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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">MD8jbSzdyPP5yTrX7mDcLZF</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00008</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2007000300008</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(07)08800308</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2007000300008</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Polimorfismo S447X da lipase lipoprot&#233;ica: influ&#234;ncia sobre a incid&#234;ncia de doen&#231;a arterial coronariana prematura e sobre os l&#237;pides plasm&#225;ticos</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Almeida</surname>
            <given-names>K&#225;tia A.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Strunz</surname>
            <given-names>C&#233;lia M. C.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Maranh&#227;o</surname>
            <given-names>Raul C.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Mansur</surname>
            <given-names>Antonio P.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">FM </institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>03</month>
        <year>2007</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>88</volume>
      <issue>3</issue>
      <fpage>297</fpage>
      <lpage>303</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>17</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2006</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>20</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2006</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>10</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2006</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>OBJETIVO: O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o efeito do polimorfismo S447X sobre os l&#237;pides plasm&#225;ticos em pacientes com doen&#231;a arterial coronariana (DAC) prematura. M&#201;TODOS: Os l&#237;pides plasm&#225;ticos e a genotipagem foram determinados em 2 grupos: 313 pacientes com DAC prematura (&lt;55 anos) e 150 controles sem DAC. RESULTADOS: A freq&#252;&#234;ncia do polimorfismo S447X foi de 18% nos pacientes com DAC e de 23% no grupo controle. O polimorfismo S447X da lipase lipoprot&#233;ica est&#225; relacionado com diminui&#231;&#227;o das concentra&#231;&#245;es plasm&#225;tica de triglic&#233;rides nos pacientes do sexo masculino com DAC, n&#227;o havendo essa rela&#231;&#227;o no sexo feminino. CONCLUS&#195;O: A presen&#231;a do polimorfismo S447X da l&#237;pase lipoprot&#233;ica n&#227;o foi associada &#224; incid&#234;ncia de DAC.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>Muta&#231;&#245;es da l&#237;pase lipoprot&#233;ica</kwd>
        <kwd>colesterol</kwd>
        <kwd>lipoprote&#237;nas</kwd>
        <kwd>triglic&#233;rides</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>21</day>
        <month>05</month>
        <year>2007</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>ARTIGO ORIGINAL</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Polimorfismo S447X da lipase lipoprot&#233;ica: influ&#234;ncia sobre a incid&#234;ncia de doen&#231;a arterial coronariana prematura e sobre os l&#237;pides plasm&#225;ticos</p>
    <p>
      <bold>K&#225;tia A. Almeida; C&#233;lia M. C. Strunz; Raul C. Maranh&#227;o; Antonio P. Mansur</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas &#150; FMUSP - S&#227;o Paulo, SP</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVO:</bold> O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o efeito do polimorfismo S447X sobre os l&#237;pides plasm&#225;ticos em pacientes com doen&#231;a arterial coronariana (DAC) prematura. </p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS:</bold> Os l&#237;pides plasm&#225;ticos e a genotipagem foram determinados em 2 grupos: 313 pacientes com DAC prematura (&lt;55 anos) e 150 controles sem DAC. </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS:</bold> A freq&#252;&#234;ncia do polimorfismo S447X foi de 18% nos pacientes com DAC e de 23% no grupo controle. O polimorfismo S447X da lipase lipoprot&#233;ica est&#225; relacionado com diminui&#231;&#227;o das concentra&#231;&#245;es plasm&#225;tica de triglic&#233;rides nos pacientes do sexo masculino com DAC, n&#227;o havendo essa rela&#231;&#227;o no sexo feminino. </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#195;O:</bold> A presen&#231;a do polimorfismo S447X da l&#237;pase lipoprot&#233;ica n&#227;o foi associada &#224; incid&#234;ncia de DAC.</p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave:</bold> Muta&#231;&#245;es da l&#237;pase lipoprot&#233;ica, colesterol, lipoprote&#237;nas, triglic&#233;rides.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A lipase lipoprot&#233;ica &#233; a enzima que catalisa a hidr&#243;lise dos triglic&#233;rides dos quilom&#237;crons e das lipoprote&#237;nas de densidade muito baixa (VLDL). Essa rea&#231;&#227;o ocorre na superf&#237;cie endotelial dos capilares sang&#252;&#237;neos, onde a lipase fica presa atrav&#233;s de mol&#233;culas de proteoglicanos. As lipoprote&#237;nas ricas em triglic&#233;rides ligam-se &#224; lipase por meio da apolipoprote&#237;na (apo) CII, presente na superf&#237;cie da lipoprote&#237;na, a qual tamb&#233;m estimula a a&#231;&#227;o enzim&#225;tica. Os produtos de degrada&#231;&#227;o dos triglic&#233;rides, &#225;cidos graxos e glicerol, s&#227;o absorvidos por tecidos como o adiposo e o m&#250;sculo, onde s&#227;o reesterificados e armazenados<sup>1</sup>. Esse mecanismo possibilita o armazenamento e a disponibiliza&#231;&#227;o pelo organismo da sua fonte energ&#233;tica mais importante, as gorduras.</p>
    <p>A diminui&#231;&#227;o na atividade da lipase lipoprot&#233;ica pode influenciar as concentra&#231;&#245;es de l&#237;pides plasm&#225;ticos causando graus variados de hipertrigliceridemia isolada ou associada a hipercolesterolemia<sup>2</sup>. Mais de 60 diferentes muta&#231;&#245;es do gene da lipase lipoprot&#233;ica foram descritas at&#233; agora, podendo resultar tanto na diminui&#231;&#227;o da s&#237;ntese da enzima quanto na sua atividade. Al&#233;m disso, a hipertrigliceridemia causa diminui&#231;&#227;o da HDL<sup>3,4</sup>. </p>
    <p>Isso se d&#225; pela lei de a&#231;&#227;o de massas e pela presen&#231;a das prote&#237;nas de transfer&#234;ncia de l&#237;pides, como a prote&#237;na de transfer&#234;ncia do &#233;ster de colesterol (CETP) que tende a transferir os &#233;steres de colesterol das HDL para as VLDL. Desse modo, muta&#231;&#245;es no gene da lipase lipoprot&#233;ica que afetem a a&#231;&#227;o enzim&#225;tica podem contribuir para o risco de DAC, mediante o seu impacto na concentra&#231;&#227;o dos l&#237;pides plasm&#225;ticos<sup>5,6</sup>.</p>
    <p>O gene da lipase lipoprot&#233;ica (LPL<italic>) </italic>est&#225; localizado no cromossomo 8p227. &#201; composto por 10 exons, interrompidos por 9 introns, com massa molecular de aproximadamente 30 Kb, e codifica uma prote&#237;na com 475 amino&#225;cidos<sup>8,9</sup>. Das v&#225;rias muta&#231;&#245;es descritas no gene, a LPL Asp9Asn, Asn291Ser e a S447X s&#227;o as mais importantes pela maior freq&#252;&#234;ncia e influ&#234;ncia na suscetibilidade &#224; aterosclerose<sup>3,10,11</sup>.</p>
    <p>O polimorfismo S447X &#233; um dos mais freq&#252;entes entre as v&#225;rias prote&#237;nas envolvidas no metabolismo intravascular de l&#237;pides, incidindo em 17% a 22% da popula&#231;&#227;o caucasiana<sup>12-14</sup>. Ocorre no exon 9 do gene LPL<italic>, </italic>havendo a substitui&#231;&#227;o de citosina (C) por guanina (G) na posi&#231;&#227;o 159515,16. Isso resulta na troca de uma serina por um c&#243;don de termina&#231;&#227;o e na supress&#227;o dos dois &#250;ltimos amino&#225;cidos, serina e glicina na posi&#231;&#227;o 447 da prote&#237;na<sup>11</sup>. O efeito do polimorfismo sobre a atividade da lipase lipoprot&#233;ica &#233; controverso.</p>
    <p>Testada <italic>in vitro</italic>, a atividade tem sido descrita tanto como muito aumentada<sup>6</sup> e aumentada<sup>17</sup> quanto como ligeiramente diminu&#237;da<sup>18</sup>, mas na maioria dos estudos n&#227;o estava alterada<sup>19,20</sup>.</p>
    <p>Alguns trabalhos indicam que o polimorfismo S447X pode ser favor&#225;vel ao catabolismo das VLDL, diminuindo a concentra&#231;&#227;o de triglic&#233;rides de jejum<sup>6,13,14,21,22</sup>, com pequena eleva&#231;&#227;o nas concentra&#231;&#245;es de HDL-colesterol<sup>13,14</sup>. A hipertrigliceridemia associada &#224; concentra&#231;&#227;o de HDL diminu&#237;da constitui um fator de risco importante no desenvolvimento de DAC. Dessa forma, o polimorfismo S447X poderia ter um papel antiaterog&#234;nico.</p>
    <p>Tendo em vista a grande freq&#252;&#234;ncia desse polimorfismo e os resultados heterog&#234;neos provenientes do estudo em outras popula&#231;&#245;es, julgamos importante avaliar o seu impacto tanto sobre os l&#237;pides plasm&#225;ticos como sobre a incid&#234;ncia de DAC prematura em uma amostragem da popula&#231;&#227;o brasileira. Nessa, predomina intensa miscigena&#231;&#227;o racial n&#227;o observada nas outras popula&#231;&#245;es em que o polimorfismo foi descrito.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#233;todos</bold>
    </p>
    <p><italic>Casu&#237;stica</italic> - Foram estudados 150 indiv&#237;duos sem hist&#243;ria cl&#237;nica de DAC (sem DAC), 60 do sexo masculino e 90 do sexo feminino, funcion&#225;rios do Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o da FMUSP, e 313 pacientes com DAC prematura, definida como manifesta&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica da doen&#231;a antes dos 55 anos, sendo 182 do sexo masculino e 131, do feminino, selecionados no ambulat&#243;rio do Instituto. No grupo sem DAC foram inclu&#237;dos indiv&#237;duos com avalia&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nica, cardiol&#243;gica e eletrocardiograma de repouso e de esfor&#231;o normais. No grupo com DAC foram inclu&#237;dos pacientes com a doen&#231;a documentada angiograficamente, ou com epis&#243;dio de infarto do mioc&#225;rdio diagnosticado pela dor precordial e presen&#231;a de altera&#231;&#245;es eletrocardiogr&#225;ficas caracter&#237;sticas.</p>
    <p>Foram exclu&#237;dos deste estudo portadores de doen&#231;as reum&#225;ticas, hep&#225;ticas, renais, end&#243;crinas, neurol&#243;gicas e mulheres gr&#225;vidas.</p>
    <p>Todos os participantes eram volunt&#225;rios e assinaram um Termo de Consentimento Livre e Esclarecido.</p>
    <p><italic>An&#225;lises bioqu&#237;micas</italic> - As an&#225;lises de triglic&#233;rides, colesterol e HDL colesterol foram realizadas em equipamento automatizado, Cobas Integra 700, Roche, utilizando-se testes enzimaticocolorim&#233;tricos espec&#237;ficos do equipamento. Os valores do LDL-colesterol foram calculados pela f&#243;rmula de Friedewald e cols.<sup>23</sup>.</p>
    <p><italic>Genotipagem - </italic>O DNA gen&#244;mico foi isolado de sangue perif&#233;rico segundo o m&#233;todo de Miller e cols.<sup>24</sup>. A lise de hem&#225;cias foi realizada por meio de mistura de cloreto de am&#244;nio 0,144 M e bicarbonato de am&#244;nio 0,01 M em quantidade igual ao volume de sangue. Ap&#243;s centrifuga&#231;&#227;o os n&#250;cleos celulares foram lisados com 3,0 mL de tamp&#227;o Tris-HCl 10 mMpH 8.0; NaCl 400 mM; Na2EDTA 0,5 M pH 8,0; 200 &#181;L de SDS 10%; 500 &#181;L de tamp&#227;o com proteinase K (10 &#181;L de proteinase K; 50 &#181;L SDS 10%; 2 &#181;L de Na2EDTA 0,5 M pH 8; 0,488 mL de &#225;gua destilada). As prote&#237;nas foram removidas por precipita&#231;&#227;o salina com 1 mL de NaCl 6 M. O DNA presente no sobrenadante foi isolado, purificado por precipita&#231;&#227;o em etanol absoluto e ressuspendido com 100 &#181;L de tamp&#227;o (Tris-HCl 10 mM; EDTA 1 mM pH 8) e mantido a -20&#176;C.</p>
    <p>Nos resultados o polimorfismo S447X foi apresentado com a nomenclatura do gene, ou seja, LPL C1595G. O polimorfismo foi analisado pela amplifica&#231;&#227;o do DNA gen&#244;mico, por meio da rea&#231;&#227;o em cadeia da polimerase (PCR), seguida da t&#233;cnica do polimorfismo de tamanho de fragmento de restri&#231;&#227;o (RFLP). Os iniciadores com as seq&#252;&#234;ncias oligonucleot&#237;dicas foram descritos por Groenemeijer e cols.<sup>13</sup>.</p>
    <p>O produto da PCR (488 pb) foi submetido &#224; a&#231;&#227;o da enzima de restri&#231;&#227;o <italic>Mnl </italic>I, 10 U de enzima (MBI Fermentas), a 37&#176;, por 18 horas, e submetido a eletroforese em gel de agarose 2,5% para a identifica&#231;&#227;o dos produtos de digest&#227;o. A presen&#231;a dos fragmentos de 288 e 200 pb indica homozigose do alelo selvagem (CC), enquanto a presen&#231;a dos produtos de 288, 200 e 50 pb indica homozigose do alelo mutante (GG) e dos produtos de 288,238,200 e 50 pb indica heterozigose (gen&#243;tipo CG). O polimorfismo S447X representa os gen&#243;tipos GG e CG. A documenta&#231;&#227;o dos g&#233;is foi feita pelo sistema Eagle Eye.</p>
    <p><italic>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica </italic>- Para avaliar as vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas utilizamos a an&#225;lise descritiva. Para avaliar as vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas utilizamos tabelas de freq&#252;&#234;ncia. Os valores com distribui&#231;&#245;es assim&#233;tricas e grandes variabilidades foram submetidos &#224; transforma&#231;&#227;o logar&#237;tmica (log<sub>10</sub>) para posterior aplica&#231;&#227;o da an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica.</p>
    <p>Foi utilizado o teste do qui-quadrado para verificar o equil&#237;brio de Hardy-Weinberg (HWE) nos grupos estudados (sem DAC e DAC). Para avaliar o efeito do polimorfismo na varia&#231;&#227;o dos valores dos par&#226;metros bioqu&#237;micos analisados foi utilizado o teste <italic>t </italic>de Student para comparar vari&#225;veis com duas categorias.</p>
    <p>A an&#225;lise de covari&#226;ncia (ANCOVA) foi utilizada para analisar a influ&#234;ncia das vari&#225;veis: idade, tabagismo, diabetes, hipertens&#227;o e antecedentes familiares sobre os valores de l&#237;pides nos gen&#243;tipos CC <italic>versus </italic>CG+GG.</p>
    <p>A regress&#227;o log&#237;stica multivariada foi utilizada para analisar a influ&#234;ncia dos fatores de risco para DAC e foram utilizadas as seguintes vari&#225;veis independentes: idade &gt;40 anos, IMC &gt;25 kg/m<sup>2</sup>, ser tabagista, ter hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica, ter diabetes, ter antecedentes familiares, ter concentra&#231;&#245;es de triglic&#233;rides &gt;200 mg/dL, de colesterol total &gt;238 mg/dL, de LDL-c &gt;159 mg/dL e HDL-c &lt;40 mg/dL. Os valores de refer&#234;ncia s&#227;o aqueles sugeridos pelas Diretrizes da Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia, de 200125. A DAC foi a vari&#225;vel dependente.</p>
    <p>O n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia adotado para os testes estat&#237;sticos foi de 5% (p&lt; 0,05). As an&#225;lises estat&#237;sticas foram realizadas utilizando o programa <italic>SAS for Windows (Statistical Analysis System</italic>), vers&#227;o 6.12. SAS Institute Inc, 1989-1996, Cary, NC, USA.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Resultados</bold>
    </p>
    <p><italic>Freq&#252;&#234;ncia do polimorfismo LPL C1595G</italic> - A <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01">tabela 1</xref> mostra que n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a entre os grupos sem DAC e com DAC na freq&#252;&#234;ncia do polimorfismo LPL C1595G. Com refer&#234;ncia &#224; distribui&#231;&#227;o dos gen&#243;tipos, CC, CG e GG, o grupo sem DAC estava em equil&#237;brio de Hardy-Weinberg, o que n&#227;o aconteceu no grupo com DAC. A freq&#252;&#234;ncia dos gen&#243;tipos CC, CG e GG n&#227;o foi diferente comparando-se o grupo sem DAC com o grupo com DAC.</p>
    <table-wrap id="tab01">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-03-0297-00008-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>Na <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01">tabela 1</xref> tamb&#233;m consta a avalia&#231;&#227;o da freq&#252;&#234;ncia do polimorfismo e do gen&#243;tipo de acordo com o sexo. N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;as nesses entre os dois sexos, tanto no grupo sem DAC quanto no grupo com DAC.</p>
    <p><italic>Polimorfismo LPL C1595G e l&#237;pides plasm&#225;ticos</italic> - Na <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab02">tabela 2</xref>, vemos que tanto no grupo sem DAC quanto no grupo com DAC n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;as entre os indiv&#237;duos com e sem o polimorfismo quanto &#224; concentra&#231;&#227;o plasm&#225;tica de triglic&#233;rides, colesterol total, LDL-c e HDL-c.</p>
    <table-wrap id="tab02">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-03-0297-00008-gt02.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>No sexo feminino n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a entre os indiv&#237;duos com e sem o polimorfismo nos valores de triglic&#233;rides, colesterol total, LDL-c e HDL-c tanto no grupo sem DAC quanto no grupo com DAC. No sexo masculino, os valores de triglic&#233;rides foram menores no grupo com DAC na presen&#231;a do polimorfismo comparado com os pacientes sem o polimorfismo. No entanto, n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;as no que toca aos valores de colesterol total e fra&#231;&#245;es.</p>
    <p><italic>Gen&#243;tipos e l&#237;pides plasm&#225;ticos: an&#225;lise de covari&#226;ncia</italic> - Tendo em vista que apenas nos pacientes do grupo DAC de sexo masculino a presen&#231;a do polimorfismo est&#225; relacionada a valores menores de triglic&#233;rides, analisamos poss&#237;veis influ&#234;ncias das vari&#225;veis como idade, tabagismo, diabetes, hipertens&#227;o e antecedentes familiares nas concentra&#231;&#245;es dos l&#237;pides plasm&#225;ticos, usando a an&#225;lise de covari&#226;ncia (ANCOVA).</p>
    <p>As concentra&#231;&#245;es de l&#237;pides plasm&#225;ticos foram similares entre os gen&#243;tipos selvagem e polimorfismo S447X quando os fatores de risco cl&#225;ssicos para DAC foram desconsiderados para os grupos controle (ambos os sexos) e grupo DAC (sexo feminino).</p>
    <p>Os resultados apresentados na <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab03">tabela 3</xref>, por&#233;m, confirmam que houve diferen&#231;a na concentra&#231;&#227;o plasm&#225;tica de triglic&#233;rides quando comparados o gen&#243;tipo selvagem com os gen&#243;tipos do polimorfismo S447X nos pacientes do sexo masculino do grupo DAC. As an&#225;lises foram corrigidas levando em conta os fatores de risco cl&#225;ssicos (idade, tabagismo, diabetes, hipertens&#227;o e antecedentes familiares).</p>
    <table-wrap id="tab03">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-03-0297-00008-gt03.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p><italic>Polimorfismo S447X como fator protetor contra DAC: an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o multivariada </italic>- A an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica multivariada foi realizada para aquilatar a influ&#234;ncia dos fatores de risco e obter o risco relativo dos gen&#243;tipos na presen&#231;a de DAC.</p>
    <p>Os fatores de risco que foram inclu&#237;dos nesta an&#225;lise foram triglic&#233;rides, colesterol total, LDL-c, HDL-c, tabagismo, idade e antecedentes familiares. Foram exclu&#237;dos os fatores de risco hipertens&#227;o e diabetes por serem vari&#225;veis que, pela baixa freq&#252;&#234;ncia no grupo controle, resultaram num risco relativo superestimado. As vari&#225;veis ra&#231;a e IMC foram exclu&#237;das por n&#227;o discriminarem DAC dos controles.</p>
    <p>Pelos resultados apresentados na <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab04">tabela 4</xref>, observamos que as vari&#225;veis selecionadas pela an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica multivariada como poss&#237;veis candidatas a fator progn&#243;stico foram: idade (OR=9,05; <italic>p</italic>&lt;0,001); tabagismo (OR=9,02; <italic>p</italic>&lt;0,001); antecedentes familiares (OR=2,27; <italic>p</italic>&lt;0,001); triglic&#233;rides (OR=8,06; <italic>p</italic>&lt;0,001); colesterol total (OR=5,38; <italic>p</italic>=0,003); e HDL-c (OR=2,58; <italic>p</italic>&lt;0,001). A presen&#231;a dos gen&#243;tipos do polimorfismo S447X n&#227;o foi considerada como um fator protetor contra DAC.</p>
    <table-wrap id="tab04">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-03-0297-00008-gt04.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>Os resultados apresentados na <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab04">tabela 4</xref> indicam que, no sexo feminino, as vari&#225;veis selecionadas pela an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica multivariada como poss&#237;veis candidatas a fator progn&#243;stico foram: idade (OR=11,53; <italic>p</italic>&lt;0,001); tabagismo (OR=6,86; <italic>p</italic>&lt;0,001) e triglic&#233;rides (OR=11,14; <italic>p</italic>&lt;0,023). A presen&#231;a do polimorfismo S447X n&#227;o foi considerada como fator protetor contra a DAC no sexo feminino.</p>
    <p>Os resultados apresentados na <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab04">tabela 4</xref> indicam que, no sexo masculino, as vari&#225;veis selecionadas pela an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica multivariada como poss&#237;veis candidatas a fator progn&#243;stico foram: idade (OR=9,21; <italic>p</italic>&lt;0,001); tabagismo (OR=13,48; <italic>p</italic>&lt;0,001); triglic&#233;rides (OR=7,43; <italic>p</italic>=0,003) e HDL-c (OR=3,21; <italic>p</italic>=0,001). A presen&#231;a do polimorfismo S447X n&#227;o foi considerada como fator protetor contra a DAC no sexo masculino.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A a&#231;&#227;o da lipase lipoprot&#233;ica constitui-se no evento central do processo de catabolismo das lipoprote&#237;nas na circula&#231;&#227;o plasm&#225;tica. Ao catalisar a hidr&#243;lise dos triglic&#233;rides das VLDL e dos quilom&#237;crons, a lipase lipoprot&#233;ica passa a ser a principal determinante da concentra&#231;&#227;o no plasma n&#227;o s&#243; das VLDL e dos quilom&#237;crons, mas tamb&#233;m dos remanescentes dessas lipoprote&#237;nas e das HDL. No caso dessa &#250;ltima, o ac&#250;mulo de VLDL decorrente da a&#231;&#227;o diminu&#237;da da enzima resulta em transfer&#234;ncia do colesterol das HDL para as VLDL pela a&#231;&#227;o das prote&#237;nas de transfer&#234;ncia. Da&#237;, o "efeito gangorra", em que o aumento da trigliceridemia leva &#224; diminui&#231;&#227;o do colesterol das HDL e a diminui&#231;&#227;o da trigliceridemia leva ao aumento do colesterol das HDL. Portanto, polimorfismos ou muta&#231;&#245;es que afetem essa enzima podem influenciar a concentra&#231;&#227;o plasm&#225;tica e o metabolismo de todas as lipoprote&#237;nas, gerando fatores de risco para DAC.</p>
    <p>O polimorfismo S447X ocorre na regi&#227;o C terminal da lipase lipoprot&#233;ica, regi&#227;o onde ocorrem as liga&#231;&#245;es entre receptores da lipase lipoprot&#233;ica e lipoprote&#237;nas. A dele&#231;&#227;o dos dois &#250;ltimos amino&#225;cidos pode potencializar este modo de a&#231;&#227;o e aumentar a retirada dos triglic&#233;rides dos quilom&#237;crons e das VLDL; isso resulta em redu&#231;&#227;o do conte&#250;do de triglic&#233;rides<sup>26,27</sup>. Entretanto, o modo de a&#231;&#227;o exato n&#227;o est&#225; completamente esclarecido.</p>
    <p>O presente trabalho constitui-se no primeiro relato da freq&#252;&#234;ncia do polimorfismo S447X da lipase lipoprot&#233;ica em pacientes com DAC prematura na popula&#231;&#227;o brasileira, caracterizada por intensa miscigena&#231;&#227;o racial. Apresenta a limita&#231;&#227;o intr&#237;nseca ao desenho transversal, mas estudos prospectivos em doen&#231;a precoce s&#227;o de dif&#237;cil realiza&#231;&#227;o pelo per&#237;odo de seguimento necessariamente longo.</p>
    <p>Neste trabalho a freq&#252;&#234;ncia do polimorfismo S447X foi de 23%. Essa freq&#252;&#234;ncia foi similar &#224;s reportadas anteriormente em popula&#231;&#245;es caucasianas da Europa, Austr&#225;lia e Am&#233;rica do Norte<sup>4,28,19</sup>. A freq&#252;&#234;ncia desse polimorfismo em pacientes com DAC foi de 18%, similar &#224;s descritas em popula&#231;&#245;es caucasianas com DAC<sup>12,19,28</sup>. Entretanto, pacientes caucasianos do sexo masculino e hipertriglicerid&#234;micos apresentaram uma freq&#252;&#234;ncia de 10%<sup>15,16</sup> e pacientes chineses hipertriglicerid&#234;micos apresentaram freq&#252;&#234;ncia de 9%<sup>11</sup>. As diferentes freq&#252;&#234;ncias encontradas podem estar relacionadas ao fator racial e aos crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o usados para definir o grupo controle.</p>
    <p>Neste estudo analisamos tamb&#233;m os efeitos do polimorfismo S447X da lipase lipoprot&#233;ica sobre os l&#237;pides plasm&#225;ticos em pacientes com DAC prematura. Dados epidemiol&#243;gicos mostram que a incid&#234;ncia de DAC difere entre os sexos feminino e masculino. Esse fato pode ocorrer por exposi&#231;&#227;o aos fatores de risco envolvidos na doen&#231;a e por diferen&#231;as hormonais. No sexo feminino a presen&#231;a do polimorfismo S447X n&#227;o teve efeito sobre as concentra&#231;&#245;es plasm&#225;ticas de l&#237;pides, a exemplo dos resultados descritos em popula&#231;&#245;es europ&#233;ias<sup>21,27,29</sup>. No sexo masculino a presen&#231;a desse polimorfismo no grupo DAC foi associada a menores concentra&#231;&#245;es plasm&#225;ticas dos triglic&#233;rides em compara&#231;&#227;o com as concentra&#231;&#245;es plasm&#225;ticas dos pacientes com DAC sem o polimorfismo. Resultados similares foram descritos na popula&#231;&#227;o europ&#233;ia caucasiana do sexo masculino com DAC<sup>13,14,21,29</sup>. Outros estudos, contudo, mostraram que a presen&#231;a desse polimorfismo n&#227;o alterou as concentra&#231;&#245;es plasm&#225;ticas de triglic&#233;rides<sup>19,20</sup>.</p>
    <p>A associa&#231;&#227;o entre sexo masculino, diminui&#231;&#227;o na concentra&#231;&#227;o de triglic&#233;rides e polimorfismo S447X pode estar relacionada com as a&#231;&#245;es da testosterona. Concentra&#231;&#245;es diminu&#237;das de testosterona est&#227;o associadas com diminui&#231;&#227;o da atividade da lipase lipoprot&#233;ica<sup>30</sup>, e em homens com hipogonadismo a reposi&#231;&#227;o da testosterona leva ao aumento na atividade da lipase lipoprot&#233;ica<sup>31</sup>. Por sua vez, o estr&#243;geno diminui a atividade da lipase lipoprot&#233;ica<sup>32</sup> pela desregula&#231;&#227;o na transcri&#231;&#227;o do gene<sup>33</sup> ou por uma poss&#237;vel modifica&#231;&#227;o p&#243;s-transcricional da prote&#237;na<sup>34</sup>. &#201; interessante notar que a diminui&#231;&#227;o da concentra&#231;&#227;o dos triglic&#233;rides tende a se acompanhar de aumento do HDL-c, o que n&#227;o aconteceu neste trabalho. Isto se deve, possivelmente, pelo fato de a faixa dos valores de triglic&#233;rides observada nos grupos de estudo e o porcentual de redu&#231;&#227;o da trigliceridemia determinado pelo polimorfismo n&#227;o tenham sido suficientes para provocar aumento das HDL.</p>
    <p>Pela an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o multivariada nossos resultados mostraram que a presen&#231;a do polimorfismo S447X n&#227;o foi um fator de prote&#231;&#227;o independente contra DAC no sexo feminino. A prop&#243;sito, em concord&#226;ncia com nossos dados, o polimorfismo n&#227;o foi considerado um fator de prote&#231;&#227;o em mulheres europ&#233;ias<sup>21,27</sup>. Em nosso estudo, no sexo masculino, a presen&#231;a do polimorfismo S447X tamb&#233;m n&#227;o apareceu como fator de prote&#231;&#227;o independente para DAC.</p>
    <p>Esse aspecto &#233; controverso na literatura, havendo alguns estudos que indicam que o polimorfismo pode conferir prote&#231;&#227;o anti-DAC<sup>14,21,27,35</sup>, enquanto outros n&#227;o confirmam esta linha de achados<sup>35,36</sup>. Os efeitos protetores ou antiaterog&#234;nicos podem ser parciais e independentes dos efeitos sobre os l&#237;pides plasm&#225;ticos<sup>16,21</sup>.</p>
    <p>Em conclus&#227;o, neste estudo, o polimorfismo S447X da lipase lipoprot&#233;ica est&#225; relacionado com diminui&#231;&#227;o das concentra&#231;&#245;es de triglic&#233;rides nos pacientes do sexo masculino com DAC, n&#227;o havendo essa rela&#231;&#227;o com o sexo feminino. A presen&#231;a do polimorfismo S447X da lipase lipoprot&#233;ica n&#227;o foi associada com a incid&#234;ncia de DAC.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesses</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflitos de interesses pertinentes.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="end" fn-type="corresp">
        <p>Correspond&#234;ncia:</p>
        <p> Raul C. Maranh&#227;o </p>
        <p> InCor - Laborat&#243;rio de Metabolismo de L&#237;pides </p>
        <p> Av. Dr. En&#233;as de Carvalho Aguiar, 44 </p>
        <p> 05403-000 &#150; S&#227;o Paulo, SP </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="ramarans@usp.br">ramarans@usp.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p> Artigo recebido em 10/03/06; artigo revisado recebido em 20/07/06; aceito em 17/08/06.</p>
  </body>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">The S447X polymorphism of lipoprotein lipase: effect on the incidence of premature coronary disease and on plasma lipids</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of polymorphism S447X on plasma lipids of patients with premature coronary artery disease (CAD). METHODS: Plasma lipids and genotypes were determined in 2 groups: 313 patients with premature CAD (&lt;55 years of age) and 150 controls without CAD. RESULTS: Frequency of the S447X polymorphism was 18% in patients with CAD and 23% in the control group. The S447X polymorphism of lipoprotein lipase is related to a decrease in plasma triglyceride concentrations in male patients with CAD, but this correlation is not observed in female patients. CONCLUSION: The presence of the S447X lipoprotein lipase polymorphism was not associated with the incidence of CAD.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Lipoprotein lipase mutations</kwd>
        <kwd>cholesterol</kwd>
        <kwd>lipoproteins</kwd>
        <kwd>triglycerides</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>ORIGINAL ARTICLE</bold>
      </p>
      <p> The S447X polymorphism of lipoprotein lipase: effect on the incidence of premature coronary disease and on plasma lipids </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Katia A. Almeida; C&#233;lia M.C. Strunz; Raul C. Maranh&#227;o; Antonio P. Mansur</bold>
      </p>
      <p> Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas &#150; FMUSP - S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</p>
      <p>
        <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end-body2">Mailing Address</xref>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>SUMMARY</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVE:</bold> The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of polymorphism S447X on plasma lipids of patients with premature coronary artery disease (CAD).</p>
      <p><bold>METHODS:</bold> Plasma lipids and genotypes were determined in 2 groups: 313 patients with premature CAD (&lt;55 years of age) and 150 controls without CAD.</p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS:</bold> Frequency of the S447X polymorphism was 18% in patients with CAD and 23% in the control group. The S447X polymorphism of lipoprotein lipase is related to a decrease in plasma triglyceride concentrations in male patients with CAD, but this correlation is not observed in female patients.</p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSION:</bold> The presence of the S447X lipoprotein lipase polymorphism was not associated with the incidence of CAD.</p>
      <p><bold>Key words:</bold> Lipoprotein lipase mutations, cholesterol, lipoproteins, triglycerides.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Introduction</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Lipoprotein lipase is the enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of triglycerides in chylomicrons and very low density lipoproteins (VLDL). This reaction occurs on the endothelial surface of blood capillaries, where the lipase is attached through molecules of proteoglycans. Triglyceride-rich lipoproteins bind with lipase through apolipoprotein (apo) CII present on the lipoprotein surface, which also stimulates enzymatic activity. The products of triglyceride degradation - fatty acids and glycerol - are absorbed by tissues, such as adipose and muscle tissues, where they are esterified and stored<sup>1</sup>. This mechanism enables the organism to store and make use of its most important energy source: fats.</p>
      <p>A decline in lipoprotein lipase activity can influence plasma lipid concentrations, causing various degrees of either isolated hypertriglyceridemia or in association with hypercholesterolemia<sup>2</sup>. More than 60 different mutations of the lipoprotein lipase gene have been described to date, and they can lead to a reduction in enzyme synthesis and activity. Additionally, hypertriglyceridemia causes a decrease in HDL<sup>3,4</sup>. This happens by the law of mass action and by the presence of lipid transfer proteins, such as cholesterol ester transfer protein (CETP) that tends to transfer cholesterol esters from HDL to VLDL. Hence, mutations of the lipoprotein lipase gene that affect enzyme activity may contribute to the risk of CAD by the impact on plasma lipid concentrations<sup>5,6</sup>.</p>
      <p>The lipoprotein lipase gene (LPL) is located in the chromosome 8p22<sup>7</sup>. It comprises 10 exons, interrupted by 9 introns, with a molecular mass of approximately 30 Kb, and it codifies a protein with 475 amino-acids<sup>8,9</sup>. Of the several mutations described in the LPL gene, Asp9Asn, Asn291Ser, and S447X are the most important because of their greater frequency and influence on susceptibility to atherosclerosis<sup>3,10,11</sup>.</p>
      <p>The S447X polymorphism is one of the most frequent among the various proteins involved in intravascular metabolism of lipids, and shows a 17 to 22% incidence in the Caucasian population<sup>12-14</sup>. It occurs in exon 9 of the LPL gene, where cytosine (C) is replaced by guanine (G) in position 1595<sup>15,16</sup>. This results in the exchange of a serine for a terminal codon and the suppression of the last two amino acids, serine and glycine, in position 447 of the protein<sup>11</sup>. The effect of the polymorphism on lipoprotein lipase activity is controversial. When tested in vitro, this activity has been described both as markedly increased<sup>6</sup> and increased<sup>17</sup> and as slightly decreased<sup>18</sup>, but in the majority of studies it was unchanged<sup>19,20</sup>.</p>
      <p>Some studies indicate that the S447X variant may be favorable to catabolism of VLDL, diminishing fasting concentrations of triglycerides<sup>6,13,14,21,22 </sup> with a slight elevation of HDL-cholesterol concentrations<sup>13,14</sup>. Hypertriglyceridemia associated with a lowered HDL concentration represents an important risk factor in CAD development.</p>
      <p>Therefore, the S447X polymorphism could play an anti-atherogenic role here. Bearing in mind the high frequency of this variant and the heterogeneous results of the study in other populations, we considered it important to evaluate its impact both on plasma lipids and on the incidence of premature CAD in a sample of the Brazilian population. In this population, there is intense racial miscegenation, not observed in other populations where the polymorphism has been described.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Methods</bold>
      </p>
      <p><italic>Subjects -</italic> One hundred and fifty individuals were analyzed with no clinical history of CAD (no CAD): 60 male and 90 female were employees of the Heart Institute of the Medical School of the Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo (FMUSP), and 313 were patients with premature CAD, defined as the clinical manifestation of the disease before 55 years of age, with 182 males and 131 females selected in the outpatient clinic of the Heart Institute.</p>
      <p>The group with no CAD enrolled individuals with normal clinical, cardiologic, and resting and stress electrocardiographic assessments. The CAD group enrolled patients with arteriographically documented disease, or those with a myocardial infarct episode diagnosed by precordial pain and characteristic electrocardiographic changes.</p>
      <p>Patients with rheumatic, hepatic, renal, endocrine and neurological diseases, as well as pregnant women, were excluded from this group. All subjects were volunteers who had signed an Informed Consent Form.</p>
      <p><italic>Biochemical analyses - </italic>Triglyceride, cholesterol, and HDL cholesterol analyses were performed using automated Cobas Integra 700, Roche, by means of enzymatic colorimetric tests, specific of this equipment. LDL-cholesterol levels were calculated utilizing the formula of Friedewald et al<sup>23</sup>.</p>
      <p>Genotyping - Genomic DNA was isolated from peripheral blood according to the method of Miller et al<sup>24</sup>. Red blood cell lysis was performed by a mixture of ammonium chloride 0.144 M and ammonium bicarbonate 0.01 M in a quantity equal to the blood volume . After centrifugation, cell nuclei were lysed with 3.0 mL buffer of Tris-HCl 10 mM pH 8.0; NaCl 400 mM; Na2EDTA 0.5 M pH 8.0; 200 &#181;L SDS 10%; 500 &#181;L buffer with proteinase K (10 &#181;L of proteinase K; 50 &#181;L of SDS 10%; 2 &#181;L of Na2EDTA 0.5 M pH 8; 0.488 mL of distilled water). Proteins were removed by saline precipitation with 1 mL of NaCl 6 M. The DNA present in the supernatant was isolated, purified by precipitation in absolute ethanol; it then underwent resuspension with 100 &#181;L of buffer (Tris-HCl 10 mM; EDTA 1 mM pH 8) and was maintained at -20oC. In the results, the S447X variant was presented with the nomenclature of the gene, that is, LPL C1595G. The polymorphism was analyzed by amplification of the genomic DNA by means of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR), followed by the restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) technique. Initiators possessing the oligonucleotidic sequences were described by Groenemeijer et al<sup>13</sup>.</p>
      <p>The product of the PCR reaction (488 pb) was submitted to the action of the restriction enzyme Mnl I, 10 U of the enzyme (MBI Fermentas), at 37&#176;C for 18 hours, and underwent 2.5% agarose gel electrophoresis in order to identify the products of digestion. Presence of the 288 and 200 pb fragments indicate homozygosis of the wild allele (CC), while the presence of the 288, 200, and 50 pb products indicates homozygosis of the mutant allele (GG), and the presence of 288, 238, 200, and 50 pb products indicates heterozygosis (CG genotype). The S447X polymorphism represents the GG and CG genotypes. Documentation of the gels was performed using the Eagle Eye system.</p>
      <p><italic>Statistical analysis -</italic> Descriptive analysis was used to evaluate continuous variables. For categorical variables, incidence tables were used. Values with asymmetric distributions and great variability underwent logarithmic transformation (log<sub>10</sub>) for subsequent application of statistical analyses.</p>
      <p>The chi-square test was employed to verify Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (HWE) in the groups studied (no-CAD and CAD). In order to assess the effect of polymorphism in the variation of the biochemical parameters analyzed, Student&#146;s t test was used to compare variables with two categories.</p>
      <p>Covariance analysis (ANCOVA) was used to examine the influence of age, smoking, diabetes, hypertension, and family history variables on lipid levels of CC versus CG+GG genotypes.</p>
      <p>Multivariate logistic regression was used to analyze the influence of risk factors for CAD with the following independent variables: age &gt;40 years, BMI &gt;25 Kg/m<sup>2</sup>, smoking, arterial hypertension, diabetes, family history, triglyceride concentrations &gt;200 mg/dL, total cholesterol &gt;238 mg/dL, LDL-c &gt;159 mg/dL, and HDL-c &lt;40 mg/dL. Reference values are those suggested by the Guidelines of the Brazilian Society of Cardiology, 2001<sup>25</sup>. CAD was the dependent variable.</p>
      <p>Significance level adopted for the statistical tests was 5% (p&lt; 0.05). Statistical analyses were performed using the SAS for Windows (Statistical Analysis System) program, version 6.12. (SAS Institute Inc, 1989-1996, Cary, NC, USA).</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Results</bold>
      </p>
      <p><italic>Frequency of LPL C1595G polymorphism - </italic><xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01-body2">Table 1</xref> shows that there was no difference between the no-CAD and CAD groups in incidence of the LPL C1595G variant. As to the distribution of genotypes CC, CG, and GG, the no-CAD was in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium; the same was not true for the CAD group. Frequency of genotypes CC, CG, and GG was no different on comparison of the no-CAD and the CAD groups.</p>
      <table-wrap id="tab01-body2">
        <label>Table 1</label>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-03-0297-00008-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p><italic>LPL C1595G polymorphism and plasma lipids - </italic><xref ref-type="table" rid="tab02-body2">Table 2</xref> shows that in both the no-CAD and CAD groups there were no differences between individuals with and without the polymorphism as to plasma concentrations of triglycerides, total cholesterol, LDL-c, and HDL-c.</p>
      <table-wrap id="tab02-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-03-0297-00008-gt02-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>In female patients there was no difference between patients with and without the polymorphism in levels of triglycerides, total cholesterol, LDL-c, and HDL-c, in both the no-CAD and CAD groups. In male patients, triglyceride levels were lower in the CAD group in the presence of polymorphism compared to the patients without the polymorphism. However, there were no differences as to the levels of total cholesterol and fractions.</p>
      <p><italic>Genotypes and plasma lipids: covariance analysis - </italic>Bearing in mind that it was only in male patients from the CAD group that the presence of the polymorphism was related to lower levels of triglycerides, we analyzed the possible influence of variables such as age, smoking habits, diabetes, hypertension, and family history on plasma lipid concentrations using covariance analysis (ANCOVA).</p>
      <p>Plasma lipid concentrations were similar among the wild and S447X variant groups when classic risk factors for CAD were not considered for the control group (both sexes) and the CAD group (females). The results presented on <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab03-body2">Table 3</xref>, however, confirm that there was a difference in plasma concentrations of triglycerides when the wild genotype was compared to the S447X genotype in male patients of the CAD group. Analyses were corrected considering classic risk factors (age, smoking, diabetes, hypertension, and family history).</p>
      <table-wrap id="tab03-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-03-0297-00008-gt03-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>S447X polymorphism as a protective factor against CAD: multivariate regression analysis Multivariate logistic regression analysis was performed in order to enhance the influence of risk factors and to determine the relative risk for genotypes in the presence of CAD.</p>
      <p>Risk factors included in this analysis were triglycerides, total cholesterol, LDL-c, HDLc, smoking habits, age, and family history. Hypertension and diabetes risk factors were excluded because their low incidence in the control group resulted in an overestimated relative risk. Race and BMI variables were excluded since they did not distinguish CAD cases from the controls.</p>
      <p>According to the results shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab04-body2">Table 4</xref>, we see that the variables selected by multivariate logistic regression analysis as possible candidates for prognostic factors were: age (OR=9.05; p&lt;0.001); smoking (OR=9.02; p&lt;0.001); family history (OR=2.27; p&lt;0.001); triglycerides (OR=8.06; p&lt;0.001); total cholesterol (OR=5.38; p=0.003); and HDL-c (OR=2.58; p&lt;0.001). The presence of S447X polymorphism genotypes was not considered a protective factor against CAD.</p>
      <table-wrap id="tab04-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-03-0297-00008-gt04-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>The results presented in <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab04-body2">Table 4</xref> indicate that in females the variables selected by multivariate logistic regression analysis as possible candidates for prognostic factors were: age (OR=11.53; p&lt;0.001); smoking (OR=6.86; p&lt;0.001), and triglycerides (OR=11.14; p&lt;0.023). The presence of the S447X variant was not considered a protective factor against CAD in females.</p>
      <p>The results shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab04-body2">Table 4</xref> indicate that in males the variables selected by multivariate logistic regression analysis as possible candidates for prognostic factors were: age (OR=9.21; p&lt;0.001); smoking (OR=13.48; p&lt;0.001); triglycerides (OR=7.43; p=0.003), and HDL-c (OR=3.21; p=0.001). The presence of the S447X polymorphism was not considered a protective factor against CAD in males.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Lipoprotein lipase activity is the central event of the catabolic process of lipoproteins in plasma circulation. In catalyzing the hydrolysis of VLDL and chylomicron triglycerides, lipoprotein lipase becomes the primary determinant of the plasma concentration, not only of VLDL and chylomicrons, but also of the remaining lipoproteins and of HDL. In the case of HDL, the accumulation of VLDL because of decreased activity of the enzyme results in a transfer of cholesterol from the HDL to the VLDL by transfer proteins. This causes the "see saw" in which an increase in triglyceridemia leads to a decrease in HDL cholesterol, and a decrease of triglyceridemia leads to an increase of HDL cholesterol. Therefore, polymorphisms or mutations that affect this enzyme may influence the plasma concentration and the metabolism of all lipoproteins, thus generating risk factors for CAD.</p>
      <p>The S447X polymorphism occurs in the C terminal region of the lipoprotein lipase, a region where binding takes place between lipoprotein lipase receptors and lipoproteins. Deletion of the last two amino acids may potentiate this mode of action and increase the removal of triglycerides from chylomicrons and VLDL; this results in a decline of the triglyceride content<sup>26,27</sup>. However, the precise mode of action has not yet been fully clarified.</p>
      <p>This study represents the first report on the frequency of the lipoprotein lipase S447X variant in patients with premature CAD in the Brazilian population, characterized by intense racial miscegenation. Our study has the intrinsic limitation of a cross-section design, but prospective studies in premature disease are difficult to carry out because of the necessarily prolonged follow-up period.</p>
      <p>In this study, the frequency of the S447X polymorphism was 23%. This incidence was similar to that which had been previously reported in Caucasian populations of Europe, Australia, and North America<sup>4,28,19</sup>. The frequency of this polymorphism in patients with CAD was 18%, similar to what had been described in Caucasian populations with CAD<sup>12,19,28</sup>. On the other hand, male Caucasian patients with hypertriglyceridemia showed a 10% frequency <sup>15,16</sup> and Chinese hypertriglyceridemic patients showed a 9% frequency<sup>11</sup>. The different frequencies found may be related to racial factors and inclusion criteria used to defined the control group.</p>
      <p>In this study we also analyzed the effects of the lipoprotein lipase S447X variant on plasma lipids in patients with premature CAD. Epidemiological data showed that the incidence of CAD differs between female and male patients. This fact may be a result of exposure to risk factors involved in the disease and hormonal differences. In women, the presence of the S447X polymorphism had no effect on plasma lipid concentrations, as was seen in the results described in European populations<sup>21,27,29</sup>. In men, the presence of this polymorphism in the CAD group was associated with lower plasma concentrations of triglycerides in comparison with those of patients with CAD without the variant. Similar results were described in the male European Caucasian population with CAD<sup>13,14,21,29</sup>. Conversely, other studies showed that the presence of this variant did not change the plasma concentrations of triglycerides<sup>19,20</sup>.</p>
      <p>The association between male sex, a reduction in triglyceride concentration, and the S447X polymorphism may be related to the actions of testosterone. Lowered concentrations of testosterone are related to a decrease in activity of lipoprotein lipase<sup>30</sup>, and in men with hypogonadism, testosterone replacement leads to an increase in lipoprotein lipase activity<sup>31</sup>. On the other hand, estrogen diminishes the activity of lipoprotein lipase<sup>32</sup> by means of deregulation of gene transcription<sup>33</sup> or because of a possible post-transcriptional modification of the protein<sup>34</sup>. It is interesting to note that a decrease in triglycerides concentration tends to accompany an increase in HDL-c, which did not happen in our study.</p>
      <p>This is possibly due to the fact that the range of triglyceride levels observed in the study groups and the percentage of triglyceridemia reduction determined by the polymorphism were not sufficient to cause an increase in HDL.</p>
      <p>By multivariate regression analysis, our results showed that the presence of the S447X polymorphism was not an independent protection factor against CAD in females. In fact, in agreement with our data, this polymorphism was not considered a protective factor in European women<sup>21,27</sup>. In our study, the presence of the S447X variant in males also did not appear as an independent protection factor against CAD. This is a controversial aspect in literature, as there are some studies that indicate that the polymorphism could confer anti-CAD protection<sup>14,21,27,35</sup>, while others do not confirm these findings<sup>35,36</sup>. The protective or anti-atherogenic effects can be partial and independent from the effects on plasma lipids<sup>16,21</sup>.</p>
      <p>In conclusion, in our study, the lipoprotein lipase S447X polymorphism was related to a decrease in triglyceride concentrations in male patients with CAD, but this association did not exist for the female patients. The presence of the lipoprotein lipase S447X polymorphism was not associated with the incidence of CAD.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
      </p>
      <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fn id="end-body2" fn-type="corresp">
          <label>
            <bold>Mailing Address:</bold>
          </label>
          <p> Raul C. Maranh&#227;o</p>
          <p> InCor - Laborat&#243;rio de Metabolismo de L&#237;pides</p>
          <p> Av. Dr. En&#233;as de Carvalho Aguiar, 44</p>
          <p> 05403-000 &#150; S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</p>
          <p> E-mail: </p>
          <p>
            <email xlink:href="ramarans@usp.br">ramarans@usp.br</email>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p> Manuscript received March 10, 2006; revised manuscript received July 20, 2006; accepted August 17, 2006.</p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
