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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">PmGnPLcWLGvpZVWyKQFWmCh</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00009</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2007000300009</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(07)08800309</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2007000300009</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Associa&#231;&#227;o entre fatores de risco para doen&#231;a arterial coronariana e coronariopatia em pacientes submetidos a cintilografia de perfus&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Duarte</surname>
            <given-names>Paulo Schiavom</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Mastrocolla</surname>
            <given-names>Luiz Eduardo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Alonso</surname>
            <given-names>Gilberto</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lima</surname>
            <given-names>Eduardo Vila&#231;a</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Smanio</surname>
            <given-names>Paola Emanuela</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Oliveira</surname>
            <given-names>Marco Antonio Conde de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Martins</surname>
            <given-names>Luiz Roberto Fernandes</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pereira</surname>
            <given-names>J&#250;lio C&#233;sar Rodrigues</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff02">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Sa&#250;de P&#250;blica </institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <institution content-type="orgname">Centro de Medicina Diagn&#243;stica Fleury</institution>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>03</month>
        <year>2007</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>88</volume>
      <issue>3</issue>
      <fpage>304</fpage>
      <lpage>313</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>06</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2006</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>26</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2006</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>23</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2006</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>OBJETIVOS: Estabelecer o grau de associa&#231;&#227;o entre fatores de risco cardiovascular e a presen&#231;a de doen&#231;a arterial coron&#225;ria (DAC) em um grupo de pacientes submetidos a cintilografia de perfus&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio (CPM). M&#201;TODOS: Foram estudados 7.183 pacientes submetidos a CPM. Utilizando an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica, avaliou-se a raz&#227;o de chances dos seguintes fatores de risco: idade, sexo, antecedentes familiares, &#237;ndice de massa corp&#243;rea, tabagismo, dislipidemia, diabetes melito (DM) e hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica. Definiram-se como indicativas da presen&#231;a de DAC as seguintes condi&#231;&#245;es: infarto, revasculariza&#231;&#227;o, angioplastia ou altera&#231;&#227;o na CPM. Analisou-se a amostra global de pacientes bem como os indiv&#237;duos masculinos e femininos separadamente. Caracterizou-se tamb&#233;m a import&#226;ncia dos fatores de risco por faixas et&#225;rias. RESULTADOS: Observou-se associa&#231;&#227;o estatisticamente significativa entre a idade e o sexo dos pacientes e a presen&#231;a de DAC. Para o sexo feminino, o DM apareceu como o principal fator de risco control&#225;vel para DAC. Para o masculino, v&#225;rios fatores de risco control&#225;veis foram associados &#224; presen&#231;a de DAC, destacando-se o DM e a dislipidemia. Na an&#225;lise por faixas et&#225;rias alguns fatores de risco passaram a apresentar associa&#231;&#227;o mais expressiva. CONCLUS&#195;O: Os principais fatores de risco para DAC foram o envelhecimento e o sexo masculino. Dos fatores de risco pass&#237;veis de serem controlados, os que apresentaram maior associa&#231;&#227;o com a presen&#231;a de DAC foram o DM e a dislipidemia no homem e o DM na mulher. Para faixas et&#225;rias espec&#237;ficas destacaram-se o tabagismo para homens jovens, o DM e o tabagismo para mulheres entre 40 e 50 anos.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>Cintilografia</kwd>
        <kwd>reperfus&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica</kwd>
        <kwd>doen&#231;a da art&#233;ria coronariana</kwd>
        <kwd>arterosclerose coron&#225;ria</kwd>
        <kwd>fatores de risco</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>21</day>
        <month>05</month>
        <year>2007</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>ARTIGO ORIGINAL</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Associa&#231;&#227;o entre fatores de risco para doen&#231;a arterial coronariana e coronariopatia em pacientes submetidos a cintilografia de perfus&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Paulo Schiavom Duarte; Luiz Eduardo Mastrocolla; Gilberto Alonso; Eduardo Vila&#231;a Lima; Paola Emanuela Smanio; Marco Antonio Conde de Oliveira; Luiz Roberto Fernandes Martins; J&#250;lio C&#233;sar Rodrigues Pereira</bold>
    </p>
    <p> Centro de Medicina Diagn&#243;stica Fleury e Faculdade de Sa&#250;de P&#250;blica da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo - S&#227;o Paulo, SP</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVOS:</bold> Estabelecer o grau de associa&#231;&#227;o entre fatores de risco cardiovascular e a presen&#231;a de doen&#231;a arterial coron&#225;ria (DAC) em um grupo de pacientes submetidos a cintilografia de perfus&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio (CPM). </p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS:</bold> Foram estudados 7.183 pacientes submetidos a CPM. Utilizando an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica, avaliou-se a raz&#227;o de chances dos seguintes fatores de risco: idade, sexo, antecedentes familiares, &#237;ndice de massa corp&#243;rea, tabagismo, dislipidemia, diabetes melito (DM) e hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica. Definiram-se como indicativas da presen&#231;a de DAC as seguintes condi&#231;&#245;es: infarto, revasculariza&#231;&#227;o, angioplastia ou altera&#231;&#227;o na CPM. Analisou-se a amostra global de pacientes bem como os indiv&#237;duos masculinos e femininos separadamente. Caracterizou-se tamb&#233;m a import&#226;ncia dos fatores de risco por faixas et&#225;rias. </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS:</bold> Observou-se associa&#231;&#227;o estatisticamente significativa entre a idade e o sexo dos pacientes e a presen&#231;a de DAC. Para o sexo feminino, o DM apareceu como o principal fator de risco control&#225;vel para DAC. Para o masculino, v&#225;rios fatores de risco control&#225;veis foram associados &#224; presen&#231;a de DAC, destacando-se o DM e a dislipidemia. Na an&#225;lise por faixas et&#225;rias alguns fatores de risco passaram a apresentar associa&#231;&#227;o mais expressiva. </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#195;O:</bold> Os principais fatores de risco para DAC foram o envelhecimento e o sexo masculino. Dos fatores de risco pass&#237;veis de serem controlados, os que apresentaram maior associa&#231;&#227;o com a presen&#231;a de DAC foram o DM e a dislipidemia no homem e o DM na mulher. Para faixas et&#225;rias espec&#237;ficas destacaram-se o tabagismo para homens jovens, o DM e o tabagismo para mulheres entre 40 e 50 anos.</p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave:</bold> Cintilografia, reperfus&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica, doen&#231;a da art&#233;ria coronariana, arterosclerose coron&#225;ria, fatores de risco.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A doen&#231;a arterial coronariana (DAC), juntamente com as outras doen&#231;as cardiovasculares, tem sido uma expressiva causa de morbidade e mortalidade nas diversas regi&#245;es do mundo<sup>1,2</sup>. Assim, &#233; importante sua detec&#231;&#227;o precoce, em fase anterior &#224;s manifesta&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas e complica&#231;&#245;es conhecidas, atuando-se sobre os fatores de risco pass&#237;veis de modifica&#231;&#227;o, objetivando evitar a progress&#227;o da doen&#231;a ou mesmo promover a sua regress&#227;o. Existem v&#225;rios fatores de risco (FR) para a DAC bem estabelecidos na literatura m&#233;dica<sup>3-5</sup>, dentre os quais se destacam o diabetes melito (DM), a hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica (HAS), o tabagismo (TAB), a dislipidemia (DISLIP), o estresse, o sedentarismo, o processo de envelhecimento e o sexo do paciente, entre outros. No entanto, apesar desses FR estarem bastante estabelecidos, existe controv&#233;rsia com rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; import&#226;ncia relativa de cada um deles e quanto &#224; modifica&#231;&#227;o de sua import&#226;ncia no que se refere ao sexo e &#224;s diferentes faixas et&#225;rias, bem como aos diferentes grupos populacionais estudados. Um exemplo dessa controv&#233;rsia &#233; a import&#226;ncia do DM em mulheres. Huxley e cols.<sup>6</sup> realizaram estudo do tipo meta-an&#225;lise envolvendo 37 estudos de coorte e conclu&#237;ram que as mulheres diab&#233;ticas apresentam risco relativo 50% maior do que os homens para desenvolver DAC fatal. No entanto, eles relatam que na avalia&#231;&#227;o de tr&#234;s meta-an&#225;lises<sup>7-9</sup> realizadas na &#250;ltima d&#233;cada foram observados resultados diferentes com rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; import&#226;ncia do DM no sexo feminino. Enquanto duas dessas meta-an&#225;lises mostram um risco maior de DAC fatal em mulheres<sup>8,9</sup>, a terceira n&#227;o mostra diferen&#231;as significativas<sup>7</sup>. Huxley e cols. comentam que as diferen&#231;as observadas entre os diferentes estudos podem ser decorrentes de diferen&#231;as nos n&#237;veis de ajustamento dos demais fatores de risco cardiovasculares. Outro exemplo dessa heterogeneidade nos resultados obtidos, agora no que se refere &#224; compara&#231;&#227;o de diversos grupos populacionais, foi descrita em estudo multiinstitucional (Diverse Populations Collaborative Group) publicado no peri&#243;dico <italic>Heart</italic><sup>10</sup>. Neste estudo observou-se que, quando analisados de maneira qualitativa, os principais FR para CAD est&#227;o associados &#224; mortalidade por essa patologia nos diversos grupos populacionais; no entanto, quando a associa&#231;&#227;o &#233; avaliada de maneira quantitativa, existe uma variabilidade na import&#226;ncia dos principais FR nos diferentes grupos populacionais.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#233;todos</bold>
    </p>
    <p><italic>Pacientes</italic> - Foram avaliados 7.183 pacientes consecutivos (5.118 homens e 2.065 mulheres; m&#233;dia de idades de 56,7 anos; DP: 11,0 anos) submetidos a CPM no per&#237;odo de janeiro de 2000 a outubro de 2004. </p>
    <p><italic>Fatores de risco</italic> - Durante a anamnese realizada previamente &#224; realiza&#231;&#227;o da CPM foram avaliados os seguintes FR para DAC: idade, sexo, antecedentes familiares (AF), &#237;ndice de massa corp&#243;rea (IMC), tabagismo (TAB), dislipidemia (DISLIP), diabetes melito (DM) e hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica (HAS). </p>
    <p>Os pacientes foram classificados em cinco categorias et&#225;rias: 0 (abaixo de 40 anos), 1 (entre 40 e 50 anos), 2 (entre 50 e 60 anos), 3 (entre 60 e 70 anos) e 4 (acima de 70 anos).</p>
    <p>O &#237;ndice de massa corp&#243;rea foi calculado empregando-se a f&#243;rmula PESO/ALTURA<sup>2</sup> e os resultados foram classificados em quatro categorias: 0 (abaixo de 25), 1 (entre 25 e 30), 2 (entre 30 e 35) e 3 (acima de 35).</p>
    <p>O tabagismo, os antecedentes familiares, a dislipidemia, o DM e a HAS foram classificados como vari&#225;veis dicot&#244;micas, recebendo valor 0 para a aus&#234;ncia e 1 para a presen&#231;a do fator de risco referido.</p>
    <p>Cintilografia de perfus&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio - Empregou-se o protocolo de um dia com a inje&#231;&#227;o de 2-metoxi-isobutil-isonitrila marcada com 99<sup>m</sup>-tecn&#233;cio (MIBI) nas fases de repouso e estresse, e aquisi&#231;&#227;o das imagens tomogr&#225;ficas (SPECT &#150; Single Photon Emission Tomography) representativas da perfus&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio. As imagens de repouso foram adquiridas 30 a 60 minutos ap&#243;s a inje&#231;&#227;o de 370 MBq (10 mCi) de MIBI, sendo a fase de estresse realizada 4 horas ap&#243;s a fase de repouso. Para a etapa de estresse utilizou-se a associa&#231;&#227;o ao teste ergom&#233;trico em esteira rolante ou ao est&#237;mulo farmacol&#243;gico pela administra&#231;&#227;o intravenosa de dipiridamol na dose de 0,56 mg por kg de peso durante quatro minutos. Nesta fase foram injetados 1,11 GBq (30 mCi) de MIBI por via endovenosa. As imagens foram adquiridas 45 a 60 minutos ap&#243;s a inje&#231;&#227;o. Em ambas as fases do exame (repouso e estresse) as imagens de emiss&#227;o foram obtidas simultaneamente &#224;s imagens de transmiss&#227;o, utilizando-se fonte radioativa linear de gadol&#237;nio-153. Dessa maneira, foi poss&#237;vel avaliar o exame com e sem a utiliza&#231;&#227;o de programa espec&#237;fico para corre&#231;&#227;o de defeitos de atenua&#231;&#227;o, presentes habitualmente nas paredes inferior e anterior do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo<sup>11-13</sup> e resultantes de abd&#244;men volumoso (parede inferior) ou mamas volumosas (parede anterior). As imagens de esfor&#231;o foram adquiridas de maneira sincronizada ao eletrocardiograma do paciente (t&#233;cnica de Gated)<sup>14,15</sup>, possibilitando a avalia&#231;&#227;o simult&#226;nea da motilidade e do espessamento ventricular esquerdo, nessa fase do exame.</p>
    <p>Dessa forma, nos casos em que a exist&#234;ncia do defeito de perfus&#227;o era questionada (suspeita de artefatos de atenua&#231;&#227;o), os m&#233;dicos especialistas em medicina nuclear analisaram as imagens com corre&#231;&#227;o de atenua&#231;&#227;o e as imagens representativas da motilidade e do espessamento do mioc&#225;rdio, para aumentar a especificidade do m&#233;todo.</p>
    <p>Para a finalidade deste trabalho, os exames de CPM foram considerados alterados quando defeitos da perfus&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio foram diagnosticados na fase de repouso e/ou estresse.</p>
    <p><italic>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</italic> - Utilizando an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica multivariada, avaliou-se a associa&#231;&#227;o dos FR acima citados com a presen&#231;a de DAC. O resultado foi fornecido pela raz&#227;o de chances (OR - odds ratio) ajustada, pelo intervalo de confian&#231;a do valor encontrado (95%) e por sua signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica. Empregou-se o teste do qui-quadrado para comparar os grupos de pacientes do sexo masculino e feminino no que se refere &#224; presen&#231;a dos FR, dos eventos coron&#225;rios e da altera&#231;&#227;o perfusional na cintilografia. </p>
    <p><italic>Classifica&#231;&#227;o dos pacientes</italic> - Foram caracterizados como portadores de DAC os pacientes que apresentavam hist&#243;ria pr&#233;via de eventos coron&#225;rios &#150; infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio (IAM), revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio (RM) e angioplastia transluminal coron&#225;ria (ATC) - e/ou aqueles que apresentavam defeitos de perfus&#227;o na CPM (CINT ALT). Com base nas informa&#231;&#245;es da hist&#243;ria cl&#237;nica, definiram-se dois crit&#233;rios para a classifica&#231;&#227;o dos pacientes como portadores de DAC. Um considerado "rigoroso", no qual somente os pacientes com eventos coron&#225;rios eram classificados como tal, e um crit&#233;rio "complacente", em que n&#227;o s&#243; os pacientes com eventos eram classificados como portadores de DAC, mas tamb&#233;m os que apresentavam defeitos perfusionais &#224; CPM. Avaliou-se a raz&#227;o de chances (OR) ajustada para a presen&#231;a de DAC empregando ambos os crit&#233;rios de positividade, tanto na popula&#231;&#227;o global de pacientes como nos homens e mulheres de modo separado. Da mesma forma, estudou-se tamb&#233;m a import&#226;ncia dos FR referidos nas diversas faixas et&#225;rias dos pacientes masculinos e femininos.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Resultados</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Dos 7.183 estudados, 1.322 (18,4%) foram classificados como portadores de DAC pelo crit&#233;rio rigoroso (1.103 homens e 219 mulheres) e 1.663 (23,1%) pelo crit&#233;rio complacente (1.357 homens e 306 mulheres).</p>
    <p>As porcentagens de indiv&#237;duos que apresentaram FR para DAC, tanto para a popula&#231;&#227;o global de pacientes como para o grupo de pacientes masculinos e femininos separadamente, est&#227;o apresentadas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01">tabela 1</xref>. Na <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01">tabela 1</xref> est&#227;o descritos tamb&#233;m os grupos de pacientes estratificados por faixas et&#225;rias e categorias de IMC. Os valores porcentuais de indiv&#237;duos que preencheram os crit&#233;rios para serem classificados como portadores de DAC est&#227;o demonstrados na <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab02">tabela 2</xref>.</p>
    <table-wrap id="tab01">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-03-0304-00009-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <table-wrap id="tab02">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-03-0304-00009-gt02.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>Quando se comparam os grupos de pacientes masculinos e femininos, observa-se diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significativa entre os mesmos no que se refere &#224; presen&#231;a de HAS (p = 0,038), TAB (p = 0,015) e AF (p &lt; 0,001), sendo que o grupo de pacientes femininos apresenta maior freq&#252;&#234;ncia de HAS e AF, sendo o TAB predominante nos homens. N&#227;o h&#225; diferen&#231;a significativa entre os grupos masculino e feminino no que se refere &#224;s porcentagens de pacientes com DM e com DISLIP (p &gt; 0,1). Mas quando s&#227;o comparados os dois grupos no que se refere &#224; distribui&#231;&#227;o por faixas et&#225;rias e por categorias de IMC observa-se tamb&#233;m diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significativa entre eles (p &lt; 0,001).</p>
    <p>Na compara&#231;&#227;o dos crit&#233;rios utilizados para classificar os pacientes como portadores de DAC (RM, IM, ATC e CINT ALT), verifica-se que o grupo de pacientes do sexo masculino apresenta maior freq&#252;&#234;ncia desses crit&#233;rios (p &lt; 0,001), tanto quando avaliados isoladamente como quando agrupados segundo os crit&#233;rios rigorosos (RM e/ou IM e/ou ATC) ou complacente (RM e/ou IM e/ou ATC e/ou CINT ALT).</p>
    <p>A an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica multivariada mostra associa&#231;&#227;o estatisticamente significativa entre a idade e o sexo dos pacientes e a presen&#231;a de DAC, tanto utilizando o crit&#233;rio rigoroso como o crit&#233;rio complacente (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab03">tab. 3</xref>). Na an&#225;lise de pacientes masculinos e femininos em separado (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab04">tabs. 4</xref> e <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab05">5</xref>), observa-se que, enquanto nos homens a associa&#231;&#227;o entre a idade e a presen&#231;a de DAC vai aumentando progressivamente, nas mulheres esta associa&#231;&#227;o s&#243; &#233; estatisticamente significativa ap&#243;s os 70 anos de idade. Observa-se tamb&#233;m que, para os pacientes femininos, o DM aparece como o principal fator de risco control&#225;vel para DAC, com raz&#227;o de chances (OR) ajustada de 2,11 (95% IC: 1,52 a 2,93 &#150; p &lt; 0,0001) quando se utiliza a classifica&#231;&#227;o complacente, e de 2,12 (95%IC : 1,48 a 3,05 - p &lt; 0,0001) quando a classifica&#231;&#227;o rigorosa &#233; empregada. Al&#233;m do DM, o &#250;nico fator de risco associado &#224; DAC para o grupo total de pacientes do sexo feminino foi a HAS, com raz&#227;o de chances ajustada de 1,35 (95% IC: 1,04 a 1,75 &#150; p = 0,024) quando se utiliza a classifica&#231;&#227;o complacente. No entanto, a HAS n&#227;o apresenta associa&#231;&#227;o estatisticamente significativa no grupo de pacientes do sexo feminino quando se avalia a classifica&#231;&#227;o rigorosa para DAC.</p>
    <table-wrap id="tab03">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-03-0304-00009-gt03.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <table-wrap id="tab04">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-03-0304-00009-gt04.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <table-wrap id="tab05">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-03-0304-00009-gt05.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>Para o grupo de pacientes masculinos, v&#225;rios FR control&#225;veis est&#227;o associados &#224; presen&#231;a de DAC, tanto utilizando a classifica&#231;&#227;o complacente como a rigorosa. No entanto, os fatores que apresentam maior associa&#231;&#227;o s&#227;o o DM e a DISLIP (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab05">tab. 5</xref>).</p>
    <p>Quando classificados por faixas et&#225;rias, alguns FR que inicialmente n&#227;o se mostram associados de forma significativa &#224; DAC ou apresentam associa&#231;&#227;o menos expressiva, passam a apresentar associa&#231;&#227;o estatisticamente significativa ou mais expressiva (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab06">tabs. 6</xref> e <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab07">7</xref>). Nesta categoria destacam-se o tabagismo em homens com menos de 40 anos, com raz&#227;o de chances ajustada de 5,30 (95% IC: 2,59 a 10,83 - p &lt; 0,0001) quando empregada a classifica&#231;&#227;o complacente, e de 7,47 (95% IC: 3,23 a 17,27 - p &lt; 0,0001) para a classifica&#231;&#227;o rigorosa; e o DM nas mulheres com idade entre 40 e 50 anos, com raz&#227;o de chances ajustada de 5,73 (95% IC: 2,13 a 15,41 - p = 0,0005) quando utilizada a classifica&#231;&#227;o complacente e de 7,15 (95% IC: 2,22 a 23,02 - p = 0,0010) para a classifica&#231;&#227;o rigorosa. Nas mulheres com idade entre 40 e 50 anos observa-se tamb&#233;m uma associa&#231;&#227;o entre o TAB e a presen&#231;a de DAC, o que n&#227;o &#233; observado na an&#225;lise do grupo total de pacientes do sexo feminino, com raz&#227;o de chances ajustada de 2,21 (95% IC: 0,99 a 4,97 - p = 0,0540) para a classifica&#231;&#227;o complacente e de 3,37 (95%IC: 1,22 a 9,28 - p = 0,0189) para a rigorosa. A HAS, que nas pacientes do sexo feminino apresenta associa&#231;&#227;o estatisticamente significativa somente na an&#225;lise que emprega o crit&#233;rio rigoroso para DAC, na estratifica&#231;&#227;o por faixas et&#225;rias apresenta associa&#231;&#227;o estatisticamente significativa em v&#225;rias categorias, utilizando ambos os crit&#233;rios.</p>
    <table-wrap id="tab06">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-03-0304-00009-gt06.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <table-wrap id="tab07">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-03-0304-00009-gt07.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Os resultados desta an&#225;lise evidenciaram que os principais FR associados &#224; maior presen&#231;a de DAC na popula&#231;&#227;o estudada foram o processo de envelhecimento e o fato de o paciente ser do sexo masculino. Dos fatores pass&#237;veis de serem alterados com a mudan&#231;a de h&#225;bitos de vida e medica&#231;&#245;es, as principais associa&#231;&#245;es foram observadas para o DM e a DISLIP; no entanto, a HAS, o TAB e os AF tamb&#233;m apresentaram associa&#231;&#245;es estatisticamente significativas com a DAC. Esses resultados est&#227;o de acordo com outros trabalhos apresentados na literatura<sup>3,5,16</sup>, apesar de haver uma diferen&#231;a na import&#226;ncia de cada um dos fatores de risco dependendo do trabalho selecionado. Avezum e cols.<sup>5</sup>, por exemplo, estudando pacientes na regi&#227;o metropolitana de S&#227;o Paulo, &#224; qual pertencem muitos dos pacientes avaliados no presente estudo, observaram que o fator de risco com maior associa&#231;&#227;o ao IAM foi o tabagismo, enquanto em nosso estudo foi o DM. Essa diferen&#231;a pode ser decorrente do tipo de crit&#233;rio utilizado para classificar o paciente como portador de DAC. Enquanto no trabalho de Avezum e cols.<sup>5</sup> foi considerado o IAM isoladamente como crit&#233;rio de positividade, no presente trabalho foi utilizado crit&#233;rio mais amplo, envolvendo a realiza&#231;&#227;o de procedimentos (RM e ATC) e o resultado de exames (CINT ALT). Al&#233;m disso, o tipo de estudo realizado tamb&#233;m foi diferente. Enquanto o estudo de Avezum e cols. foi do tipo caso de controle, o presente estudo foi do tipo corte transversal. Como no estudo do tipo corte transversal o evento de interesse &#233; pass&#237;vel de ter ocorrido em per&#237;odo passado, isso pode ter ocasionado uma modifica&#231;&#227;o posterior nos FR control&#225;veis. Por exemplo, um paciente que fumava e que foi acometido por um infarto do mioc&#225;rdio, pode ter abandonado o tabagismo em decorr&#234;ncia desse evento. De maneira que, no momento atual ele poder&#225; ser classificado como portador de DAC, pois apresentar&#225; hist&#243;ria de infarto do mioc&#225;rdio, mas n&#227;o ser&#225; classificado como tabagista devido a ter abandonado o h&#225;bito h&#225; algum tempo. Apesar dessa diferen&#231;a no grau de associa&#231;&#227;o da DAC com o tabagismo em rela&#231;&#227;o ao estudo de Avezum e cols.<sup>5</sup>, se avaliarmos os pacientes por faixas et&#225;rias, observaremos que para algumas categorias a associa&#231;&#227;o do tabagismo &#224; DAC &#233; ainda maior do que a observada em outros estudos<sup>5,16</sup>. A raz&#227;o dessa maior associa&#231;&#227;o do tabagismo a algumas faixas et&#225;rias pode ter diversas raz&#245;es. A maior associa&#231;&#227;o em mulheres entre 40 e 50 anos, por exemplo, pode estar relacionada a um sinergismo entre o uso do cigarro e o uso de anticoncepcional. Catelli<sup>17</sup> descreve que o tabagismo est&#225; associado a um maior risco de doen&#231;as cardiovasculares em pessoas de ambos os sexos, mas que este risco se eleva em mulheres acima dos 35 anos em uso de contraceptivo oral. J&#225; a expressiva associa&#231;&#227;o de TAB com DAC em homens jovens, que tamb&#233;m j&#225; foi descrita em alguns estudos pr&#233;vios<sup>18-20</sup>, pode ser decorrente de altera&#231;&#245;es do endot&#233;lio das coron&#225;rias e da aterog&#234;nese decorrentes do uso de cigarro, numa faixa et&#225;ria em que os outros fatores de risco s&#227;o menos prevalentes.</p>
    <p>Como j&#225; referido acima, no presente estudo os principais fatores de risco associado &#224; DAC foram o DM e a DISLIP. Assim como o TAB, esses fatores parecem estar mais associados &#224; presen&#231;a de DAC em faixas et&#225;rias espec&#237;ficas. O DM, por exemplo, que se apresenta como o fator de risco mais relacionado ao aumento da presen&#231;a de DAC nas mulheres, parece ter associa&#231;&#227;o mais expressiva a esse grupo na faixa et&#225;ria entre 40 e 50 anos.</p>
    <p>A HAS, que no grupo total de pacientes do sexo feminino n&#227;o apresentou associa&#231;&#227;o expressiva com a presen&#231;a de DAC, quando analisada por faixas et&#225;rias apresentou associa&#231;&#227;o expressiva em algumas categorias.</p>
    <p>Importante fato a ser discutido &#233; que algumas das associa&#231;&#245;es estatisticamente significativas que apareceram na an&#225;lise podem ter sido decorrentes de chance (erro tipo I), uma vez que muitas associa&#231;&#245;es foram testadas. Uma associa&#231;&#227;o que pode ter sido decorrente deste tipo de erro foi a observada entre a categoria 1 do IMC e o aumento da presen&#231;a de DAC no grupo de pacientes masculinos com faixa et&#225;ria entre 60 e 70 anos (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab07">tab. 7</xref>), com raz&#227;o de chances ajustada de 1,42 (95% IC: 1,02 a 1,97 - p = 0,0360) quando utilizamos a classifica&#231;&#227;o rigorosa. Al&#233;m do IMC n&#227;o se ter associado a um aumento de DAC para nenhum outro grupo, nem mesmo no pr&#243;prio grupo de pacientes masculinos com faixa et&#225;ria entre 60 e 70 anos, quando utilizamos a classifica&#231;&#227;o complacente, a associa&#231;&#227;o descrita foi observada somente para a categoria IMC 1, mas n&#227;o para as categorias de IMC mais elevados (categorias 2 e 3). No entanto, na maioria das associa&#231;&#245;es estatisticamente significativas observadas, o n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stico foi bastante inferior a 0,05, devendo, portanto, ser decorrente de diferen&#231;as reais entre os grupos e n&#227;o obtida pela chance (erro tipo I). Notou-se, tamb&#233;m, que em algumas categorias et&#225;rias dos pacientes do sexo feminino n&#227;o houve associa&#231;&#227;o de nenhum dos FR com a presen&#231;a de DAC (categorias 0 e 3 de faixas et&#225;rias). Isso pode ser em parte decorrente de um n&#250;mero muito pequeno de pacientes em alguns grupos, n&#227;o tendo o teste estat&#237;stico utilizado poder suficiente para mostrar associa&#231;&#245;es (erro tipo II).</p>
    <p>Considerando-se os aspectos metodol&#243;gicos do presente trabalho, torna-se importante a discuss&#227;o em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; defini&#231;&#227;o (ou caracteriza&#231;&#227;o) dos crit&#233;rios empregados para a classifica&#231;&#227;o dos pacientes como portadores de DAC, um rigoroso e outro complacente. Entendemos que nenhum deles isoladamente seria adequado, pois o crit&#233;rio rigoroso envolveria somente os pacientes com diagn&#243;stico j&#225; estabelecido de DAC, n&#227;o incluindo aqueles pacientes com diagn&#243;stico sugerido pela CPM, enquanto o crit&#233;rio complacente incluiria aqueles com diagn&#243;stico sugerido pela CPM, mas, por outro lado, poderia considerar tamb&#233;m alguns pacientes com resultados falso-positivos na CPM. Dessa forma, optamos por analisar esses dois crit&#233;rios separadamente e ponderarmos os pontos fortes e fracos de cada um deles na an&#225;lise dos resultados obtidos. </p>
    <p>Ressalta-se, ainda, que, apesar de termos analisado a maioria dos FR cl&#225;ssicos para DAC, outros sabidamente importantes n&#227;o foram considerados nesta an&#225;lise por falta de informa&#231;&#227;o. Por exemplo, n&#227;o avaliamos o grau de estresse dos pacientes<sup>21</sup>, os n&#237;veis de atividade f&#237;sica<sup>22</sup>, o consumo de &#225;lcool<sup>23</sup>, o tipo de dieta<sup>24</sup>, a homociste&#237;na plasm&#225;tica<sup>25</sup>, os n&#237;veis de prote&#237;na C reativa<sup>26</sup>, a circunfer&#234;ncia abdominal<sup>27</sup>, entre outros. Adicionalmente, alguns FR foram considerados como vari&#225;veis dicot&#244;micas, quando talvez o mais adequado fosse trat&#225;-los como vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas ou com mais de duas categorias. Por exemplo, para o tabagismo talvez fosse apropriada uma an&#225;lise mais profunda relacionada ao n&#250;mero de cigarros consumidos por dia; para a dislipidemia, a an&#225;lise das diversas fra&#231;&#245;es do colesterol; e para o DM, a estratifica&#231;&#227;o pelos n&#237;veis de glicose sang&#252;&#237;nea. Da mesma forma, o IMC &#233; atualmente considerado um &#237;ndice limitado para a avalia&#231;&#227;o da morfologia corporal, sobrepujado em diversos estudos pelas medidas de gordura abdominal<sup>27-29</sup>. No entanto, como essas informa&#231;&#245;es mais detalhadas n&#227;o estavam dispon&#237;veis em nossa base de dados, restringimos a an&#225;lise &#224;queles FR obtidos na anamnese. </p>
    <p>A despeito de tais limita&#231;&#245;es, o presente estudo reafirma as informa&#231;&#245;es da literatura<sup>16,30</sup>, mas com express&#245;es de diferentes graus de associa&#231;&#227;o em uma popula&#231;&#227;o referida para cintilografia mioc&#225;rdica e naturalmente refletindo as limita&#231;&#245;es em nossa base de dados e metodologia j&#225; discutidas acima. Reafirma tamb&#233;m informa&#231;&#245;es sobre a avalia&#231;&#227;o dos FR para DAC n&#227;o s&#243; relativas ao sexo, mas tamb&#233;m sobre categorias et&#225;rias, uma vez que alguns FR parecem ter associa&#231;&#227;o mais expressiva com a presen&#231;a de DAC na depend&#234;ncia do sexo<sup>31-33</sup> e da faixa et&#225;ria<sup>34,35</sup>. </p>
    <p>Concluindo, os fatores de risco com maior associa&#231;&#227;o &#224; DAC na popula&#231;&#227;o estudada s&#227;o a idade e o sexo dos pacientes, sendo essa associa&#231;&#227;o mais expressiva para as idades mais avan&#231;adas e para os pacientes masculinos. Dos FR control&#225;veis, considerando-se a preven&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria da DAC, os que apresentam maior associa&#231;&#227;o com a presen&#231;a de eventos coron&#225;rios s&#227;o o DM e a DISLIP no homem e o DM na mulher. Para faixas et&#225;rias espec&#237;ficas destacam-se o tabagismo para homens jovens (&lt; 40 anos), o DM e o tabagismo para mulheres entre 40 e 50 anos.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="end" fn-type="corresp">
        <p>Correspond&#234;ncia:</p>
        <p>Paulo Schiavom Duarte </p>
        <p> Av. Ang&#233;lica 2.389 ap. 111-B </p>
        <p> 01227-200 &#150; S&#227;o Paulo, SP </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="paulo.duarte@fleury.com.br">paulo.duarte@fleury.com.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p> Artigo recebido em 06/02/06; revisado recebido em 26/06/06; aceito em 23/07/06.</p>
  </body>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Association between risk factors for coronary artery disease and coronary disease in patients undergoing myocardial perfusion scintigraphy</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>OBJECTIVES: To establish the degree of association between cardiovascular risk factors and the presence of coronary artery disease (CAD) in a group of patients undergoing myocardial perfusion scintigraphy (MPS). METHODS: The study included 7183 patients who had undergone MPS. Using logistic regression analysis the odds ratios for the following risk factors were evaluated: age, gender, family history, body mass index, smoking, dyslipidemia, diabetes mellitus (DM) and systemic hypertension. Indicators for the presence of CAD were defined as: myocardial infarction, revascularization, angioplasty or an altered MPS. Analysis was based on the whole the group as well as on male and female subgroups. The impact of the risk factors in relation to age was also analyzed. RESULTS: A statistically significant association was observed between patient age and gender and the presence of CAD. For females, it was demonstrated that DM is the main modifiable risk factor for CAD. For males various modifiable risk factors were associated with the presence of CAD, particularly DM and dyslipidemia. In the analysis by age groups some risk factors showed a more expressive association. CONCLUSION: The main risk factors for CAD were aging and male gender. In relation to modifiable risk factors and the presence of CAD, the greatest associations for males were DM and dyslipidemia and for females DM. The most relevant factors for specific age groups were smoking for young men and DM and smoking for women between the ages of 40 and 50.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Radionuclide imaging</kwd>
        <kwd>myocardial reperfusion</kwd>
        <kwd>coronary atherosclerosis</kwd>
        <kwd>risk factors</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>ORIGINAL ARTICLE</bold>
      </p>
      <p> Association between risk factors for CAD and coronary disease in patients undergoing myocardial perfusion scintigraphy </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Paulo Schiavom Duarte; Luiz Eduardo Mastrocolla; Gilberto Alonso; Eduardo Vila&#231;a Lima; Paola Emanuela Smanio; Marco Antonio Conde de Oliveira; Luiz Roberto Fernandes Martins; J&#250;lio C&#233;sar Rodrigues Pereira</bold>
      </p>
      <p> Centro de Medicina Diagn&#243;stica Fleury e Faculdade de Sa&#250;de P&#250;blica da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo - S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</p>
      <p>
        <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end-body2">Mailing Address</xref>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>SUMMARY</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVE:</bold> To establish the degree of association between cardiovascular risk factors and the presence of coronary artery disease (CAD) in a group of patients undergoing myocardial perfusion scintigraphy (MPS).</p>
      <p><bold>METHODS:</bold> The study included 7183 patients who had undergone MPS. Using logistic regression analysis the odds ratios for the following risk factors were evaluated: age, gender, family history, body mass index, smoking, dyslipidemia, diabetes mellitus (DM) and systemic hypertension. Indicators for the presence of CAD were defined as: myocardial infarction, revascularization, angioplasty or an altered MPS. Analysis was based on the whole the group as well as on male and female subgroups. The impact of the risk factors in relation to age was also analyzed.</p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS:</bold> A statistically significant association was observed between patient age and gender and the presence of CAD. For females, it was demonstrated that DM is the main modifiable risk factor for CAD. For males various modifiable risk factors were associated with the presence of CAD, particularly DM and dyslipidemia. In the analysis by age groups some risk factors showed a more expressive association.</p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSION:</bold> The main risk factors for CAD were aging and male gender. In relation to modifiable risk factors and the presence of CAD, the greatest associations for males were DM and dyslipidemia and for females DM. The most relevant factors for specific age groups were smoking for young men and DM and smoking for women between the ages of 40 and 50.</p>
      <p><bold>Key words:</bold> scintigraphy, perfusion, myocardium, coronary artery disease, factors, risk.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Introduction</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Coronary artery disease (CAD) in conjunction with all other cardiovascular diseases has been a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in the various regions of the world<sup>1,2</sup>. Considering this, early detection, before the onset of clinical manifestations and known complications, is important in order to identify potentially modifiable risk factors and to avoid the progression of the disease or even promote its regression. There are various well established CAD risk factors (RF) in medical literature<sup>3-5</sup>, the most important ones being diabetes mellitus (DM), systemic hypertension (SH), smoking (SMK), dyslipidemia (DYSLIP), stress, sedentary lifestyle, aging, gender, and others. Nevertheless, despite these well known risk factors there is controversy in relation to the relative importance of each of them and the modification of the importance of each one in regard to gender, age groups and the different populations studied. One example of this controversy is the importance of DM in females. Huxley and associates<sup>6</sup> conducted a meta-analysis study involving 37 cohort studies and concluded that the relative risk for females with DM is 50% higher than males to develop fatal CAD. Nevertheless, they report that the evaluation of three meta-analyses<sup>7-9</sup> conducted during the past decade revealed different results in relation to the importance of DM in females. While two of these meta-analyses demonstrated a higher risk of fatal CAD<sup>8,9</sup> the third did not show any significant differences<sup>7</sup>. Huxley and associates stated that the differences between these studies could be a result of differences in the adjustment levels of the remaining cardiovascular risk factors. Another example of this heterogeneity in the results in relation to various population groups was described in a multi-institutional study (Diverse Populations Collaborative Group) published in the journal "Heart"<sup>10</sup>. This study observed that qualitative analysis of the main CAD risk factors demonstrated an association with mortality for this pathology in the various populations; however the quantitative analysis revealed that the importance of the main risk factors varied in the different populations.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Methods</bold>
      </p>
      <p><italic>Patients -</italic> The study included 7183 consecutive patients (5118 males and 2065 females; with an average age of 56.7 years; SD: 11.0 years) undergoing MPS between January 2000 and October 2004. </p>
      <p><italic>Risk factors -</italic> The following risk factors for CAD were analyzed during the medical history taken before the MPS: age, gender, family history (FH), body mass index (BMI), smoking (SMK), dyslipidemia (DYSLIP), diabetes mellitus (DM) and systemic hypertension (SH). </p>
      <p>The patients were classified in five age groups: 0 (under 40 years), 1 (between 40 and 50 years), 2 (between 50 and 60 years), 3 (between 60 and 70 years) and 4 (above 70 years).</p>
      <p>The body mass index was calculated using the formula "WEIGHT/HEIGHT<sup>2</sup>" and the results were classified in four categories: 0 (below 25), 1 (between 25 and 30), 2 (between 30 and 35) and 3 (above 35).</p>
      <p>Smoking, family history, dyslipidemia, DM and SH were classified as dichotomic variables, and were stated as 0 for nonexistence and 1 for presence of the respective risk factor.</p>
      <p><italic>Myocardial perfusion scintigraphy - </italic>A one day protocol using an injection of technetium-99m hexakis 2-methoxyisobutyl isonitrile (Tc-99m MIBI) was conducted during the rest and stress phases with acquisition of tomography images (SPECT - Single Photon Emission Tomography) representatives of myocardial perfusion. The rest images were acquired 30 to 60 minutes after the injection of 370 MBq (10 mCi) of Tc-99m MIBI, and the stress phase was conducted 4 hours after the rest phase. The methods used for the stress phase were either a treadmill stress test or a pharmacological stimulation using a 0.56 mg per kg of body weight dosage of dipyridamole administered intravenously for four minutes. In this phase a 1.11 GBq (30 mCi) of Tc-99m MIBI was injected endovenously. The images were taken 45 to 60 minutes after the injection. During both phases of the test (rest and stress) the emission and transmission images were obtained simultaneously using a gadolinium-153 radioactive linear source. Thus, it was possible to evaluate the test with and without the use of a specific program to correct attenuation defects, that are usually found in the inferior and anterior walls of the left ventricle<sup>11-13</sup> as a result of voluminous abdomens (inferior wall) or breasts (anterior wall). The acquisition of the stress images was synchronized with the patient&#146;s electrocardiogram (gating technique)<sup>14,15</sup> enabling simultaneous evaluation of the left ventricle motility and thickness during this phase of the test. </p>
      <p>Thus, when the existence of a perfusion defect was questioned (suspicion of attenuation artifacts), the nuclear medicine specialists analyzed the images using attenuation correction along with the myocardium motility and thickness images to increase the specificity of the method.</p>
      <p>For the objective of this study, MPS tests were considered abnormal if myocardial perfusion defects were diagnosed during either the rest and/or stress phases.</p>
      <p><italic>Statistical analysis - </italic>Using multivariate logistic regression analysis the association between the abovementioned RF and the presence of CAD was evaluated. The result was presented using the adjusted odds ratio (OR), the confidence interval of this value (95%) and its statistical significance. The chi-square test was used to compare the male and female patient groups in relation to the presence of RF, coronary events and perfusion abnormalities during the scintigraphy.</p>
      <p><italic>Patient classification - </italic>The patients who presented a previous history of coronary events &#150;myocardial infarction (MI), coronary artery bypass graft surgery (CABG), percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA) &#150; and/or those that presented perfusion abnormalities during the MPS (ALT SCINT) were diagnosed with CAD. Based on the medical history information, two criteria were defined to classify the CAD patients. One defined as "rigorous" included patients who had presented coronary events and the other defined as "complaisant" included the patients who had coronary events as well as those who presented perfusion abnormalities on MPS. The adjusted odds ratio for the presence of CAD was evaluated using both criterias for the entire group and for the subgroups of males and females. The importance of the RF in the various age groups for both males and females was also studied.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Results</bold>
      </p>
      <p>From the 7183 patients studied, 1322 (18.4%) were diagnosed with CAD according to the rigorous criteria (1103 males and 219 females) and 1663 (23.1%) by the complaisant criteria (1357 males and 306 females).</p>
      <p>The percentages of individuals that presented RF for CAD in the group as a whole and in the subgroups of males and females are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01-body2">table 1</xref>. <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01-body2">Table 1</xref> also shows the patient groups stratified by age and BMI categories. The percentages of patients that presented CAD criteria are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab02-body2">table 2</xref>.</p>
      <table-wrap id="tab01-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-03-0304-00009-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <table-wrap id="tab02-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-03-0304-00009-gt02-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>The comparison of the male and female subgroups showed statistically significant differences in relation to SH (p = 0.038), smoking (p = 0.015) and FH (p &lt; 0.001), of which the female subgroup presented a greater frequency of SH and FH and the males presented a greater frequency of smoking. No significant difference was found between the male and female subgroups in regard to the percentage of patients with DM and DYSLIP (p &gt; 0.1). Additionally, a comparison of the two subgroups in relation to age groups and BMI categories also revealed statistically significant differences (p &lt; 0.001).</p>
      <p>The comparison of the criteria used to classify the patients with CAD (CABG, MI, PTCA, and ALT SCINT) confirmed that the male subgroup presented a greater frequency of these events (p &lt; 0.001) when evaluated alone or when grouped according to the rigorous (CABG and/or MI and/or PTCA) or complaisant criteria (CABG and/or MI and/or PTCA and/or ALT SCINT).</p>
      <p>The multivariate logistic regression analysis showed a statistically significant association between patient age and gender and the presence of CAD for both the rigorous and complaisant criteria (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab03-body2">Table 3</xref>). The separate analysis of the male and female subgroups (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab04-body2">Tables 4</xref> and <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab05-body2">5</xref>) revealed that while the association between age and the presence of CAD for males increases progressively with aging, in females this association is only statistically significant after 70 years old. Note also that for female patients, DM is the main modifiable risk factor for CAD with an adjusted odds ratio (OR) of 2.11 (95% CI: 1.52 to 2.93 &#150; p &lt; 0.0001) for the complaisant criteria and 2.12 (95% CI: 1.48 to 3.05 &#150; p &lt; 0.0001) for the rigorous criteria. In addition to DM, the only other risk factor associated with CAD for the female subgroup as a whole was SH with an adjusted odds ratio of 1.35 (95% CI: 1.04 to 1.75 &#150; p = 0.024) for the complaisant classification. Nevertheless, SH did not present a statistically significant association for the female subgroup when the rigorous classification for CAD was evaluated.</p>
      <table-wrap id="tab03-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-03-0304-00009-gt03-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <table-wrap id="tab04-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-03-0304-00009-gt04-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <table-wrap id="tab05-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-03-0304-00009-gt05-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>For the male subgroup various modifiable RF are associated with the presence of CAD using both the complaisant and rigorous classifications. However, the factors that presented the greatest association were DM and DYSLIP (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab05-body2">Table 5</xref>).</p>
      <p>When classified by age groups, some RF that did not initially present a significant association with CAD or presented associations with marginal statistical significance revealed associations that were statistically significant or of greater significance (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab06-body2">Tables 6</xref> and <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab07-body2">7</xref>). In this category the most significant RF were smoking in males under 40 years with an adjusted odds ratio of 5.30 (95% CI: 2.59 to 10.83 &#150; p &lt; 0.0001) for the complaisant classification and 7.47 (95% CI: 3.23 to 17.27 &#150; p &lt; 0.0001) for the rigorous classification; and the DM in females between the ages of 40 and 50 with an adjusted odds ratio of 5.73 (95% CI: 2.13 to 15.41 &#150; p = 0.0005) for the complaisant classification and 7.15 (95% CI: 2.22 to 23.02 &#150; p = 0.0010) for the rigorous classification. An association between smoking and the presence of CAD for females between the ages of 40 and 50 was also observed, that is not observed in the analysis of the female subgroup as a whole, with an adjusted odds ratio of 2.21 (95% CI: 0.99 to 4.97 &#150; p = 0.0540) for the complaisant classification and 3.37 (95% CI: 1.22 to 9.28 &#150; p = 0.0189) for the rigorous classification. SH that only presented a significant association for the female subgroup with the rigorous criteria for CAD, presented a statistically significant association in various categories using both criteria when age stratification was used.</p>
      <table-wrap id="tab06-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-03-0304-00009-gt06-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <table-wrap id="tab07-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-03-0304-00009-gt07-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The results of this analysis demonstrated that the main RF associated with a greater presence of CAD in the population studied were aging and male gender. When the modifiable risk factors are analyzed the strongest association with CAD was observed for DM and DYSLIP. However, SH, smoking and FH also presented statically significant associations with CAD. These results agree with other studies in medical literature<sup>3,5,16</sup>, despite differences among the studies in relation to the importance of each risk factor. For example, Avezum et al<sup>5</sup> in a study involving patients in the metropolitan region of S&#227;o Paulo, where many of the patients evaluated in our study live, observed that the risk factor with the greatest association with MIMI was smoking, while ours was DM. This difference could be the result of the type of criterion used to classify the CAD patient. While in the study of Avezum et al<sup>5</sup> MI was the only positivity criterion used, our study also included procedures (CABG and PTCA) and test results (ALT SCINT) to define the CAD. Additionally, our type of study was also different. Avezum et al used a case control study while ours was cross sectional. In a cross sectional study the significant event could have occurred in the past, causing a later modification in the modifiable RFs. For example, a patient that smoked and suffered a myocardial infarction could have quit smoking as a result of this event. Therefore, currently the patient could be diagnosed with CAD due to the history of myocardial infarction but having quit smoking some time ago would not be classified as a smoker. Despite the difference between the degree of association of CAD with smoking in comparison to the Avezum et al&#146; study<sup>5</sup>, an evaluation by age group reveals that, for some categories, CAD and smoking association is even higher than in other studies<sup>5,16</sup>. There are various reasons that can explain this greater association with smoking for some age groups. For example, the greater association for females between the ages of 40 and 50 could be related to a synergy between smoking and taking the birth control pill. Catelli<sup>17</sup> relates that smoking is associated with a greater risk for cardiovascular disease for both genders, however this risk is higher in females over 35 who use birth control pills. In turn, the significant association between smoking and CAD in young males, also described in other previous studies<sup>18-20</sup>, could be the result of coronary endothelial alterations and atherogenesis due to smoking, in an age group where other risk factors are less prevalent.</p>
      <p>As mentioned above, the main risk factors associated with CAD in our study were DM and DYSLIP. Like smoking, the association between CAD and these factors also appears to be related to specific age groups. For example, DM which is the main risk factor associated with an increased frequency of CAD in females, seems to be more significant for females between the ages of 40 and 50. </p>
      <p>SH, which did not present an expressive association with CAD for the female group as a whole, presented expressive association for some categories when analyzed by age group.</p>
      <p>An important fact to note is that since many associations were tested, some of the statistically significant associations presented in the analysis could be the result of chance (type 1 error). One association that could be a result of this type of error was the one between the BMI category 1 and the increased presence of CAD in the males between the ages of 60 and 70 (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab07-body2">Table 7</xref>), with an adjusted odds ratio of 1.42 (95% CI: 1.02 to 1.97 &#150; p = 0.0360) for the rigorous classification. Besides the fact that BMI was not associated with an increased presence of CAD for any other group, the same occurred even in this same group of males between 60 and 70 years when the complaisant criteria was used. This association was only observed in the case of BMI category 1 but not for the higher BMI categories (categories 2 and 3). Nevertheless, for most of the statistically significant associations observed, the level of statistical significance was much lower than 0.05, therefore suggesting that results are actually a result of differences between the groups and not chance (type 1 error). It was also noted that some of the female age categories did not reveal associations between any of the RFs and the presence of CAD (age group categories 0 and 3). This could be due, in part, to the small number of patients in some groups and that the statistical test used was not powerful enough to reveal the associations in these small groups (type II error). </p>
      <p>Considering the methods used in the present study, it is important to define the rigorous and complaisant criteria used to classify the CAD diagnosis. We understand that neither on its own would prove to be adequate, since the rigorous criterion only included patients with an established diagnosis of CAD and did not include patients with a diagnosis suggested by the MPS, while the complaisant criterion would include those with diagnoses suggested by the MPS; on the other hand it could also consider some patients with false-positive MPS results. Based on this, we opted to separately analyze the two criteria and weigh the strong and weak points of each one in the analysis of the results obtained. </p>
      <p>Note also that even though we analyzed the majority of the classic CAD RF, other known and important factors were not considered in this analysis due to lack of information. For example, we did not evaluate the patients stress levels<sup>21</sup>, physical activity levels<sup>22</sup>, alcohol consumption<sup>23</sup>, diet<sup>24</sup>, plasma homocysteine levels<sup>25</sup>, C-reative protein levels<sup>26</sup>, abdominal circumference<sup>27</sup>, etc. In addition, some RFs were considered as dichotomic variables, whereas perhaps it would be a more effective method to treat them as continuous variables or variables with more than two categories. For example, in the case of smoking a more in-depth analysis considering the number of cigarettes smoked per day could have been more appropriate; for dyslipidemia, an analysis of the various cholesterol fractions; and for DM, a stratification by blood glucose levels. Likewise, BMI is currently considered a limited index to evaluate body morphology and has been substituted in various studies by abdominal fat measurements<sup>27-29</sup>. Nevertheless, since this more detailed information was not available in our database, the analysis was restricted to the RFs obtained during the taking of the medical history.</p>
      <p>Despite these limitations, the present study reaffirms the information in medical literature<sup>16,30</sup>, even though with differing degrees of association for a population undergoing myocardial scintigraphy, and naturally reflects the limitations of the database and methods used, as mentioned earlier. It also reconfirms the information on the evaluation of CAD RF not just related to gender but also to age groups, since some RFs, appear to have a more expressive association with CAD, depending on the gender<sup>31-33</sup> and age group<sup>34,35</sup>. </p>
      <p>In conclusion, the risk factors age and gender demonstrated the greatest association with CAD in the population studied and this association is more expressive for older and male patients. The modifiable RFs, in respect to primary prevention of CAD, that had the greatest association with coronary events were DM and DYSLIP for males and DM for females. In relation to specific age groups the most notable factors were smoking for young males (&lt;40 years), and DM and smoking for females between the ages of 40 and 50.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fn id="end-body2" fn-type="corresp">
          <label>
            <bold>Mailing Address:</bold>
          </label>
          <p> Paulo Schiavom Duarte</p>
          <p> Av. Ang&#233;lica 2.389 ap. 111-B</p>
          <p> 01227-200 &#150; S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</p>
          <p> E-mail: </p>
          <p>
            <email xlink:href="paulo.duarte@fleury.com.br">paulo.duarte@fleury.com.br</email>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p> Manuscript received February 06, 2006; revised manuscript received June 26, 2006; Accepted: July 23, 2006.</p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
