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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">gFFtnSjx5QnQNWmvKgCd4Wr</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00007</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2007000300007</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(07)08800307</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2007000300007</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Pr&#233;-condicionamento isqu&#234;mico e monitoriza&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o medular na abordagem da aorta tor&#225;cica descendente</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>M&#244;naco</surname>
            <given-names>Bernardo Assump&#231;&#227;o de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ben&#237;cio</surname>
            <given-names>Anderson</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Contreras</surname>
            <given-names>Ivan Salvador Bonillo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Mingrone</surname>
            <given-names>Larissa Eckmann</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ballester</surname>
            <given-names>Gerson</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Moreira</surname>
            <given-names>Luiz Felipe Pinho</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">FM </institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>03</month>
        <year>2007</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>88</volume>
      <issue>3</issue>
      <fpage>291</fpage>
      <lpage>296</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>01</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2006</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>01</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2006</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>27</day>
          <month>04</month>
          <year>2006</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>OBJETIVOS: Avaliar a efic&#225;cia do pr&#233;-condicionamento isqu&#234;mico (PI) agudo, guiado por potenciais evocados somatossensoriais (PESS), como m&#233;todo de prote&#231;&#227;o medular em c&#227;es e analisar o valor dos PESS na monitoriza&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o medular. M&#201;TODOS: Foram utilizados 28 c&#227;es submetidos &#224; isquemia medular obtida pelo pin&#231;amento da aorta tor&#225;cica descendente. No grupo C45, o tempo de oclus&#227;o a&#243;rtica foi de 45 min (n = 7); no grupo PI45, os c&#227;es foram submetidos ao PI antes do pin&#231;amento a&#243;rtico por 45 min (n = 7). No grupo C60, os c&#227;es foram submetidos a 60 min de oclus&#227;o a&#243;rtica (n = 7) e no grupo PI60, os c&#227;es foram submetidos ao PI, seguido pelo pin&#231;amento a&#243;rtico por 60 min. Os ciclos de PI foram determinados pelas altera&#231;&#245;es dos PESS. RESULTADOS: Os &#237;ndices de Tarlov dos grupos pr&#233;-condicionados foram significativamente melhores que os dos grupos de controle (p = 0,005). Observou-se paraplegia em tr&#234;s c&#227;es do C45 e em seis do C60, enquanto todos os c&#227;es do PI45 permaneceram neurologicamente normais, assim como quatro do grupo PI60. Houve correla&#231;&#227;o entre o tempo de recupera&#231;&#227;o dos PESS ap&#243;s a reperfus&#227;o a&#243;rtica e o estado neurol&#243;gico p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio (p = 0,011), com sensibilidade e especificidade de 0,75 e 0,83, respectivamente. CONCLUS&#195;O: O PI agudo repetitivo, baseado na monitoriza&#231;&#227;o do PESS, induziu prote&#231;&#227;o &#224; isquemia medular causada pelo pin&#231;amento a&#243;rtico prolongado. A monitoriza&#231;&#227;o do PESS parece ser um bom m&#233;todo de detec&#231;&#227;o precoce do comprometimento isqu&#234;mico medular.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>Pr&#233;-condicionamento isqu&#234;mico</kwd>
        <kwd>medula espinhal</kwd>
        <kwd>aneurisma a&#243;rtico</kwd>
        <kwd>potencial evocado</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>21</day>
        <month>05</month>
        <year>2007</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>ARTIGO ORIGINAL</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Pr&#233;-condicionamento isqu&#234;mico e monitoriza&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o medular na abordagem da aorta tor&#225;cica descendente</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Bernardo Assump&#231;&#227;o de M&#244;naco; Anderson Ben&#237;cio; Ivan Salvador Bonillo Contreras; Larissa Eckmann Mingrone; Gerson Ballester; Luiz Felipe Pinho Moreira</bold>
    </p>
    <p> Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas &#150; FMUSP e Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo &#150; USP - S&#227;o Paulo, SP</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVOS:</bold> Avaliar a efic&#225;cia do pr&#233;-condicionamento isqu&#234;mico (PI) agudo, guiado por potenciais evocados somatossensoriais (PESS), como m&#233;todo de prote&#231;&#227;o medular em c&#227;es e analisar o valor dos PESS na monitoriza&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o medular. </p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS:</bold> Foram utilizados 28 c&#227;es submetidos &#224; isquemia medular obtida pelo pin&#231;amento da aorta tor&#225;cica descendente. No grupo C45, o tempo de oclus&#227;o a&#243;rtica foi de 45 min (n = 7); no grupo PI45, os c&#227;es foram submetidos ao PI antes do pin&#231;amento a&#243;rtico por 45 min (n = 7). No grupo C60, os c&#227;es foram submetidos a 60 min de oclus&#227;o a&#243;rtica (n = 7) e no grupo PI60, os c&#227;es foram submetidos ao PI, seguido pelo pin&#231;amento a&#243;rtico por 60 min. Os ciclos de PI foram determinados pelas altera&#231;&#245;es dos PESS. </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS:</bold> Os &#237;ndices de Tarlov dos grupos pr&#233;-condicionados foram significativamente melhores que os dos grupos de controle (p = 0,005). Observou-se paraplegia em tr&#234;s c&#227;es do C45 e em seis do C60, enquanto todos os c&#227;es do PI45 permaneceram neurologicamente normais, assim como quatro do grupo PI60. Houve correla&#231;&#227;o entre o tempo de recupera&#231;&#227;o dos PESS ap&#243;s a reperfus&#227;o a&#243;rtica e o estado neurol&#243;gico p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio (p = 0,011), com sensibilidade e especificidade de 0,75 e 0,83, respectivamente. </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#195;O:</bold> O PI agudo repetitivo, baseado na monitoriza&#231;&#227;o do PESS, induziu prote&#231;&#227;o &#224; isquemia medular causada pelo pin&#231;amento a&#243;rtico prolongado. A monitoriza&#231;&#227;o do PESS parece ser um bom m&#233;todo de detec&#231;&#227;o precoce do comprometimento isqu&#234;mico medular.</p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave:</bold> Pr&#233;-condicionamento isqu&#234;mico, medula espinhal, aneurisma a&#243;rtico, potencial evocado.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A paraplegia &#233; uma grave complica&#231;&#227;o da abordagem cir&#250;rgica dos aneurismas de aorta tor&#225;cica descendente, sendo na maioria das vezes um d&#233;ficit irrevers&#237;vel, decorrente de sofrimento isqu&#234;mico medular durante o processo de corre&#231;&#227;o do aneurisma<sup>1</sup>. Os principais fatores de risco associados &#224; paraplegia s&#227;o aqueles relacionados &#224; anatomia individual do paciente, aos cuidados anest&#233;sicos necess&#225;rios durante o procedimento e &#224; t&#233;cnica cir&#250;rgica adotada.</p>
    <p>A alta sensibilidade dos potenciais evocados &#224; interrup&#231;&#227;o da perfus&#227;o da medula permitiu que o seu registro se tornasse uma modalidade efetiva de avalia&#231;&#227;o r&#225;pida da perfus&#227;o a&#243;rtica distal e da viabilidade da medula durante a corre&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica dos aneurismas da aorta<sup>2,3</sup>. Mudan&#231;as observadas nesses potenciais, que possam sugerir isquemia medular, permitem uma interven&#231;&#227;o instant&#226;nea do cirurgi&#227;o para tentar corrigir os fatores respons&#225;veis pela sua ocorr&#234;ncia<sup>2,4-6</sup>.</p>
    <p>Paralelamente, diversas manobras t&#234;m sido propostas para tentar minimizar o risco de isquemia medular durante a corre&#231;&#227;o dos aneurismas da aorta tor&#225;cica e abdominal apresentando, no entanto, resultados controversos. Essas manobras incluem interven&#231;&#245;es farmacol&#243;gicas<sup>7,8,9</sup>, redu&#231;&#227;o do tempo de pin&#231;amento a&#243;rtico<sup>10</sup>, redu&#231;&#227;o da dist&#226;ncia entre as pin&#231;as vasculares<sup>10</sup>, manuten&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica em n&#237;veis mais elevados<sup>10</sup>, hipotermia sist&#234;mica<sup>11</sup> ou regional<sup>12</sup>, hipertermia sist&#234;mica<sup>13,14</sup>, reimplante de art&#233;rias intercostais e lombares<sup>9,15</sup>, drenagem liq&#252;&#243;rica<sup>9,15,16</sup> e perfus&#227;o da aorta distal ao &#250;ltimo pin&#231;amento<sup>1,9</sup>. </p>
    <p>A partir da descri&#231;&#227;o dos efeitos ben&#233;ficos do pr&#233;-condicionamento isqu&#234;mico (PI) em rela&#231;&#227;o ao mioc&#225;rdio<sup>17</sup>, v&#225;rios autores t&#234;m estudado a influ&#234;ncia desse procedimento sobre outros &#243;rg&#227;os e sistemas<sup>18</sup>. Estudos mostram aparente efic&#225;cia do PI na prote&#231;&#227;o da isquemia medular, sendo esse benef&#237;cio obtido principalmente quando o procedimento &#233; realizado 1 ou 2 dias antes de uma agress&#227;o isqu&#234;mica prolongada<sup>19-21</sup>. Por outro lado, o PI agudo da medula espinhal, potencialmente mais vi&#225;vel de ser incorporado &#224; pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica, tem revelado resultados controversos<sup>22-26</sup>, principalmente em decorr&#234;ncia de uma falta de controle adequado dos tempos de isquemia e reperfus&#227;o, necess&#225;rios para a sua obten&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <p>Este trabalho tem como objetivos avaliar a influ&#234;ncia da monitoriza&#231;&#227;o do potencial evocado somatossensorial (PESS) na utiliza&#231;&#227;o do PI imediato como m&#233;todo de prote&#231;&#227;o medular em c&#227;es e o emprego deste m&#233;todo de monitoriza&#231;&#227;o na detec&#231;&#227;o precoce do comprometimento isqu&#234;mico medular decorrente do pin&#231;amento a&#243;rtico prolongado.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#233;todos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Foram utilizados no estudo 28 c&#227;es mesti&#231;os, pesando entre 15 e 25 kg, machos e f&#234;meas, oriundos do Centro de Controle de Zoonoses da Cidade de S&#227;o Paulo. Os experimentos foram realizados de acordo com o <italic>Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals (Institute of Laboratory Animal Resources, National Academy of Sciences</italic>, Washington, D. C. 1996) e com os princ&#237;pios &#233;ticos de experimenta&#231;&#227;o animal do Col&#233;gio Brasileiro de Experimenta&#231;&#227;o Animal (COBEA).</p>
    <p>Os animais foram divididos em quatro grupos, com o objetivo de se comparar os efeitos do PI em diferentes tempos de indu&#231;&#227;o de isquemia medular:</p>
    <p>&#149; Grupo I &#150; Controle I (C45): pin&#231;amento da aorta durante 45 minutos.</p>
    <p>&#149; Grupo II &#150; Pr&#233;-condicionamento I (PI45): Tr&#234;s ciclos de PI, seguidos por 45 minutos de oclus&#227;o a&#243;rtica. </p>
    <p>&#149; Grupo III &#150; Controle II (C60): pin&#231;amento a&#243;rtico por 60 minutos.</p>
    <p>&#149; Grupo IV &#150; Pr&#233;-condicionamento II (PI60): Tr&#234;s ciclos de PI, seguidos por 60 minutos de oclus&#227;o a&#243;rtica. </p>
    <p>Uma hora antes de cada experimento, foram colocados, com aux&#237;lio de anestesia geral, eletrodos de estimula&#231;&#227;o no nervo tibial posterior direito e eletrodos de registro no espa&#231;o epidural, entre T12 e L1. Esses eletrodos foram utilizados na determina&#231;&#227;o dos PESS, antes, durante e depois da indu&#231;&#227;o de isquemia medular pelo pin&#231;amento da aorta tor&#225;cica descendente.</p>
    <p>Os c&#227;es foram submetidos &#224; anestesia geral com pentobarbital s&#243;dico, por via endovenosa, na dose de 30 mg/kg. Foram submetidos &#224; intuba&#231;&#227;o orotraqueal e ventilados em aparelho com press&#227;o controlada, mantendo um volume de 12 ml/kg e uma freq&#252;&#234;ncia respirat&#243;ria &#243;tima para manter a press&#227;o de di&#243;xido de carbono entre 35 e 45 mmHg e satura&#231;&#227;o de oxig&#234;nio de 100%.</p>
    <p>A temperatura corporal dos animais foi monitorizada por term&#244;metro retal, sendo tamb&#233;m realizado o registro cont&#237;nuo do eletrocardiograma. A press&#227;o arterial m&#233;dia (PAM) foi monitorizada de forma invasiva, atrav&#233;s de dois cateteres introduzidos na art&#233;ria car&#243;tida direita (PAM proximal) e em uma das art&#233;rias femorais (PAM distal).</p>
    <p>Realizou-se toracotomia p&#243;stero-lateral esquerda no quarto espa&#231;o intercostal para abordagem da aorta tor&#225;cica descendente. Ap&#243;s hepariniza&#231;&#227;o sist&#234;mica na dose de 100 U/kg, foi induzida isquemia medular com o pin&#231;amento da aorta tor&#225;cica descendente, obtido pela coloca&#231;&#227;o de uma pin&#231;a vascular 1 cm abaixo da emerg&#234;ncia da art&#233;ria subcl&#225;via esquerda. </p>
    <p>O PI foi realizado com base nas altera&#231;&#245;es dos PESS. Quando se constatou uma diminui&#231;&#227;o <underline>&gt;</underline> 40% na amplitude do PESS (tempo de isquemia) ap&#243;s o pin&#231;amento a&#243;rtico inicial, a pin&#231;a foi removida at&#233; que o PESS voltasse a ter a mesma amplitude inicial de N1 (tempo de reperfus&#227;o). Procedeu-se, a seguir, &#224; repeti&#231;&#227;o de mais dois ciclos de PI, com os mesmos tempos de isquemia e de reperfus&#227;o determinados no primeiro ciclo. Ap&#243;s o PI, os c&#227;es foram submetidos ao pin&#231;amento a&#243;rtico prolongado pelos per&#237;odos estabelecidos de acordo com o seu grupo de estudo. </p>
    <p>Ap&#243;s a indu&#231;&#227;o de isquemia medular pelo pin&#231;amento a&#243;rtico prolongado, realizou-se avalia&#231;&#227;o do tempo de recupera&#231;&#227;o do PESS. Considerou-se recuperado o potencial que, em at&#233; uma hora ap&#243;s a reperfus&#227;o do segmento a&#243;rtico, apresentou pelo menos 90% da amplitude do PESS observado antes da isquemia.</p>
    <p>Os animais foram observados por um per&#237;odo de 72 horas ap&#243;s a indu&#231;&#227;o da isquemia medular, sendo submetidos &#224; avalia&#231;&#227;o da recupera&#231;&#227;o sensitivo-motora das patas posteriores e cauda, segundo o m&#233;todo de Tarlov:</p>
    <p>&#149; 0: Paralisia esp&#225;stica das patas posteriores.</p>
    <p>&#149; 1: T&#244;nus percept&#237;vel nas patas posteriores.</p>
    <p>&#149; 2: Movimentos nas patas posteriores, mas o c&#227;o n&#227;o consegue sentar e est&#225; inst&#225;vel estaticamente.</p>
    <p>&#149; 3: Capacidade de manter-se em p&#233; e sentar, por&#233;m com dificuldade. </p>
    <p>&#149; 4: Recupera&#231;&#227;o motora completa.</p>
    <p>Os animais foram classificados conforme o &#237;ndice neurol&#243;gico resultante: os animais com escore neurol&#243;gico 0 e 1 foram considerados parapl&#233;gicos, aqueles com 2 ou 3 foram considerados parapar&#233;ticos e aqueles com &#237;ndice 4 foram considerados normais.</p>
    <p>Os dados fisiol&#243;gicos foram apresentados como m&#233;dia &#177; desvio-padr&#227;o. Os resultados neurol&#243;gicos e os tempos de recupera&#231;&#227;o do PESS foram expressos como mediana e percentis. As diferen&#231;as gerais entre os grupos, quando consideradas as vari&#225;veis fisiol&#243;gicas, foram analisadas pela an&#225;lise de vari&#226;ncia de um fator, seguida do teste t de Bonferroni. As diferen&#231;as dos resultados neurol&#243;gicos e dos tempos de recupera&#231;&#227;o dos PESS entre os grupos foram analisadas utilizando-se o teste de Kruskal-Wallis e a an&#225;lise de vari&#226;ncia n&#227;o param&#233;trica de Friedman, complementados pelo teste de Dunn. O teste de correla&#231;&#227;o de Spearman foi utilizado para analisar a exist&#234;ncia de correla&#231;&#227;o entre os tempos de recupera&#231;&#227;o do PESS e o resultado neurol&#243;gico. Um valor de <italic>p</italic> menor que 0,05 foi considerado significativo, tendo sido empregados os programas SPSS para Windows, vers&#227;o 13.0 (SPSS Inc, Chicago, Estados Unidos) e Graphpad Prism 4.2 (Graphpad Inc., Estados Unidos).</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Resultados</bold>
    </p>
    <p>N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a significativa entre os quatro grupos estudados em rela&#231;&#227;o ao peso, temperatura retal, hemoglobina, hemat&#243;crito e an&#225;lise gasom&#233;trica durante os experimentos. Tamb&#233;m n&#227;o ocorreram diferen&#231;as significativas em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; press&#227;o arterial m&#233;dia proximal e distal antes, durante e ap&#243;s o pin&#231;amento a&#243;rtico. </p>
    <p>Durante os per&#237;odos de PI, os tempos de indu&#231;&#227;o isqu&#234;mica baseados nas altera&#231;&#245;es dos PESS foram semelhantes entre os dois grupos. Os tempos m&#233;dios de queda de N1, em minutos, para um valor <underline>&lt;</underline> 60% do valor original, foram de 2,6 &#177; 0,5 e de 4,4 &#177; 2,4 para os grupos PI45 e PI60, respectivamente. Os tempos m&#233;dios de recupera&#231;&#227;o de N1, em minutos, ap&#243;s a reperfus&#227;o durante o PI foram de 7,5 &#177; 1,6 e de 5,6 &#177; 2,6 para os grupos PI45 e PI60, respectivamente.</p>
    <p>Os resultados da avalia&#231;&#227;o neurol&#243;gica realizada 72 horas ap&#243;s o procedimento s&#227;o apresentados na <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01">tabela 1</xref>. Observou-se paraplegia em tr&#234;s c&#227;es do grupo C45 (&#237;ndice de Tarlov = 0), paraparesia em um c&#227;o (Tarlov = 3) e tr&#234;s c&#227;es apresentaram uma evolu&#231;&#227;o normal nesse grupo. No grupo PI45, os sete c&#227;es tiveram completa recupera&#231;&#227;o neurol&#243;gica (&#237;ndice de Tarlov = 4). No grupo C60, seis c&#227;es ficaram parapl&#233;gicos e 1 c&#227;o ficou parapar&#233;tico (&#237;ndice de Tarlov = 2). No grupo PI60, dois c&#227;es apresentaram &#237;ndice de Tarlov = 0 e um c&#227;o apresentou Tarlov = 1, sendo considerados parapl&#233;gicos. Quatro c&#227;es apresentaram &#237;ndice de Tarlov = 4, sendo considerados normais. A an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica mostrou a exist&#234;ncia de influ&#234;ncia significativa do tempo de isquemia medular em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; ocorr&#234;ncia de paraplegia (p = 0,0015). Paralelamente, os resultados observados nos grupos submetidos ao PI demonstram a influ&#234;ncia significativa deste fator na preven&#231;&#227;o da ocorr&#234;ncia de d&#233;ficits neurol&#243;gicos (p = 0,0051).</p>
    <table-wrap id="tab01">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-03-0291-00007-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>O <xref ref-type="fig" rid="grf01">gr&#225;fico 1</xref> mostra que a maioria dos animais dos dois grupos de controle n&#227;o apresentou recupera&#231;&#227;o de pelo menos 90% da amplitude do PESS, em at&#233; uma hora ap&#243;s a reperfus&#227;o a&#243;rtica. Por outro lado, todos os c&#227;es do grupo PI45 e a maioria dos c&#227;es do grupo PI60 apresentaram normaliza&#231;&#227;o desse par&#226;metro no per&#237;odo estudado (p = 0,033). De maneira geral, os c&#227;es que recuperaram o PESS em at&#233; uma hora de reperfus&#227;o ap&#243;s a les&#227;o isqu&#234;mica cr&#237;tica, tiveram menos d&#233;ficits neurol&#243;gicos p&#243;s-operat&#243;rios. Por outro lado, os c&#227;es que n&#227;o recuperaram o PESS em at&#233; uma hora de reperfus&#227;o, tiveram maior chance de apresentar d&#233;ficits neurol&#243;gicos 72 horas ap&#243;s a cirurgia (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="grf02">gr&#225;f. 2</xref>). A correla&#231;&#227;o entre o tempo de recupera&#231;&#227;o do PESS e o estado neurol&#243;gico p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio foi significativa do ponto de vista estat&#237;stico, de acordo com o teste de Spearman, que mostrou um &#237;ndice de correla&#231;&#227;o r = -0,313 (intervalo de confian&#231;a IC 95% -0,621 a -0,079) e valor de p = 0,011.</p>
    <fig id="grf01">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-03-0291-00007-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    <fig id="grf02">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-03-0291-00007-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>A aus&#234;ncia de recupera&#231;&#227;o completa do PESS ap&#243;s reperfus&#227;o de 60 minutos nos quatro grupos estudados mostrou sensibilidade de 0,75 (IC 95% 0,48 a 0,93) e especificidade de 0,83 (IC 95% 0,52 a 0,98) em predizer a ocorr&#234;ncia de d&#233;ficit neurol&#243;gico (Tarlov <underline>&lt;</underline> 3). O valor preditivo positivo deste teste foi de 0,86 (IC 95% 0,57 a 0,98) e o valor preditivo negativo foi de 0,71 (IC 95% 0,42 a 0,92).</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O estudo aqui apresentado mostra que o PI imediato da medula espinhal &#233; respons&#225;vel pelo aumento da toler&#226;ncia &#224; isquemia, quando os tempos de isquemia e de reperfus&#227;o empregados s&#227;o baseados na monitoriza&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o medular. Trata-se de um importante passo para adicionar o PI imediato como uma estrat&#233;gia neuroprotetora em cirurgias de aorta tor&#225;cica e abdominal, bem como em cirurgias medulares que envolvam algum grau de isquemia.</p>
    <p>O PI &#233; um processo onde um estresse isqu&#234;mico sub-letal aumenta a toler&#226;ncia do tecido ao subseq&#252;ente insulto isqu&#234;mico. Esse processo envolve mecanismos protetores celulares, que incluem uma fase de prote&#231;&#227;o precoce e outra tardia<sup>18</sup>. Embora alguns autores tenham demonstrado previamente a prote&#231;&#227;o tardia do PI<sup>19-22,27</sup>, os efeitos agudos do PI imediato t&#234;m sido controversos. Alguns estudos t&#234;m mostrado impacto significativo de per&#237;odos pr&#233;vios de indu&#231;&#227;o isqu&#234;mica, alguns minutos antes de oclus&#227;o prolongada da aorta, na preven&#231;&#227;o de les&#227;o medular<sup>24,26</sup>. Entretanto, outros autores falharam ao demonstrar o mesmo efeito com o uso de per&#237;odos isqu&#234;micos e intervalos mais curtos em animais da mesma esp&#233;cie<sup>23,25</sup>. </p>
    <p>Na indu&#231;&#227;o do PI, a determina&#231;&#227;o da dura&#231;&#227;o ideal dos tempos de isquemia e de reperfus&#227;o &#233; um dos principais fatores relacionados ao sucesso desse procedimento. No caso da medula espinhal, como o fluxo sang&#252;&#237;neo residual pode variar entre diferentes esp&#233;cies animais e individualmente dentro das mesmas<sup>28</sup>, torna-se necess&#225;ria a adequada monitoriza&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o medular e de sua viabilidade, tanto durante os per&#237;odos de isquemia quanto durante os de reperfus&#227;o. </p>
    <p>A determina&#231;&#227;o dos PESS prov&#234; informa&#231;&#245;es diagn&#243;sticas importantes a respeito do estado funcional da medula espinhal<sup>3</sup>. Varia&#231;&#245;es da amplitude e lat&#234;ncia da primeira onda positiva do PESS (N1), em compara&#231;&#227;o com os valores basais, s&#227;o decisivos para o diagn&#243;stico de insulto isqu&#234;mico na medula espinhal. A deteriora&#231;&#227;o da amplitude de N1 &#233; indicativa de diminui&#231;&#227;o na condu&#231;&#227;o nervosa das colunas sensoriais posteriores e laterais, indicando que a perfus&#227;o medular est&#225; comprometida<sup>3,10</sup>. Durante o processo de isquemia, tamb&#233;m podemos observar a deteriora&#231;&#227;o progressiva das demais ondas do PESS, as quais reaparecem em ordem reversa ap&#243;s a reperfus&#227;o<sup>29</sup>. De acordo com a anatomia vascular medular, diferentes tipos de respostas de PESS podem ser identificados e utilizados para indicar a necessidade de medidas profil&#225;ticas para minimizar a isquemia da medula espinhal<sup>3</sup>.</p>
    <p>Sabe-se que tanto a monitoriza&#231;&#227;o do PESS quanto do potencial evocado motor podem revelar resultados falso-negativos, ou seja, as respostas desses potenciais n&#227;o se alteram durante o procedimento cir&#250;rgico, embora a medula esteja sofrendo isquemia<sup>30,31</sup>. V&#225;rios estudos mostram que os resultados falso-negativos t&#234;m uma incid&#234;ncia semelhante com os dois tipos de potenciais evocados<sup>31,32</sup>. Neste modelo experimental, utilizamos a diminui&#231;&#227;o da amplitude de N1 do PESS para definir os per&#237;odos de isquemia e reperfus&#227;o durante o PI. Essa escolha foi baseada em sua sensibilidade &#224; hipoperfus&#227;o regional e no fato de que a isquemia medular prolongada poderia resultar em perda completa desse potencial. Os tempos de desaparecimento das ondas N3 e N4 no PESS tamb&#233;m poderiam definir per&#237;odos adequados para induzir a toler&#226;ncia isqu&#234;mica, como proposto por Matsumoto e cols<sup>33</sup>. As ondas N1 e N2 parecem ser pr&#233;-sin&#225;pticas, enquanto as N3 e N4 aparentam ser p&#243;s-sin&#225;pticas<sup>29</sup>.</p>
    <p>Observando a dificuldade em obter neuroprote&#231;&#227;o pelo PI em alguns estudos pr&#233;vios, pode-se especular que os tempos de isquemia e reperfus&#227;o durante o PI n&#227;o foram adequados, uma vez que esses tempos n&#227;o foram individualizados, mas sim, preestabelecidos. Cheng e cols.<sup>29</sup> mostraram que as &#250;ltimas ondas do PESS s&#227;o mais sens&#237;veis &#224; isquemia e desaparecem concomitantemente com um decr&#233;scimo da amplitude de N1 mais de seis minutos ap&#243;s a indu&#231;&#227;o de isquemia medular em coelhos<sup>29</sup>. Utilizando-se animais dessa mesma esp&#233;cie, de Haan e cols.<sup>34</sup>, Sader e cols.<sup>23</sup> e Ueno e cols.<sup>25</sup> n&#227;o demonstraram indu&#231;&#227;o de toler&#226;ncia isqu&#234;mica medular com per&#237;odos de isquemia sub-letal de pouca dura&#231;&#227;o, enquanto Matsumoto e cols.<sup>33</sup>, Munyao e cols.<sup>21</sup> e Sakuray e cols.<sup>35</sup> obtiveram sucesso com per&#237;odos maiores de PI. Por outro lado, a resposta do PESS &#224; indu&#231;&#227;o da isquemia medular aparenta ser mais precoce em c&#227;es<sup>10</sup>, justificando o uso de menores per&#237;odos de pin&#231;amento a&#243;rtico durante os ciclos de PI em nosso estudo. </p>
    <p>Pesquisas sobre os mecanismos de PI imediato s&#227;o limitadas, mas alguns estudos ressaltam o papel do aumento do fluxo sangu&#237;neo medular<sup>19,25</sup>. Ueno e cols.<sup>25</sup> especularam que esse efeito pode ocorrer pela atenua&#231;&#227;o do mecanismo anti-refluxo do capilar p&#243;s-isqu&#234;mico e por a&#231;&#227;o vasodilatadora direta. Paralelamente, Fan e cols.<sup>19</sup> demonstraram que altera&#231;&#245;es positivas no fluxo sang&#252;&#237;neo medular estavam associadas a concentra&#231;&#245;es descendentes de norepinefrina e ativa&#231;&#227;o de receptor de adenosina A1, alguns minutos ap&#243;s a indu&#231;&#227;o do PI em coelhos. Entretanto, s&#227;o necess&#225;rios mais estudos para esclarecer os mecanismos bioqu&#237;micos do PI agudo medular. </p>
    <p>Por outro lado, embora diversos mecanismos tenham sido propostos para explicar a prote&#231;&#227;o tardia observada no PI<sup>18</sup>, &#233; prov&#225;vel que altera&#231;&#245;es na express&#227;o g&#234;nica de prote&#237;nas protetoras desempenhem um papel importante no sistema nervoso<sup>36</sup>. Estudos recentes t&#234;m demonstrado a presen&#231;a de maiores n&#237;veis de <italic>Heat Shock Protein</italic> 24 horas ou mais ap&#243;s o PI da medula espinhal, e esse fato foi associado &#224; aquisi&#231;&#227;o de toler&#226;ncia &#224; subseq&#252;ente isquemia letal<sup>13,14,20,33,35</sup>. Existe uma hip&#243;tese de que na resposta ao estresse celular, a eleva&#231;&#227;o da resposta de <italic>Heat Shock Protein</italic> possa permitir que prote&#237;nas desnaturadas reobtenham suas conforma&#231;&#245;es e facilitem a s&#237;ntese de novas prote&#237;nas.</p>
    <p>A recupera&#231;&#227;o da amplitude das ondas do PESS ap&#243;s o final da reperfus&#227;o a&#243;rtica tem sido correlacionada com o resultado neurol&#243;gico p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio em estudos experimentais e cl&#237;nicos<sup>36</sup>. No presente estudo, a obten&#231;&#227;o de n&#237;veis elevados de sensibilidade e de especificidade para a correla&#231;&#227;o entre o tempo de recupera&#231;&#227;o do PESS e o comprometimento p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio da fun&#231;&#227;o medular, corrobora a amplia&#231;&#227;o do emprego cl&#237;nico deste m&#233;todo no acompanhamento de pacientes submetidos a oclus&#227;o a&#243;rtica prolongada. Esta observa&#231;&#227;o &#233; provavelmente resultado de um menor comprometimento imediato das vias sensoriais e motoras medulares, tendo como conseq&#252;&#234;ncia o n&#227;o comprometimento da condi&#231;&#227;o funcional.</p>
    <p>O estudo aqui relatado apresentou algumas limita&#231;&#245;es. O tempo de acompanhamento dos animais foi curto, o que pode ter prejudicado a observa&#231;&#227;o de les&#227;o neurol&#243;gica tardia. Observa&#231;&#245;es de Abraham e cols.<sup>22</sup> mostraram que pode haver uma piora tardia do n&#237;vel de comprometimento medular ap&#243;s a indu&#231;&#227;o de PI em ratos, que pode se manifestar em um per&#237;odo de at&#233; sete dias, quando acompanhada de importante dano medular. Al&#233;m disso, n&#227;o foram feitos estudos anatomopatol&#243;gicos da medula e tampouco foram avaliados os poss&#237;veis mecanismos envolvidos com o PI imediato, uma vez que a aten&#231;&#227;o foi voltada &#224; escolha dos melhores tempos de PI com base nos PESS. </p>
    <p>Os resultados apresentados neste trabalho experimental nos mostram que o PI agudo, baseado na monitoriza&#231;&#227;o dos PESS, &#233; um fator de prote&#231;&#227;o neurol&#243;gica ao sofrimento isqu&#234;mico da medula espinhal, induzido pelo pin&#231;amento prolongado da aorta tor&#225;cica descendente. Al&#233;m disso, observou-se tamb&#233;m que a determina&#231;&#227;o do PESS &#233; um bom m&#233;todo de monitoriza&#231;&#227;o neurol&#243;gica e de avalia&#231;&#227;o do progn&#243;stico cl&#237;nico de procedimentos que envolvam a indu&#231;&#227;o de isquemia medular.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesses</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflitos de interesses pertinentes.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="end" fn-type="corresp">
        <label>
          <bold>Correspond&#234;ncia:</bold>
        </label>
        <p> Luiz Felipe Pinho Moreira </p>
        <p> Av. Dr. En&#233;as de Carvalho Aguiar, 44 </p>
        <p> 05403-000 &#150; S&#227;o Paulo, SP </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="lfelipe@cardiol.br">lfelipe@cardiol.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p> Artigo recebido em 27/04/06; revisado recebido em 01/06/06; aceito em 01/06/06. </p>
    <p> Financiamento: Aux&#237;lio Financeiro e Bolsa de Inicia&#231;&#227;o Cient&#237;fica pela Funda&#231;&#227;o de Amparo &#224; Pesquisa do Estado de S&#227;o Paulo (FAPESP).</p>
  </body>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Ischemic preconditioning and spinal cord function monitoring in the descending thoracic aorta approach</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the effectiveness of acute ischemic preconditioning (IP), based on somatosensory evoked potentials (SSEP) monitoring, as a method of spinal cord protection and to asses SSEP importance in spinal cord neuromonitoring. METHODS: Twenty-eight dogs were submitted to spinal cord ischemic injury attained by descending thoracic aorta cross-clamping. In the C45 group, the aortic cross-clamping time was 45 min (n=7); in the IP45 group, the dogs were submitted to IP before the aortic cross-clamping for 45 min (n=7). In the C60 group, the dogs were submitted to 60 min of aortic cross-clamping (n=7), as in the IP60 group that was previously submitted to IP. The IP cycles were determined based on SSEP changes. RESULTS: Tarlov scores of the IP groups were significantly better than those of the controls (p = 0.005). Paraplegia was observed in 3 dogs from C45 and in 6 from C60 group, although all dogs from IP45 group were neurologically normal, as 4 dogs from IP60. There was a significant correlation between SSEP recovery time until one hour of aortic reperfusion and the neurological status (p = 0.011), showing sensitivity of 75% and specificity of 83%. CONCLUSION: Repetitive acute IP based on SSEP is a protection factor during spinal cord ischemia, decreasing paraplegia incidence. SSEP monitoring seems to be a good neurological injury assessment method during surgical procedures that involve spinal cord ischemia.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Ischemic preconditioning</kwd>
        <kwd>spinal cord</kwd>
        <kwd>aortic aneurysm</kwd>
        <kwd>evoked potencial</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>ORIGINAL ARTICLE</bold>
      </p>
      <p> Ischemic preconditioning and spinal cord function monitoring in the descending thoracic aorta approach </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Bernardo Assump&#231;&#227;o de M&#244;naco; Anderson Ben&#237;cio; Ivan Salvador Bonillo Contreras; Larissa Eckmann Mingrone; Gerson Ballester; Luiz Felipe Pinho Moreira</bold>
      </p>
      <p> Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas &#150; FMUSP e Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo &#150; USP - S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</p>
      <p>
        <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end-body2">Mailing Address</xref>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>SUMMARY</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVES:</bold> To evaluate the effectiveness of acute ischemic preconditioning (IP), based on somatosensory evoked potentials (SSEP) monitoring, as a method of spinal cord protection and to asses SSEP importance in spinal cord neuromonitoring.</p>
      <p><bold>METHODS:</bold> Twenty-eight dogs were submitted to spinal cord ischemic injury attained by descending thoracic aorta cross-clamping. In the C45 group, the aortic cross-clamping time was 45 min (n=7); in the IP45 group, the dogs were submitted to IP before the aortic cross-clamping for 45 min (n=7). In the C60 group, the dogs were submitted to 60 min of aortic cross-clamping (n=7), as in the IP60 group that was previously submitted to IP. The IP cycles were determined based on SSEP changes.</p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS:</bold> Tarlov scores of the IP groups were significantly better than those of the controls (p = 0.005). Paraplegia was observed in 3 dogs from C45 and in 6 from C60 group, although all dogs from IP45 group were neurologically normal, as 4 dogs from IP60. There was a significant correlation between SSEP recovery time until one hour of aortic reperfusion and the neurological status (p = 0.011), showing sensitivity of 75% and specificity of 83%.</p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSION:</bold> Repetitive acute IP based on SSEP is a protection factor during spinal cord ischemia, decreasing paraplegia incidence. SSEP monitoring seems to be a good neurological injury assessment method during surgical procedures that involve spinal cord ischemia.</p>
      <p><bold>Key words:</bold> Ischemic preconditioning; spinal cord; aortic aneurysm; evoked potencial.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Introduction</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Paraplegia is a severe complication of the surgical approach to descending thoracic aorta aneurysms, being in the majority of the cases, an irreversible deficit, caused by a spinal cord ischemic injury during the process of aneurysm correction<sup>1</sup>. The main risk factors associated to paraplegia are those related to the patient&#146;s individual anatomy, the anesthetic care necessary during the procedure and the surgical technique used. </p>
      <p>The high sensitivity of the evoked potentials to the interruption of the spinal cord perfusion allowed its recording to become an effective and rapid evaluation method of distal aortic perfusion and spinal cord viability during the surgical correction of aortic aneurysms<sup>2,3</sup>. Changes observed in these potentials that can suggest spinal cord ischemia allow an immediate intervention on the part of the surgeon in an attempt to correct the factors responsible for their occurrence<sup>2,4-6.</sup></p>
      <p>In parallel, several maneuvers have been proposed in an effort to minimize the risk of spinal ischemia during the correction of thoracic and abdominal aorta aneurysms, although with controversial results. These maneuvers include pharmacological interventions<sup>7,8,9</sup>, decrease of aortic cross-clamping time<sup>10</sup>, reduction of the distance between the vascular clamps<sup>10</sup>, systemic<sup>11</sup> or regional<sup>12</sup> hypothermia, systemic hyperthermia<sup>13,14</sup>, reimplantation of the intercostal and lumbar arteries<sup>9,15</sup>, CSF drainage<sup>9,15,16</sup>, and perfusion of the distal aorta at the last cross-clamping<sup>1,9</sup>.</p>
      <p> Based on the description of the beneficial effects of the ischemic pre-conditioning (IP) regarding the myocardium<sup>17</sup>, several authors have studied the influence of such procedure on other organs and systems<sup>18</sup>. Studies have shown an apparent efficacy of IP in protecting against spinal cord ischemia, with the benefit being obtained mainly when the procedure is performed 1 or 2 days before a prolonged ischemic injury<sup>19-21</sup>. On the other hand, the acute IP of the spinal cord, potentially more likely to be incorporated to clinical practice, has shown controversial results<sup>22-26</sup>, especially due to a failure in the adequate control of ischemia and reperfusion time, necessary to achieve its effect.</p>
      <p>This study aims at evaluating the influence of somatosensory evoked potential (SSEP) monitoring on the use of immediate IP as a spinal cord protection method in dogs, and the use of this monitoring method in the early detection of spinal cord ischemic impairment due to prolonged aortic cross-clamping.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>M&#233;todos</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Twenty-eight male and female mixed-breed dogs, weighing between 15 and 25 kg, obtained at the City Pound of the city of S&#227;o Paulo, Brazil, were used in the study. The experiments were carried out according to the "Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals" (Institute of Laboratory Animal Resources, National Academy of Sciences, Washington, D. C. 1996) and the Ethical Principles of Animal Experimentation of the Brazilian College of Animal Experimentation (COBEA).</p>
      <p>The animals were divided in 4 groups, with the objective of comparing the effects of IP in four different times of spinal cord ischemia induction:</p>
      <p>&#149; Group I &#150; Control I (C45): aortic occlusion for 45 minutes;</p>
      <p>&#149; Group II &#150; Pre-conditioning I (IP45): Three cycles of IP, followed by 45 minutes of aortic occlusion; </p>
      <p>&#149; Group III &#150; Control II (C60): aortic occlusion for 60 minutes.</p>
      <p>&#149; Group IV&#150; Pre-conditioning II (IP60): Three cycles of IP, followed by 60 minutes of aortic occlusion. </p>
      <p>One hour before each experiment, under anesthesia, stimulation electrodes were placed on the right posterior tibial nerve and recording electrodes were placed in the epidural space, between T12 and L1. These electrodes were used to determine SSEP before, during and after the induction of the spinal cord ischemia by the occlusion of the descending thoracic aorta. </p>
      <p>The dogs were anesthetized with endovenous sodium pentobarbital (30 mg/kg) and submitted to orotracheal intubation and ventilated in a pressure-controlled ventilation (PCV) apparatus, maintaining a volume of 12ml/kg and an optimal respiratory frequency to maintain the pressure of carbon dioxide between 35 and 45 mmHg and oxygen saturation of 100%.</p>
      <p>The body temperature of the animals was monitored by a rectal thermometer, and a continuous electrocardiogram recording was also performed. The mean arterial pressure (MAP) was monitored by an invasive procedure, through two catheters introduced into the right carotid artery (proximal MAP) and one of the femoral arteries (distal MAP).</p>
      <p>A left posterolateral thoracotomy was performed in the fourth intercostal space to approach the descending thoracic aorta. After systemic heparinization with 100 U/kg, spinal cord ischemia was induced through the occlusion of the descending thoracic aorta, attained with the placement of a vascular clamp 1 cm below the left subclavian artery emergence. </p>
      <p>The IP was performed based on SSEP alterations. When a decrease of 40% in the amplitude of SSEP (ischemia time) was observed, after the initial aortic cross-clamping, the clamp was removed until the SSEP presented the same initial amplitude of N1 (reperfusion time). Two more IP cycles were performed, with the same ischemia and reperfusion times determined in the first cycle. After the IP, the dogs were submitted to prolonged aortic cross-clamping for the periods established for each study group.</p>
      <p>After the induction of spinal cord ischemia through prolonged aortic cross-clamping, the SSEP recovery time was evaluated. The potential was considered to be recovered when it presented, up to one hour after the reperfusion of the aortic segment, at least 90% of the SSEP amplitude observed before the ischemia.</p>
      <p>The animals were observed for a period of 72 hrs after the induction of spinal cord ischemia, being submitted to the evaluation of sensitive-motor recovery of back paws and tail, according to the method of Tarlov:</p>
      <p>&#149; 0: Spastic paralysis of the back paws; </p>
      <p>&#149; 1: Perceptible tonus in the back paws; </p>
      <p>&#149; 2: Movements in the back paws, but the dog cannot sit and is statically unstable; </p>
      <p>&#149; 3: Capable of standing and sitting, but with difficulty; </p>
      <p>&#149; 4: Full motor recovery.</p>
      <p>The animals were classified according to the resulting neurological score: animals with neurological scores 0 and 1 were considered to be paraplegic, those with score 2 or 3 were considered paraparetic and those with score 4 were considered to be normal. </p>
      <p>The physiological data are presented as mean &#177; standard deviation. The neurological results and SSEP recovery times were expressed as medians and percentiles. The overall differences between the groups, when the physiological variables considered, were analyzed by one-way analysis of variance, followed by Bonferroni t test. The differences in the neurological results and SSEP recovery times between the groups were analyzed by Kruskal-Wallis test and Friedman&#146;s non-parametric analysis of variance, complemented by Dunn&#146;s test. Spearman&#146;s correlation test was used to analyze the existence of correlation between SSEP recovery times and the neurological results. A p value &lt; 0.05 was considered to be statistically significant, and the statistical analyses were carried out by the software programs SPSS for Windows, version 13.0 (SPSS Inc, Chicago, USA) and Graphpad Prism 4.2 (Graphpad Inc., USA).</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Results</bold>
      </p>
      <p>There was no significant statistical difference among the four groups regarding weight, rectal temperature, hemoglobin, hematocrit, and blood gasometry during the experiments. Additionally, there were no significant differences regarding proximal and distal mean arterial pressure before, during and after the aortic cross-clamping.</p>
      <p>During the IP periods, the ischemic induction times based on the SSEP alterations were similar between the 2 groups. The mean times of N1 decrease, in minutes, for a value <underline>&lt;</underline>60% of the original value, were 2.6 &#177; 0.5 and de 4.4 &#177; 2.4 for the IP45 and IP60 groups, respectively. The mean recovery times of N1 in minutes after the reperfusion during IP were 7.5 &#177; 1.6 and 5.6 &#177; 2.6 for the IP45 and IP60 groups, respectively.</p>
      <p>The results of the neurological assessment performed 72 hrs after the procedure are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01-body2">Table 1</xref>. Paraplegia was observed in 3 dogs from Group C45 (Tarlov score = 0), paraparesis in 1 dog (Tarlov = 3) and 3 dogs had a normal evolution in this group. In the IP45 group, the 7 dogs had a full neurological recovery (Tarlov = 4). In the C60 group, 6 dogs were paraplegic and 1 dog was paraparetic (Tarlov score = 2). In the IP60 group, 2 dogs presented Tarlov score = 0 and 1 dog presented Tarlov score = 1, with the three being considered paraplegic. Four dogs presented Tarlov score = 4, being considered normal. The statistical analysis showed that there was a significant influence of spinal cord ischemia time in relation to the occurrence of paraplegia (p=0.0015). In parallel, the results observed in the groups submitted to IP show the significant influence of this factor on the prevention of neurological deficits occurrence (p=0.0051).</p>
      <table-wrap id="tab01-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-03-0291-00007-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p><xref ref-type="fig" rid="grf01-body2">Graphic 1</xref> shows that most of the animals in both control groups did not present recovery of at least 90% of the SSEP range within one hour after the aortic reperfusion. On the other hand, all dogs from the IP45 group and most of the dogs from the IP60 group presented normalization of this parameter within the studied period (p=0.033). Overall, the dogs that recovered SSEP up to 1 hour of reperfusion after the critical ischemic injury presented fewer postoperative neurological deficits. On the other hand, dogs that did not recover the SSEP in up to one hour of reperfusion had a higher chance of presenting neurological deficits 72 hours after the surgery (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="grf02-body2">Graphic 2</xref>). The correlation between time of SSEP recovery and the postoperative neurological state was statistically significant according to Spearman&#146;s test, which showed a correlation index r=0.313 (95%CI -0.621 to -0.079) and p value = 0.011.</p>
      <fig id="grf01-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-03-0291-00007-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <fig id="grf02-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-03-0291-00007-gf02-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>The absence of complete recovery of SSEP after the 60-minute reperfusion in the four groups studied showed a sensitivity of 0.75 (95%CI 0.48 to 0.93) and specificity of 0.83 (95%CI 0.52 to 0.98) in predicting the occurrence of neurological deficit (Tarlov <underline>&lt;</underline> 3). The predictive value of this test was 0.86 (95%CI 0.57 to 0.98) the negative predictive value was 0.71 (95%CI 0.42 to 0.92).</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The present study shows that the acute IP of the spinal cord is responsible for the increase of the tolerance to ischemia, when the times of ischemia and reperfusion used are based on the monitoring of the spinal cord function. It is na important step to add the acute IP as a neuroprotective strategy in thoracic and abdominal aorta surgeries as well as spinal cord surgeries that involve some degree of ischemia.</p>
      <p>IP is a process where the sublethal ischemic stress increases tissue tolerance to the subsequent ischemic injury. This process involves cell protection mechanisms that include a phase of early protection as well as a late one<sup>18</sup>. Although some authors have previously demonstrated the late protection phase of IP<sup>19-22,27</sup>, the acute effects of immediate IP have been controversial. Some studies have shown a significant impact of previous periods of ischemic induction some minutes before the prolonged occlusion of the aorta, in the prevention of spinal cord injury<sup>24,26</sup>. On the other hand, other authors have failed in demonstrating the same effect with the use of ischemic periods and shorter intervals in animals of the same species<sup>23,25</sup>.</p>
      <p>At the IP induction, determining the ideal duration of the times of ischemia and reperfusion is one of the main factors related to the success of the procedure. In the case of the spinal cord, as the residual blood flow can vary among different species of animals and individually, within the same species<sup>28</sup>, it becomes necessary to adequately monitor the spinal cord function and its viability, during the ischemia as well as the reperfusion periods.</p>
      <p>The determination of SSEP provides important diagnostic information related to the functional state of the spinal cord<sup>3</sup>. Variations in the range and latency of the N1 wave of SSEP in comparison to basal values are crucial for the diagnosis of ischemic injury to the spinal cord. The deterioration of the N1 range is indicative of decrease in the nervous transmission of the posterior and lateral sensory columns, indicating that the spinal cord perfusion is compromised<sup>3,10</sup>. During the process of ischemia, we can also observe the progressive deterioration of the other SSEP waves, which reappear in reverse order after reperfusion<sup>29</sup>. According to the spinal cord vascular anatomy, different types of SSEP responses can be identified and used to indicate the necessity of prophylactic measures to minimize the spinal cord ischemia<sup>3</sup>.</p>
      <p>It is known that SSEP monitoring as well as of the motor evoked potential can yield false-negative results, i.e., the responses of these potentials do not show alterations during the surgical procedure, although the spinal cord is under ischemia<sup>30,31</sup>. Several studies have shown that the false-negative results have a similar incidence with the two types of evoked potentials<sup>31,32</sup>.</p>
      <p>In this experimental model, we used the decrease of SSEP N1 range to define the periods of ischemia and reperfusion during IP. This choice was based on its sensitivity to regional hypoperfusion and the fact that the prolonged spinal cord ischemia could result in a complete loss of this potential. The times of disappearance of N3 and N4 waves at SSEP could also define adequate periods to induce ischemic tolerance, as proposed by Matsumoto et al<sup>33</sup> N1 and N2 waves seem to be pre-synaptic, whereas N3 and N4 seem to be post-synaptic<sup>29</sup>.</p>
      <p>Observing the difficulty in obtaining neuroprotection by IP in some previous studies, one can speculate that the ischemia and reperfusion times during IP were not adequate, as these times were not individualized, but pre-established. Cheng et al<sup>29</sup> showed that the last waves of SSEP are more sensitive to ischemia and disappear concomitantly with a decrease of N1 range more than 6 minutes after the induction of spinal cord ischemia in rabbits. Using animals from this same species, Haan et al<sup>34</sup>, Sader et al<sup>23</sup> and Ueno et al<sup>25</sup> did not show induction of spinal cord ischemic tolerance with periods of short-term sub-lethal ischemia, whereas Matsumoto et al<sup>33</sup>, Munyao et al<sup>21</sup> and Sakuray et al<sup>35</sup> obtained success with longer IP periods.</p>
      <p>On the other hand, the SSEP response to spinal cord ischemia induction seems to be earlier in dogs<sup>10</sup>, which justifies the use of shorter periods of aortic occlusion during the IP cycles in the present study.</p>
      <p>Studies on the mechanisms of acute IP are limited, but some studies show a role in the increase of spinal cord blood flow<sup>19,25</sup>. Ueno et al<sup>25</sup> speculated that this effect can occur due to the attenuation of the post-ischemic capillary anti-reflux mechanism and by direct vasodilation action. In parallel, Fan et al<sup>19</sup> demonstrated that positive alterations in the spinal cord blood flow were associated with descending concentrations of norepinephrine and activation of the receptor of adenosine A1, some minutes after the IP induction in rabbits. However, further studies are necessary to clarify the biochemical mechanisms of spinal cord acute IP.</p>
      <p>On the other hand, although several mechanisms have been proposed to explain the late protection observed at IP<sup>18</sup>, it is likely that alterations in the genic expression of protective proteins have an important role in nervous system<sup>36</sup>. Recent studies have demonstrated the presence of higher levels of heat shock protein 24 hrs or more after spinal cord IP and this fact was associated with the acquisition of tolerance to the subsequent lethal ischemia<sup>13,14,20,33,35</sup>. There is a hypothesis that during the response to cellular stress, the elevation of heat shock protein response can allow denaturated proteins to re-obtain their conformations and facilitate the synthesis of new proteins.</p>
      <p>The recovery of the SSEP wave range after the end of the aortic reperfusion has been correlated with the postoperative neurological result in experimental and clinical studies<sup>36</sup>. In the present study, the attainment of elevated levels of sensitivity and specificity for the correlation between time of SSEP recovery and postoperative spinal cord function impairment corroborates the increased clinical use of this method in the follow-up of patients submitted to prolonged aortic occlusion. This observation is probably caused by a lesser acute impairment of the spinal cord sensory and motor pathways, resulting in the non-impairment of the functional condition. </p>
      <p>The present study had some limitations. The follow-up time of the animals was short, which might have hindered the observation of a late neurological injury. Observations by Abraham et al<sup>22 </sup>showed that there can be a late worsening of the level of spinal cord impairment after the IP induction in rats, which can manifest within a 7-day period, when accompanied by significant spinal cord injury. Additionally, no anatomopathological studies of the spinal cord were carried out as well as no possible mechanisms involved with acute IP were evaluated, as the focus was on the choice of the best IP times based on SSEP.</p>
      <p>The results of this experimental study showed that acute IP, based on SSEP monitoring, is a neurological protection factor to spinal cord ischemic injury, induced by the prolonged cross-clamping of the descending thoracic aorta. Additionally, it was also observed that the determination of SSEP is a good method of neurological monitoring and evaluation of the clinical prognosis of procedures that involve spinal cord ischemia induction.</p>
      <p><bold>Supported by:</bold> Financial Support and Grant provided by Funda&#231;&#227;o de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de S&#227;o Paulo (FAPESP).</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
      </p>
      <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fn id="end-body2" fn-type="corresp">
          <label>
            <bold>Mailing Address:</bold>
          </label>
          <p> Luiz Felipe Pinho Moreira</p>
          <p> Av. Dr. En&#233;as de Carvalho Aguiar, 44</p>
          <p> 05403-000 &#150; S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</p>
          <p> E-mail: </p>
          <p>
            <email xlink:href="lfelipe@cardiol.br">lfelipe@cardiol.br</email>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p> Manuscript received April 27, 2006; revised manuscript received June 1, 2006; accepted June 1, 2006.</p>
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