen&#231;a significativa quando analisados por faixa et&#225;ria. </p>
    <p><italic>Comportamento da press&#227;o arterial - </italic>A PAD em repouso n&#227;o apresentou diferen&#231;a significativa entre os sexos (p = 0,578). A PAS de repouso foi maior no sexo masculino quando comparada ao feminino (p <underline>&lt;</underline> 0,001). Padr&#227;o semelhante da PA em repouso foi encontrado em todos os per&#237;odos avaliados no teste de esfor&#231;o, ou seja, sem diferen&#231;a da PAD entre os sexos e valores maiores da PAS no sexo masculino (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01">tabs. 1</xref> e <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab02">2</xref>).</p>
    <table-wrap id="tab01">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-03-0329-00012-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <table-wrap id="tab02">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-03-0329-00012-gt02.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>Observou-se correla&#231;&#227;o positiva entre PA sist&#243;lica e diast&#243;lica de repouso e idade, peso, altura e IMC (com exce&#231;&#227;o da PA sist&#243;lica e IMC no sexo feminino). </p>
    <p>A correla&#231;&#227;o da PAS m&#225;xima aferida com as vari&#225;veis independentes inclu&#237;das na an&#225;lise evidencia correla&#231;&#245;es positivas e estatisticamente significativas para ambos os sexos. A correla&#231;&#227;o da PAD m&#225;xima aferida com idade, altura, peso e IMC mostra associa&#231;&#227;o significativa para idade em ambos os sexos. No sexo feminino houve correla&#231;&#227;o significativa da PAD m&#225;xima aferida tamb&#233;m para peso e altura.</p>
    <p>Em todas as faixas et&#225;rias e em ambos os sexos observou-se aumento da PAS e queda da PAD durante o exerc&#237;cio. A varia&#231;&#227;o da PAS (DPAS) foi de 20,3&#177;13,9 no sexo feminino e 30,1&#177;17,3, no masculino (p <underline>&lt;</underline> 0,001). A varia&#231;&#227;o da PAD (DPAD) foi negativa em 11,4&#177;10,1 no sexo feminino e de 13,9&#177;14,2, no masculino (p = 0,324). As maiores varia&#231;&#245;es da PAS foram observadas nas faixas et&#225;rias mais elevadas (acima dos 14 anos) em ambos os sexos, sendo mais evidentes no sexo masculino. </p>
    <p>Foi encontrada associa&#231;&#227;o significativa e positiva em todas as correla&#231;&#245;es para a vari&#225;vel DPAS e as vari&#225;veis independentes analisadas, em ambos os sexos. O mesmo aconteceu para a vari&#225;vel DPAS/MET. Por meio da an&#225;lise de vari&#226;ncia (ANOVA) e de acordo com a classifica&#231;&#227;o de obesidade<sup>13</sup>, foi detectado diferen&#231;a entre PAS m&#225;xima, DPAS e PAS no primeiro minuto da recupera&#231;&#227;o (p = 0,022, p = 0,032 e p = 0,010, respectivamente) entre os adolescentes com sobrepeso e obesos e aqueles com IMC normal.</p>
    <p>No sexo masculino, a PAS no sexto minuto ap&#243;s esfor&#231;o (115,5&#177;13,1 mmHg), comparada com a PAS em repouso (114,6&#177;11,3 mmHg), foi semelhante. No feminino, a PAS no sexto minuto ap&#243;s esfor&#231;o (107,1&#177;8,7 mmHg) foi menor que a de repouso (109,3&#177;9,9 mmHg), com diferen&#231;a significativa com valor de p = 0,028. A PAD no sexto minuto ap&#243;s esfor&#231;o (masc. 63,4&#177;10,0 mmHg e fem. 62,7&#177;8,4 mmHg) foi menor que a PAD de repouso (masc. 70,2&#177;7,5 mmHg e fem. 69,6&#177;7,4 mmHg), com diferen&#231;a significativa (p <underline>&lt;</underline> 0,001), em ambos os sexos.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O interesse em se conhecer a resposta press&#243;rica ao exerc&#237;cio em crian&#231;as e adolescentes j&#225; foi motivo de v&#225;rios estudos em diversos pa&#237;ses, onde se tem comprovado haver diferen&#231;as quando se comparam popula&#231;&#245;es distintas<sup>5,12,19-23</sup>. Algumas dessas diferen&#231;as tamb&#233;m podem ser atribu&#237;das ao fato de terem sido utilizados metodologias e protocolos de teste diversos. Na maioria dos estudos, as crian&#231;as e adolescentes foram avaliados por meio de protocolos escalonados, principalmente o de Bruce para esteira ergom&#233;trica. </p>
    <p>Na presente casu&#237;stica n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a da PAD de repouso entre os sexos. Valores progressivamente maiores foram encontrados com o aumento da idade, principalmente a partir dos 16 anos, em ambos os sexos. A PAS de repouso apresentou valores significativamente mais elevados no sexo masculino (p <underline>&lt;</underline> 0,001). No feminino, n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a entre as faixas et&#225;rias. Maffulli e cols.<sup>12</sup> e Ahmad e cols.<sup>22</sup> relataram achados semelhantes para o comportamento da PAS de repouso. Contudo, outros autores<sup>19,20</sup> n&#227;o constataram diferen&#231;as entre os sexos. </p>
    <p>Os valores de PAS de repouso descritos em uma popula&#231;&#227;o americana s&#227;o um pouco menores do que os do presente estudo<sup>22</sup>. Isso pode decorrer das diferentes faixas et&#225;rias avaliadas nos dois trabalhos. Os valores de PAD de repouso tamb&#233;m diferem. A utiliza&#231;&#227;o de crit&#233;rios diversos na defini&#231;&#227;o da PAD entre os estudos pode explicar essa diferen&#231;a, pois o estudo com a popula&#231;&#227;o americana estabeleceu a fase IV de Korotkoff como crit&#233;rio para a PAD. </p>
    <p>Quanto ao comportamento da PA durante o esfor&#231;o f&#237;sico, o esperado para crian&#231;as e adolescentes s&#227;o valores de PAS no m&#225;ximo esfor&#231;o que raramente excedem 200 mmHg. Em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; PAD, &#233; rara a ocorr&#234;ncia de aumento significativo com o esfor&#231;o f&#237;sico, sendo mais comum a queda ou perman&#234;ncia dos valores de repouso<sup>4</sup>.</p>
    <p>Os estudos com protocolo de Bruce realizados com crian&#231;as e adolescentes s&#227;o un&#226;nimes em descrever comportamento da PAS semelhante ao observado em adultos, ou seja, aumento dos n&#237;veis tensionais com o exerc&#237;cio<sup>5,12,19,20,22</sup>. Contudo, esses mesmos estudos s&#227;o controversos em rela&#231;&#227;o ao comportamento da PAD. Alguns demonstraram queda da PAD; outros, manuten&#231;&#227;o dos n&#237;veis de repouso e mais raramente, aumento dos n&#237;veis tensionais diast&#243;licos. </p>
    <p>Os achados do presente trabalho foram semelhantes aos relatados na literatura, com aumento da PAS e queda da PAD durante o exerc&#237;cio para ambos os sexos e em todas as faixas et&#225;rias. A magnitude do aumento da PAS foi maior no sexo masculino, comportamento esperado j&#225; que homens apresentam volumes sist&#243;licos m&#225;ximos mais elevados que mulheres, ap&#243;s a puberdade. O aumento da idade, da altura e do peso provocou eleva&#231;&#227;o na PAS em ambos os sexos, mais evidente no sexo masculino.</p>
    <p>Em semelhan&#231;a ao relatado por Ahmad e cols.<sup>22</sup>, as maiores varia&#231;&#245;es da PAS ocorreram nas faixas et&#225;rias acima dos 14 anos, em ambos os sexos. Entretanto, a varia&#231;&#227;o da PAS, assim como a PAS no esfor&#231;o m&#225;ximo relatada por esses autores s&#227;o maiores do que as encontrados nessa casu&#237;stica. </p>
    <p>Os estudos que avaliaram crian&#231;as e adolescentes submetidos ao protocolo de Bruce<sup>5,12,19,22</sup> demonstraram n&#237;veis de PAS mais elevados que os encontrados neste estudo, mesmo para aqueles que utilizaram m&#233;todo de aferi&#231;&#227;o de PA semelhante. Os maiores n&#237;veis de PA foram relatados por trabalhos em que foi utilizado o m&#233;todo de aferi&#231;&#227;o autom&#225;tico<sup>19,22</sup>. Apesar de essa casu&#237;stica ter tido um grande n&#250;mero de pacientes em que n&#227;o foi poss&#237;vel a aferi&#231;&#227;o da PA no esfor&#231;o m&#225;ximo, mesmo quando avaliados apenas os adolescentes em que foi auscultada claramente a PA, a diferen&#231;a em rela&#231;&#227;o aos estudos com o protocolo de Bruce persiste. Isso pode refletir a melhor adapta&#231;&#227;o do organismo ao protocolo em rampa, onde a carga de trabalho &#233; aumentada de forma lenta e freq&#252;ente, sem uma varia&#231;&#227;o abrupta e, conseq&#252;entemente, a press&#227;o arterial aumentaria tamb&#233;m de forma mais gradual. </p>
    <p>A varia&#231;&#227;o intra-esfor&#231;o da PAD tamb&#233;m foi maior no sexo masculino, por&#233;m demonstra queda com o exerc&#237;cio em ambos os sexos e em todas as faixas et&#225;rias estudadas. Houve associa&#231;&#227;o significativa apenas para a idade em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; PAD m&#225;xima aferida, com valores maiores acima dos 14 anos no sexo feminino e dos 16 anos no masculino. Esse comportamento da PAD ao exerc&#237;cio difere de outros estudos<sup>12,19,20,23</sup>, onde foi observado que a PAD permanecia constante durante o exerc&#237;cio ou com tend&#234;ncia a diminuir. No estudo com uma popula&#231;&#227;o americana<sup>22</sup>, contrariamente aos achados da literatura e da presente casu&#237;stica, foi evidenciado aumento da PAD com o exerc&#237;cio. </p>
    <p>Estudo realizado na Venezuela<sup>24</sup> com crian&#231;as e adolescentes dos oito aos 17 anos, utilizando o protocolo de Cumming, determinou como resposta normal ao exerc&#237;cio uma varia&#231;&#227;o da PAS de at&#233; 30 mmHg. Na presente casu&#237;stica foi observada uma varia&#231;&#227;o da PAS semelhante; contudo, com um desvio padr&#227;o significativo (DPAS: 30,1&#177;17,3 mmHg). Esse fato pode ser decorrente das diferentes faixas et&#225;rias avaliadas entre os estudos. A avalia&#231;&#227;o de adolescentes numa faixa et&#225;ria mais pr&#243;xima da transi&#231;&#227;o para a fase adulta, onde o DPAS esperado como normal &#233; acima dos 35 mmHg, tamb&#233;m pode ter influenciado. </p>
    <p>Neste estudo, os adolescentes com sobrepeso ou obesos tiveram press&#245;es arteriais no esfor&#231;o m&#225;ximo e DPAS mais elevados quando comparados aos com IMC dentro da normalidade (p = 0,002 e p = 0,0032, respectivamente). Isso pode demonstrar a influ&#234;ncia da hiperinsulinemia, provavelmente apresentada pelos pacientes com sobrepeso e obesos, no sistema cardiovascular e na resposta ao exerc&#237;cio. </p>
    <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o ao comportamento da PA ap&#243;s o esfor&#231;o f&#237;sico, Arenas e cols.<sup>23</sup> demonstraram retorno da PA aos n&#237;veis basais em torno do nono minuto de recupera&#231;&#227;o. Ahmad e cols.<sup>22</sup> observaram padr&#227;o similar, com a PA atingindo valores semelhantes aos de repouso no 10&#186; minuto ap&#243;s esfor&#231;o. Na presente casu&#237;stica, foi observada diminui&#231;&#227;o progressiva dos componentes sist&#243;lico e diast&#243;lico da press&#227;o arterial, que alcan&#231;aram n&#237;veis semelhantes aos de repouso no 6&#186; minuto.</p>
    <p>Os resultados descritos da PA podem servir como valores de compara&#231;&#227;o para outros estudos que utilizem o protocolo em rampa na avalia&#231;&#227;o de adolescentes (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01">tabs. 1</xref> e <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab02">2</xref>). Essa casu&#237;stica, que apresentou o comportamento da press&#227;o arterial ao esfor&#231;o de 218 adolescentes tidos como normais, faz parte de um projeto mais abrangente, que envolve um segundo grupo, com suspeita de hipertens&#227;o arterial, e um terceiro estudo em andamento, que est&#225; avaliando adolescentes obesos ou com sobrepeso e um grupo controle com peso normal.</p>
    <p>Os resultados obtidos nesta casu&#237;stica permitem concluir que o comportamento da press&#227;o arterial durante esfor&#231;o f&#237;sico em adolescentes saud&#225;veis demonstra aumento do componente sist&#243;lico e queda do diast&#243;lico, em ambos os sexos. A press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica durante esfor&#231;o f&#237;sico tem rela&#231;&#227;o direta com idade, peso, altura e IMC do indiv&#237;duo, em ambos os sexos; enquanto a press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica tem rela&#231;&#227;o direta com a idade do indiv&#237;duo, em ambos os sexos.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesses</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflitos de interesses pertinentes</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="end" fn-type="corresp">
        <p>Correspond&#234;ncia:</p>
        <p> M&#244;nica de Moraes Chaves Becker </p>
        <p> Estrada do Arraial, 2885/901 </p>
        <p> 52051-380 &#150; Recife, PE </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="monicachavs@hotmail.com">monicachavs@hotmail.com</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p> Artigo recebido em 02/05/06; revisado recebido em 31/08/06; aceito em 09/10/06.</p>
  </body>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Arterial blood pressure in adolescents during exercise stress testing</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>OBJECTIVE: Describe arterial blood pressure response in adolescents undergoing exercise stress testing. METHODS: This was a cross-sectional study conducted with 218 adolescents (131 of whom were males), aged between 10 to 19 years, undergoing exercise stress testing. Maximum heart rate, total exercise time, maximum oxygen uptake, systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic (DBP) at rest, during maximal physical exertion and at six minutes of recovery were measured. RESULTS: At rest, SBP values were greater in males and no difference was found in DBP between genders, although both increased with age. During exercise, SBP rose and DBP fell in both genders. SBP variation was greater in men, particularly in those over 14 years of age. CONCLUSION: Analysis of results showed that during physical exercise, SBP had a direct relationship with the individual&#8217;s age, weight, height and body mass index, whereas DBP bore a relationship to age only.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Blood pressure</kwd>
        <kwd>exercise test</kwd>
        <kwd>teen health</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>ORIGINAL ARTICLE</bold>
      </p>
      <p> Arterial blood pressure in adolescents during exercise stress testing </p>
      <p>
        <bold>M&#244;nica de Moraes Chaves Becker; Odwaldo Barbosa e Silva; Isaura Elaine Gon&#231;alves Moreira; Edgar Guimar&#227;es Victor</bold>
      </p>
      <p> Universidade Federal de Pernambuco - Recife, PE - Brazil</p>
      <p>
        <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end-body2">Mailing Address</xref>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>SUMMARY</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVE:</bold> Describe arterial blood pressure response in adolescents undergoing exercise stress testing.</p>
      <p><bold>METHODS:</bold> This was a cross-sectional study conducted with 218 adolescents (131 of whom were males), aged between 10 to 19 years, undergoing exercise stress testing. Maximum heart rate, total exercise time, maximum oxygen uptake, systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic (DBP) at rest, during maximal physical exertion and at six minutes of recovery were measured.</p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS:</bold> At rest, SBP values were greater in males and no difference was found in DBP between genders, although both increased with age. During exercise, SBP rose and DBP fell in both genders. SBP variation was greater in men, particularly in those over 14 years of age.</p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSION:</bold> Analysis of results showed that during physical exercise, SBP had a direct relationship with the individual&#146;s age, weight, height and body mass index, whereas DBP bore a relationship to age only.</p>
      <p><bold>Key words:</bold> Exercise stress test, adolescents, arterial blood pressure.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Introduction</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Arterial blood pressure (BP) is the main element used to indirectly assess the heart&#146;s inotropic response to physical exertion associated with the level of exercise tolerance.<sup>1 </sup>To date, there is no consensus over the normal values of blood pressure variation with physical exertion. Further studies should be conducted to establish patterns for young and old, male and female, white and black individuals.<sup>1 </sup>The hyperreactive response of BP to physical exertion in normotensive individuals has a predictive value for the later development of arterial hypertension, with a 2-4 fold increased probability of developing this clinical condition<sup>1-3</sup>.</p>
      <p>The exercise stress test (EST) in children and adolescents has several indications, among which the assessment of the levels of functional capacity to participate in vocational, leisure and sport activities, as well as to observe the arterial pressure response to exertion<sup>4,5</sup>.</p>
      <p>Several studies have shown hemodynamic responses and gas exchanges in adults who do the exercise stress test with a ramp protocol<sup>6-10</sup>. Most studies with children and adolescents are performed on a treadmill according to the Bruce protocol<sup>5,11,12</sup>, but many do not report data on the arterial blood pressure response. </p>
      <p>This study was undertaken to: 1) describe arterial blood pressure response in adolescents undergoing the treadmill exercise test; 2) describe systolic and diastolic arterial pressure values at maximal physical exertion and at six minutes after the exercise; 3) describe systolic and diastolic pressure variations during exertion; 4) determine the role of gender, age, weight, height and body mass index (BMI) on the behavior of arterial pressure during physical exertion.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Methods</bold>
      </p>
      <p>A descriptive case series-type study was carried out with data from the ergometric tests conducted by one single investigator from April 1998 to April 2004. One hundred and thirty-one male and 87 female adolescents with no known cardiac disease were selected. They were 10 to 19 years old (mean age 13.7+ 2.5 years) and were referred for exercise stress tests to primarily assess functional capacity, arrhythmia or chest pain. Tests from healthy individuals with a HR greater than or equal to 180 bpm who interrupted the test because of fatigue were included. Patients with systemic blood pressure referred for BP evaluation or who were on medications that could interfere with the behavior of arterial pressure (bronchodilator, beta-blockers and sympathomimetic agents) were not included. </p>
      <p>Guidelines set by the Brazilian Society of Cardiology were followed as to the temperature and humidity in the laboratory. Body weight and height measurements were obtained using a Filizola anthropometric scale, and participants were classified as to the presence of obesity according to the criteria described by Cole et al<sup>13</sup>. Before placing the electrodes for electrocardiographic monitoring, each placement site was cleaned with an alcohol swab. Before the test, anamneses were obtained and all patients underwent physical examinations, heart rate and arterial blood pressure measurements, as well as a surface electrocardiogram; these procedures were repeated every two minutes during the test. After the stress test, patients were monitored during six minutes or more when necessary. Arterial blood pressure was measured with an aneroid sphygmomanometer that is calibrated twice a year. The tensiometer cuff width measured approximately 2/3 of an arm length and was appropriately fit according to the subject&#146;s size. </p>
      <p>All participants did the treadmill exercise test using a ramp protocol, with small continuous increments in exercise intensity and speed, and treadmill inclination adjusted according to the patient&#146;s age and gender<sup>14</sup>. Korotkoff phase I was used to define systolic BP (SBP) and phase V was used for the diastolic BP (DBP)<sup>15-18</sup>. For the analysis of the results, measurements of BP at rest, at maximal exertion and six minutes after the test were used. </p>
      <p>Participants were assigned to 5 groups according to their age: 10 to 11 years; 12 to 13; 14 to 15; 16 to 17, and 18 to 19 years. The comparison among the age groups and genders was made using the variance analysis (ANOVA) and the non-paired Student&#146;s <italic>t</italic>-test, respectively. The linear correlation among the variables was also analyzed. When needed, the Mann-Whitney test and the paired Student&#146;s <italic>t-</italic>test were used. Error was considered as a=5% (significance p<underline>&lt;</underline>0.05). Data were processed using Microsoft<sup>(R)</sup> Excel 8.0, whereas the statistical analysis was performed using Sigmastat 3.0 and SPSS (Statistical Package for Social Science), version 8.0.</p>
      <p>The project was presented and approved by the Human Research Ethics Committee of the <italic>Centro de Ci&#234;ncias da Sa&#250;de </italic>of the<italic> Universidade Federal de Pernambuco</italic>.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Results</bold>
      </p>
      <p>In the study population, 79.8% had a normal BMI according to the criteria described by Cole et al<sup>13</sup>.</p>
      <p>The duration of exercise was 10:57&#177;01:35 min. for males and 10:05&#177;00:35 min. for females (p&lt;0.001). No significant difference was found by comparing the age groups of patients of the same gender. The maximal heart rate was similar in both genders (192&#177;08 bpm). Among male patients, maximum HR values were smaller in the group 10 to 12 years of age (p = 0.021). Maximal inclination and velocity and VO<sub>2</sub> max. were greater among boys (16.9&#177;2.9%, 8.8&#177;1.1 km/h and 55.7&#177;7.4 ml/kg/min, respectively) than among girls (15.6&#177;2.1%, 7.6&#177;0.8 km/h and 46.7&#177;5.8 ml/kg/min, respectively), with p&lt;0.001. No significant difference was identified in the analysis by age groups. </p>
      <p><italic>Arterial pressure behavior - </italic>Resting DAP showed no significant difference between genders (p=0.578). Resting SAP was greater in males when compared to females (p<underline>&lt;</underline>0.001). A similar resting BP pattern was observed in all periods evaluated during the stress test, that is, with no difference in DBP between genders and a greater SBP values for boys (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01-body2">Tabs. 1</xref> and <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab02-body2">2</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="tab01-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-03-0329-00012-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <table-wrap id="tab02-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-03-0329-00012-gt02-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>A positive correlation was observed between the resting systolic and diastolic BP and age, weight, height and BMI (except for systolic BP and BMI in girls).</p>
      <p>The relationship between the maximum SBP measured and the independent variables in the analysis shows positive and statistically significant correlations for both genders. The correlation between the maximum DBP measured and age, height, weight and BMI shows a significant association with age in both genders. Among girls, a significant correlation between the maximum DBP and weight and height was also observed. </p>
      <p>For all age groups and both genders a rise in SBP and a drop in DBP values were observed during exercise. The SBP variation (DSBP) was 20.3&#177;13.9 for females and 30.1&#177;17.3 for males (p<underline>&lt;</underline>0.001). The DBP variation (DDBP) was negative 11.4&#177;10.1 for females and 13.9&#177;14.2 for males (p=0.324). The greatest variations in SBP were observed in the older aged groups (over 14 years) for both genders, particularly among boys. </p>
      <p>A significant and positive association was found in all correlations for the DSBP variable and all independent variables analyzed for both genders. The same thing happened for the DSBP/MET variable. </p>
      <p>Using the analysis of variance (ANOVA) and according to the classification of obesity<sup>13</sup>, a difference was observed in maximum SBP, DSBP, and SBP in the first minute of recovery (p=0.022, p=0.032, and p=0.010, respectively) among overweight and obese adolescents and those with a normal BMI.</p>
      <p>Among boys, the SBP measured in the sixth minute after exercise (115.5&#177;13.1 mmHg) was similar to the resting SBP (114.6&#177;11.3 mmHg). Among girls, the measurement of SBP in the sixth minute after exercise (107.1+8.7 mmHg) was lower than the resting SBP (109.3+9.9 mmHg), with a significant difference (p=0.028). The DBP in the sixth minute after exercise (males 63.4&#177;10.0 mmHg and females 62.7&#177;8.4 mmHg) was smaller than the resting DBP (males 70.2+7.5 mmHg and females 69.6&#177;7.4 mmHg), with a significant difference (p<underline>&lt;</underline>0.001) in both genders.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The importance of knowing the arterial pressure response to exercise in children and adolescents has been the focus of several studies in many countries, and these have confirmed that there are differences when diverse populations are compared<sup>5,12,19-23</sup>. Some of these differences can be attributed also to the different methodologies and test protocols used. In most studies, children and adolescents were evaluated by means of multistage protocols, particularly the treadmill test developed by Bruce.</p>
      <p>In this series, no difference was observed in resting DBP between the two genders. Increasingly greater values were observed with age, mainly from 16 years on, in both genders. Resting SBP values were significantly greater among males (p<underline>&lt;</underline>0.001). As for females, no difference was found among the age groups. Mafulli et al<sup>12</sup> and Ahmad et al<sup>22</sup> reported similar findings on the behavior of SBP at rest. However, other authors<sup>19,20</sup> did not identify differences between genders. </p>
      <p>Resting SBP values described for a North-American population are slightly lower than those in this study<sup>22</sup>. This may be due to the different age groups evaluated in both studies. The DBP values at rest are also different. The use of different criteria to define DBP in both studies may explain this dissimilarity since the North-American population study had defined the Korotkoff phase IV as the criterion for DBP determination.</p>
      <p>As to the behavior of BP during physical exertion, SBP levels for children and adolescents at maximal exhaustion are expected not to exceed 200 mmHg. A significant increase in DBP during physical exertion is uncommon, and usually the values at rest either drop or remain unchanged<sup>4</sup>.</p>
      <p>Studies conducted with children and adolescents using the Bruce protocol have consistently reported a SAP behavior similar to that observed in adults, i.e., a rise in tension levels with exercise<sup>5,12,19,20,22</sup>. However, these same studies are controversial as to DBP behavior. Some have shown a drop in DBP, whereas others have reported the maintenance of the levels observed at rest, and seldom, a rise in diastolic tension levels. </p>
      <p>The findings in this study were similar to those reported in medical literature, i.e., a rise in SBP and a drop in DBP levels during physical exercise for both genders in all age groups. As expected, the magnitude of the SBP increase was greater among male patients since after puberty men have greater maximal systolic volumes than women. Increases in age, height, and weight resulted in increased SBP levels in both genders, more clearly among males.</p>
      <p>Similarly to the findings reported by Ahmad et al<sup>22</sup>, the greatest variations in SBP were observed in the age groups over 14 years for both genders. However, variations of SBP, as well as those of the maximal exertion SBP reported by these authors, are greater than those identified in this series. </p>
      <p>Studies conducted with children and adolescents using the Bruce protocol <sup>5,12,19,22</sup> showed higher SBP levels than those observed in this study, even for those who used a similar BP measurement method. The greater BP levels were reported in studies that used an automatic measurement method<sup>19,22</sup>. Although maximal exertion BP could not be measured in many patients of this series, even when only adolescents with clearly auscultated BP were considered, the difference relative to the studies on the Bruce protocol remains. This may reflect a better adaptation of the body to the ramp protocol in which the workload is increased slowly and frequently, with no abrupt changes, so that the arterial blood pressure also rises more gradually.</p>
      <p>The exertional DBP variation was also greater among males, but it shows a drop with exercise in both genders and for all age groups evaluated. A significant association was observed only for age related to the maximum DBP measured, with levels in subjects over 14 years of age among females and over 16 years of age among males. This DBP behavior during exercise is different from that of other studies<sup>12,19,20,23</sup> that reported unchanged DBP levels during exercise or a tendency to decrease. In the study conducted with the North-American population<sup>22</sup>, contrary to the findings in medical literature and in this series, a rise in DBP with exercise was reported. </p>
      <p>In one study undertaken in Venezuela<sup>24</sup> with children and adolescents from 8 to 17 years of age using the Cumming protocol, a SBP variation of up to 30 mmHg was found to be a normal response to exercise. In this series, a similar variation in SBP was observed, though with a significant standard deviation (DSBP: 30.1+17.3 mmHg). This may be due to the different age groups evaluated in the studies. The assessment of adolescents at an age group closer to the transition to adulthood, when the DSBP is expected to be over 35 mmHg, may have also played a role.</p>
      <p>In this study, overweight or obese adolescents had higher arterial blood pressures at maximal exertion and DSAPs when compared to those with normal BMIs (p=0.002 and p=0.0032 respectively). This shows the influence of hyperinsulinemia, likely to affect overweight and obese patients, on the cardiovascular system and on the response to exercise. </p>
      <p>As to the BP behavior after the exercise, Arenas et al<sup>23</sup> have shown the return of BP to baseline levels after approximately nine minutes of recovery. Ahmad et al<sup>22</sup> observed a similar pattern, with the BP reaching levels similar to those at rest ten minutes after the exercise. In this series, a gradual decrease in systolic and diastolic components of the arterial pressure was observed, reaching levels similar to those at rest in the sixth minute. </p>
      <p>The BP findings described may serve as a comparison to other studies that use the ramp protocol to evaluate adolescents (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01-body2">Tabs. 1</xref> and <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab02-body2">2</xref>). This series, that described the behavior of arterial pressure on exertion among 218 otherwise normal adolescents, is part of a more comprehensive project involving a second group with suspected arterial hypertension and a third study underway which is evaluating overweight or obese adolescents and a normal-weight control group.</p>
      <p>The results obtained in this series allow us to conclude that the behavior of arterial blood pressure under physical exertion in healthy adolescents shows a rise in the systolic component and a drop in the diastolic component in both genders. Arterial blood pressure during physical exertion has a direct relationship with age, weight, height, and BMI in both genders, whereas the diastolic arterial pressure has a direct relationship with the individual&#146;s age in both genders.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
      </p>
      <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fn id="end-body2" fn-type="corresp">
          <label>
            <bold>Mailing Address:</bold>
          </label>
          <p> M&#244;nica de Moraes Chaves Becker</p>
          <p> Estrada do Arraial, 2885/901</p>
          <p> 52051-380 &#150; Recife, PE - Brazil</p>
          <p> E-mail: </p>
          <p>
            <email xlink:href="monicachavs@hotmail.com">monicachavs@hotmail.com</email>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p> Manuscript received May 2, 2006; revised manuscript received August 31, 2006; accepted October 9, 2006.</p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
