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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">fRjnp9Tzq7HsCrx6T3kTLNg</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00005</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2007000300005</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(07)08800305</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2007000300005</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Tratamento do tromboembolismo pulmonar maci&#231;o por fragmenta&#231;&#227;o percut&#226;nea do trombo</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Barbosa</surname>
            <given-names>Marco Antonio Oliveira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Oliveira</surname>
            <given-names>Dinaldo Cavalcanti</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Barbosa</surname>
            <given-names>Audrey Torres</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pavanello</surname>
            <given-names>Ricardo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Kambara</surname>
            <given-names>Antonio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Egito</surname>
            <given-names>Enilton Sergio Tabosa</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Romano</surname>
            <given-names>Edson Renato</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pinto</surname>
            <given-names>Ibraim M. F.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sousa</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233; Eduardo M. R.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Piegas</surname>
            <given-names>Leopoldo Soares</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state"/>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital do Cora&#231;&#227;o</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Hospital do Cora&#231;&#227;o </institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>03</month>
        <year>2007</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>88</volume>
      <issue>3</issue>
      <fpage>279</fpage>
      <lpage>284</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>21</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2006</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>28</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2006</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>17</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2006</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>OBJETIVOS: Avaliar a seguran&#231;a e a efic&#225;cia da fragmenta&#231;&#227;o percut&#226;nea do trombo (FPT) no tromboembolismo pulmonar (TEP) maci&#231;o em pacientes com contra-indica&#231;&#227;o &#224; administra&#231;&#227;o de trombol&#237;ticos. M&#201;TODOS: Entre julho de 1999 e agosto de 2005, 10 pacientes (7 homens, 3 mulheres, idade m&#233;dia de 57&#177;18 anos) com TEP maci&#231;o e contra-indica&#231;&#227;o &#224; administra&#231;&#227;o de trombol&#237;ticos foram submetidos a FPT. A satura&#231;&#227;o arterial de oxig&#234;nio (Sat.O2), &#237;ndice de Walsh (IW), press&#227;o arterial pulmonar m&#233;dia (PAP), press&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica m&#233;dia (PAS) e fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular direita (FVD) ao ecocardiograma Doppler transtor&#225;cico foram avaliados pr&#233; e p&#243;s-procedimento. Foi realizada an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica por meio do teste de Wilcoxon pareado, sendo p significativo quando &lt; 0,05. RESULTADOS: Ap&#243;s o tratamento por FPT houve melhora da Sat. O2 [87,4&#177;1,3% vs 92,3&#177;3,1% (p&lt;0,001)], do IW [6,4&#177;1,07 vs 4,4&#177;1,42 (p=0,003), PAP [31,8&#177;4,6 mmHg vs 25,5&#177;3,4 mmHg (p&lt;0,001)] e PAS [73,9&#177;8,7 vs 85&#177;8,3 (p=0,001). A FVD pr&#233;-procedimento percut&#226;neo era grave nos 10 pacientes, por&#233;m at&#233; o 10&#186; dia ap&#243;s a FPT passou a ser normal ou discreta em 8 e moderada em 1. N&#227;o houve complica&#231;&#245;es t&#233;cnicas ou do s&#237;tio vascular de acesso relacionadas a FPT. Houve 1 &#243;bito hospitalar (10%). O paciente em quest&#227;o foi o &#250;nico em quem n&#227;o se obteve sucesso com o procedimento. CONCLUS&#195;O: A FPT mostrou-se segura pela aus&#234;ncia de complica&#231;&#245;es relacionadas ao procedimento. A melhora na Sat.O2, no IW, na PAP, na PAS e na FVD em 90% dos casos, revelaram a efic&#225;cia do procedimento, sugerindo ser esse uma alternativa no tratamento do TEP maci&#231;o em pacientes com contra-indica&#231;&#227;o &#224; trombol&#237;ticos sist&#234;micos.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>Embolia pulmonar</kwd>
        <kwd>trombose</kwd>
        <kwd>veia femoral</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>21</day>
        <month>05</month>
        <year>2007</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>ARTIGO ORIGINAL</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Tratamento do tromboembolismo pulmonar maci&#231;o por fragmenta&#231;&#227;o percut&#226;nea do trombo</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Marco Antonio Oliveira Barbosa; Dinaldo Cavalcanti Oliveira; Audrey Torres Barbosa; Ricardo Pavanello; Antonio Kambara; Enilton Sergio Tabosa Egito; Edson Renato Romano; Ibraim M. F. Pinto; Jos&#233; Eduardo M. R. Sousa; Leopoldo Soares Piegas</bold>
    </p>
    <p> Hospital do Cora&#231;&#227;o, Associa&#231;&#227;o Sanat&#243;rio S&#237;rio - S&#227;o Paulo, SP</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVOS:</bold> Avaliar a seguran&#231;a e a efic&#225;cia da fragmenta&#231;&#227;o percut&#226;nea do trombo (FPT) no tromboembolismo pulmonar (TEP) maci&#231;o em pacientes com contra-indica&#231;&#227;o &#224; administra&#231;&#227;o de trombol&#237;ticos. </p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS:</bold> Entre julho de 1999 e agosto de 2005, 10 pacientes (7 homens, 3 mulheres, idade m&#233;dia de 57&#177;18 anos) com TEP maci&#231;o e contra-indica&#231;&#227;o &#224; administra&#231;&#227;o de trombol&#237;ticos foram submetidos a FPT. A satura&#231;&#227;o arterial de oxig&#234;nio (Sat.O<sub>2</sub>), &#237;ndice de Walsh (IW), press&#227;o arterial pulmonar m&#233;dia (PAP), press&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica m&#233;dia (PAS) e fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular direita (FVD) ao ecocardiograma Doppler transtor&#225;cico foram avaliados pr&#233; e p&#243;s-procedimento. Foi realizada an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica por meio do teste de Wilcoxon pareado, sendo p significativo quando <underline>&lt;</underline> 0,05. </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS:</bold> Ap&#243;s o tratamento por FPT houve melhora da Sat. O<sub>2</sub> [87,4&#177;1,3% vs 92,3&#177;3,1% (p&lt;0,001)], do IW [6,4&#177;1,07 vs 4,4&#177;1,42 (p=0,003), PAP [31,8&#177;4,6 mmHg vs 25,5&#177;3,4 mmHg (p&lt;0,001)] e PAS [73,9&#177;8,7 vs 85&#177;8,3 (p=0,001). A FVD pr&#233;-procedimento percut&#226;neo era grave nos 10 pacientes, por&#233;m at&#233; o 10&#186; dia ap&#243;s a FPT passou a ser normal ou discreta em 8 e moderada em 1. N&#227;o houve complica&#231;&#245;es t&#233;cnicas ou do s&#237;tio vascular de acesso relacionadas a FPT. Houve 1 &#243;bito hospitalar (10%). O paciente em quest&#227;o foi o &#250;nico em quem n&#227;o se obteve sucesso com o procedimento. </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#195;O:</bold> A FPT mostrou-se segura pela aus&#234;ncia de complica&#231;&#245;es relacionadas ao procedimento. A melhora na Sat.O<sub>2</sub>, no IW, na PAP, na PAS e na FVD em 90% dos casos, revelaram a efic&#225;cia do procedimento, sugerindo ser esse uma alternativa no tratamento do TEP maci&#231;o em pacientes com contra-indica&#231;&#227;o &#224; trombol&#237;ticos sist&#234;micos.</p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave:</bold> Embolia pulmonar/terapia, trombose, veia femoral.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O tromboembolismo pulmonar (TEP) ocorre como conseq&#252;&#234;ncia de um trombo formado no sistema venoso, que se desprende e, atravessando as cavidades direitas do cora&#231;&#227;o, obstrui a art&#233;ria pulmonar ou um de seus ramos<sup>1</sup>.</p>
    <p>TEP permanece como uma importante causa de morbidade e mortalidade na comunidade geral, tendo incid&#234;ncia estimada de 0,5 por 1.000 pessoas e mortalidade de 15% ao terceiro m&#234;s. Registros indicam que a mortalidade hospitalar ultrapassa 30% em pacientes com TEP maci&#231;o e instabilidade hemodin&#226;mica<sup>2</sup>.</p>
    <p>Pacientes com TEP maci&#231;o s&#227;o de alto risco para desenvolverem choque cardiog&#234;nico. Habitualmente existe comprometimento maior que 50% da vasculatura arterial pulmonar. Dispn&#233;ia &#233; o sintoma mais not&#225;vel, cianose transit&#243;ria e s&#205;ncope s&#227;o comuns, e hipotens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica, requerendo agentes vasopressores, &#233; o sinal predominante. A mortalidade em algumas casu&#237;sticas atinge 60% a 70%, e a maioria dos &#243;bitos ocorre nas horas iniciais da evolu&#231;&#227;o<sup>3</sup>.</p>
    <p>Os principais objetivos do tratamento do TEP maci&#231;o s&#227;o: promover a r&#225;pida lise do trombo, melhorar o desempenho ventricular direito, evitar recorr&#234;ncia de novos epis&#243;dios e diminuir o risco de evolu&#231;&#227;o para hipertens&#227;o arterial pulmonar cr&#244;nica<sup>4</sup>.</p>
    <p>A fragmenta&#231;&#227;o percut&#226;nea do trombo (FPT) representa uma op&#231;&#227;o adicional de tratamento dos pacientes de alto risco para TEP maci&#231;o com contra indica&#231;&#227;o &#224; agentes fibrinol&#237;ticos e como uma alternativa para embolectomia cir&#250;rgica<sup>5</sup>.</p>
    <p>Realizamos um estudo em portadores de TEP maci&#231;o que tinham contra-indica&#231;&#227;o ao uso de trombol&#237;ticos e que foram submetidos a terapia de FPT.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Objetivos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Os objetivos foram avalia&#231;&#227;o da seguran&#231;a e efic&#225;cia da FPT no tratamento do TEP maci&#231;o em pacientes com contra-indica&#231;&#227;o &#224; terapia trombol&#237;tica.</p>
    <p>A avalia&#231;&#227;o da efic&#225;cia foi realizada atrav&#233;s da an&#225;lise comparativa pr&#233; e p&#243;s-procedimento do &#237;ndice de Walsh (IW), da press&#227;o arterial pulmonar m&#233;dia (PAP), da press&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica m&#233;dia (PAS), da fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular direita (FVD) e da satura&#231;&#227;o de O<sub>2</sub> (Sat.O<sub>2</sub>), enquanto a seguran&#231;a foi avaliada pela mensura&#231;&#227;o das poss&#237;veis complica&#231;&#245;es relacionadas ao procedimento percut&#226;neo.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#233;todos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Este foi um estudo prospectivo, aberto, n&#227;o-comparativo, realizado no per&#237;odo de julho de 1999 a agosto de 2005 (7 homens, 3 mulheres, idade m&#233;dia de 57&#177;18 anos), aprovado pela comiss&#227;o de &#233;tica em pesquisa da institui&#231;&#227;o. Os crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o foram: TEP maci&#231;o confirmado angiograficamente (oclus&#227;o da art&#233;ria pulmonar <underline>&gt;</underline> 50% ou equivalente escore angiogr&#225;fico, press&#227;o arterial pulmonar m&#233;dia <underline>&gt;</underline> 25 mmHg e &#237;ndice de choque <underline>&gt;</underline> 1) e contra-indica&#231;&#245;es ao uso de trombol&#237;tico. Todos pacientes assinaram o termo de consentimento livre e esclarecido do estudo.</p>
    <p>A PAS, PAP e Sat.O<sub>2</sub> foram mensurados pr&#233; e p&#243;s-procedimento. Realizou-se ecocardiograma Doppler transtor&#225;cico antes e ap&#243;s (1&#186;, 3&#186;, 5&#186;, 8&#186; e 10&#186; dia) a FPT.</p>
    <p>Definiu-se sucesso da FPT quando houve redu&#231;&#227;o angiogr&#225;fica do trombo, diminui&#231;&#227;o do &#237;ndice de Walsh e da press&#227;o arterial pulmonar m&#233;dia.</p>
    <p>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica foi realizada pelo teste Wilcoxon pareado, sendo p considerado significativo quando <underline>&lt;</underline> 0,05. Os resultados s&#227;o expressos em m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o.</p>
    <p>No laborat&#243;rio de hemodin&#226;mica os pacientes tinham monitorizados desde o in&#237;cio at&#233; o fim do procedimento, o eletrocardiograma, a satura&#231;&#227;o perif&#233;rica de oxig&#234;nio e a press&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica invasiva.</p>
    <p>A veia femoral foi puncionada de acordo com a t&#233;cnica padr&#227;o e mantida com introdutor valvado 7 French. Por meio de um cateter angiogr&#225;fico, registrou-se a press&#227;o da art&#233;ria pulmonar e das cavidades card&#237;acas direitas, e em seguida realizou-se angiografia seletiva das art&#233;rias pulmonares, o que permitiu a identifica&#231;&#227;o do trombo e mensura&#231;&#227;o do &#237;ndice de Walsh. O cateter para fragmenta&#231;&#227;o [Pigtail rotable William Cook Europe Denmarck (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig01">fig. 1</xref>) ou Clot Buster Amplatz Thrombectomy Device (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig02">fig. 2</xref>) ou Pigtail standard] foi posicionado no n&#237;vel da obstru&#231;&#227;o arterial, e por rota&#231;&#227;o desse sobre seu eixo longitudinal e/ou movimentos axiais seriados de transposi&#231;&#227;o da oclus&#227;o realizou-se a fragmenta&#231;&#227;o do trombo.</p>
    <fig id="fig01">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-03-0279-00005-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    <fig id="fig02">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-03-0279-00005-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>Por fim, foi feita nova angiografia pulmonar seletiva e medida da press&#227;o arterial pulmonar com o intuito de avaliar os resultados do procedimento e nova medida do &#237;ndice de Walsh.</p>
    <p>Ap&#243;s retirada do introdutor valvado da veia femoral, a hemostasia local foi realizada por compress&#227;o manual.</p>
    <p>Os pacientes foram encaminhados &#224; Unidade de Terapia Intensiva ap&#243;s o t&#233;rmino do procedimento, onde permaneciam por no m&#237;nimo cinco dias.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Resultados</bold>
    </p>
    <p>As contra-indica&#231;&#245;es ao uso sist&#234;mico de trombol&#237;ticos foram: em 8 pacientes relatos de cirurgia nos &#250;ltimos 15 dias (sendo 3 revasculariza&#231;&#245;es mioc&#225;rdicas, 1 colecistectomia, 1 cirurgia neurol&#243;gica, 1 ortop&#233;dica, 1 de coluna vertebral e 1 prostatectomia), 1 com sangramento digestivo recente (&lt;1 semana) e 1 com parada cardiorrespirat&#243;ria com dura&#231;&#227;o de ressuscita&#231;&#227;o maior que 30 minutos.</p>
    <p>Na maioria dos pacientes (60%) a FPT foi realizada com utiliza&#231;&#227;o do cateter de pigtail standard. </p>
    <p>Ap&#243;s o procedimento o &#237;ndice de Walsh (IW), realizado em 10 pulm&#245;es (8 pacientes), diminuiu de 6,4&#177;1,07 para 4,4&#177;1,42 (p = 0,003). Na <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01">tabela 1</xref> &#233; demonstrado o IW de acordo com os pulm&#245;es e pacientes analisados.</p>
    <table-wrap id="tab01">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-03-0279-00005-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>Na an&#225;lise comparativa pr&#233; e imediatamente ap&#243;s o procedimento percut&#226;neo houve melhora na Sat.O<sub>2</sub> [87,4%&#177;1,3 para 92,3%&#177;3,1 (p &lt; 0,001)], PAP [31,8&#177;4,6 mmHg para 25,5&#177;3,4 mmHg (p &lt; 0,001)] e PAS [73,9&#177;8,7 mmHg para 85&#177;8,3 mmHg (p = 0,001)]. A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig03">figura 3</xref> ilustra a Sat. de O<sub>2</sub> antes e depois do procedimento, enquanto a <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig04">figura 4</xref>, uma angiografia pulmonar de um paciente dessa casu&#237;stica.</p>
    <fig id="fig03">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-03-0279-00005-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
    <fig id="fig04">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-03-0279-00005-gf04.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>Em 9 pacientes (90%), a FVD medida no 10&#186; dia ap&#243;s realiza&#231;&#227;o da FTP apresentou melhora importante (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab02">tab. 2</xref>).</p>
    <table-wrap id="tab02">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-03-0279-00005-gt02.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>Nessa casu&#237;stica, ocorreu 1 &#243;bito hospitalar (mortalidade de 10%). O paciente em quest&#227;o foi o &#250;nico em quem n&#227;o se obteve sucesso com a terapia percut&#226;nea, tendo sido encaminhado para cirurgia cl&#225;ssica de embolectomia.</p>
    <p>N&#227;o houve nenhuma complica&#231;&#227;o, t&#233;cnica ou no s&#237;tio vascular de acesso, relacionada a FPT. </p>
    <p>Para profilaxia de novo TEP foi preconizado o uso de cumar&#237;nicos por no m&#237;nimo 12 meses. No seguimento cl&#237;nico (18,5&#177;14,4 meses) dos pacientes, a maioria (80%) evolui sem dispn&#233;ia ou qualquer outra queixa atribu&#237;da a altera&#231;&#245;es pulmonares.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Portadores de TEP maci&#231;o e instabilidade hemodin&#226;mica s&#227;o os que obt&#234;m maiores benef&#237;cios com a terapia trombol&#237;tica. A disfun&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo direito aumenta o risco de &#243;bito nesses pacientes e a lise do trombo &#233; fator determinante de sobrevida. O tratamento com trombol&#237;tico endovenoso diminui o risco de morte em at&#233; cinco vezes quando comparado com heparina endovenosa<sup>2</sup>. </p>
    <p>A partir de estudos animais foi desenvolvido o conceito de fragmenta&#231;&#227;o percut&#226;nea do trombo localizado em art&#233;rias pulmonares centrais, o que facilita sua lise espont&#226;nea ou farmacol&#243;gica<sup>6</sup>.</p>
    <p>Rode e cols. realizaram tratamento de fragmenta&#231;&#227;o percut&#226;nea do trombo em 20 pacientes com TEP maci&#231;o. Os resultados do estudo demonstraram redu&#231;&#227;o do &#237;ndice de Walsh de 7,4 para 5 e melhora dos par&#226;metros hemodin&#226;micos (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab03">tab. 3</xref>)<sup>7</sup>.</p>
    <table-wrap id="tab03">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-03-0279-00005-gt03.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>O grupo do Dr. Fava estudou 16 pacientes com TEP maci&#231;o e submetidos a FPT. Na maioria deles (88%), administrou-se uroquinase intra-arterial pulmonar. Houve melhora no &#237;ndice de Walsh [13,7&#177;1,4 para 6,1 &#177; 2,2 (p &lt; 0,0001)], PAP [48,2&#177;13,4 mmHg para 18,5&#177;7,2 mmHg (p &lt; 0,0001)], PAS [69,9&#177;17,8 mmHg para 95,6&#177;5,3 mmHg (p &lt; 0,05)] e PO<sub>2</sub> [60,1&#177;12,1 mmHg para 88,7&#177;23,4 mmHg (p = 0,01)]<sup>5</sup>.</p>
    <p>Tajima e cols. realizaram a FPT seguida de infus&#227;o de rTPA local e aspira&#231;&#227;o do trombo em 25 pacientes com TEP maci&#231;a e comprometimento hemodin&#226;mico. Obtiveram melhora no escore de Miller [22,2 para 13,6 (p &lt; 0,01)] e na PAP [32,6 para 23,4 mmHg (p &lt; 0,01)], o que levou os autores a sugerirem o procedimento h&#237;brido como uma alternativa terap&#234;utica no TEP maci&#231;o<sup>8</sup>.</p>
    <p>No presente estudo, que incluiu pacientes com TEP maci&#231;o e comprometimento hemodin&#226;mico, a FPT determinou melhora no &#237;ndice de Walsh [6,4&#177;1,07 para 4,4&#177;1,42 (p = 0,003)], Sat.O<sub>2</sub> [87,4&#177;1,3 para 92,3&#177;3,1 (p &lt; 0,001)], PAS [73,9&#177;8,7 mmHg para 85&#177;8,3 mmHg (p = 0,001)], PAP [31,8&#177;4,6 para 25,5&#177;3,4 (p &lt; 0,001)] e da fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular direita. A diferen&#231;a entre esse e outros estudos &#233; que a FPT n&#227;o foi associada &#224; administra&#231;&#227;o de trombol&#237;ticos locais, sist&#234;micos ou a aspira&#231;&#227;o do trombo.</p>
    <p>A fragmenta&#231;&#227;o de um trombo central e sua dispers&#227;o na periferia da &#225;rvore pulmonar foi realizada em 3 pacientes com TEP maci&#231;o por Brady e cols., que observaram importante melhora do d&#233;bito card&#237;aco<sup>9</sup>.</p>
    <p>A mortalidade do TEP maci&#231;o, que determina choque cardiog&#234;nico, em algumas s&#233;ries atinge 60% a 70%<sup>10</sup>. Terapias capazes de lisar o trombo na &#225;rvore arterial pulmonar s&#227;o determinantes de melhor evolu&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica<sup>2</sup>. Os pacientes deste estudo apresentavam contra-indica&#231;&#227;o a trombol&#237;ticos, tidos como a terapia de elei&#231;&#227;o e constituem um grupo que apresenta alta mortalidade, se n&#227;o dissolvido o trombo<sup>3</sup>. A FPT foi capaz de melhorar os par&#226;metros hemodin&#226;micos dos pacientes, o que sugere poss&#237;vel benef&#237;cio na evolu&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica.</p>
    <p>A fragmenta&#231;&#227;o de um trombo central e o deslocamento dos fragmentos desse para a periferia resultam em aumento na &#225;rea de sec&#231;&#227;o transversal n&#227;o-obstru&#237;da da &#225;rvore pulmonar (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig05">fig. 5</xref>), pois art&#233;rias pulmonares de 1 mil&#237;metro t&#234;m duas vezes mais &#225;rea de sec&#231;&#227;o transversal quando comparadas &#224;s de art&#233;rias centrais. Naqueles pacientes com disfun&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo direito grave, esse fen&#244;meno citado, por determinar melhora hemodin&#226;mica, pode contribuir para manuten&#231;&#227;o da vida dos pacientes, pois o aumento da superf&#237;cie total de um trombo, promovido pela fragmenta&#231;&#227;o percut&#226;nea, acelera sua lise farmacol&#243;gica e/ou espont&#226;nea<sup>11</sup>.</p>
    <fig id="fig05">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-03-0279-00005-gf05.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>Para realiza&#231;&#227;o da FPT existem cateteres que foram desenhados com a finalidade espec&#237;fica para tal procedimento (tidos como os de escolha), pois permitem o cruzamento do trombo com fio guia e rota&#231;&#227;o de 360&#176; do cateter sobre seu eixo longitudinal e/ou movimentos axiais seriados de transposi&#231;&#227;o da oclus&#227;o. O <italic>pigtail standard</italic> apresenta a vantagem de menor custo quando comparado a outros sistemas, entretanto questiona-se sua efici&#234;ncia na fragmenta&#231;&#227;o do trombo na art&#233;ria pulmonar. Neste estudo, a utiliza&#231;&#227;o preferencial desse cateter teve como principais raz&#245;es o seu baixo custo e a n&#227;o-disponibilidade em ampla escala de cateteres espec&#237;ficos. A FPT com <italic>pigtail</italic> esteve associada a boa efic&#225;cia e seguran&#231;a, por&#233;m com maior dificuldade t&#233;cnica. Os autores acreditam que os cateteres desenhados especificamente para realiza&#231;&#227;o do procedimento permane&#231;am como os de escolha, pois apresentam maior facilidade t&#233;cnica, maior efici&#234;ncia e menor risco de complica&#231;&#245;es. O uso de <italic>pigtail standard</italic> est&#225; reservado para situa&#231;&#245;es de exce&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <p>A aus&#234;ncia de complica&#231;&#245;es relacionadas &#224; t&#233;cnica do procedimento percut&#226;neo deste estudo e de outros estudos da literatura revela a seguran&#231;a da FPT, embora, em raz&#227;o do pequeno n&#250;mero de pacientes estudados, ainda sejam necess&#225;rios estudos adicionais para confirma&#231;&#227;o de tal sugest&#227;o.</p>
    <p>Nos pacientes deste estudo, assim como nos de outros citados na literatura, o risco de morte &#233; elevado. A terapia FPT associada ou n&#227;o &#224; administra&#231;&#227;o de trombol&#237;ticos locais ou sist&#234;micos teve resultados angiogr&#225;ficos, hemodin&#226;micos e cl&#237;nicos bastante satisfat&#243;rios.</p>
    <p>Acreditamos que a terapia de FPT pode contribuir para melhora de par&#226;metros hemodin&#226;micos, angiogr&#225;ficos e cl&#237;nicos em pacientes com TEP maci&#231;o e comprometimento hemodin&#226;mico, contudo essa terapia ainda encontra-se em fase de investiga&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica, n&#227;o podendo ser recomendado seu uso rotineiro na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica. S&#227;o necess&#225;rios estudos que avaliem um n&#250;mero significante de pacientes e comparem essa t&#233;cnica a terapias cl&#225;ssicas para que dessa forma saibamos o real valor da FPT no tratamento do TEP maci&#231;o.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesses</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflitos de interesses pertinentes.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="end" fn-type="corresp">
        <p>Correspond&#234;ncia:</p>
        <p> Dinaldo Cavalcanti Oliveira </p>
        <p> Rua Eliseu Guilherme, 123 </p>
        <p> CEP: 04004-030 &#150; S&#227;o Paulo, SP </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="doliveira@hcor.com.br">doliveira@hcor.com.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p> Artigo recebido em 28/02/06; revisado recebido em 21/05/06; aceito em 17/08/06.</p>
  </body>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Treatment of massive pulmonary embolism by percutaneous fragmentation of the thrombus</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the safety and efficacy of percutaneous thrombus fragmentation (PTF) for massive pulmonary embolism (PE) in patients with contraindications to the administration of thrombolytics. METHODS: Between July 1999 and August 2005, 10 patients (7 males, 3 females, age 57&#177;18 years) with massive PE and contraindications to the administration of thrombolytics underwent PTF. A transthoracic doppler echocardiogram was used to evaluate arterial oxygen saturation (Sat O2), the Walsh index (WI), mean pulmonary artery pressure (PAP), mean systemic blood pressure (SBP) and right ventricular function (RVF) before and after the procedure. Statistical analysis was conducted using the paired Wilcoxon test, of which p was significant when &lt; 0.05. RESULTS: After the PTF treatment there was an improvement in Sat. O2 [87.4 &#177; 1.3% vs 92.3 &#177; 3.1% (p &lt; 0.001)], WI [6.4 &#177; 1.07 vs 4.4 &#177; 1.42 (p = 0.003)], PAP [31.8 &#177; 4.6 mmHg vs 25.5 &#177; 3.4 mmHg (p &lt; 0.001)] and SBP [73.9 &#177; 8.7 vs 85 &#177; 8.3 (p = 0.001). The ten patients had severe RVF before the percutaneous treatment; however, within 10 days after PTF, 8 presented normal or discrete function and 1 presented mitigated function. There were no technical or vascular access site complications related to PTF. One patient died in the hospital (10%). The procedure was successful for the other nine patients. CONCLUSION: The lack of adverse complications related to the procedure, proves that PTF is safe. The improvement in Sat O2, WI, PAP, SBP and RVF in 90% of the cases demonstrates the efficacy of the procedure, indicating that it is an alternative treatment for massive PE in patients with contraindications for the administration of systemic thrombolytics.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Pulmonary embolism</kwd>
        <kwd>thrombosis</kwd>
        <kwd>femoral vein</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>ORIGINAL ARTICLE</bold>
      </p>
      <p> Treatment of massive pulmonary embolism by percutaneous fragmentation of the thrombus </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Marco Antonio Oliveira Barbosa; Dinaldo Cavalcanti Oliveira; Audrey Torres Barbosa; Ricardo Pavanello; Antonio Kambara; Enilton Sergio Tabosa Egito; Edson Renato Romano; Ibraim Maschiarelli Pinto; Jos&#233; Eduardo Moraes Rego Sousa; Leopoldo Soares Piegas</bold>
      </p>
      <p> Hospital do Cora&#231;&#227;o, ASS - S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</p>
      <p>
        <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end-body2">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>SUMMARY</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVES:</bold> To evaluate the safety and efficacy of percutaneous thrombus fragmentation (PTF) for massive pulmonary embolism (PE) in patients with contraindications to the administration of thrombolytics.</p>
      <p><bold>METHODS:</bold> Between July 1999 and August 2005, 10 patients (7 males, 3 females, age 57&#177;18 years) with massive PE and contraindications to the administration of thrombolytics underwent PTF. A transthoracic doppler echocardiogram was used to evaluate arterial oxygen saturation (Sat O<sub>2</sub>), the Walsh index (WI), mean pulmonary artery pressure (PAP), mean systemic blood pressure (SBP) and right ventricular function (RVF) before and after the procedure. Statistical analysis was conducted using the paired Wilcoxon test, of which p was significant when <underline>&lt;</underline> 0.05.</p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS:</bold> After the PTF treatment there was an improvement in Sat. O<sub>2</sub> [87.4 &#177; 1.3% vs 92.3 &#177; 3.1% (p &lt; 0.001)], WI [6.4 &#177; 1.07 vs 4.4 &#177; 1.42 (p = 0.003)], PAP [31.8 &#177; 4.6 mmHg vs 25.5 &#177; 3.4 mmHg (p &lt; 0.001)] and SBP [73.9 &#177; 8.7 vs 85 &#177; 8.3 (p = 0.001). The ten patients had severe RVF before the percutaneous treatment; however, within 10 days after PTF, 8 presented normal or discrete function and 1 presented mitigated function. There were no technical or vascular access site complications related to PTF. One patient died in the hospital (10%). The procedure was successful for the other nine patients. </p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSION:</bold> The lack of adverse complications related to the procedure, proves that PTF is safe. The improvement in Sat O<sub>2</sub>, WI, PAP, SBP and RVF in 90% of the cases demonstrates the efficacy of the procedure, indicating that it is an alternative treatment for massive PE in patients with contraindications for the administration of systemic thrombolytics.</p>
      <p><bold>Key words:</bold> Pulmonary embolism/therapy; thrombosis; femoral vein.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Introduction</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Pulmonary embolism (PE) is a consequence of a thrombus that forms in the venous system, dislodges and travels through the right heart cavities obstructing the pulmonary artery or one of its branches<sup>1</sup>. </p>
      <p>PE is a serious cause of morbidity and mortality in the community as a whole with an estimated incidence rate of 0.5 per 1,000 people and mortality rate of 15% within three months. Records indicate that hospital mortality is greater than 30% in patients with massive PE and hemodynamic instability<sup>2</sup>.</p>
      <p>The risk for patients with massive PE to develop cardiogenic shock is high. Usually, the damage to the pulmonary artery vasculature is greater than 50%. The most notable symptom is dyspnea; transitory cyanosis and syncope are common and systemic hypotension, requiring vasopressor drugs is the main sign. Mortality for some series can reach 60 to 70%, and most of the deaths occur during the initial evolution hours<sup>3</sup>. </p>
      <p>The main objectives of massive PE treatment are: to promote quick lysis of the thrombus, improve right ventricular performance, avoid the recurrence of new episodes and lower the risk of chronic pulmonary artery hypertension development<sup>4</sup>.</p>
      <p>PTF represents an additional treatment option for high risk massive PE patients with contra-indications for fibrinolytic drugs and also as an alternative to surgical embolectomy<sup>5</sup>. </p>
      <p>The study includes patients with massive PE that were contraindicated for the use of thrombolytics and submitted to PTF therapy.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Objectives</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The objectives of the study were to evaluate the safety and efficacy of PTF to treat massive PE in patients with contraindications to thrombolytic therapy.</p>
      <p>Comparative analysis, before and after the procedure, of the Walsh index (WI), mean pulmonary artery pressure (PAP), mean systemic blood pressure (SBP), right ventricular function (RVF) and O<sub>2</sub> saturation (Sat. O<sub>2</sub>) was used to evaluate the efficacy of the procedure. Safety was evaluated through the measurement of possible complications related to the percutaneous procedure.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Methods</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This was an open, non-comparative, prospective study conducted between July 1999 and August 2005 (7 males, 3 females, age 57&#177;18 years) and approved by the research ethics commission of the institution. Inclusion criteria were: massive PE confirmed by an angiograph (pulmonary artery occlusion <underline>&gt;</underline> 50% or equivalent angiographic score, mean pulmonary artery pressure <underline>&gt;</underline> 25 mmHg and shock index <underline>&gt;</underline> 1) and contra-indications for the use of thrombolytics . All patients signed a free and informed consent form for the study.</p>
      <p>SBP, PAP and Sat.O<sub>2</sub> were measured before and after the procedure. Transthoracic doppler echocardiograms were performed before and after PTF (1st, 3rd, 5th, 8th and 10th days).</p>
      <p>PTF success was defined as an angiographic reduction in the thrombus, a lower Walsh index and lower mean pulmonary artery pressure.</p>
      <p>Statistical analysis was conducted using the paired Wilcoxon test and p was considered significant when <underline>&lt;</underline> 0.05. The results are expressed as mean &#177; standard deviation.</p>
      <p>The patients were monitored in the hemodynamics laboratory until the procedure, electrocardiogram, peripheral oxygen saturation and invasive systemic blood pressure measurements were completed.</p>
      <p>The femoral vein was punctured in accordance with the standard technique and maintained with a 7-French valve introducer. Using an angiographic catheter the pressures of the pulmonary artery and right heart cavities were recorded followed by a selective angiography of the pulmonary arteries, which identified the thrombus and measured the Walsh index. </p>
      <p>The fragmentation catheter [Rotatable Pigtail William Cook Europe Denmarck (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig01-body2">Fig. 1</xref>) or Clot Buster Amplatz Thrombectomy Device (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig02-body2">Fig. 2</xref>) or standard Pigtail] was positioned level with the artery obstruction and by rotating the catheter over its longitudinal axis and/or a series of axial movements to dislodge the occlusion; then, the thrombus fragmentation was performed. </p>
      <fig id="fig01-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-03-0279-00005-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <fig id="fig02-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-03-0279-00005-gf02-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>Lastly, a new selective pulmonary angiography was performed and pulmonary artery pressure was taken to evaluate the results of the procedure and the new Walsh index measurement.</p>
      <p>After the introducer was removed from the femoral vein, local hemostasis was performed by manual compression.</p>
      <p>The patients were sent to an intensive care unit after the procedure, where they remained for at least 5 days.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Results</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The contraindications for the use of systemic thrombolytics were: eight of the patients had undergone surgery in the previous 15 days (3 myocardial revascularizations, 1 cholecystectomy, 1 neurological surgery, 1 orthopedic surgery, 1 spinal column surgery and 1 prostatectomy), 1 had recent gastrointestinal bleeding (&lt;1 week) and 1 suffered cardiopulmonary arrest with a resuscitation time greater than 30 minutes.</p>
      <p>The PTF procedure for the majority of the patients (60%) was performed using a standard pigtail catheter. </p>
      <p>After the procedure the Walsh index (WI) for 10 lungs (8 patients) lowered from 6.4 &#177; 1.07 to 4.4 &#177; 1.42 (p = 0.003). <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01-body2">Table 1</xref> demonstrates WI for the lungs and patients analyzed.</p>
      <table-wrap id="tab01-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-03-0279-00005-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>In the comparative analysis before and immediately following the percutaneous procedure there was an improvement in Sat. O<sub>2</sub> [ 87.4% &#177; 1.3 to 92.3% &#177; 3.1 ( p &lt; 0.001)], PAP [31.8 &#177; 4.6 mmHg to 25.5 &#177; 3.4 mmHg (p &lt; 0.001)] and SBP [ 73.9 &#177; 8.7 mmHg to 85 &#177; 8.3 mmHg (p = 0.001)]. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig03-body2">Figure 3</xref> illustrates the Sat O<sub>2</sub> before and after the procedure and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig04-body2">Figure 4</xref> demonstrates a pulmonary angiography from one of the patients in this series.</p>
      <fig id="fig03-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-03-0279-00005-gf03-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <fig id="fig04-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-03-0279-00005-gf04-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>In 9 patients (90%), RVF on the 10th day after the PTF procedure presented significant improvement (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab02-body2">Tab. 2</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="tab02-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-03-0279-00005-gt02-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>In this series, one patient died in the hospital (10% mortality). This was the only patient that did not benefit from the percutaneous therapy and was sent for classic embolectomy surgery.</p>
      <p>There were no technical or vascular access site complications related to PTF. </p>
      <p>The recommended prophylactic treatment for new PE was the use of coumarin based drugs for at least 12 months. During clinical follow-up (18.5 &#177; 14.4 months) of the patients, the majority (80%) evolved without dyspnea or any other complaint attributed to pulmonary alterations.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Patients with massive PE and hemodynamic instability receive the greatest benefits from thrombolytic therapy. Right ventricular dysfunction increases the risk of death in these patients and thrombus lysis is the determining factor for survival. The risk of death was reduced by as much as five fold with endovenous thrombolytic in comparison to endovenous heparin treatment<sup>2</sup>. </p>
      <p>The concept of percutaneous fragmentation of the thrombus situated in central pulmonary arteries, developed from studies conducted on animals<sup>6</sup>, facilitates its spontaneous or pharmacological lysis. Rode and associates performed percutaneous thrombus fragmentation on 20 patients with massive PE. The results of the study demonstrate a reduction in the Walsh index from 7.4 to 5 and improvement in the hemodynamic parameters (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab03-body2">Tab. 3</xref>)<sup>7</sup>. </p>
      <table-wrap id="tab03-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-03-0279-00005-gt03-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>Dr. Fava&#146;s group studied 16 patients with massive PE who underwent PTF. Most (88%) were administered urokinase in the pulmonary artery. There was improvement in the Walsh index [13.7 &#177; 1.4 to 6.1 &#177; 2.2 (p&lt;0.0001)], PAP [48.2 &#177; 13.4 mmHg to 18.5 &#177; 7.2 mmHg (p&lt;0.0001)], SBP [69.9 &#177; 17.8 mmHg to 95.6 &#177; 5.3 mmHg (p&lt;0.05)] and Sat O<sub>2</sub> [60.1 &#177; 12.1 mmHg to 88.7 &#177; 23.4 mmHg (p=0.01)]<sup> 5</sup>. </p>
      <p>Tajima and associates performed PTF followed by a local infusion of rTPA and thrombus aspiration in 25 patients with massive PE and hemodynamic impairment. Improvements were obtained in the Miller score [22.2 to 13.6 (p&lt;0.01)] and PAP [32.6 to 23.4 mmHg (p&lt;0.01)], which led the authors to propose the hybrid procedure as a therapeutic alternative for massive PE<sup>8</sup>.</p>
      <p>In the present study, that included patients with massive PE and hemodynamic impairment, PTF improved the Walsh index [6.4 &#177; 1.07 to 4.4 &#177; 1.42 (p = 0.003)], Sat O<sub>2</sub> [87.4 &#177; 1.3 to 92.3 &#177; 3.1 (p &lt; 0.001)], SBP [73.9 &#177; 8.7 mmHg to 85 &#177; 8.3 mmHg (p = 0.001)], PAP [31.8 &#177; 4.6 to 25.5 &#177; 3.4 (p &lt; 0.001)] and right ventricular function. The difference between this and other studies is that PTF was not associated with the administration of local or systemic thrombolytics or thrombus aspiration.</p>
      <p>Brady and associates performed fragmentation of a central thrombus and dispersed the fragments to the periphery of the pulmonary tree in 3 patients with massive PE and observed significant improvement in cardiac output<sup>9</sup>.</p>
      <p>The mortality of massive PE, that determines cardiogenic shock, can reach as high as 60 to 70% in some series<sup>10</sup>.Therapies that cause thrombus lysis in the pulmonary artery tree are determining factors for better clinical evolution<sup>2</sup>.The patients in these studies presented contraindications to thrombolytics which are the therapy of choice and represent a high mortality group if the thrombus is not dissolved<sup>3</sup>.PTF was able to improve the hemodynamic parameters of the patients, which suggests possible benefits in the clinical evolution.</p>
      <p>Fragmentation of a central thrombus and displacement of its fragments to the periphery results in an increase of non-obstructed cross sectional area in the pulmonary tree, (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig05-body2">Fig. 5</xref>) since the cross sectional area of a 1 millimeter pulmonary artery is twice that of a central artery. For patients with severe right ventricle dysfunction, this abovementioned phenomenon that improves hemodynamics can contribute to patient survival as the increase in total thrombus surface area promoted by the percutaneous fragmentation accelerates its pharmacological and/or spontaneous lysis<sup>11</sup>. </p>
      <fig id="fig05-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-03-0279-00005-gf05-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>There are catheters that were specifically designed for PTF procedures (catheters of choice) that are able to cross the thrombus with a guide wire and rotate 360&#186; over the longitudinal axis and/or make a series of crosswise movements to dislodge the occlusion. The advantage of the standard pigtail is the lower cost when compared to other systems; however, its efficiency in pulmonary artery thrombus fragmentation is questionable. In this study the preferential use of the pigtail catheter was based on its low cost and the limited availability of the specific catheters. PTF using a pigtail catheter was associated with good efficacy and safety; however, it presented greater technical difficulty. The authors believe that the specifically designed catheters to perform the procedure are preferential owing to their technical advantages, improved efficiency and lower risk of complications. The use of the standard pigtail is reserved for special cases.</p>
      <p>The lack of complications related to the percutaneous technique in this and other studies in medical literature demonstrates the safety of PTF; however, due to the small number of patients studied, additional studies are required to confirm this theory.</p>
      <p>For the patients in this study, as well as others documented in medical literature, the risk of death is high. PTF therapy, whether it is or is not associated with the administration of local or systemic thrombolytics has highly satisfactory angiographic, hemodynamic and clinical results.</p>
      <p>We believe that PTF therapy can contribute to improved hemodynamic angiographic and clinical parameters in patients with massive PE and hemodynamic impairment; however, this therapy is still in the clinical investigation phase and therefore cannot be recommended for routine use in clinical practice. Studies that evaluate a significant number of patients and compare this technique to classic therapies are required in order to determine the real value of PTF in the treatment of massive PE.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
      </p>
      <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fn id="end-body2" fn-type="corresp">
          <label>
            <bold>Correspond&#234;ncia:</bold>
          </label>
          <p> Dinaldo Cavalcanti Oliveira</p>
          <p> Rua Eliseu Guilherme, 123</p>
          <p> CEP: 04004-030 &#150; S&#227;o Paulo, SP</p>
          <p> E-mail: </p>
          <p>
            <email xlink:href="doliveira@hcor.com.br">doliveira@hcor.com.br</email>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p> Manuscript received February 28, 2006; revised manuscript received May 21, 2006; accepted August 17, 2006.</p>
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  </sub-article>
</article>
