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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">kJzWksbLxfWL8mn5KtWMdWF</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00006</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2007000300006</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(07)08800306</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2007000300006</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Diferen&#231;as relacionadas ao sexo nos volumes ventriculares e na fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo estimados por cintilografia de perfus&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica: compara&#231;&#227;o entre os programas Quantitative Gated SPECT (QGS) e Segami</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Yamada</surname>
            <given-names>Alice Tatsuko</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Campos Neto</surname>
            <given-names>Guilherme de Carvalho</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Soares J&#250;nior</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233;</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Giorgi</surname>
            <given-names>Maria Clementina P.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ara&#250;jo</surname>
            <given-names>Fernando</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Meneghetti</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233; Claudio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Mansur</surname>
            <given-names>Alfredo Jos&#233;</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">FM </institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>03</month>
        <year>2007</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>88</volume>
      <issue>3</issue>
      <fpage>285</fpage>
      <lpage>290</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>03</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2006</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>05</day>
          <month>04</month>
          <year>2006</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>01</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2006</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>OBJETIVO: Analisar as diferen&#231;as relacionadas ao sexo nas medidas obtidas pelos programas Segami e Quantitative Gated SPECT (QGS). M&#201;TODOS: Cento e oitenta e um indiv&#237;duos assintom&#225;ticos sem evid&#234;ncia de cardiopatia foram submetidos a estudos de perfus&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica. O volume diast&#243;lico final (VDF), volume sist&#243;lico final (VSF) e a fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (FEVE) foram quantificados pelos programas QGS and Segami para avaliar a influ&#234;ncia do sexo, idade, peso, altura, freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica, press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica, &#237;ndice de massa corporal e &#225;rea de superf&#237;cie corporal. RESULTADOS: As m&#233;dias obtidas com o m&#233;todo QGS foram VDF (mulheres = 68 ml; homens = 95 ml; p &lt; 0,001) e FEVE (mulheres = 66,24%; homens = 58,7%), e com o Segami, VDF (mulheres = 137 ml; homens = 174 ml) e FEVE (mulheres = 62,67%; homens = 58,52%). Foram observadas diferen&#231;as significantes entre homens e mulheres no VDF (p &lt; 0,001) e VSF (p &lt; 0,001), que persistiram ap&#243;s o ajuste em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; &#225;rea de superf&#237;cie corporal. CONCLUS&#195;O: Os volumes ventriculares foram significantemente menores e a FEVE foi significantemente maior em mulheres, de acordo com os programas QGS e Segami.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>tomografia computadorizada por emiss&#227;o de f&#243;ton &#250;nico</kwd>
        <kwd>sexo</kwd>
        <kwd>volume sist&#243;lico</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>21</day>
        <month>05</month>
        <year>2007</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>ARTIGO ORIGINAL</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Diferen&#231;as relacionadas ao sexo nos volumes ventriculares e na fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo estimados por cintilografia de perfus&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica: compara&#231;&#227;o entre os programas <italic><bold>Quantitative Gated SPECT</bold></italic> (QGS) e Segami</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Alice Tatsuko Yamada; Guilherme de Carvalho Campos Neto; Jos&#233; Soares J&#250;nior; Maria Clementina P. Giorgi; Fernando Ara&#250;jo; Jos&#233; Claudio Meneghetti; Alfredo Jos&#233; Mansur</bold>
    </p>
    <p> Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas &#150; FMUSP - S&#227;o Paulo, SP</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVO:</bold> Analisar as diferen&#231;as relacionadas ao sexo nas medidas obtidas pelos programas Segami e <italic>Quantitative Gated SPECT</italic> (QGS). </p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS:</bold> Cento e oitenta e um indiv&#237;duos assintom&#225;ticos sem evid&#234;ncia de cardiopatia foram submetidos a estudos de perfus&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica. O volume diast&#243;lico final (VDF), volume sist&#243;lico final (VSF) e a fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (FEVE) foram quantificados pelos programas QGS and Segami para avaliar a influ&#234;ncia do sexo, idade, peso, altura, freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica, press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica, &#237;ndice de massa corporal e &#225;rea de superf&#237;cie corporal. </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS:</bold> As m&#233;dias obtidas com o m&#233;todo QGS foram VDF (mulheres = 68 ml; homens = 95 ml; p &lt; 0,001) e FEVE (mulheres = 66,24%; homens = 58,7%), e com o Segami, VDF (mulheres = 137 ml; homens = 174 ml) e FEVE (mulheres = 62,67%; homens = 58,52%). Foram observadas diferen&#231;as significantes entre homens e mulheres no VDF (p &lt; 0,001) e VSF (p &lt; 0,001), que persistiram ap&#243;s o ajuste em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; &#225;rea de superf&#237;cie corporal. </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#195;O:</bold> Os volumes ventriculares foram significantemente menores e a FEVE foi significantemente maior em mulheres, de acordo com os programas QGS e Segami.</p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave:</bold> tomografia computadorizada por emiss&#227;o de f&#243;ton &#250;nico, sexo, volume sist&#243;lico.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Os volumes ventriculares e a fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (FEVE) podem ser calculados por meio de imagens de perfus&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica com tomografia computadorizada de emiss&#227;o de f&#243;ton &#250;nico (SPECT) com o aux&#237;lio de diferentes programas.</p>
    <p>O programa <italic>Quantitative Gated SPECT </italic>(QGS) do Cedars-Sinai usa um esquema de detec&#231;&#227;o de bordas para avaliar os volumes ventriculares e a FEVE. Demonstrou-se que esses par&#226;metros s&#227;o influenciados pelo sexo, com volumes ventriculares menores e FEVE maior para mulheres<sup>1</sup>. No entanto, a subestima&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o-linear dos volumes mioc&#225;rdicos com utiliza&#231;&#227;o do programa QGS pode ter causado hiper-redu&#231;&#227;o dos volumes ventriculares e aumento da FEVE em mulheres, comparado com os homens, pois a subestima&#231;&#227;o aumenta com volumes menores<sup>2</sup>. </p>
    <p>O programa Segami, desenvolvido por pesquisadores da Universidade de Stanford, define a posi&#231;&#227;o da parede ventricular por meio de par&#226;metros estat&#237;sticos de distribui&#231;&#227;o da taxa de contagem. Em simula&#231;&#245;es realizadas em computador, m&#233;todos que n&#227;o requerem detec&#231;&#227;o de bordas para o c&#225;lculo da FEVE demonstraram ser mais acurados na obten&#231;&#227;o de imagens de pacientes com cora&#231;&#227;o pequeno<sup>3</sup>. A influ&#234;ncia do sexo sobre as medidas do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo pelo programa Segami &#233; menos conhecida.</p>
    <p>O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar as diferen&#231;as relacionadas ao sexo dos volumes do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo e da FEVE quantificados por meio de imagens de perfus&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica com o aux&#237;lio dos programas QGS e Segami em indiv&#237;duos assintom&#225;ticos sem evid&#234;ncia de cardiopatia.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#233;todos</bold>
    </p>
    <p><italic>Delineamento do estudo &#150;</italic> De julho de 1998 a julho de 2001, foi formada uma coorte de indiv&#237;duos assintom&#225;ticos sem evid&#234;ncia de coronariopatia. Nessa coorte, realizou-se um estudo transversal para avaliar as diferen&#231;as nos volumes e na fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo obtidos com perfus&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica por <italic>gated SPECT</italic>. Essa coorte foi formada em um ambulat&#243;rio de um grande hospital universit&#225;rio especializado em cardiologia que tamb&#233;m fornece cuidados prim&#225;rios e secund&#225;rios.</p>
    <p>A avalia&#231;&#227;o dos indiv&#237;duos assintom&#225;ticos incluiu exame m&#233;dico, eletrocardiograma e radiografia do t&#243;rax. Os que apresentaram resultados normais nesses tr&#234;s exames foram considerados aptos e convidados a participar do estudo. </p>
    <p>Depois de assinarem um termo de consentimento livre e esclarecido, os participantes foram submetidos a testes de eletrocardiografia de esfor&#231;o em esteira, exames laboratoriais e cintilografia de perfus&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica (<italic>gated SPECT</italic>). </p>
    <p><italic>Crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o &#150;</italic> indiv&#237;duos com mais de 18 anos que n&#227;o tinham sintomas card&#237;acos e apresentaram exame f&#237;sico, eletrocardiograma e radiografia tor&#225;cica normais.</p>
    <p><italic>Crit&#233;rios de exclus&#227;o</italic> - Indiv&#237;duos com hist&#243;ria de doen&#231;a cardiovascular, hipertens&#227;o sist&#234;mica, infec&#231;&#227;o por Trypanosoma cruzi (doen&#231;a de Chagas), diabetes melito, concentra&#231;&#227;o de horm&#244;nio estimulador da tire&#243;ide abaixo de 0,05 ou acima de 8 mg/dl, doen&#231;a pulmonar obstrutiva cr&#244;nica, asma, insufici&#234;ncia renal, doen&#231;as inflamat&#243;rias cr&#244;nicas, doen&#231;as osteoarticulares, anemia cr&#244;nica ou neoplasia; resultado anormal no eletrocardiograma de 12 deriva&#231;&#245;es em repouso, ecocardiograma ou teste ergom&#233;trico em esteira.</p>
    <p><italic>Amostra do estudo &#150; </italic>cento e oitenta e um indiv&#237;duos foram inscritos no estudo, 85 (47%) homens e 96 (53%) mulheres. As idades variaram de 20 a 80 anos (m&#233;dia de 43,8; desvio padr&#227;o de 12,2). As caracter&#237;sticas basais da popula&#231;&#227;o do estudo s&#227;o apresentadas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01">tabela 1</xref>.</p>
    <table-wrap id="tab01">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-03-0285-00006-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p><italic>Teste ergom&#233;trico</italic> &#150; Os testes ergom&#233;tricos foram realizados no aparelho Fukuda Denshi Ml-8000 Star de acordo com o protocolo de Ellestad<sup>4</sup>. Os crit&#233;rios para interrup&#231;&#227;o do exerc&#237;cio foram exaust&#227;o f&#237;sica ou freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca m&#225;xima acima da esperada para a idade A resposta eletrocardiogr&#225;fica durante o esfor&#231;o foi medida 0,08 segundo ap&#243;s o ponto J e comparada com os valores iniciais. A presen&#231;a de isquemia mioc&#225;rdica foi definida como infradesnivelamento horizontal ou descendente do segmento ST <underline>&gt;</underline> 1 mm ou infradesnivelamento ascendente <underline>&gt;</underline> 1,5 mm.</p>
    <p><italic>Estudo de perfus&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica (Gated SPECT) &#150;</italic> Os indiv&#237;duos foram submetidos a um protocolo de cintilografia com Tc-99m sestamibi (296 MBq) em repouso n&#227;o-sincronizada com eletrocardiograma e cintilografia com Tc-99m sestamibi (1110 MBq) ap&#243;s esfor&#231;o realizados no mesmo dia. A aquisi&#231;&#227;o de imagens foi iniciada no m&#225;ximo 30 minutos ap&#243;s o t&#233;rmino do exerc&#237;cio com a utiliza&#231;&#227;o de gama-c&#226;mara de duas cabe&#231;as equipada com colimadores de baixa energia e alta resolu&#231;&#227;o (ADAC Vertex Plus). As imagens foram obtidas em 180&#176; (64 proje&#231;&#245;es) durante aproximadamente 20 minutos. O intervalo R-R foi dividido em oito partes, correspondentes a diferentes momentos do ciclo card&#237;aco. Com base na dura&#231;&#227;o de um ciclo b&#225;sico definido no in&#237;cio da aquisi&#231;&#227;o de imagens, estabeleceu-se uma varia&#231;&#227;o m&#225;xima de 20% para os ciclos subseq&#252;entes. As imagens foram reconstru&#237;das com algoritmo iterativo utilizando-se filtro de passagem baixa de 5,0 e freq&#252;&#234;ncia de corte de 0,7 ciclos/cm. Os conjuntos de imagens transaxiais resultantes foram reorientados para conjuntos de eixo curto, aos quais foram aplicados algoritmos dos programas QGS e Segami.</p>
    <p>A determina&#231;&#227;o dos volumes ventriculares e da FEVE foi descrita em detalhes e previamente validada com a utiliza&#231;&#227;o dos programas QGS<sup>5</sup> e Segami<sup>6</sup>.</p>
    <p>Um observador verificava a delimita&#231;&#227;o autom&#225;tica do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo obtida com os algoritmos e, quando necess&#225;rio, fazia altera&#231;&#245;es. O m&#233;todo Segami requer alguma interven&#231;&#227;o por parte do operador para delimitar e definir o valor de radia&#231;&#227;o de fundo a ser subtra&#237;do das imagens sincronizadas. A delimita&#231;&#227;o &#233; feita por meio da coloca&#231;&#227;o manual de um elips&#243;ide ao redor do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo para excluir a atividade do ventr&#237;culo direito e de estruturas extracard&#237;acas. A retirada da radia&#231;&#227;o de fundo &#233; realizada por meio da subtra&#231;&#227;o da densidade m&#233;dia de contagens medidas em uma pequena &#225;rea de interesse tra&#231;ada na base ventricular nos quadros referentes ao final da di&#225;stole. Em seguida, o mioc&#225;rdio &#233; posicionado nas coordenadas tridimensionais ao longo dos raios originados no centro da cavidade ventricular. A posi&#231;&#227;o da parede ventricular &#233; calculada como o primeiro momento da distribui&#231;&#227;o das contagens ao longo de cada raio. Essa informa&#231;&#227;o &#233; usada para calcular o volume do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo.</p>
    <p><italic>Vari&#225;veis do estudo &#150;</italic> Estudamos o volume diast&#243;lico final do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, o volume sist&#243;lico final do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo e a FEVE calculados pelo programa QGS e comparamos com os valores obtidos pelo programa Segami em rela&#231;&#227;o ao sexo, idade, peso corporal, altura, &#237;ndice de massa corporal, freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e press&#245;es sist&#243;lica e diast&#243;lica.</p>
    <p><italic>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica &#150; </italic>Os dados s&#227;o apresentados como m&#233;dia + 1 desvio padr&#227;o. O teste <italic>t</italic> de Student foi utilizado para comparar as caracter&#237;sticas basais e os par&#226;metros ventriculares de homens e mulheres. A rela&#231;&#227;o entre idade e medidas ventriculares foi analisada com o coeficiente de correla&#231;&#227;o de Pearson. Os grupos foram comparados pela an&#225;lise de covari&#226;ncia (ANCOVA), levando-se em considera&#231;&#227;o os efeitos de outras vari&#225;veis. A compara&#231;&#227;o entre os programas QGS e Segami foi feita por meio do coeficiente de correla&#231;&#227;o de Pearson, coeficiente de correla&#231;&#227;o intraclasse (CCI) e teste <italic>t</italic> de Student pareado. Valores de p &lt; 0,05 foram considerados estatisticamente significantes.</p>
    <p><italic>Conselho de &#233;tica &#150;</italic> O estudo foi aprovado pelo Conselho de &#201;tica e Pesquisas em Seres Humanos da institui&#231;&#227;o (Protocolo SDC 296/97/90; Cappesq 615/97), e todos os participantes assinaram um termo de consentimento livre e esclarecido antes de serem inclu&#237;dos.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Resultados</bold>
    </p>
    <p><italic>Imagens de perfus&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica - </italic>Nenhum indiv&#237;duo apresentou defeito de capta&#231;&#227;o no exame de perfus&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica ap&#243;s esfor&#231;o.</p>
    <p><italic>Compara&#231;&#227;o entre os sexos - </italic>A compara&#231;&#227;o das caracter&#237;sticas basais entre homens e mulheres demonstrou que a &#225;rea de superf&#237;cie corporal era significantemente menor em mulheres. N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;as estatisticamente significantes em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; idade, freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e press&#245;es sist&#243;lica e diast&#243;lica entre homens e mulheres (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01">tab. 1</xref>).</p>
    <p>Os volume ventriculares foram significantemente menores e a FEVE foi significantemente maior em mulheres, calculados pelos programas QGS e Segami (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab02">tab. 2</xref>).</p>
    <table-wrap id="tab02">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-03-0285-00006-gt02.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>Os volumes diast&#243;lico e sist&#243;lico do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo estavam relacionados com a &#225;rea de superf&#237;cie corporal. Na estimativa feita pelo programa QGS, os coeficientes de correla&#231;&#227;o foram r = 0,584 para o volume diast&#243;lico final e r = 0,536 para o volume sist&#243;lico final (p &lt; 0,001). Nas medidas obtidas pelo programa Segami, os coeficientes de correla&#231;&#227;o foram r = 0,502 para o volume diast&#243;lico final e r = 0,459 para o volume sist&#243;lico final (p &lt; 0,0001).</p>
    <p>A FEVE apresentou uma rela&#231;&#227;o inversa com a &#225;rea de superf&#237;cie corporal nos dois programas, como foi demonstrado por r = - 0,412 para o programa QGS e r = - 0,193 para o programa Segami (p &lt; 0,009).</p>
    <p>Ap&#243;s o ajuste para a &#225;rea de superf&#237;cie corporal dos volumes ventriculares e da FEVE, as diferen&#231;as entre homens e mulheres persistiram (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab02">tab. 2</xref>).</p>
    <p><italic>Compara&#231;&#227;o entre os programas QGS e Segami -</italic> Na compara&#231;&#227;o dos programas QGS e Segami, os volumes calculados pelo Segami foram sistematicamente maiores (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab02">tab. 2</xref>).</p>
    <p>Os resultados da correla&#231;&#227;o de Pearson entre as medidas volum&#233;tricas obtidas com os programas Segami e QGS giraram em torno de 0,7. Entretanto, os coeficientes de correla&#231;&#227;o intraclasse mostraram fraca concord&#226;ncia, e as diferen&#231;as foram significantes (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab03">tab. 3</xref>).</p>
    <table-wrap id="tab03">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-03-0285-00006-gt03.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>Foi realizada uma an&#225;lise de Bland-Altman para comparar as medidas de FEVE obtidas com os programas Segami e QGS em homens (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="grf01">Gr&#225;fico 1</xref>) e mulheres (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="grf02">Gr&#225;fico 2</xref>). As curvas revelaram uma tend&#234;ncia para valores menores (diferen&#231;as negativas) com o programa Segami, comparado com o programa QGS, e para fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o maior, principalmente em mulheres.</p>
    <fig id="grf01">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-03-0285-00006-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    <fig id="grf02">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-03-0285-00006-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
    <p><italic>Valores de refer&#234;ncia para medidas de fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o e volume do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo - </italic>Com base nos percentis 5 e 95, o limite inferior de normalidade para FEVE pelo m&#233;todo QGS foi de 44% para homens e 51% para mulheres, e pelo m&#233;todo Segami foi de 48,3% para homens e 53% para mulheres. Os valores de refer&#234;ncia para volumes ventriculares e FEVE s&#227;o apresentados na <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab04">tabela 4</xref>.</p>
    <table-wrap id="tab04">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-03-0285-00006-gt04.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p><italic>Diferen&#231;as relacionadas &#224; idade - </italic>Em nosso estudo, n&#227;o foi constatada correla&#231;&#227;o entre idade e medidas ventriculares estimadas pelo programa QGS. No programa Segami, houve correla&#231;&#227;o entre volumes e idade, com coeficientes baixos (abaixo de 0,20). Os valores das correla&#231;&#245;es s&#227;o mostrados na <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab05">tabela 5</xref><italic>.</italic></p>
    <table-wrap id="tab05">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-03-0285-00006-gt05.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Nosso estudo avaliou uma amostra da popula&#231;&#227;o brasileira sem cardiopatia, abrangendo uma ampla faixa et&#225;ria (entre 20 e 80 anos) e descobriu alguns valores de refer&#234;ncia para volumes ventriculares e FEVE para homens e mulheres, medidos pelos programas QGS e Segami. </p>
    <p><italic>Diferen&#231;as relacionadas ao sexo - </italic>Rozanski e cols.<sup>7</sup> e De Bondt e cols.<sup>1</sup>, utilizando o programa QGS, observaram que os volumes ventriculares e a FEVE apresentavam diferen&#231;as significantes entre homens e mulheres. As mulheres tinham volumes menores e valores maiores de fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o. A corre&#231;&#227;o dos valores em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; &#225;rea de superf&#237;cie corporal n&#227;o eliminou essas diferen&#231;as. No entanto, a subestima&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o-linear dos volumes mioc&#225;rdicos calculados pelo programa QGS, sobretudo em cora&#231;&#245;es pequenos, pode estar associada a essa diferen&#231;a. J&#225; foi demonstrado previamente que, no programa QGS, a resolu&#231;&#227;o limitada da gama-c&#226;mara pode subestimar em at&#233; 15% o volume ventricular esquerdo para um volume de 101 ml, 25% para um volume de 52 ml e 50% para um volume de 37 ml<sup>2</sup>.</p>
    <p>Nosso estudo demonstrou que as mulheres tinham volumes significantemente menores e valores de FEVE significantemente maiores em ambos os programas. A corre&#231;&#227;o dos valores em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; &#225;rea de superf&#237;cie corporal n&#227;o eliminou essas diferen&#231;as. As diferen&#231;as entre os sexos observadas com o m&#233;todo Segami indicam que essas mesmas diferen&#231;as encontradas no m&#233;todo QGS n&#227;o s&#227;o causadas por artefato do programa.</p>
    <p><italic>Compara&#231;&#227;o entre os programas QGS e Segami - </italic>Everaert e cols.<sup>8</sup> compararam os programas QGS e Segami em 40 pacientes. Esses autores encontraram uma excelente correla&#231;&#227;o entre os dois m&#233;todos para o c&#225;lculo da FEVE (r = 0,93) e constataram que os volumes ventriculares calculados pelo programa Segami eram maiores que os calculados pelo programa QGS. Nosso estudo tamb&#233;m demonstrou que o programa Segami apresentava sistematicamente volumes ventriculares maiores. Isso pode ser explicado pelas diferen&#231;as na modelagem do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo entre algoritmos, tamanho de pixel e par&#226;metros de reconstru&#231;&#227;o<sup>9</sup>. Os resultados dos testes de correla&#231;&#227;o de Pearson para compara&#231;&#245;es entre as medidas de volumes ventriculares obtidas com os programas Segami e QGS foram altos. Entretanto, os coeficientes de correla&#231;&#227;o intraclasse apresentaram fraca concord&#226;ncia, e as diferen&#231;as foram significantes. </p>
    <p>Esses resultados indicam que as medidas dos volumes ventriculares avaliadas por programas distintos (QGS e Segami) podem n&#227;o ser clinicamente intercambi&#225;veis para o acompanhamento de determinado paciente.</p>
    <p>Em nosso estudo, as medidas de FEVE nos dois programas demonstraram fraca correla&#231;&#227;o (r = 0,554). A compara&#231;&#227;o das m&#233;dias revelou uma diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significante (p = 0,002). Entretanto, a diferen&#231;a foi t&#227;o pequena que n&#227;o alcan&#231;ou signific&#226;ncia cl&#237;nica, muito provavelmente porque programas quantitativos que utilizam informa&#231;&#245;es sobre densidade de contagem (Segami) para a determina&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica s&#227;o menos influenciados pela magnitude do volume esquerdo e pela resolu&#231;&#227;o da imagem do que os algoritmos baseados em detec&#231;&#227;o das bordas (QGS). </p>
    <p>A an&#225;lise de Bland-Altman revelou boa correla&#231;&#227;o entre os programas QGS and Segami, mas n&#227;o para valores maiores de FEVE, principalmente em mulheres. Valores de FEVE na faixa mais alta foram observados com maior freq&#252;&#234;ncia no programa QGS, principalmente em mulheres. No entanto, o QGS &#233; o programa mais utilizado clinicamente, e o seu valor progn&#243;stico j&#225; foi validado anteriormente. </p>
    <p>Uma limita&#231;&#227;o do nosso estudo foi a falta de um padr&#227;o de refer&#234;ncia, o que impediu uma an&#225;lise de qual dos dois programas foi o mais acurado.</p>
    <p><italic>Valores de refer&#234;ncia para volumes ventriculares e FEVE - </italic>O n&#250;mero de pacientes deste estudo n&#227;o permitiu que fossem estabelecidos limites normais para FEVE e volumes ventriculares. Contudo, os valores de refer&#234;ncia obtidos com os 181 pacientes para o m&#233;todo QGS (FEVE <underline>&gt;</underline> 44% para homens e <underline>&gt;</underline> 51% para mulheres) foram semelhantes aos obtidos por Rozanski e cols.<sup>7</sup> (FEVE <underline>&gt;</underline> 41% para homens e <underline>&gt;</underline> 49% para mulheres e Ababneh e cols.<sup>10</sup> (FEVE <underline>&gt;</underline> 43% para homens e <underline>&gt;</underline> 50% para mulheres).</p>
    <p><italic>Diferen&#231;as relacionadas &#224; idade -</italic> N&#227;o foi detectada varia&#231;&#227;o significante nos volumes ventriculares e na FEVE em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; idade pelo m&#233;todo QGS. Entretanto, Slotwiner e cols.<sup>11</sup>, em uma grande s&#233;rie de 464 adultos clinicamente normais, descobriram um leve por&#233;m significante aumento na FEVE e uma redu&#231;&#227;o no tamanho do ventr&#237;culo com a idade. De Bondt e cols.<sup>1</sup>, utilizando a an&#225;lise de vari&#226;ncia, descobriram diferen&#231;as relacionadas &#224; idade apenas no grupo de mulheres <underline>&gt;</underline> 65 anos que tinham VDF e VSF significantemente menores e valores de FEVE significantemente maiores.</p>
    <p>Em nosso estudo, empregando o m&#233;todo Segami, observamos correla&#231;&#227;o entre volumes ventriculares e idade, com baixos coeficientes (abaixo de 0,20). A aus&#234;ncia de diferen&#231;a significante relacionada &#224; idade pelo m&#233;todo QGS e a fraca correla&#231;&#227;o pelo m&#233;todo Segami podem ter sido conseq&#252;&#234;ncia do baixo n&#250;mero de indiv&#237;duos em algumas faixas et&#225;rias.</p>
    <p>Concluindo, os dados provenientes desta amostra de indiv&#237;duos sem ind&#237;cios de cardiopatia demonstraram que os volumes ventriculares e a FEVE estimados pelos programas QGS e Segami variam de acordo com o sexo, e que as medidas de volumes obtidas com programas deferentes podem n&#227;o ser clinicamente intercambi&#225;veis para o acompanhamento de determinado paciente.</p>
    <p>Nenhum dos autores tem interesse financeiro em nenhum programa de software card&#237;aco.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesses</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflitos de interesses pertinentes.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="end" fn-type="corresp">
        <p>Correspond&#234;ncia:</p>
        <p> Alice Tatsuko Yamada </p>
        <p> Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas (INCOR) </p>
        <p> Avenida Dr. En&#233;as de Carvalho Aguiar, 44 </p>
        <p> 05403-000 &#150; S&#227;o Paulo, SP </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="alice.yamada@incor.usp.br">alice.yamada@incor.usp.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p> Artigo recebido em 05/04/06; revisado recebido em 01/06/06; aceito em 03/07/06.</p>
  </body>
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  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Gender differences in ventricular volumes and left ventricle ejection fraction estimated by myocardial perfusion imaging: comparison of Quantitative Gated SPECT (QGS) and Segami software programs</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>OBJECTIVES: To test for gender differences in the measurements obtained by Segami and Quantitative Gated SPECT (QGS) software programs. METHODS: 181 asymptomatic individuals without heart disease were submitted to myocardial perfusion imaging. End-diastolic volumes (EDV), end-systolic volumes (ESV) and left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) were measured by QGS and Segami software programs to evaluate the influence of gender, age, weight, height, heart rate, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, body mass index and body surface area. RESULTS: The means in the QGS method were: EDV (women= 68 ml; men= 95 ml; p&lt;0.001), LVEF (women= 66.24%; men= 58, 7%) and Segami: EDV (women= 137 ml; men= 174 ml), LVEF (women= 62.67%; men= 58, 52%). There were significant differences between men and women in the EDV (p&lt;0.001), ESV (p&lt;0.001) and LVEF (p=0.001) that persisted after adjusting for body surface area. CONCLUSION: Ventricular volumes were significantly lower and LVEF was significantly higher in women, estimated by QGS or Segami software programs.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Tomography</kwd>
        <kwd>emission-computed</kwd>
        <kwd>single-photon</kwd>
        <kwd>sex</kwd>
        <kwd>stroke volume</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>ORIGINAL ARTICLE</bold>
      </p>
      <p> Gender differences in ventricular volumes and Left ventricle ejection fraction estimated by myocardial perfusion imaging: comparison of Quantitative Gated SPECT (QGS) and Segami software programs </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Alice Tatsuko Yamada; Guilherme de Carvalho Campos Neto; Jos&#233; Soares J&#250;nior; Maria Clementina P. Giorgi; Fernando Ara&#250;jo; Jos&#233; Claudio Meneghetti; Alfredo Jos&#233; Mansur</bold>
      </p>
      <p> Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas &#150; FMUSP - S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</p>
      <p>
        <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end-body2">Mailing Address</xref>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>SUMMARY</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVE:</bold> To test for gender differences in the measurements obtained by Segami and Quantitative Gated SPECT (QGS) software programs.</p>
      <p><bold>METHODS:</bold> 181 asymptomatic individuals without heart disease were submitted to myocardial perfusion imaging. End-diastolic volumes (EDV), end-systolic volumes (ESV) and left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) were measured by QGS and Segami software programs to evaluate the influence of gender, age, weight, height, heart rate, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, body mass index and body surface area.</p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS:</bold> The means in the QGS method were: EDV (women= 68 ml; men= 95 ml; p&lt;0.001), LVEF (women= 66.24%; men= 58, 7%) and Segami: EDV (women= 137 ml; men= 174 ml), LVEF (women= 62.67%; men= 58, 52%). There were significant differences between men and women in the EDV (p&lt;0.001), ESV (p&lt;0.001) and LVEF (p=0.001) that persisted after adjusting for body surface area.</p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSION:</bold> Ventricular volumes were significantly lower and LVEF was significantly higher in women, estimated by QGS or Segami software programs.</p>
      <p><bold>Key words:</bold> Tomography, emission-computed, single-photon; sex; stroke volume.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Introduction</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Ventricular volumes and left ventricle ejection fraction (LVEF) may be estimated in the myocardial perfusion single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) by different software programs.</p>
      <p>The Cedars-Sinai Quantitative Gated SPECT software package (QGS) uses the edge-detection scheme for assessment of ventricular volumes and LVEF. These parameters were demonstrated to be influenced by gender, with lower ventricular volumes and higher LVEF values estimated for women<sup>1</sup>. However, the non-linear underestimation of myocardial volumes using QGS may have resulted in over-reduction of ventricular volumes and major LVEF calculations in women when compared to men, because the underestimation increases at smaller volumes<sup>2</sup>. </p>
      <p>The Segami software program developed by researchers of Stanford University defines the ventricular wall position by statistical parameters of count rate distribution. In computer simulations, methods that do not require detection of edges for LVEF calculation were demonstrated to be more accurate when imaging patients with small hearts<sup>3</sup>. Gender influence on the measurements of the left ventricle by Segami software program is less well known.</p>
      <p>We performed this study to evaluate gender-related differences of left ventricular volumes and LVEF measured by myocardial perfusion imaging measured by the QGS and Segami software program in asymptomatic individuals without evidence of heart disease.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Methods</bold>
      </p>
      <p><italic>Study design</italic> - A cohort of asymptomatic individuals with no evidence of heart disease was established from July of 1998 to July of 2001. In this cohort a cross-sectional study was performed to evaluate the gender differences in left ventricular volumes and left ventricular ejection fraction obtained with a myocardial perfusion gated SPECT. This cohort was established in a general outpatient clinic of a large tertiary care university hospital dedicated to cardiology that also provides primary and secondary levels of care. Evaluation of asymptomatic individuals included medical examination, electrocardiogram and chest X-ray. Those with normal clinical examination, as well as normal electrocardiogram and chest X-ray, were considered eligible for the study and were invited to participate. </p>
      <p>After written informed consent, participants were submitted to a treadmill electrocardiography exercise stress test, laboratory work-up, and myocardial perfusion gated SPECT. </p>
      <p><italic>Inclusion criteria</italic> - Individuals without cardiac symptoms, older than 18 years, presenting with normal physical examination, normal electrocardiogram and chest X-ray were included in the study.</p>
      <p><italic>Exclusion criteria </italic>- Individuals with a history of cardiovascular disease, systemic hypertension, <italic>Trypanosoma cruzi</italic> infection (Chagas&#146; disease microorganism), diabetes mellitus, thyroid-stimulating hormone lower than 0.05 or higher than 8 mg/dL, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, asthma, renal failure, chronic inflammatory diseases, osteoarticular diseases, chronic anemia or neoplasia, abnormal 12-lead resting electrocardiogram, echocardiogram or treadmill electrocardiographic exercise stress test were excluded from the study.</p>
      <p><italic>Study sample</italic> - One hundred and eighty-one individuals were enrolled in the study, 85 (47%) men and 96 (53%) women. Their ages ranged between 20 and 80 (mean 43.8; standard deviation 12.2) years. Baseline characteristics of the studied population are presented in <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01-body2">table 1</xref>.</p>
      <table-wrap id="tab01-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-03-0285-00006-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p><italic>Exercise test</italic> - The exercise tests were performed on the Fukuda Denshi Ml-8000 Star model according to the Ellestad exercise protocol<sup>4</sup>. The criteria for interruption of the exercise were physical exhaustion or exceeded maximum heart rate for the age. The electrocardiogram response during stress was measured 0.08 s after the J point and was compared with baseline values. The response was considered ischemic if horizontal or downsloping ST-segment depression of &gt; or = 1 mm or upsloping depression &gt; or = a 1.5 mm.</p>
      <p><italic>Myocardial perfusion gated SPECT </italic>&#150; The individuals were submitted to a same-day Tc-99m sestamibi (296 MBq) ungated rest/Tc-99m sestamibi (1110 MBq) stress protocol. Gated SPECT acquisition started within 30 minutes of exercise completion using a dual-headed gamma camera equipped with low-energy high-resolution collimators (ADAC Vertex Plus). Imaging was performed over 180&#186; (64 projections) with a total imaging time of approximately 20 minutes. R-R interval was divided into 8 parts, correspondent to the different moments of the cardiac cycle. From the duration of a defined basic cycle in the beginning of the acquisition, a maximum variation of 20% for the subsequent cycles was established. Images were reconstructed with an iterative algorithm using a low-pass filter with an order of 5.0 and a cut-off frequency of 0.7 cycles/cm. The resulting transaxial image sets were re-oriented into short axis sets to which both QGS and Segami algorithms were applied.</p>
      <p>The determination of ventricular volumes and LVEF was described in detail and previously validated using QGS<sup>5</sup> and Segami<sup>6</sup> software programs. </p>
      <p>An observer verified the automatic left ventricle delimitation by the algorithms and carried out alterations when necessary. The Segami method requires some operator intervention to mask and threshold the gated images. Masking is done by manually fitting an ellipsoidal mask around the left ventricle to exclude activity coming from the right ventricle and non-cardiac structures. Thresholding is performed by subtracting from each pixel the average count density measured in a small region of interest drawn at the base of the left ventricular cavity on the end-diastolic bin. The myocardium is then sampled in the three-dimensional coordinates along radii originating in the center of the ventricular cavity. The left ventricular wall position is calculated as the first moment of the count rate distribution along each radius. Information is used to calculate left ventricular volume. </p>
      <p><italic>Studied variables</italic> - We studied left ventricle end-diastolic volume, left ventricle end-systolic volumes and LVEF measured by QGS in comparison to those obtained by the Segami software program in relation to gender, age, body weight, height, body mass index, heart rate, systolic and diastolic blood pressure. </p>
      <p><italic>Statistical analysis</italic> - Data are expressed as mean &#177; 1 standard error. Comparisons between men and women regarding basal characteristics and ventricular parameters were performed using Student&#146;s t-test. Pearson&#146;s correlation coefficient was used for statistical analysis of relationship between age and ventricular measurements. Analysis of Covariance (ANCOVA) was performed to compare the groups; the effects of other variables were taken into account. The comparison between QGS and Segami was analyzed by using Pearson's correlation, intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) and paired t- test. A value of p&lt;0.05 was considered statistically significant. The above correction was made for clarity.</p>
      <p><italic>Ethics committee</italic> - The study was approved by the institutional Committee on Ethics and Human Research (File SDC 296/97/90; Cappesq 615/97), and all participants signed an informed consent before inclusion in the study.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Results</bold>
      </p>
      <p><italic>Myocardial perfusion imaging - </italic>All individuals had stress myocardial perfusion imaging without uptake defects.</p>
      <p><italic>Comparison between genders - </italic>Baseline characteristics comparison of the men and women showed that body surface area was significantly lower in women. There were no statistically significant differences in relation to age, heart rate, systolic and diastolic blood pressure between men and women (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01-body2">Table 1</xref>).</p>
      <p>Ventricular volumes were significantly lower and LVEF were significantly higher in women, as estimated by QGS and Segami software programs (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab02-body2">Table 2</xref>). </p>
      <table-wrap id="tab02-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-03-0285-00006-gt02-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>Left ventricular diastolic and systolic volumes were related to body surface area. In the QGS software program estimate, the correlation coefficients were r = 0.584 for end-diastolic volume and r=0.536 for end-systolic volume (p&lt;0.001). In the Segami software program measurements, correlation coefficients were r = 0.502 for end-diastolic volume and r=0.459 for end-systolic volume (p&lt;0.0001). LVEF demonstrated an inverse relationship with the body surface area in both software programs, as demonstrated by r = - 0.412 for QGS and by r = - 0.193 for Segami software programs (p &lt; 0.009). </p>
      <p>An adjustment for the body surface area was done in the ventricular volumes and LVEF, and the differences between women and men persisted (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab02-body2">Table 2</xref>).</p>
      <p><italic>Comparison of QGS and Segami software programs</italic> - Comparison of QGS and Segami software programs revealed that the Segami estimations demonstrated higher volumes systematically (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab02-body2">Table2</xref>).</p>
      <p>Pearson&#146;s correlation results between volumes measurements obtained with Segami and QGS were around 0.7. However, the intraclass correlation coefficients showed poor agreement and the differences were significant (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab03-body2">Table 3</xref>). </p>
      <table-wrap id="tab03-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-03-0285-00006-gt03-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>Bland-Altman analysis was performed for comparison of LVEF measurements obtained with Segami and QGS software programs in men (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="grf01-body2">Graphic 1</xref>) and women (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="grf02-body2">Graphic 2</xref>). The curves revealed a trend to lower values (negative differences) with Segami software compared to QGS and for a higher ejection fraction, especially in women.</p>
      <fig id="grf01-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-03-0285-00006-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <fig id="grf02-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-03-0285-00006-gf02-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p><italic>Reference values for left ventricular ejection fraction and volume measurements - </italic>Based on the percentiles 5% and 95%, the inferior limit of normality for LVEF was in the QGS method: 44% for men and 51% for women and in the Segami method: 48,3% for men and 53% for women. Reference values for ventricular volumes and LVEF are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab04-body2">table 4</xref>.</p>
      <table-wrap id="tab04-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-03-0285-00006-gt04-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p><italic>Age related differences - </italic>Correlation between age and ventricular measurements estimated by the QGS software program were not found in our study. The Segami software program showed correlations between volumes and age with low coefficients (below 0.20). The values of the correlations are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab05-body2">table 5</xref>.</p>
      <table-wrap id="tab05-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-03-0285-00006-gt05-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Our study evaluated a sample of Brazilian population without heart disease in a wide range of age (between 20 and 80) and found some reference values for left ventricular volumes and LVEF for men and women, measured by QGS and Segami software programs. </p>
      <p><italic>Gender-related differences - </italic>Using the QGS software program, Rozanski et al<sup>7</sup> and De Bondt et al<sup>1</sup>, found that the ventricular volumes and LVEF presented significant differences between men and women. Women had lower volumes and higher ejection fraction values. Normalization to body surface area did not eliminate these differences. However, the non-linear underestimation of myocardial volumes, mostly in small hearts, estimated by QGS might be associated with such a difference. It was previously demonstrated for QGS software program that the limited resolution of the gamma camera may result in underestimation of the left ventricular volume by 15% for a volume of 101 ml, 25% for a volume of 52 ml, and 50% for a volume of 37 ml<sup>2</sup>. </p>
      <p>Our study demonstrated that the women had significant lower volumes and higher values of LVEF in both software programs. Normalization to body surface area did not eliminate these differences. Gender-related differences with the Segami method suggests that gender differences found in QGS are not the result of a software program artifact.</p>
      <p><italic>Comparison of the QGS and Segami software programs -</italic> Everaert et al<sup>8</sup> compared QGS and Segami programs in 40 patients. They observed excellent correlation between the two methods for calculating LVEF (r=0.93) and also found that the Segami software program calculated larger volumes than the QGS software program did. In accord, our study demonstrated that Segami software program systematically had higher ventricular volumes. This can be explained by differences in left ventricular modeling between algorithms, pixel size and reconstruction parameters<sup>9</sup>. Pearson&#146;s correlation test results for comparisons of ventricular volumes measurements obtained with Segami and QGS software programs were high. However, the intraclass correlation coefficients showed poor agreement and the differences were significant. </p>
      <p>These results suggest that ventricular volumes measurements assessed by different software programs (QGS and Segami) may not be clinically interchangeable for follow-up of an individual patient.</p>
      <p>In our study, the measures of LVEF in both software programs demonstrated a poor correlation (r=0.554). The comparison of means revealed a statistically significant difference (p=0.002). However, the difference was so small that it has no clinical significance, most likely because quantitative programs using count density information (Segami) for determining systolic function are less influenced by left volume size and imaging resolution than those algorithms based on edge detection (QGS). </p>
      <p>The Bland-Altman analysis revealed a good correlation between QGS and Segami that worsened for higher values of LVEF, especially in women. LVEF values in the higher range were observed more frequently in the QGS software program, especially in women. However, QGS is the software program most widely used clinically, and its prognostic value was previously validated.</p>
      <p>Our study was limited due to lack of a gold standard; this did not allow estimation as to which software program was more accurate. </p>
      <p><italic>Reference values for ventricular volumes and LVEF -</italic> The number of patients in this study did not allow setting normal limits for LVEF and ventricular volumes. However, the reference values obtained with 181 patients for QGS method (LVEF <underline>&gt;</underline> 44% for men and <underline>&gt;</underline> 51% for women) were similar to those obtained by Rozanski et al<sup>7</sup> (LVEF <underline>&gt;</underline> 41% for men and <underline>&gt;</underline> 49% for women) and Ababneh et al<sup>10</sup> (LVEF <underline>&gt;</underline> 43% for men <underline>&gt;</underline> 50% for women). </p>
      <p><italic>Age-related differences - </italic>We did not detect significant variation of ventricular volumes and LVEF in relation to age using the? QGS method. However, Slotwiner et al. in a large series of 464 clinically normal adults found a slight but significant increase in LVEF and a decrease in chamber size with age <sup>11</sup>. De Bondt et al<sup>1</sup> using analysis of variance found age-related differences only in the group of women age <underline>&gt;</underline> 65 who showed significant lower EDV and ESV and higher LVEF values. </p>
      <p>In our study, using the Segami method we observed correlation between volumes and age with low coefficients (below 0.20). The absence of an age-related significant difference with QGS and a poor correlation in the Segami method may have been the result of the small number of subjects in some age ranges.</p>
      <p>In conclusion, our data in this sample of individuals without evidence of heart disease demonstrated that ventricular volumes and LVEF estimated by QGS and Segami software programs vary according to gender, and volume measurements by different software programs may not be clinically interchangeable for a follow-up in an individual patient.</p>
      <p>None of the authors has a financial interest in any cardiac software program package.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
      </p>
      <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fn id="end-body2" fn-type="corresp">
          <label>
            <bold>Mailing Address:</bold>
          </label>
          <p> Alice Tatsuko Yamada</p>
          <p> Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas (INCOR)</p>
          <p> Avenida Dr. En&#233;as de Carvalho Aguiar, 44</p>
          <p> 05403-000 &#150; S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</p>
          <p> E-mail: </p>
          <p>
            <email xlink:href="alice.yamada@incor.usp.br">alice.yamada@incor.usp.br</email>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p> Manuscript received April 5, 2006, revised manuscript received June 1, 2006; accepted on July 7, 2006.</p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
