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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">jFsWxT76XBchBGbM8mMWfQy</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00003</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2007000300003</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(07)08800303</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2007000300003</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Abla&#231;&#227;o com radiofreq&#252;&#234;ncia de extra-s&#237;stoles da via de sa&#237;da do ventr&#237;culo direito</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Darrieux</surname>
            <given-names>Francisco C. C.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Scanavacca</surname>
            <given-names>Maur&#237;cio I.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Hachul</surname>
            <given-names>Denise T.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Melo</surname>
            <given-names>Sissy L.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>D'&#193;villa</surname>
            <given-names>Andr&#233; B.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Gruppi</surname>
            <given-names>C&#233;sar J.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Moffa</surname>
            <given-names>Paulo J.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sosa</surname>
            <given-names>Eduardo A.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">FM </institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>03</month>
        <year>2007</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>88</volume>
      <issue>3</issue>
      <fpage>265</fpage>
      <lpage>272</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>21</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2006</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>02</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2006</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>09</day>
          <month>04</month>
          <year>2006</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>OBJETIVOS: Avaliar se a abla&#231;&#227;o com radiofreq&#252;&#234;ncia &#233; um procedimento eficiente para o tratamento das extra-s&#237;stoles da via de sa&#237;da do ventr&#237;culo direito (EVSVD), e se resulta em melhora dos sintomas. M&#201;TODOS: Estudo prospectivo, com 30 pacientes consecutivos (idade m&#233;dia de 40&#177;13 anos, 25 do sexo feminino), sem cardiopatia estrutural aparente, com EVSVD, muito freq&#252;entes (densidade m&#233;dia de 1.263&#177;593/h), sintom&#225;ticos por mais de 1 ano (m&#233;dia =74 meses) e refrat&#225;rios aos f&#225;rmacos antiarr&#237;tmicos (3&#177;1,7, incluindo os beta-bloqueadores), que foram submetidos &#224; abla&#231;&#227;o com radiofreq&#252;&#234;ncia. RESULTADOS: Ap&#243;s o primeiro procedimento, houve 23 sucessos iniciais (76,6%) e 7 iniciais insucessos (23,4%). Quatro pacientes tiveram recorr&#234;ncias, sendo que dois desses n&#227;o se submeteram ao segundo procedimento. O segundo procedimento foi realizado em 9 pacientes (7 insucessos iniciais e 2 recorr&#234;ncias), e o sucesso ocorreu em 5 pacientes adicionais, sendo 1 caso por acesso epic&#225;rdico. A taxa de sucesso final foi de 80% (24/30), e nenhuma complica&#231;&#227;o maior ocorreu. Ap&#243;s um seguimento m&#233;dio de 14&#177;6 meses, no grupo de sucesso final houve uma redu&#231;&#227;o de mais de 90% na densidade das extra-s&#237;stoles(24/24; p&lt;0,0001) e resultante aus&#234;ncia de sintomas na maioria dos pacientes (23/24; p&lt;0,001). CONCLUS&#195;O: A abla&#231;&#227;o com radiofreq&#252;&#234;ncia &#233; um tratamento seguro e eficaz para os pacientes com extra-s&#237;stoles persistentes e sintom&#225;ticas com morfologia do trato de sa&#237;da do ventr&#237;culo direito.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>Abla&#231;&#227;o el&#233;trica por cateter</kwd>
        <kwd>complexos ventriculares prematuros</kwd>
        <kwd>arritmia</kwd>
        <kwd>ventr&#237;culos card&#237;acos</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>21</day>
        <month>05</month>
        <year>2007</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>ARTIGO ORIGINAL</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Abla&#231;&#227;o com radiofreq&#252;&#234;ncia de extra-s&#237;stoles da via de sa&#237;da do ventr&#237;culo direito</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Francisco C. C. Darrieux; Maur&#237;cio I. Scanavacca; Denise T. Hachul; Sissy L. Melo; Andr&#233; B. D'&#193;villa; C&#233;sar J. Gruppi; Paulo J. Moffa; Eduardo A. Sosa</bold>
    </p>
    <p> Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas &#150; FMUSP - S&#227;o Paulo, SP</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVOS:</bold> Avaliar se a abla&#231;&#227;o com radiofreq&#252;&#234;ncia &#233; um procedimento eficiente para o tratamento das extra-s&#237;stoles da via de sa&#237;da do ventr&#237;culo direito (EVSVD), e se resulta em melhora dos sintomas. </p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS:</bold> Estudo prospectivo, com 30 pacientes consecutivos (idade m&#233;dia de 40&#177;13 anos, 25 do sexo feminino), sem cardiopatia estrutural aparente, com EVSVD, muito freq&#252;entes (densidade m&#233;dia de 1.263&#177;593/h), sintom&#225;ticos por mais de 1 ano (m&#233;dia =74 meses) e refrat&#225;rios aos f&#225;rmacos antiarr&#237;tmicos (3&#177;1,7, incluindo os beta-bloqueadores), que foram submetidos &#224; abla&#231;&#227;o com radiofreq&#252;&#234;ncia. </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS:</bold> Ap&#243;s o primeiro procedimento, houve 23 sucessos iniciais (76,6%) e 7 iniciais insucessos (23,4%). Quatro pacientes tiveram recorr&#234;ncias, sendo que dois desses n&#227;o se submeteram ao segundo procedimento. O segundo procedimento foi realizado em 9 pacientes (7 insucessos iniciais e 2 recorr&#234;ncias), e o sucesso ocorreu em 5 pacientes adicionais, sendo 1 caso por acesso epic&#225;rdico. A taxa de sucesso final foi de 80% (24/30), e nenhuma complica&#231;&#227;o maior ocorreu. Ap&#243;s um seguimento m&#233;dio de 14&#177;6 meses, no grupo de sucesso final houve uma redu&#231;&#227;o de mais de 90% na densidade das extra-s&#237;stoles(24/24; p&lt;0,0001) e resultante aus&#234;ncia de sintomas na maioria dos pacientes (23/24; p&lt;0,001). </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#195;O:</bold> A abla&#231;&#227;o com radiofreq&#252;&#234;ncia &#233; um tratamento seguro e eficaz para os pacientes com extra-s&#237;stoles persistentes e sintom&#225;ticas com morfologia do trato de sa&#237;da do ventr&#237;culo direito.</p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave:</bold> Abla&#231;&#227;o el&#233;trica por cateter, complexos ventriculares prematuros, arritmia, ventr&#237;culos card&#237;acos.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>As extra-s&#237;stoles ventriculares (EV) s&#227;o arritmias muito freq&#252;entes na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica<sup>1-3</sup>, podem ocorrer em indiv&#237;duos saud&#225;veis, sem evid&#234;ncia de cardiopatia estrutural<sup>2-5</sup> e a maioria delas se origina na via de sa&#237;da do ventr&#237;culo direito (VSVD)<sup>1-3</sup>.</p>
    <p>Muitos pacientes com extra-s&#237;stoles da via de sa&#237;da do ventr&#237;culo direito (EVSVD) podem evoluir sintom&#225;ticos, com queixas de palpita&#231;&#245;es, frequentemente associadas com outras manifesta&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas, como dispn&#233;ia, dor precordial at&#237;pica, tonturas, pr&#233;-s&#237;ncope ou s&#237;ncope, que podem ser incapacitantes<sup>2</sup>. O tratamento convencional com f&#225;rmacos antiarr&#237;tmicos e suporte psicol&#243;gico podem n&#227;o ser &#250;teis em alguns casos. Assim, uma abordagem terap&#234;utica que objetive uma remiss&#227;o completa destas arritmias e seus sintomas associados pode ser uma op&#231;&#227;o neste subgrupo de pacientes.</p>
    <p>As EVSVD se originam de um foco autom&#225;tico similar ao respons&#225;vel pela taquicardia idiop&#225;tica da via de sa&#237;da do ventr&#237;culo direito e, portanto, constituem um leg&#237;timo alvo para a abla&#231;&#227;o com radiofreq&#252;&#234;ncia (ARF)<sup>6</sup>. Embora a abla&#231;&#227;o com radiofreq&#252;&#234;ncia seja um tratamento seguro e eficiente para o tratamento das taquicardias ventriculares idiop&#225;ticas<sup>7,8</sup>, o seu uso nas EVSVD ainda n&#227;o est&#225; claramente definido. Os objetivos deste estudo foram avaliar a efic&#225;cia da ARF para o tratamento das EVSVD persistentes e se o sucesso desta ARF resulta na melhora dos sintomas.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#233;todos</bold>
    </p>
    <p><italic>Caracter&#237;sticas dos pacientes</italic> - No per&#237;odo de julho de 1999 a janeiro de 2001, 118 pacientes consecutivos com EVSVD foram avaliados na Unidade Cl&#237;nica de Arritmias do Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o (InCor) da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo. Foram selecionados 30 destes pacientes, por preencherem os seguintes crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o: 1) EV freq&#252;entes monom&#243;rficas, com morfologia do QRS sugestiva de origem na VSVD (bloqueio de ramo esquerdo e desvio inferior do eixo) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig01">fig. 1</xref>); 2) pacientes com EVSVD sintom&#225;ticos por mais de um ano; 3) mais de 10 EV/hora documentadas em pelo menos 3 exames consecutivos de Holter de 24 horas, com intervalo m&#225;ximo de 90 dias entre os 2 &#250;ltimos exames; 4) aus&#234;ncia de taquicardia ventricular sustentada documentada por eletrocardiograma (ECG), Holter, ou teste ergom&#233;trico; 5) aus&#234;ncia de cardiopatia estrutural evidenciada por ecocardiograma bidimensional e por resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica card&#237;aca; 6) aus&#234;ncia de dist&#250;rbios metab&#243;licos e eletrol&#237;ticos, e doen&#231;as sist&#234;micas avan&#231;adas; 7) aus&#234;ncia de potenciais tardios ao ECG de alta resolu&#231;&#227;o (ECGAR); 8) refratariedade cl&#237;nica a pelo menos 2 f&#225;rmacos antiarr&#237;tmicos, incluindo os beta-bloqueadores; 9) consentimento informado escrito dos pacientes. O estudo foi aprovado pela Comiss&#227;o de &#201;tica do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo.</p>
    <fig id="fig01">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-03-0265-00003-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    <p><italic>Caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas</italic> - As caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas est&#227;o listadas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01">tabela 1</xref>. Treze (13/30) pacientes n&#227;o apresentavam nenhuma doen&#231;a associada ou comorbidade (43,5%) e a fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dia do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo era de 73&#177;4%.</p>
    <table-wrap id="tab01">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-03-0265-00003-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>O sintoma palpita&#231;&#227;o, que estava presente em todos os pacientes (100%), tinha uma dura&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dia de 74&#177;66 meses (mediana de 53 meses). As EVSVD estavam presentes durante o teste ergom&#233;trico e eram mais freq&#252;entes (17/30; 56,7%) nos per&#237;odos de repouso e de recupera&#231;&#227;o. Oito pacientes (26,7%) apresentaram taquicardia ventricular n&#227;o-sustentada (TVNS) durante o teste ergom&#233;trico.</p>
    <p>Todos os pacientes eram refrat&#225;rios a um n&#250;mero m&#233;dio de 3,0&#177;1,7 f&#225;rmacos antiarr&#237;tmicos, incluindo os beta-bloqueadores em todos os casos. Os outros f&#225;rmacos utilizados foram: sotalol (21/30), amiodarona (18/30), propafenona (10/30), quinidina (4/30), mexiletina (1/30) e disopiramida (1/30).</p>
    <p><italic>Estudo eletrofisiol&#243;gico e abla&#231;&#227;o com radiofreq&#252;&#234;ncia </italic>- O estudo eletrofisiol&#243;gico e a ARF foram realizados pela mesma equipe de eletrofisiologistas, com os pacientes sob jejum por pelo menos 8 horas, que foram sedados com propofol. Todas as medica&#231;&#245;es antiarr&#237;tmicas foram suspensas por pelo menos 5 meias-vidas antes do procedimento. Dois cateteres com eletrodos multipolares foram posicionados no ventr&#237;culo direito, um para estimula&#231;&#227;o ventricular programada e outro para mapeamento e abla&#231;&#227;o. O cateter de estimula&#231;&#227;o ventricular era posicionado no &#225;pice da VSVD. A estimula&#231;&#227;o ventricular programada era repetida ap&#243;s uma infus&#227;o adicional de 1 a 5 &#181;g/min de isoproterenol, no intuito de documentar as EVSVD antes e ap&#243;s a abla&#231;&#227;o e afastar a possibilidade de taquicardia ventricular sustentada secund&#225;ria &#224; mecanismo de reentrada, como nos casos de displasia arritmog&#234;nica do VD.</p>
    <p>O mapeamento e a abla&#231;&#227;o das extra-s&#237;stoles foram feitos utilizando-se cateteres convencionais com ponta deflect&#237;vel de 4 mm (EP Technologies - Mountain View, CA, USA). A posi&#231;&#227;o do cateter era guiada por fluoroscopia (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig02">fig. 2</xref>).</p>
    <fig id="fig02">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-03-0265-00003-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>Foram utilizados como crit&#233;rios para guiar a aplica&#231;&#227;o de RF o local de ativa&#231;&#227;o endoc&#225;rdica mais precoce (AEP) durante a atividade ect&#243;pica ventricular espont&#226;nea e a t&#233;cnica de <italic>pace-mapping</italic> (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig03">fig. 3</xref>). Foram aplicados pulsos unipolares de RF com controle de temperatura m&#225;xima de 70&#176;C, energia m&#225;xima de 50W e dura&#231;&#227;o de at&#233; 60 segundos.</p>
    <fig id="fig03">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-03-0265-00003-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>O crit&#233;rio de final do procedimento era o completo desaparecimento das EVSVD (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig04">fig. 4</xref>), mesmo ap&#243;s 30 minutos de infus&#227;o de isoproterenol (sucesso imediato). Para a grava&#231;&#227;o simult&#226;nea do ECG de 12 deriva&#231;&#245;es e os eletrogramas endocavit&#225;rios foi utilizado um sistema de computa&#231;&#227;o digital armazenado em disco &#243;ptico (Electrophysiological Measurement System &#150; EMS - version 4.3 - University of Limburg - The Netherlands). Os eletrogramas bipolares intracard&#237;acos foram filtrados com corte de freq&#252;&#234;ncia de 30 a 500 Hz.</p>
    <fig id="fig04">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-03-0265-00003-gf04.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>No caso de insucesso no primeiro procedimento (P1) e de persist&#234;ncia sintom&#225;tica das EVSVD, os pacientes eram submetidos a um segundo procedimento (P2), com o mesmo protocolo ou usando diferentes t&#233;cnicas de abordagem, como a transtor&#225;cica epic&#225;rdica<sup>9</sup> ou acessar a via de sa&#237;da do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo. Nos casos de insucesso ap&#243;s o P2, os pacientes eram ent&#227;o classificados como grupo de insucesso final.</p>
    <p><italic>Seguimento</italic> - Dentro das primeiras 24 horas, todos os pacientes realizaram ECG de 12 deriva&#231;&#245;es e Holter de 24 horas. Em caso de abordagem epic&#225;rdica, era realizado um ecocardiograma bidimensional. Ap&#243;s 24 horas, os pacientes recebiam alta hospitalar.</p>
    <p>Todos os pacientes realizaram avalia&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas em consultas ambulatoriais aos 30, 60, 120 dias e at&#233; 1 ano do procedimento. Os seguintes exames complementares foram realizados: ECG de 12 deriva&#231;&#245;es, Holter de 24 horas (pelo menos 3 exames) e teste ergom&#233;trico (pelo menos 2). A cada consulta m&#233;dica os sintomas eram avaliados por meio de um question&#225;rio espec&#237;fico pradronizado. Foi considerado crit&#233;rio de sucesso persistente uma redu&#231;&#227;o de mais de 90% na densidade das EV/hora em pelo menos 3 exames consecutivos de Holter.</p>
    <p><italic>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</italic> - Ao final do estudo, os pacientes foram categorizados em 2 grupos: Grupo 1 (sucesso final) e grupo 2 (insucesso final). De acordo com os resultados da ARF, o percentual de redu&#231;&#227;o das EV/hora ao Holter foi analisado por meio do teste de Wilcoxon para amostras independentes e pelo teste exato de Fisher, quando a redu&#231;&#227;o era definida como <underline>&gt;</underline> 90%. A associa&#231;&#227;o dos resultados da ARF (1, 2, ou ambas) com os sintomas (sim ou n&#227;o) foi feita pelo teste exato de Fisher. Foi considerado como significante um valor de p <underline>&lt;</underline> 0,05.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Resultados</bold>
    </p>
    <p><italic>Procedimento de abla&#231;&#227;o</italic> - Trinta e nove procedimentos eletrofisiol&#243;gicos foram realizados. Em 9 pacientes foram necess&#225;rios 2 procedimentos. O tempo m&#233;dio total foi de 98&#177;37minutos e o tempo m&#233;dio de radia&#231;&#227;o foi de 3&#177;1,7minutos. O n&#250;mero m&#233;dio de aplica&#231;&#245;es de RF foi de 8&#177;5,5 pulsos, com temperatura m&#233;dia de 58&#177;7&#176;C. O crit&#233;rio de <italic>pace-mapping</italic> foi obtido em 24 pacientes (80%). O crit&#233;rio de precocidade (AEP) menor que zero milisegundos ocorreu em 11 pacientes (36,6%). Ambos os crit&#233;rios foram utilizados em 10 pacientes (33,3%). Em 4 pacientes (16,6%), nenhum sinal adequado para abla&#231;&#227;o foi conseguido.</p>
    <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o ao P1, a taxa de sucesso imediato (final do procedimento, ap&#243;s 30 minutos de infus&#227;o de isoproterenol) foi de 76,7% (23/30 pacientes) e de insucesso imediato em 7 pacientes (23,3%). Quatro pacientes (17,4%) apresentaram recorr&#234;ncias, 3 no per&#237;odo de monitoriza&#231;&#227;o de 24 horas ao Holter (13,05%) e 1 no seguimento tardio ao Holter de 24 horas (4,35%). Em dois destes 4 pacientes com recorr&#234;ncias, o segundo procedimento n&#227;o foi realizado. Uma paciente devido &#224; gesta&#231;&#227;o, e outra devido ao fato de se tornar assintom&#225;tica, apesar da manuten&#231;&#227;o da alta densidade das EVSVD.</p>
    <p>O segundo procedimento (P2) foi realizado em 9 pacientes, com obten&#231;&#227;o de sucesso em 5 deles. Em 4 deles o sucesso foi pela via endoc&#225;rdica convencional. Em 1 caso o sucesso foi obtido pela abordagem epic&#225;rdica. Nos restantes 4 pacientes do grupo de insucesso, a origem das EV n&#227;o pode ser determinada, mesmo acessando o VE e o epic&#225;rdio, e houve manuten&#231;&#227;o da alta densidade de EV ao Holter de 24 horas no seguimento tardio.</p>
    <p>Ao final do estudo, o sucesso final foi alcan&#231;ado em 24 pacientes (grupo 1), que tamb&#233;m apresentaram aus&#234;ncia ou densidade m&#237;nima de EVSVD ao Holter de 24 horas (24/30; 80%). Com exce&#231;&#227;o de apenas 1 paciente, todos os demais pacientes do grupo 1 ficaram assintom&#225;ticos (23/24; 95,8%).</p>
    <p>A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig05">figura 5</xref> resume a seq&#252;&#234;ncia dos resultados obtidos com a ARF durante este estudo.</p>
    <fig id="fig05">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-03-0265-00003-gf05.jpg"/></fig>
    <p><italic>Local das aplica&#231;&#245;es dos pulsos de RF</italic> - Os locais adequados para as aplica&#231;&#245;es de RF puderam ser determinados em 26 pacientes. Em 18 pacientes, as aplica&#231;&#245;es de RF foram feitas na face septal da VSVD, logo abaixo das valvas pulmonares. Em 7 pacientes, o local da aplica&#231;&#227;o foi a parede livre da VSVD e em 1 paciente a superf&#237;cie epic&#225;rdica. Em 4 pacientes, nenhum pulso de RF p&#244;de ser aplicado devido &#224; falta de sinais adequados para a abla&#231;&#227;o (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig06">fig. 6</xref>).</p>
    <fig id="fig06">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-03-0265-00003-gf06.jpg"/></fig>
    <p><italic>Acesso epic&#225;rdico</italic> - A abordagem transtor&#225;cica epic&#225;rdica foi realizada em 5 pacientes nos quais houve falha da abordagem endoc&#225;rdica. Em 4 deles, tamb&#233;m nenhum sinal adequado foi conseguido. Em 1 paciente, entretanto, um sinal de precocidade epic&#225;rdica (-40 ms) foi obtido. Neste local, o <italic>pace-mapping</italic> era perfeito (12/12) e 2 pulsos de RF resultaram no completo desaparecimento das EV (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig07">fig. 7</xref>).</p>
    <fig id="fig07">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-03-0265-00003-gf07.jpg"/></fig>
    <p><italic>Redu&#231;&#227;o na densidade das EVSVD ao Holter</italic> - O seguimento m&#233;dio foi de 14,5&#177;5 meses. Em 24 pacientes (grupo 1), houve elimina&#231;&#227;o ou redu&#231;&#227;o significativa na densidade das EV por hora. Nos demais pacientes (grupo 2), n&#227;o ocorreu nenhuma redu&#231;&#227;o significativa na densidade das EV. Assim, os pacientes do grupo 1 tiveram uma redu&#231;&#227;o significante na densidade das EVSVD quando comparados com aqueles do grupo 2, tanto na valor percentual categorizado (p&lt;0.0001), como no valor percentual cont&#237;nuo (p=0.0017) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab02">tabs. 2</xref> e <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab03">3</xref>). A taxa de sucesso (80%) da ARF das EVSVD persistiu durante o estudo nos pacientes do grupo 1 e nenhuma redu&#231;&#227;o espont&#226;nea na densidade das EVSVD ocorreu nos pacientes do grupo 2 .</p>
    <table-wrap id="tab02">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-03-0265-00003-gt02.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <table-wrap id="tab03">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-03-0265-00003-gt03.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p><italic>Sintomas</italic> - Ap&#243;s 1 ou 2 procedimentos, a taxa final de sucesso nos pacientes do grupo 1 foi de 95,8% (23/24). Somente um paciente do grupo 1 referiu persist&#234;ncia das palpita&#231;&#245;es (1/24; 4,2%). Por outro lado, um paciente do grupo 2 referiu melhora dos sintomas. A manuten&#231;&#227;o dos sintomas no grupo 2 foi de 83,3% (5/6), o que se correlacionou com a persist&#234;ncia da alta densidade das EVSVD ao Holter. Assim, comparando-se os 2 grupos, foi observada uma diferen&#231;a significante na melhora dos sintomas nos pacientes do grupo 1 (p&lt;0,001), o que se correlacionou com o percentual de redu&#231;&#227;o na densidade das EVSVD ao Holter (p&lt;0,0001) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab04">tab. 4</xref>).</p>
    <table-wrap id="tab04">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-03-0265-00003-gt04.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p><italic>Complica&#231;&#245;es</italic> - Nenhuma complica&#231;&#227;o maior ocorreu. Dois pacientes apresentaram complica&#231;&#245;es menores (hematoma na regi&#227;o inguinal, prontamente tratado de modo conservador).</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Este estudo confirma que as EVSVD em pacientes muito sintom&#225;ticos sem evid&#234;ncias de cardiopatia estrutural podem ser eliminadas de modo seguro pela ARF. Em nosso estudo, o sucesso na ARF das EVSVD foi obtido em 80% dos pacientes durante um seguimento m&#233;dio de 14 meses e nenhuma complica&#231;&#227;o maior ocorreu.</p>
    <p><italic>EVSVD e ARF</italic> - As EVSVD n&#227;o associadas &#224; cardiopatia estrutural geralmente possuem bom progn&#243;stico e o tratamento pode n&#227;o ser necess&#225;rio. Entretanto, um raro subgrupo de pacientes pode evoluir muito sintom&#225;tico, associado com a persist&#234;ncia de uma alta densidade de EV (&gt; 1.000 EV/24 h.).</p>
    <p>Embora a ARF tenha se tornado o tratamento de escolha das taquicardias ventriculares idiop&#225;ticas refrat&#225;rias ao tratamento cl&#237;nico<sup>7-11</sup>, o seu papel no tratamento das EV monom&#243;rficas sintom&#225;ticas ainda n&#227;o est&#225; bem estabelecido. Entretanto, os pacientes que preencheram os crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o em nosso estudo eram todos muito sintom&#225;ticos, por um longo per&#237;odo de tempo e irresponsivos aos f&#225;rmacos antiarr&#237;tmicos usuais. At&#233; o momento, os resultados de alguns estudos cl&#237;nicos bem sucedidos<sup>12-18</sup> deixaram algumas quest&#245;es em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; ARF das EVSVD, como a possibilidade da remiss&#227;o espont&#226;nea das EVSVD, os fatores preditores de sucesso da ARF, a possibilidade da abla&#231;&#227;o pela via epic&#225;rdica nos casos de insucesso, e a possibilidade de recorr&#234;ncias imediatas com Holter nas primeiras 24 horas da ARF. Gursoy e cols.<sup>12</sup> relataram o primeiro caso de ARF com sucesso de EV monom&#243;rficas, sendo um paciente com EVSVD e outro com EV da via de sa&#237;da do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo. Outros autores relataram recorr&#234;ncias em torno de 10 a 20% dos casos durante o seguimento<sup>14-17</sup>. Krittayaphong e cols.<sup>17</sup> analisaram a efic&#225;cia da ARF em 33 pacientes com EVSVD refrat&#225;rios ao tratamento cl&#237;nico, tendo obtido sucesso em 32 casos (97%) e recorr&#234;ncia em 8 (24%). Assim, uma importante caracter&#237;stica destes pacientes que se submetem &#224; ARF destas EVSVD &#233; a possibilidade consider&#225;vel de recorr&#234;ncias. Em nosso estudo com 30 pacientes ocorreram 4 recorr&#234;ncias, que foram na maioria delas (3/4; 75%), devido ao fato da inclus&#227;o do Holter nas primeiras 24 horas da ARF.</p>
    <p>Em alguns casos de insucesso inicial da ARF, o local de origem das EV monom&#243;rficas pode estar na regi&#227;o intramioc&#225;rdica, ou mesmo na superf&#237;cie epic&#225;rdica, como demonstrado em 1 paciente do nosso grupo.</p>
    <p><italic>Redu&#231;&#227;o das EVSVD ao Holter </italic>- A densidade das EVSVD ao Holter era muito alta antes da ARF (m&#233;dia= 1.262&#177;593 EV/h). &#201; importante frisar que todos os pacientes em nosso estudo tinham pelo menos 3 exames consecutivos de Holter com alta densidade de EVSVD num per&#237;odo menor que 180 dias do procedimento de ARF. Este fato foi importante para evitar os efeitos das varia&#231;&#245;es temporais das EVSVD e uma leitura falso-positiva. A taxa final de sucesso foi de 80%. A redu&#231;&#227;o percentual na densidade das EVSVD alcan&#231;ou signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica (p&lt;0,0001) e esteve particularmente relacionada ao sucesso da ARF. Nenhum caso de remiss&#227;o espont&#226;nea das EVSVD ocorreu nos pacientes do grupo 2.</p>
    <p><italic>EV e sintomas</italic> - A percep&#231;&#227;o das EV &#233; vari&#225;vel entre os pacientes. Todos os pacientes apresentavam queixas de palpita&#231;&#245;es. Os demais sintomas foram mais diversos entre os pacientes. Os sintomas intrigantes foram a dispn&#233;ia e a fadiga, que s&#227;o experimentados por estes pacientes. Lauck e cols.<sup>14</sup> por meio de monitoriza&#231;&#227;o cont&#237;nua invasiva durante o per&#237;odo de severas EV bigeminadas, observaram que o d&#233;bito card&#237;aco efetivo era reduzido &#224; metade durante o per&#237;odo de bigeminismo ventricular, o que pode explicar estes sintomas e justificar uma abordagem mais agressiva das EV. O mesmo aspecto foi observado pelo ecodoppler cont&#237;nuo transtor&#225;cico, mostrando a perda do d&#233;bito card&#237;aco na VSVE<sup>14</sup>. Recentemente Yarlagadda e cols.<sup>18</sup> demonstraram casos de taquicardiomiopatia secund&#225;ria &#224;s EVSVD, justificando a interven&#231;&#227;o com ARF. Em nossa casu&#237;stica n&#227;o observamos esta caracter&#237;stica das EVSVD, o que acreditamos ser bastante incomum.</p>
    <p>Todos os pacientes neste estudo estavam muito sintom&#225;ticos e refrat&#225;rios aos f&#225;rmacos antiarr&#237;tmicos convencionais (3 em m&#233;dia), incluindo o uso de beta-bloqueadores. A rela&#231;&#227;o entre as EV e os sintomas p&#244;de ser sugerida uma vez que a redu&#231;&#227;o na densidade das EV foi coincidente com o controle dos sintomas. Um questionamento seria o fato das EVSVD terem sido espontaneamente suprimidas. Gaita e cols.<sup>19</sup> conduziram um estudo longitudinal em 61 pacientes com EVSVD e observaram que os sintomas desapareceram espontaneamente em 2/3 dos pacientes por um per&#237;odo m&#233;dio de 15 anos. Entretanto, um ter&#231;o dos pacientes persistiram com EVSVD e continuavam sintom&#225;ticos. Os pacientes em nosso estudo eram todos muito sintom&#225;ticos e a resolu&#231;&#227;o espont&#226;nea destas EVSVD foi considerada improv&#225;vel. Al&#233;m disso, a supress&#227;o e as recorr&#234;ncias das EVSVD estiveram diretamente correlacionadas com a supress&#227;o e a recorr&#234;ncia dos sintomas.</p>
    <p><italic>Limita&#231;&#245;es</italic> - O nosso estudo possui algumas limita&#231;&#245;es. N&#227;o foi realizada uma randomiza&#231;&#227;o com grupo controle. Entretanto, os grupos que apresentaram recorr&#234;ncias e os casos de insucesso serviram, de alguma forma, como grupo controle, confirmando que a manuten&#231;&#227;o da alta densidade das EVSVD e os sintomas foram devidos ao insucesso da ARF. Devido &#224; metodologia do estudo, um terceiro procedimento n&#227;o foi realizado nos casos finais de insucesso. Assim, a taxa de insucesso poderia ter sido modificada se houvesse um terceiro procedimento adicional ou se outras estrat&#233;gias da ARF fossem realizadas. Entretanto, o objetivo do estudo foi alcan&#231;ado na maioria dos pacientes por meio de t&#233;cnica convencional de ARF.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Conclus&#245;es</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A ARF &#233; um procedimento eficaz e seguro no tratamento das EVSVD persistentes e sintom&#225;ticas e o sucesso desta abordagem resulta na melhora dos sintomas. Os casos de insucesso na ARF das EVSVD podem estar relacionados &#224; origem das EV em outros locais, como as regi&#245;es epic&#225;rdicas, intramioc&#225;rdicas ou o ventr&#237;culo esquerdo.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesses</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflitos de interesses pertinentes.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="end" fn-type="corresp">
        <p>Correspond&#234;ncia:</p>
        <p> Francisco C. C. Darrieux </p>
        <p> InCor - Unidade Cl&#237;nica de Arritmia e Marcapasso </p>
        <p> Av. Dr. En&#233;as de Carvalho Aguiar, 44 Bl. II &#150; Andar AB </p>
        <p> 04015-011 &#150; S&#227;o Paulo, SP </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="francisco.darrieux@incor.usp.br">francisco.darrieux@incor.usp.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p> Artigo recebido em 09/04/06; revisado recebido em 02/06/06; aceito em 21/07/06.</p>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Radiofrequency catheter ablation of premature ventricular contractions originating in the right ventricular outflow tract</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>OBJECTIVES: To evaluate if radiofrequency catheter ablation is an effective procedure for the treatment of right ventricular outflow tract premature ventricular contractions (RVOT-PVC) and ascertain if it results in an improvement of symptoms. METHODS: A prospective study with 30 consecutive patients (mean age 40 &#177; 13 years, 25 females), with no apparent structural cardiopathy, with very frequent (mean density of 1,263 &#177; 593/h) RVOT-PVC, symptomatic for more than one year (mean = 74 months) and resistant to antiarrhythmic drugs (3 &#177; 1.7, including beta-blockers), who underwent radiofrequency catheter ablation. RESULTS: After the first procedure, there were 23 initial successful cases (76.6%) and 7 initial failures (23.4%). Four patients experienced relapses, two of whom did not undergo the second procedure. The second procedure was carried out in 9 patients (7 initial failures and 2 relapses), and there was success in 5 additional patients, one of them by epicardial access. The final success rate was 80% (24/30), and there were no major complications. After a mean follow-up of 14 &#177; 6 months, in the successful group there was a reduction greater than 90% in density of premature ventricular contractions (PVC) (24/24; p&lt;0.0001) and a resulting absence of symptoms in the majority of patients (23/24; p&lt;0.001). CONCLUSION: Radiofrequency catheter ablation is a safe and effective treatment for patients with persistent and symptomatic PVC with RVOT morphology.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Catheter ablation</kwd>
        <kwd>premature ventricular contractions</kwd>
        <kwd>arrhythmia</kwd>
        <kwd>heart ventricles</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>ORIGINAL ARTICLE</bold>
      </p>
      <p> Radiofrequency catheter ablation of premature ventricular contractions originating in the right ventricular outflow tract  </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Francisco C. C. Darrieux; Maur&#237;cio I. Scanavacca; Denise T. Hachul; Sissy L. Melo; Andr&#233; B. D&#146;&#193;villa; C&#233;sar J. Gruppi; Paulo J. Moffa; Eduardo A. Sosa</bold>
      </p>
      <p> Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas &#150; FMUSP - S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</p>
      <p>
        <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end-body2">Mailing Address</xref>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>SUMMARY</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVES:</bold> To evaluate if radiofrequency catheter ablation is an effective procedure for the treatment of right ventricular outflow tract premature ventricular contraction (RVOT-PVC) and ascertain if it results in an improvement of symptoms.</p>
      <p><bold>METHODS:</bold> A prospective study with 30 consecutive patients (mean age 40 &#177; 13 years, 25 females), with no apparent structural cardiopathy, with very frequent (mean density of 1,263 &#177; 593/h) RVOT-PVC, symptomatic for more than one year (mean = 74 months) and resistant to antiarrhythmic drugs (3 &#177; 1.7, including beta-blockers), who underwent radiofrequency catheter ablation.</p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS:</bold> After the first procedure, there were 23 initial successful cases (76.6%) and 7 initial failures (23.4%). Four patients experienced relapses, two of whom did not undergo the second procedure. The second procedure was carried out in 9 patients (7 initial failures and 2 relapses), and there was success in 5 additional patients, one of them by epicardial access. The final success rate was 80% (24/30), and there were no major complications. After a mean follow-up of 14 &#177; 6 months, in the successful group there was a reduction greater than 90% in density of premature ventricular contractions (PVC) (24/24; p&lt;0.0001) and a resulting absence of symptoms in the majority of patients (23/24; p&lt;0.001).</p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSION:</bold> Radiofrequency catheter ablation is a safe and effective treatment for patients with persistent and symptomatic PVC with RVOT morphology.</p>
      <p><bold>Key words:</bold> Catheter ablation; premature ventricular contractions; arrhythmia; heart ventricles.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Introduction</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Premature ventricular contractions (PVC) are very common arrhythmias in clinical practice<sup>1-3</sup>. They may occur in healthy individuals with no evidence of structural cardiopathy <sup>2-5</sup> and most originate in the right ventricular outflow tract (RVOT)<sup>1-3</sup>.</p>
      <p>Many patients with RVOT premature ventricular contractions (RVOT-PVC) may experience a symptomatic progression with complaints of palpitations frequently associated with other clinical manifestations such as dyspnea, atypical precordial pain, dizziness, pre-syncope or syncope that may be incapacitating<sup>2</sup>. Conventional treatment with antiarrhythmic drugs and psychological support may not be helpful in some cases. Therefore, a therapeutic approach seeking complete remission of these arrhythmias and associated symptoms may be an option in this subgroup of patients.</p>
      <p>RVOT-PVC originate in an automatic point of origin similar to that responsible for RVOT idiopathic tachycardia, and therefore constitute a legitimate target for radiofrequency catheter ablation (RFA)<sup>6</sup>. Even though radiofrequency catheter ablation is a safe and effective treatment for idiopathic ventricular tachycardias<sup>7,8</sup>, its use in RVOT-PVC is still not clearly defined. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the efficacy of RFA for treatment of persistent RVOT-PVC and ascertain if the success of this RFA results in an improvement of symptoms.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Methods</bold>
      </p>
      <p><italic>Patient characteristics</italic> - From July 1999 to January 2001, 118 consecutive patients with RVOT-PVC were evaluated at the Arrhythmias Clinical Unit of the Heart Institute (InCor) of the Medical School, Universidade de Sao Paulo. Thirty of these patients were selected since they met the following inclusion criteria: 1) frequent monomorphic PVC, with a QRS morphology suggestive of a RVOT [right ventricular outflow tract] origin (left bundle branch block and inferior shift of axis) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig01-body2">Figure 1</xref>); 2) patients with RVOT-PVC symptoms for more than one year; 3) more than 10 PVC/h documented in at least 3 consecutive 24-hour Holter tests, with a maximal interval of 90 days between the last two tests; 4) absence of sustained ventricular tachycardia documented by ECG, Holter, or exercise stress test; 5) absence of structural cardiopathy evidenced by bidimensional echocardiogram and by cardiac MRI; 6) absence of metabolic and electrolytic disorders or advanced systemic diseases; 7) absence of late potentials on high resolution ECG (HRECG); 8) clinical resistance to at least two antiarrhythmic drugs, including beta-blockers; 9) written informed consent from the patients. The study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas, Medical School, Universidade de Sao Paulo. </p>
      <fig id="fig01-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-03-0265-00003-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p><italic>Clinical characteristics</italic> - The clinical characteristics are listed on <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01-body2">Table 1</xref>. Thirteen (13/30) patients presented no associated disease or comorbidity (43.5%), and the mean ejection fraction of the left ventricle was 73 &#177; 4%.</p>
      <table-wrap id="tab01-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-03-0265-00003-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>The symptom of palpitation was present in all patients (100%) and its mean duration was 74&#177;66 months (median of 53 months). The RVOT-PVC were present during the stress test and were more frequent (17/30; 56.7%) during the periods of rest and recovery. Eight patients (26.7%) presented non-sustained ventricular tachycardia (NSVT) during the exercise stress test.</p>
      <p>All patients were resistant to an average number of 3.0 &#177; 1.7 antiarrhythmic drugs, including beta-blockers, in all cases. Other medications used were sotalol (21/30), amiodarone (18/30), propafenone (10/30), quinidine (4/30), mexiletine (1/30) and disopyramide (1/30).</p>
      <p><italic>Electrophysiological study and radiofrequency catheter ablation - </italic>The electrophysiological study (EPS) and RFA were performed by the same team of electrophysiologists, with patients in a fasting condition for at least 8 hours and sedated with propofol. All anti-arrhythmic medications were stopped for at least 5 half-lives before the procedure. Two catheters with multipolar electrodes were positioned in the right ventricle, one for programmed stimulation, and the other for mapping and ablation. The ventricular stimulation catheter was positioned at the apex of the RVOT. Programmed ventricular stimulation was repeated after an additional stimulation using 1 to 5 &#181;g/min of isoproterenol with the intent of documenting RVOT-PVC before and after ablation and eliminating the possibility of sustained ventricular tachycardia secondary to the reentry mechanism as in cases of arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia.</p>
      <p>Mapping and ablation of PVC were carried out using conventional catheters with a 4 mm deflecting tip (EP Technologies - Mountain View, CA, USA). Positioning of the catheter was guided by fluoroscopy (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig02-body2">Fig. 2</xref>).</p>
      <fig id="fig02-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-03-0265-00003-gf02-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>Radiofrequency (RF) application was guided by criteria of earliest endocardial activation (EEA) during spontaneous ectopic ventricular activity and the pace-mapping technique (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig03-body2">Fig. 3</xref>). Unipolar RF pulses were applied with maximum controlled temperature of 70&#176;C, maximum energy potency of 50W, and duration of up to 60 seconds.</p>
      <fig id="fig03-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-03-0265-00003-gf03-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>End-of-procedure criterion was the complete disappearance of RVOT-PVC (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig04-body2">Fig. 4</xref>), even after 30 minutes of isoproterenol infusion (immediate success). For simultaneous 12-lead ECG tracings and endocavitary electrograms, a digital computerized system was used for storage on an optic disk (Electrophysiological Measurement System &#150; EMS - version 4.3 - University of Limburg -The Netherlands). The intracardial bipolar electrograms were filtered with a cut-off frequency of 30 to 500 Hz.</p>
      <fig id="fig04-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-03-0265-00003-gf04-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>In case of failure of the first procedure (P1) and of symptomatic persistence of RVOT-PVC, patients underwent a second procedure (P2) with the same protocol or using different approach techniques such as the epicardial transthoracic approach<sup>9</sup> or access of the left ventricular outflow tract. In cases of failure after P2, patients were then classified as the final failure group. </p>
      <p><italic>Follow-up</italic> - Within the first 24 hours, all patients underwent 12-lead ECGs and 24-hour Holter tests. In cases of the epicardial approach, a bidimensional echocardiogram was taken. After 24 hours, patients were discharged from the hospital.</p>
      <p>All patients were submitted to clinical evaluations in outpatient clinic visits at 30, 60, and 120 days, and for up to 1 year of follow-up. The following ancillary tests were done: 12-lead ECGs, 24-hour Holter test (at least 3 tests) and exercise stress test (at least 2). During the medical evaluation, a specific questionnaire on symptoms was completed. A greater than 90% reduction in the density of PVC/hour in at least three consecutive Holter tests was considered a criterion of persistent success. </p>
      <p><italic>Statistical analysis</italic> - At the end of the study, patients were classified in two groups: Group 1 (final success) and Group 2 (final failure). According to the RFA results, the percentage of reduction of PVC/hour on the Holter was analyzed using Wilcoxon&#146;s test for independent samples and Fisher&#146;s exact test, where reduction was defined as <underline>&gt;</underline> 90%. The correlation of the RFA results (1, 2, or both) with the symptoms (yes or no) was made by Fisher&#146;s exact test. A p value <underline>&lt;</underline> 0.05 was considered significant.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Results</bold>
      </p>
      <p><italic>Ablation procedure</italic> - Thirty-nine electrophysiological procedures were performed. In 9 patients, 2 procedures were necessary. The mean total time was 98 &#177; 37 minutes, and the mean time of radiation was 3 &#177; 1.7 minutes. The mean number of RF applications was 8 &#177; 5.5 pulses, with a mean temperature of 58 &#177; 7&#176;C. The pace-mapping criterion was obtained in 24 patients (80%). The criterion of earliest endocardial activation (EEA) of less than zero milliseconds occurred in 11 patients (36.6%). Both criteria were utilized in 10 patients (33.3%). In 4 patients (16.6%), no signal adequate for ablation was attained. </p>
      <p>Regarding P1, the rate of immediate success (end of procedure, after 30 minutes of isoproterenol infusion) was 76.7% (23/30 patients), and immediate failure was evident in 7 patients (23.3%). Four patients (17.4%) presented relapses, 3 during the 24-hour Holter monitoring (13.05%) and 1 during late 24-hour Holter follow-up (4.35%). In two of these four patients with relapses, the second procedure was not performed - in one patient because of pregnancy and in the other because she became asymptomatic in spite of maintaining high density RVOT-PVC.</p>
      <p>The second procedure (P2) was done in 9 patients, attaining success in 5 of them. In 4 of these patients, success came via the conventional endocardial route. In one case, success was achieved by the epicardial approach. In the remaining 4 patients of the failure group, the origin of the PVC could not be determined, even accessing the LV and the epicardium, and the high-density of PVC was maintained according to the 24-hour Holter test in late follow-up. </p>
      <p>At the end of the study, final success was obtained in 24 patients (group 1), who also showed an absence or minimal density of RVOT-PVC on the 24-hour Holter (24/30; 80%). With the exception of only one, all the remaining patients of group 1 became asymptomatic (23/24; 95.8%).</p>
      <p><xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig05-body2">Figure 5</xref> summarizes the sequence of results obtained by RFA during this study. </p>
      <fig id="fig05-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-03-0265-00003-gf05-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p><italic>Application site for RF pulses</italic> - Appropriate sites for RF applications could be determined in 26 patients. In 18 patients, the RF applications were made on the septal surface of the RVOT, right below the pulmonary valves. In 7 patients, the application site was the free wall of the RVOT and in one patient the epicardial surface. In 4 patients, no RF pulse could be applied because of a lack of adequate signals for ablation (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig06-body2">Fig. 6</xref>).</p>
      <fig id="fig06-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-03-0265-00003-gf06-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p><italic>Epicardial access</italic> - The transthoracic epicardial approach was used in 5 patients in whom the endocardial approach failed. In 4 of them, no adequate signal was obtained. In one patient, however, one signal of earliest epicardial activation (-40 ms) was obtained. At this site, pace mapping was perfect (12/12) and two RF pulses resulted in the complete disappearance of the PVC (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig07-body2">Fig. 7</xref>).</p>
      <fig id="fig07-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-03-0265-00003-gf07-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p><italic>Reduction of RVOT-PVC density on the Holter test - </italic>The mean follow-up was 14.5 &#177; 5 months. In 24 patients (Group 1), there was an elimination or significant reduction of the PVC density per hour. In the other patients (Group 2), no significant PVC density reduction occurred. Thus, patients from Group 1 presented a significant reduction in RVOT-PVC density when compared to those of Group 2, both in the classified percent value (p&lt;0.0001) and in the continuous percent value (p=0.0017) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab02-body2">Tables 2</xref> and <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab03-body2">3</xref>). The success rate (80%) of RFA of the RVOT-PVC persisted during the study in patients from Group 1; no spontaneous reduction was seen in RVOT-PVC density in patients from Group 2.</p>
      <table-wrap id="tab02-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-03-0265-00003-gt02-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <table-wrap id="tab03-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-03-0265-00003-gt03-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p><italic>Symptoms</italic> - After one or two procedures, the final success rate in Group 1 patients was 95.8% (23/24). Only one patient from Group 1 reported persistence of palpitations (1/24; 4.2%). On the other hand, one patient from Group 2 reported an improvement in symptoms. The maintenance of symptoms in Group 2 was 83.3% (5/6), which correlated with the persistence of high density RVOT-PVC seen on the Holter Test. Thus, comparing the two groups, a significant difference was observed in improvement of symptoms in Group 1 patients (p&lt;0.001), which correlated with the percentage of reduction of RVOT-PVC density on the Holter test (p&lt;0.0001) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab04-body2">Table 4</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="tab04-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-03-0265-00003-gt04-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p><italic>Complications</italic> - There were no significant complications. Two patients presented minor complications (hematoma in the inguinal region, readily treated in a conservative manner).</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This study confirms that RVOT-PVC in deeply symptomatic patients without evidence of structural heart disease may be safely eliminated by RFA. In our study, success of RFA in RVOT-PVC ablation was attained in 80% of the patients during a mean follow-up of 14 months, and no significant complication occurred.</p>
      <p><italic>RVOT-PVC and RFA</italic> - RVOT-PVC not associated with structural cardiopathy generally present a good prognosis and treatment may not be necessary. Nevertheless, a rare subgroup of patients may experience a symptomatic progression, associated with the persistence of a high density of PVC (&gt; 1,000 PVC/24 h.).</p>
      <p>Even though RFA has become the treatment of choice for idiopathic ventricular tachycardias resistant to clinical treatment<sup>7,8,10,11</sup>, its role in treating monomorphic symptomatic PVC is not yet well established. However, patients who satisfied the inclusion criteria in our study had been symptomatic for a long period and were not responsive to usual antiarrhythmic drugs. To date, the results of some successful clinical studies<sup>12-18</sup> have left several questions unanswered regarding radiofrequency catheter ablation of RVOT-PVC. Examples of these include the possibility of spontaneous remission of RVOT-PVC, RFA success predictor factors, the possibility of ablation by the epicardial route in failure cases, and the possibility of immediate relapses seen on the Holter test in the first 24 hours of the RFA. Gursoy et al<sup>12</sup>, reported the first case of successful RFA of monomorphic PVC; one patient had RVOT-PVC, and the other, PVC of the outflow tract of the left ventricle. Other authors reported recurrences of 10 to 20% of cases during follow-up<sup>14-17</sup>. Krittayaphong et al<sup>17</sup>, analyzed the efficacy of RFA in 33 patients with RVOT-PVC resistant to clinical treatment, and obtained success in 32 cases (97%) and relapses in 8 (24%). Therefore, one important characteristic of these patients who undergo RVOT-PVC is the considerable possibility of relapses. In our study with 30 patients, there were 4 relapses, most of which (3/4; 75%) a result of the inclusion of the Holter test in the first 24 hours of RFA. </p>
      <p>In some cases of initial failure of RFA, the site of origin of monomorphic PVC may be the intramyocardial region, or even the epicardial surface, as was demonstrated in one patient from our group.</p>
      <p>Reduction of RVOT-PVC on the holter test - The RVOT-PVC density seen on the Holter test was very high before the RFA (mean = 1,262 &#177; 593 PVC/h). It is important to point out that all patients in our study had at least 3 consecutive Holter tests with a high density of RVOT-PVC in a period of less than 180 days before the RFA. This fact was important in order to avoid the effects of temporal variations of RVOT-PVC and false-positive readings. The final success rate was 80%. The percentage reduction in RVOT-PVC density reached statistical significance (p&lt;0.0001) and was particularly related to the success of the RFA. There were no cases of spontaneous remission of the RVOT-PVC in Group 2 patients.</p>
      <p><italic>PVC and symptoms</italic> - Perception of the PVC varies among patients. All patients presented with complaints of palpitations. Other symptoms were more diverse among the patients. Intriguing symptoms were dyspnea and fatigue experienced by these patients. Lauck et al<sup>14</sup>, by continuous invasive monitoring during the period of severe bigeminate PVC, observed that the effective cardiac output was reduced to half during the ventricular bigeminism period, which could explain these symptoms and justify a more aggressive approach to PVC. The same aspect was observed by transthoracic continuous echo-Doppler, showing a loss of cardiac output in the left ventricular outflow tract<sup>14</sup>. Recently Yarlagadda et al<sup>18</sup> demonstrated cases of tachycardiomyopathy secondary to RVOT-PVC, justifying intervention with RFA. In our series, we did not observe this characteristic of RVOT-PVC, which we believe to be quite uncommon. </p>
      <p>All patients in this study were very symptomatic and resistant to conventional antiarrhythmic medications (an average of 3 drugs), including the use of beta-blockers. The association between the PVC and symptoms may be suggested since the reduction of PVC density coincided with the control of the symptoms. One issue would be the fact that the RVOT-PVC had been spontaneously suppressed. Gaita et al<sup>19 </sup>conducted a longitudinal study in 61 patients with RVOT-PVC and observed that the symptoms disappeared spontaneously in two-thirds of patients for an average period of 15 years. However, one third of the patients persisted with RVOT-PVC and continued symptomatic. The patients in our study were all very symptomatic and spontaneous resolution of these RVOT-PVC was considered improbable. Additionally, suppression and relapses of RVOT-PVC were directly correlated to the suppression and recurrence of the symptoms. </p>
      <p><italic>Limitations</italic> - Our study has some limitations. There was no randomization with a control group. Nonetheless, the groups that presented relapses and the cases of failure served, in some way, as a control group, confirming that maintenance of the high density of RVOT-PVC and symptoms resulted from RFA failures. Because of the methodology of the study, no third procedure was performed in final cases of failure. Thus, the failure rate could have been modified if there had been an additional procedure or if other RFA strategies had been used. However, the objective of the study was met in most patients by means of the conventional RFA technique.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Conclusions</bold>
      </p>
      <p>RFA is an effective and safe procedure for treatment of persistent and symptomatic RVOT-PVC, and the success of this approach results in an improvement of symptoms. Cases of RFA failure in RVOT-PVC may be related to the origin of the PVC at other sites, such as epicardial, intramyocardial or left ventricular regions.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
      </p>
      <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fn id="end-body2" fn-type="corresp">
          <label>
            <bold>Mailing Address:</bold>
          </label>
          <p> Francisco C. C. Darrieux</p>
          <p> InCor - Clinical Unit of Arrhythmia and Pacemaker - Francisco C. C. Darrieux</p>
          <p> Av. Dr. En&#233;as de Carvalho Aguiar, 44 Bl. II &#150; Andar AB</p>
          <p> 05403-000 &#150; S&#227;o Paulo, SP</p>
          <p> E-mail: </p>
          <p>
            <email xlink:href="francisco.darrieux@incor.usp.br">francisco.darrieux@incor.usp.br</email>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p> Manuscript received April 9, 2006; revised manuscript received June 2, 2006; accepted July 21st, 2006</p>
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  </sub-article>
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