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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">bXqsg9b37CyYWFwscYKXxsn</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00001</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2007000300001</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(07)08800301</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2007000300001</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Ativa&#231;&#227;o el&#233;trica ventricular na ressincroniza&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca caracterizada pelo mapeamento eletrocardiogr&#225;fico de superf&#237;cie</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pastore</surname>
            <given-names>Carlos Alberto</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Tobias</surname>
            <given-names>Nancy</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Samesima</surname>
            <given-names>Nelson</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Martinelli Filho</surname>
            <given-names>Martino</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pedrosa</surname>
            <given-names>Anisio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Nishioka</surname>
            <given-names>Silvana</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Douglas</surname>
            <given-names>Roberto A.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Moreira</surname>
            <given-names>Luiz Felipe Pinho</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ramires</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233; Franchini</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina </institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>03</month>
        <year>2007</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>88</volume>
      <issue>3</issue>
      <fpage>251</fpage>
      <lpage>257</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>21</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2006</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>18</day>
          <month>04</month>
          <year>2006</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>01</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2006</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>OBJETIVOS: Avaliar a ativa&#231;&#227;o el&#233;trica card&#237;aca usando Mapeamento Eletrocardiogr&#225;fico de Superf&#237;cie (MES), em pacientes com ICC e bloqueio de ramo esquerdo [BRE] submetidos a terapia de ressincroniza&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca (CRT) com implante de marca-passo &#225;trio-biventricular (MP-BIV). M&#201;TODOS: Foram analisados os tempos m&#233;dios de ativa&#231;&#227;o el&#233;trica card&#237;aca no ventr&#237;culo direito (tempo m&#233;dio de ativa&#231;&#227;o do VD [mVD]), &#225;rea &#226;ntero-septal (mAS), e ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (mVE), de 28 pacientes (idade m&#233;dia 61,2&#177;9,5 anos, ICC classe III-IV NYHA, fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o &lt;40%, BRE com QRS m&#233;dio 181,2&#177;19,4ms, S&#194;QRS= -8,5&#186;&#177;68,6&#186;), mostrados nos mapas de linhas is&#243;cronas do MES, antes e ap&#243;s implante de marca-passo &#225;trio-biventricular, e comparados a valores obtidos em um grupo controle composto de indiv&#237;duos normais [GNL], em tr&#234;s situa&#231;&#245;es: (1) BRE nativo, (2) estimula&#231;&#227;o do VD; e (3) estimula&#231;&#227;o &#225;trio-biventricular. RESULTADOS: situa&#231;&#227;o (1): mVD e mAS foram semelhantes (41,0&#177;11,8ms x 43,6&#177;13,4ms), com mVE tardio (81,0&#177;12,5ms, p&lt;0,01) perdendo o sincronismo com o VD e a &#225;rea &#226;ntero-septal; situa&#231;&#227;o (2): mVD foi maior que no GNL (86,8&#177;22,9ms, p&lt;0,001), com maior diferen&#231;a entre mAS e mVE (63,4&#177;20,7ms x 102,7&#177;20,3ms; p&lt;0,001); situa&#231;&#227;o (3): mVE e mVD foram semelhantes (72,0&#177;32,0ms x 71,6&#177;32,3ms), mVD foi maior que no GNL e BRE nativo (71,6&#177;32,3ms x 35,1&#177;10,9ms e 41,0&#177;11,8ms; p&lt;0,001), mAS se aproximou do GNL e BRE nativo (51,3&#177;32,8ms x 50,1&#177;11,4ms e 43,6&#177;13,4ms). CONCLUS&#195;O: Pelo mapeamento eletrocardiogr&#225;fico de superf&#237;cie, tempos de ativa&#231;&#227;o semelhantes no VD e VE e pr&#243;ximos daqueles da regi&#227;o &#226;ntero-septal indicam padr&#245;es de ativa&#231;&#227;o ventricular sincronizada em portadores de ICC e BRE durante estimula&#231;&#227;o &#225;trio-biventricular.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>Bloqueio de ramo</kwd>
        <kwd>insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca congestiva</kwd>
        <kwd>estimula&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca artificial</kwd>
        <kwd>mapeamento potencial de superf&#237;cie corporal</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>21</day>
        <month>05</month>
        <year>2007</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>ARTIGO ORIGINAL</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Ativa&#231;&#227;o el&#233;trica ventricular na ressincroniza&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca caracterizada pelo mapeamento eletrocardiogr&#225;fico de superf&#237;cie</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Carlos Alberto Pastore; Nancy Tobias; Nelson Samesima; Martino Martinelli Filho; Anisio Pedrosa; Silvana Nishioka; Roberto A. Douglas; Luiz Felipe Pinho Moreira; Jos&#233; Franchini Ramires</bold>
    </p>
    <p>InCor - Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas - Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo - S&#227;o Paulo, SP</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVOS:</bold> Avaliar a ativa&#231;&#227;o el&#233;trica card&#237;aca usando Mapeamento Eletrocardiogr&#225;fico de Superf&#237;cie (MES), em pacientes com ICC e bloqueio de ramo esquerdo [BRE] submetidos a terapia de ressincroniza&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca (CRT) com implante de marca-passo &#225;trio-biventricular (MP-BIV). </p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS:</bold> Foram analisados os tempos m&#233;dios de ativa&#231;&#227;o el&#233;trica card&#237;aca no ventr&#237;culo direito (tempo m&#233;dio de ativa&#231;&#227;o do VD [mVD]), &#225;rea &#226;ntero-septal (mAS), e ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (mVE), de 28 pacientes (idade m&#233;dia 61,2&#177;9,5 anos, ICC classe III-IV NYHA, fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o &lt;40%, BRE com QRS m&#233;dio 181,2&#177;19,4ms, S&#194;QRS= &#150;8,5&#186;&#177;68,6&#186;), mostrados nos mapas de linhas is&#243;cronas do MES, antes e ap&#243;s implante de marca-passo &#225;trio-biventricular, e comparados a valores obtidos em um grupo controle composto de indiv&#237;duos normais [GNL], em tr&#234;s situa&#231;&#245;es: (1) BRE nativo, (2) estimula&#231;&#227;o do VD; e (3) estimula&#231;&#227;o &#225;trio-biventricular. </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS:</bold> situa&#231;&#227;o (1): mVD e mAS foram semelhantes (41,0&#177;11,8ms x 43,6&#177;13,4ms), com mVE tardio (81,0&#177;12,5ms, p&lt;0,01) perdendo o sincronismo com o VD e a &#225;rea &#226;ntero-septal; situa&#231;&#227;o (2): mVD foi maior que no GNL (86,8&#177;22,9ms, p&lt;0,001), com maior diferen&#231;a entre mAS e mVE (63,4&#177;20,7ms x 102,7&#177;20,3ms; p&lt;0,001); situa&#231;&#227;o (3): mVE e mVD foram semelhantes (72,0&#177;32,0ms x 71,6&#177;32,3ms), mVD foi maior que no GNL e BRE nativo (71,6&#177;32,3ms x 35,1&#177;10,9ms e 41,0&#177;11,8ms; p&lt;0,001), mAS se aproximou do GNL e BRE nativo (51,3&#177;32,8ms x 50,1&#177;11,4ms e 43,6&#177;13,4ms). </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#195;O:</bold> Pelo mapeamento eletrocardiogr&#225;fico de superf&#237;cie, tempos de ativa&#231;&#227;o semelhantes no VD e VE e pr&#243;ximos daqueles da regi&#227;o &#226;ntero-septal indicam padr&#245;es de ativa&#231;&#227;o ventricular sincronizada em portadores de ICC e BRE durante estimula&#231;&#227;o &#225;trio-biventricular.</p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave:</bold> Bloqueio de ramo, insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca congestiva, estimula&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca artificial, mapeamento potencial de superf&#237;cie corporal.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O tratamento da insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca &#233; ainda um grande desafio na medicina. Apesar do avan&#231;o da terapia farmacol&#243;gica, pacientes n&#227;o controlados pelo tratamento cl&#237;nico otimizado encontram uma importante op&#231;&#227;o na terap&#234;utica n&#227;o farmacol&#243;gica. O transplante card&#237;aco tem mostrado significativa melhora da qualidade de vida, com redu&#231;&#227;o da mortalidade. As diferentes t&#233;cnicas cir&#250;rgicas para tratamento da ICC n&#227;o tiveram grande &#234;xito. O desenvolvimento da estimula&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca &#225;trio-biventricular, introduzida na d&#233;cada de 1990, com o objetivo de ressincronizar os ventr&#237;culos em presen&#231;a de bloqueio de ramo esquerdo (BRE), mudou a hist&#243;ria natural da ICC<sup>1</sup>. Essa t&#233;cnica, denominada de terapia de ressincroniza&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca (TRC), mostrou significativa melhora da classe funcional e da fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o em indiv&#237;duos com disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular grave e BRE<sup>2-5</sup>.</p>
    <p>Estudos ecocardiogr&#225;ficos revelaram que as conseq&#252;&#234;ncias hemodin&#226;micas de padr&#245;es anormais de condu&#231;&#227;o em pacientes com cardiomiopatia dilatada est&#227;o estreitamente relacionadas ao alargamento do complexo QRS e aparentemente podem ser resultado de uma assincronia interventricular e perda de contra&#231;&#227;o septal<sup>6,7</sup>. Considerando a TRC um procedimento invasivo, de alto custo e que n&#227;o oferece benef&#237;cio comprovado a cerca de 30% dos pacientes, o grande desafio atual &#233; definir quais as caracter&#237;sticas dos candidatos mais adequados para receber a TRC<sup>8</sup>.</p>
    <p>J&#225; a avalia&#231;&#227;o com o mapeamento eletroanat&#244;mico demonstrou a import&#226;ncia do correto posicionamento dos eletrodos do sistema de marca-passo para uma melhor ressincroniza&#231;&#227;o e boas respostas &#224; TRC<sup>9-11</sup>.</p>
    <p>Assim, o mapeamento eletrocardiogr&#225;fico de superf&#237;cie (MES) pode ser &#250;til na avalia&#231;&#227;o da estimula&#231;&#227;o biventricular, facilitando a compreens&#227;o dos mecanismos da ativa&#231;&#227;o el&#233;trica card&#237;aca, separando a ativa&#231;&#227;o das c&#226;maras direita e esquerda e contribuindo com outros m&#233;todos j&#225; descritos na identifica&#231;&#227;o dos pacientes mais provavelmente responsivos &#224; TRC.</p>
    <p>O presente estudo objetivou investigar diferentes padr&#245;es de ativa&#231;&#227;o el&#233;trica card&#237;aca em pacientes com ICC e BRE, usando os mapas de linhas is&#243;cronas do MES para elucidar os poss&#237;veis mecanismos respons&#225;veis pelo grande n&#250;mero de pacientes n&#227;o responsivos &#224; TRC.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#233;todos</bold>
    </p>
    <p><italic>Mapeamento eletrocardiogr&#225;fico de superf&#237;cie (MES) - </italic>O MES registra a seq&#252;&#234;ncia dos tempos de ativa&#231;&#227;o ventricular (TAV) adquiridos atrav&#233;s dos 87 eletrodos colocados na superf&#237;cie anterior e posterior do t&#243;rax. O sistema permite a tradu&#231;&#227;o autom&#225;tica dos dados em mapas de linhas is&#243;cronas, que caracterizam em milisegundos (ms) os valores dos tempos de ativa&#231;&#227;o ventricular, os quais podem ser analisados em separado ou em conjunto caracterizando uma &#225;rea card&#237;aca. Os 87 eletrodos unipolares do equipamento de MES Fukuda Denshi (Fukuda Denshi, T&#243;quio, Jap&#227;o) modelo 7100, com 59 eletrodos distribu&#237;dos no t&#243;rax anterior e 28 nas costas, foram registrados simultaneamente. Os potenciais el&#233;tricos foram digitalizados, processados e visualizados na matriz do MES como complexos PQRST (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig1a">fig. 1A</xref>), distribu&#237;dos conforme orienta&#231;&#227;o do sistema de eletrodos e definidos por letras com seus respectivos indexadores num&#233;ricos. Al&#233;m de avaliar as vari&#225;veis eletrovetorcardiogr&#225;ficas tradicionais (ritmo, intervalo PR, eixos, largura do complexo QRS, orienta&#231;&#227;o e dire&#231;&#227;o das al&#231;as nos planos horizontal e frontal), o sistema tamb&#233;m gera mapas de linhas is&#243;cronas, as quais registram autom&#225;tica e seq&#252;encialmente (em ms) os tempos de ativa&#231;&#227;o el&#233;trica card&#237;aca<sup>12</sup> (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig1b">fig. 1B</xref>).</p>
    <fig id="fig1a">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-03-0251-00001-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    <fig id="fig1b">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-03-0251-00001-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
    <p><italic>Marca-passos &#225;trio-biventriculares - </italic>Foram implantados marca-passos &#225;trio-biventriculares em 28 pacientes: 20 atrav&#233;s do seio coron&#225;rio e 8 por toracotomia (Pulsar M, Discovery, Guidant; Insync ICD)<sup>13</sup>.</p>
    <p>Os pacientes estudados tiveram as seq&#252;&#234;ncias de ativa&#231;&#227;o el&#233;trica ventricular avaliadas em tr&#234;s situa&#231;&#245;es: 1) BRE nativo (basal, pr&#233;-implante); 2) estimula&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo direito (MP-VD; p&#243;s-implante); 3) estimula&#231;&#227;o &#225;trio-biventricular (MP-BIV; p&#243;s-implante). N&#227;o foi feita modifica&#231;&#227;o do intervalo V-V para a an&#225;lise do MES.</p>
    <p><italic>Popula&#231;&#227;o estudada - </italic>Foram estudados 28 pacientes, 71% do sexo masculino (20), idade m&#233;dia 61,2 anos &#177; 9,5 anos, com ICC de etiologia idiop&#225;tica (61%), classe funcional III e IV da New York Heart Association (NYHA), fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o <underline>&lt;</underline> 40% (m&#233;dia 28,2% (7,9%), BRE com QRS &gt; 140 ms (m&#233;dia 181,2 ms (19,4 ms) e S&#194;QRS &#150;8,5&#186; (68,6&#186;). Todos os pacientes foram submetidos ao MES antes e ap&#243;s a implanta&#231;&#227;o dos marca-passos &#225;trio-biventriculares.</p>
    <p>Os crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o foram: idade acima de 18 anos, ritmo sinusal, insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca moderada a grave (NYHA classe III-IV) refrat&#225;ria &#224; terapia medicamentosa, fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o &lt; 40% (determinada por ventriculografia com radionucl&#237;deos) e dist&#250;rbio de condu&#231;&#227;o intraventricular (BRE) com QRS &gt; 140ms. Os pacientes foram exclu&#237;dos em caso de doen&#231;as sist&#234;micas graves (neoplasia, insufici&#234;ncia renal cr&#244;nica, s&#237;ndrome isqu&#234;mica inst&#225;vel, doen&#231;a pulmonar grave), expectativa de vida menor que 6 meses, idade inferior a 18 anos, qualquer contra-indica&#231;&#227;o ao implante de marca-passo &#225;trio-biventricular ou por n&#227;o poder se submeter a exame pr&#233; e/ou p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio por qualquer motivo cl&#237;nico.</p>
    <p>Todos os pacientes inclu&#237;dos no estudo forneceram consentimento por escrito, aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo.</p>
    <p><italic>Grupo de controle - </italic>Optou-se por incluir no estudo um grupo de controle, o qual foi submetido ao MES, para obtermos valores de refer&#234;ncia e identifica&#231;&#227;o do padr&#227;o normal de ativa&#231;&#227;o el&#233;trica ventricular. &#201; importante ressaltar que, at&#233; ent&#227;o, n&#227;o havia um padr&#227;o "normal" estabelecido na literatura pelo MES. Vinte pacientes saud&#225;veis, 11 (55%) do sexo masculino, idade m&#233;dia de 56 &#177; 10,1 anos, com resultados normais nos exames cl&#237;nicos, eletrocardiogr&#225;ficos (ECG) e ecocardiogr&#225;ficos, foram selecionados para compor um grupo de controle de indiv&#237;duos com cora&#231;&#245;es normais.</p>
    <p><italic>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica - </italic>As matrizes dos tempos de ativa&#231;&#227;o el&#233;trica ventricular registrados nos mapas is&#243;cronos foram analisadas estatisticamente, sendo que tr&#234;s &#225;reas distintas resultaram dessa an&#225;lise, correspondendo aproximadamente ao ventr&#237;culo direito (VD), &#225;rea &#226;ntero-septal (AS) e ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (VE) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig02">fig. 2</xref>). A partir destas, foram calculados valores m&#233;dios (tempos m&#233;dios de ativa&#231;&#227;o) para cada &#225;rea: ventr&#237;culo direito (mVD), &#225;rea &#226;ntero-septal (mAS), e ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (mVE). Por an&#225;lise de vari&#226;ncia (ANOVA) foram comparados esses valores m&#233;dios nas tr&#234;s situa&#231;&#245;es de estudo: 1) BRE nativo; 2) MP-VD e 3) MP-BIV, e todos esses com valores de refer&#234;ncia do grupo de controle normal (GNL). O teste de Bonferroni foi usado para compara&#231;&#245;es m&#250;ltiplas. O n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia foi estabelecido em p <underline>&lt;</underline> 0,05.</p>
    <fig id="fig02">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-03-0251-00001-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>
      <bold>Resultados</bold>
    </p>
    <p><italic>Caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas - </italic>Dentre as vari&#225;veis cl&#237;nicas estudadas, ap&#243;s a TRC observou-se redu&#231;&#227;o de 19,1% na dura&#231;&#227;o do QRS (181,2 ms &#177; 19,4 ms x 145,7 ms &#177; 20,5 ms), aumento de 7,6% na fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o (28,2% &#177; 7,0% x 31,4% &#177; 10,8%) e melhora da classe funcional em 75% dos pacientes. </p>
    <p><italic>An&#225;lise dos tempos de ativa&#231;&#227;o ventricular - </italic>Os valores dos tempos m&#233;dios de ativa&#231;&#227;o ventricular encontrados foram:</p>
    <p>1. No grupo de controle - GNL (valores de refer&#234;ncia): mVD = 35,1 &#177; 10,9 ms; mAS = 50,1 &#177;11,4 ms; e mVE = 53,2 &#177; 10,8 ms. </p>
    <p>2. No grupo de pacientes com BRE, os tempos de ativa&#231;&#227;o ventricular foram avaliados em tr&#234;s situa&#231;&#245;es: </p>
    <p>&#149; situa&#231;&#227;o 1 - BRE nativo: mVD = 41,0 &#177; 11,8 ms; mAS = 43,6 &#177; 13,4 ms; e mVE = 81,0 &#177; 12,5 ms. </p>
    <p>&#149; situa&#231;&#227;o 2 - MP-VD (BRE induzido): mVD = 86,8 &#177; 22,9 ms; mAS = 63,4 &#177; 20,7 ms; e mVE = 102,7 &#177; 20,3 ms.</p>
    <p>&#149; situa&#231;&#227;o 3 - MP-BIV: mVD = 71,6 &#177; 32,3 ms; mAS = 51,3 &#177; 32,8 ms; e mVE = 72,0 &#177; 32,0 ms. </p>
    <p>Na situa&#231;&#227;o 1 (BRE nativo), a ativa&#231;&#227;o das regi&#245;es VD e AS foi semelhante (p = NS), sendo que a regi&#227;o do VE foi mais precoce (p &lt; 0,001), perdendo o sincronismo com a &#225;rea &#226;ntero-septal. Em rela&#231;&#227;o ao grupo de controle, a ativa&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo foi mais tardia (p &lt; 0,001).</p>
    <p>Ap&#243;s o implante dos marca-passos &#225;trio-biventriculares, o sistema foi programado para estimular apenas o VD ou ambos os ventr&#237;culos. Na situa&#231;&#227;o 2, ativando apenas o VD (MP-VD), constatou-se aumento significativo do mVD, do mAS e especialmente do mVE, em compara&#231;&#227;o com o grupo de controle (p &lt; 0,001). Nessa situa&#231;&#227;o, os tempos de ativa&#231;&#227;o nos dois ventr&#237;culos n&#227;o diferiram significativamente, por&#233;m foram constatadas diferen&#231;as significativas entre o VD e a regi&#227;o AS (p &lt; 0,05), bem como entre a regi&#227;o AS e o VE (p &lt; 0,001).</p>
    <p>Na situa&#231;&#227;o 3, estimula&#231;&#227;o &#225;trio-biventricular (MP-BIV), o mVD aumentou significantemente e foi mais tardio em rela&#231;&#227;o ao grupo de controle e ao BRE nativo (p &lt; 0,001). Nessa situa&#231;&#227;o, o mAS ficou pr&#243;ximo dos valores observados no grupo de controle e no BRE nativo (p = NS); o mVE mostrou-se significantemente mais tardio quando comparado ao grupo de controle (p &lt; 0,05) e com valor semelhante ao do VD (p = NS). Tal fato indica que a ativa&#231;&#227;o el&#233;trica dos dois ventr&#237;culos desenvolveu-se simultaneamente.</p>
    <p>A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig03">figura 3</xref> compara graficamente os valores obtidos nas tr&#234;s &#225;reas, VD, AS e VE, em cada uma das situa&#231;&#245;es de estudo, BRE-nativo, MP-VD e MP-BIV, e os valores de refer&#234;ncia obtidos no grupo de controle, GNL.</p>
    <fig id="fig03">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-03-0251-00001-gf04.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig04">figura 4</xref> exibe mapas das linhas is&#243;cronas de ativa&#231;&#227;o, nos planos frontal e horizontal, com a matriz dos tempos m&#233;dios de ativa&#231;&#227;o nos ventr&#237;culos e &#225;rea &#226;ntero-septal, nos quais se exibe a diferen&#231;a trazida pela ativa&#231;&#227;o &#225;trio-biventricular (MP-BIV) em rela&#231;&#227;o ao grupo de estudo na situa&#231;&#227;o de BRE nativo.</p>
    <fig id="fig04">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-03-0251-00001-gf05.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig05">figura 5</xref> compara o atraso de condu&#231;&#227;o do VE com a &#225;rea &#226;ntero-septal, nas tr&#234;s situa&#231;&#245;es de estudo e no grupo de controle, caracterizando o melhor sincronismo el&#233;trico dos ventr&#237;culos propiciado pela estimula&#231;&#227;o &#225;trio-biventricular.</p>
    <fig id="fig05">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-03-0251-00001-gf06.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Assume-se que pacientes com complexos QRS alargados s&#227;o portadores de atrasos de condu&#231;&#227;o tanto inter-como intraventriculares durante seu processo de ativa&#231;&#227;o el&#233;trica card&#237;aca. Essa anormalidade de condu&#231;&#227;o (BRE) &#233; um marcador independente, associado a um risco 70% mais alto de mortalidade e morte s&#250;bita entre os pacientes com cardiomiopatia dilatada<sup>14</sup>. O resultado da ativa&#231;&#227;o el&#233;trica anormal em um dos ventr&#237;culos &#233; uma contra&#231;&#227;o ass&#237;ncrona das c&#226;maras, com uma efici&#234;ncia diminu&#237;da<sup>13 </sup>.</p>
    <p>A presente an&#225;lise, atrav&#233;s do mapeamento eletrocardiogr&#225;fico de superf&#237;cie, demonstrou que, do ponto de vista el&#233;trico, a estimula&#231;&#227;o &#225;trio-biventricular melhorou a seq&#252;&#234;ncia de ativa&#231;&#227;o el&#233;trica ventricular. </p>
    <p>No entanto, observou-se que cerca de 30% dos pacientes n&#227;o t&#234;m a fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular melhorada ap&#243;s a ressincroniza&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca. O reconhecimento das modifica&#231;&#245;es geradas pelo processo descrito pode nos auxiliar a entender melhor o fen&#244;meno da ativa&#231;&#227;o el&#233;trica card&#237;aca e assim identificar os pacientes responsivos ao procedimento, al&#233;m de definir quais os melhores locais de estimula&#231;&#227;o para maximizar o sucesso da TRC. </p>
    <p>Nas cardiomiopatias dilatadas que cursam com BRE podemos observar uma ativa&#231;&#227;o mais precoce da regi&#227;o septal, associada a uma tens&#227;o da regi&#227;o lateral. Em seguida, segue-se a contra&#231;&#227;o atrasada da parede lateral e uma grande tens&#227;o do septo j&#225; ativado. O termo movimento paradoxal do septo n&#227;o &#233; o ideal, pois &#233; conseq&#252;&#234;ncia do desequil&#237;brio de for&#231;as da regi&#227;o septal, incapaz de suportar a tens&#227;o da parede lateral atrasada, que se contrai em dire&#231;&#227;o ao ventr&#237;culo direito<sup>8</sup>. Uma an&#225;lise de pacientes com BRE utilizando o MES tentou estabelecer padr&#245;es de ativa&#231;&#227;o el&#233;trica ventricular dessa popula&#231;&#227;o<sup>15</sup>.</p>
    <p>A ressincroniza&#231;&#227;o ventricular, obtida com o marca-passo &#225;trio-biventricular impede a tens&#227;o rec&#237;proca das paredes. O ecocardiograma convencional e atualmente a ecocardiografia Doppler tecidual, bem como a resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica, t&#234;m caracterizado essas mudan&#231;as, principalmente na recupera&#231;&#227;o do atraso da parede lateral<sup>6,7,16</sup>.</p>
    <p>Atualmente, os fatores que interferem na resposta card&#237;aca dos pacientes submetidos a TRC s&#227;o: a dura&#231;&#227;o do complexo QRS, a falta de sincronismo inter e intraventricular, a posi&#231;&#227;o dos eletrodos, os tempos de ativa&#231;&#227;o ventricular adequados e o tempo de ativa&#231;&#227;o &#225;trio-ventricular (A-V) adaptado<sup>8</sup>.</p>
    <p>A import&#226;ncia da falta de sincronismo interventricular, j&#225; demonstrada em trabalhos anteriores, associada &#224; assincronia intraventricular trouxe &#224; luz a din&#226;mica global de ativa&#231;&#227;o no BRE<sup>17</sup>.</p>
    <p>Uma contra&#231;&#227;o dos ventr&#237;culos em presen&#231;a de bloqueio de condu&#231;&#227;o intraventricular piora a fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular. O ECG convencional pode ajudar na identifica&#231;&#227;o de cerca de 70% dos casos de altera&#231;&#245;es contr&#225;teis quando o complexo QRS &#233; maior que 140 ms, por&#233;m ele n&#227;o consegue predizer com acur&#225;cia os locais de contra&#231;&#227;o alterada.</p>
    <p>Uma das explica&#231;&#245;es de n&#227;o haver resposta &#224; TRC &#233; que 30% a 40% dos pacientes com ICC e QRS acima de 120 ms n&#227;o apresentam assincronia do VE ao eco Doppler tecidual<sup>18</sup>. Al&#233;m disso, pacientes com ICC e QRS estreito (&lt; 120 ms) apresentam assincronia do VE e s&#227;o candidatos &#224; terapia de ressincroniza&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca<sup>18</sup>.</p>
    <p>Recentemente, estudos usando mapeamento eletroanat&#244;mico na TRC<sup>9-11</sup> verificaram que h&#225; significativa melhora hemodin&#226;mica quando s&#227;o ativados locais de condu&#231;&#227;o lenta do VE, real&#231;ando a import&#226;ncia da coloca&#231;&#227;o otimizada dos eletrodos como um fator crucial para que a TRC consiga produzir benef&#237;cios cl&#237;nicos. Esses estudos ilustraram os mecanismos eletrofisiol&#243;gicos respons&#225;veis pela condu&#231;&#227;o inter e intraventricular e que influenciam a contra&#231;&#227;o sincronizada do VE.</p>
    <p>O mapeamento eletrocardiogr&#225;fico de superf&#237;cie (MES) tem a grande vantagem de ser uma ferramenta n&#227;o invasiva, com precis&#227;o maior que o ECG convencional, capaz de discriminar os melhores locais de ativa&#231;&#227;o ventricular e avaliar a efic&#225;cia da terapia usada para sincronizar as c&#226;maras card&#237;acas. Dessa forma, ele pode ser de grande aux&#237;lio no tratamento desses pacientes.</p>
    <p>O presente estudo usando o MES avaliou as seq&#252;&#234;ncias de tempos de ativa&#231;&#227;o el&#233;trica ventricular, com o objetivo de avaliar a ativa&#231;&#227;o el&#233;trica n&#227;o somente nos ventr&#237;culos de uma forma global, mas tamb&#233;m regionalmente, como na regi&#227;o &#226;ntero-septal, uma vez que esta tem um papel fundamental na din&#226;mica da contra&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca. Essas &#225;reas foram analisadas nas tr&#234;s situa&#231;&#245;es de estudo, BRE nativo, na estimula&#231;&#227;o do VD e durante a estimula&#231;&#227;o &#225;trio-biventricular, comparando todas elas a um grupo de controle de indiv&#237;duos normais. A an&#225;lise comparativa das tr&#234;s situa&#231;&#245;es de estudo trouxe evid&#234;ncias das importantes altera&#231;&#245;es que ocorrem em presen&#231;a do BRE. A ativa&#231;&#227;o el&#233;trica da regi&#227;o septal sofreu pequena altera&#231;&#227;o, no entanto h&#225; um claro e significativo retardo de ativa&#231;&#227;o do VE, fato esse j&#225; estudado anteriormente e que demonstrou a dificuldade de transmiss&#227;o dos impulsos el&#233;tricos atrav&#233;s de um sistema de condu&#231;&#227;o danificado<sup>19</sup>.</p>
    <p>Um achado importante durante a estimula&#231;&#227;o do VD foi o aumento do mVD (86,8 ms), que assim se aproximou do atraso caracter&#237;stico do VD com BRE (102,7 ms), aumentando significativamente a dura&#231;&#227;o total da ativa&#231;&#227;o ventricular. Essa altera&#231;&#227;o causou um atraso maior entre a ativa&#231;&#227;o dos ventr&#237;culos e a da regi&#227;o AS, como mostra a <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig05">figura 5</xref>, e provocou uma maior assincronia inter- e intraventricular, conforme j&#225; havia sido descrito pelo estudo DAVID<sup>20</sup>. Entretanto, uma caracteriza&#231;&#227;o eletrotemporal, da forma como foi evidenciada por este estudo usando MES, ainda n&#227;o havia sido demonstrada. </p>
    <p>A an&#225;lise da seq&#252;&#234;ncia de tempos de ativa&#231;&#227;o el&#233;trica com a estimula&#231;&#227;o &#225;trio-biventricular, feita atrav&#233;s do MES, pode demonstrar a efic&#225;cia da terapia de ressincroniza&#231;&#227;o. O tempo de ativa&#231;&#227;o do VE foi menor que aquele do BRE nativo (mVE diminuiu de 81,0 ms para 72,0 ms). Houve uma menor diferen&#231;a da regi&#227;o &#226;ntero-septal, tendo o mAS aumentado em compara&#231;&#227;o com o BRE nativo (51,3 ms x 43,6 ms). Esse achado &#233;, em si mesmo, prova de um melhor pareamento da ativa&#231;&#227;o septal e do VE, como se v&#234; na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig05">figura 5</xref>. Reddy e cols.<sup>9</sup>, usando mapeamento eletroanat&#244;mico, descreveu uma ativa&#231;&#227;o quase s&#237;ncrona entre as paredes septal e lateral do VE com MP-BIV, que resultou em uma ativa&#231;&#227;o mais precoce da base p&#243;stero-lateral do VE, com uma diminui&#231;&#227;o do QRS de 211 ms na ativa&#231;&#227;o unicameral do VD para 157 ms com MP-BIV. Em nosso estudo, o mVD aumentou significativamente com MP-BIV e quase se equiparou &#224;quele do VE (71,6 ms no VD x 72,0 ms no VE). Isso evidencia a exist&#234;ncia de uma ativa&#231;&#227;o el&#233;trica sincronizada durante a contra&#231;&#227;o das duas c&#226;maras, fato que nos parece ser uma contribui&#231;&#227;o original deste estudo.</p>
    <p>A caracteriza&#231;&#227;o do padr&#227;o de ativa&#231;&#227;o el&#233;trica obtida pelo MES antes e ap&#243;s a estimula&#231;&#227;o &#225;trio-biventricular reflete a mudan&#231;a de uma seq&#252;&#234;ncia de ativa&#231;&#227;o anormal no BRE para a ativa&#231;&#227;o simult&#226;nea de ambos os ventr&#237;culos, dessa forma restaurando o sincronismo card&#237;aco.</p>
    <p>O estudo dos tempos de ativa&#231;&#227;o el&#233;trica ventricular pelo MES pode contribuir para orientar a busca de locais &#243;timos a serem ativados pelos eletrodos do marca-passo &#225;trio-biventricular, dessa forma aumentando a chance de uma melhor resposta dos pacientes &#224; TRC.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Conclus&#245;es</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Pacientes com ICC e BRE, submetidos &#224; TRC, apresentam ao MES: tempos de ativa&#231;&#227;o el&#233;trica aumentados em ambos os ventr&#237;culos durante a estimula&#231;&#227;o isolada do VD (BRE induzido), causando um maior atraso da ativa&#231;&#227;o entre os ventr&#237;culos e a regi&#227;o AS.</p>
    <p>&#149; tempos semelhantes de ativa&#231;&#227;o el&#233;trica nos dois ventr&#237;culos, e um menor tempo de ativa&#231;&#227;o da regi&#227;o AS, durante MP-BIV, indicando ativa&#231;&#227;o ventricular simult&#226;nea;</p>
    <p>&#149; ind&#237;cio de maior assincronia intraventricular quando s&#227;o encontradas maiores diferen&#231;as dos tempos m&#233;dios de ativa&#231;&#227;o el&#233;trica entre a regi&#227;o septal e a parede lateral do VE.</p>
    <p>Limita&#231;&#245;es do estudo - A defini&#231;&#227;o das &#225;reas de estudo (VD, AS e VE) usando os eletrodos do MES apresenta limites estreitos, pois essas &#225;reas nem sempre correspondem &#224;s &#225;reas anat&#244;micas descritas.</p>
    <p>O posicionamento dos eletrodos do marca-passo, convencionalmente implantados na ponta do VD e na parede lateral do VE, pode variar em face de dificuldades t&#233;cnicas encontradas. Geralmente, tem-se obtido uma menor margem de erro em pacientes que recebem o eletrodo por toracotomia. Como conseq&#252;&#234;ncia, alguns est&#237;mulos podem ter sido aplicados em locais inadequados, modificando assim o processo de ativa&#231;&#227;o el&#233;trica nos ventr&#237;culos, mas sem atingir a efic&#225;cia desejada.</p>
    <p>N&#227;o foi realizado ecocardiograma Doppler tecidual para comprovar a ressincroniza&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca ap&#243;s a TRC.</p>
    <p>N&#227;o foi feita modifica&#231;&#227;o do intervalo V-V ap&#243;s TRC.</p>
    <p>O presente estudo prop&#245;e uma nova t&#233;cnica no uso do MES, a qual esperamos venha a sofrer modifica&#231;&#245;es, nesta fase inicial, que possam contribuir para melhorar sua efic&#225;cia.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesses</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflitos de interesses pertinentes.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="end" fn-type="corresp">
        <label>
          <bold>Correspond&#234;ncia:</bold>
        </label>
        <p> Carlos Alberto Pastore </p>
        <p> Al. Franca, 729 - apto. 121 </p>
        <p> 01420-001 &#150; S&#227;o Paulo, SP </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="ecg_pastore@incor.usp.br">ecg_pastore@incor.usp.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p> Artigo recebido em 21/02/06; revisado recebido em 18/04/06; aceito em 01/06/06.</p>
  </body>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Ventricular electrical activation in cardiac resynchronization as characterized by body surface potential mapping</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>OBJECTIVES: To assess cardiac electrical activation by using body surface potential mapping (BSPM), in patients with congestive heart failure (CHF) and left bundle branch block (LBBB) undergoing cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) with biventricular pacemaker (BIV-PM) implantation. METHODS: Mean cardiac electrical activation times were analyzed in the right ventricle (RV) (mean RV activation time = mRV), anteroseptal area (mAS), and left ventricle (mLV) of 28 patients (mean age 61.2 &#177; 9.5 years; NYHA class III-IV CHF; ejection fraction &lt;40%; LBBB of mean QRS 181.2&#177;19.4ms, S&#194;QRS -8.5&#186;&#177;68.6&#186;), as shown in their BSPM isochronous maps, before and after implantation of atriobiventricular pacemaker, comparing those with values obtained from a control group of normal individuals [CG], in three situations: (1) native LBBB; (2) RV pacing; and (3) atriobiventricular pacing. RESULTS: Situation (1): mRV and mAS values were similar (41.0&#177;11.8ms x 43.6&#177;13.4ms), with delayed mLV (81.0&#177;12.5ms, p&lt;0.01) and asynchronous with RV and AS areas; situation (2): mRV was greater than in CG (86.8&#177;22.9ms, p&lt;0.001), with greater difference between mAS and mLV (63.4&#177;20.7ms vs. 102.7&#177;20.3ms; p&lt;0,001); situation (3): mLV and mRV were similar (72.0&#177;32.0ms vs. 71.6&#177;32.3ms), mRV was greater than in CG and native LBBB (71.6&#177;32.3ms vs. 35.1&#177;10.9ms and 41.0&#177;11.8ms; p&lt;0.001), and mAS was close to CG and native LBBB values (51.3&#177;32.8ms vs. 50.1&#177;11.4ms and 43.6&#177;13.4ms). CONCLUSION: The body surface potential mapping showed that RV and LV activation times which are similar, and are close to those of the AS area, suggest patterns of synchronized ventricular activation in patients with CHF and LBBB during atriobiventricular pacing.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Bundle-branch block</kwd>
        <kwd>heart failure, congestive</kwd>
        <kwd>cardiac pacing, artificial</kwd>
        <kwd>body surface potential mapping</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>ORIGINAL ARTICLE</bold>
      </p>
      <p> Ventricular electrical activation in cardiac resynchronization as characterized by body surface potential mapping </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Carlos Alberto Pastore; Nancy Tobias; Nelson Samesima; Martino Martinelli Filho; Anisio Pedrosa; Silvana Nishioka; Roberto A. Douglas; Lu&#237;s Felipe Moreira; Jos&#233; Franchini Ramires</bold>
      </p>
      <p> InCor - Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas - Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo - S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</p>
      <p>
        <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end-body2">Mailing Address</xref>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>SUMMARY</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVES:</bold> To assess cardiac electrical activation by using body surface potential mapping (BSPM), in patients with congestive heart failure (CHF) and left bundle branch block (LBBB) undergoing cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) with biventricular pacemaker (BIV-PM) implantation.</p>
      <p><bold>METHODS:</bold> Mean cardiac electrical activation times were analyzed in the right ventricle (RV) (mean RV activation time = mRV), anteroseptal area (mAS), and left ventricle (mLV) of 28 patients (mean age 61.2 &#177; 9.5 years; NYHA class III-IV CHF; ejection fraction &lt;40%; LBBB of mean QRS 181.2&#177;19.4ms, S&#194;QRS &#150;8.5&#186;&#177;68.6&#186;), as shown in their BSPM isochronous maps, before and after implantation of atriobiventricular pacemaker, comparing those with values obtained from a control group of normal individuals [CG], in three situations: (1) native LBBB; (2) RV pacing; and (3) atriobiventricular pacing.</p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS:</bold> Situation (1): mRV and mAS values were similar (41.0&#177;11.8ms x 43.6&#177;13.4ms), with delayed mLV (81.0&#177;12.5ms, p&lt;0.01) and asynchronous with RV and AS areas; situation (2): mRV was greater than in CG (86.8&#177;22.9ms, p&lt;0.001), with greater difference between mAS and mLV (63.4&#177;20.7ms vs. 102.7&#177;20.3ms; p&lt;0,001); situation (3): mLV and mRV were similar (72.0&#177;32.0ms vs. 71.6&#177;32.3ms), mRV was greater than in CG and native LBBB (71.6&#177;32.3ms vs. 35.1&#177;10.9ms and 41.0&#177;11.8ms; p&lt;0.001), and mAS was close to CG and native LBBB values (51.3&#177;32.8ms vs. 50.1&#177;11.4ms and 43.6&#177;13.4ms).</p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSION:</bold> The body surface potential mapping showed that RV and LV activation times which are similar, and are close to those of the AS area, suggest patterns of synchronized ventricular activation in patients with CHF and LBBB during atriobiventricular pacing.</p>
      <p><bold>Key words:</bold> Bundle-branch block; heart failure, congestive; cardiac pacing, artificial; body surface potential mapping.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Introduction</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The treatment of heart failure is still a major challenge in medicine. Despite the advance of pharmacological therapy, patients not controlled with optimized medical treatment have an important option in the non-pharmacological treatment. Heart transplantation has shown significant improvement in the quality of life with reduction in mortality. The different surgical procedures for the treatment of CHF were not very successful. The development of atriobiventricular cardiac pacing introduced in the 1990&#146;s with the objective of resynchronizing ventricles in the presence of left bundle branch block (LBBB) has changed the natural history of CHF<sup>1</sup>. This technique, known as cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT), showed significant improvement of the functional class and ejection fraction in individuals with severe ventricular dysfunction and LBBB<sup>2-5</sup>.</p>
      <p>Echocardiographic studies revealed that the hemodynamic consequences of abnormal conduction patterns in patients with dilated cardiomyopathy are closely related to QRS complex widening and apparently may result from an interventricular asynchrony and delayed septal contraction<sup>6,7</sup>. Considering that CRT is an expensive invasive procedure, and that approximately 30% of the patients derive no proven benefit from it, the great current challenge is to define the characteristics of optimal candidates to undergo CRT<sup>8</sup>.</p>
      <p>The electroanatomic mapping assessment, in turn, demonstrated the importance of the correct positioning of the leads of the pacemaker system for a better resynchronization and favorable responses to CRT<sup>9-11</sup>.</p>
      <p>Thus, body surface potential mapping (BSPM) may be useful in the assessment of biventricular pacing, facilitating the understanding of the mechanisms of cardiac electrical activation, and separating the activation of the right and left chambers, as well as contributing to other methods already described in the identification of the patients more likely to respond to CRT. </p>
      <p>The objective of the present study was to investigate different patterns of cardiac electrical activation in patients with CHF and LBBB, using isochronous maps of BSPM to elucidate the possible mechanisms responsible for the great number of patients non-responsive to CRT.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Methods</bold>
      </p>
      <p><italic>Body surface potential mapping (BSPM) - </italic>BSPM records the sequence of ventricular activation times (VAT) obtained from 87 electrodes placed on the anterior and posterior surface of the chest. The system allows the automatic translation of data into isochronous maps that characterize ventricular activation times in milliseconds (ms), which can be analyzed separately or together, characterizing a cardiac area. The 87 unipolar electrodes of the Fukuda Denshi BSPM instrument (Fukuda Denshi, Tokyo, Japan) model 7100, with 59 electrodes distributed on the anterior chest and 28 on the back, made simultaneous records. Electrical potentials were digitalized, processed and visualized in the BSPM matrix as PQRST complexes (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig1a-body2">Fig. 1A</xref>), distributed according to the orientation of the electrode system and defined by letters with their respective numeric indexers. In addition to assessing the traditional electrovectorcardiographic variables (rhythm, PR interval, axes, QRS complex width, orientation and direction of the loops in the horizontal and frontal planes), the system also generates isochronous maps which record cardiac electrical activation times (in ms) automatically and sequentially<sup>12</sup> (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig1b-body2">Fig. 1B</xref>). </p>
      <fig id="fig1a-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-03-0251-00001-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <fig id="fig1b-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-03-0251-00001-gf02-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p><italic>Atriobiventricular pacemakers -</italic> Atriobiventricular pacemakers were implanted in 28 patients: 20 through the coronary sinus, and eight via thoracotomy (Pulsar M, Discovery, Guidant; Insync ICD)<sup>13</sup>.</p>
      <p>The patients studied had their ventricular electrical activation sequence assessed in three different situations: 1) native LBBB (baseline, pre-implantation); 2) right ventricle pacing (PM-RV; post-implantation); and 3) atriobiventricular pacing (PM-BIV; post-implantation). No modification in the V-V interval was made for the BSPM analysis.</p>
      <p><italic>Population studied - </italic>Twenty eight patients of which 71% were males (20), with mean age of 61.2 &#177; 9.5 years, idiopathic CHF (61%), New York Heart Association (NYHA) functional class III and IV, ejection fraction <underline>&lt;</underline> 40% (mean 28.2% &#177; 7.9%), LBBB with QRS <underline>&gt;</underline> 140 ms (mean 181.2ms &#177; 19.4ms) and S&#194;QRS &#150;8,5&#186; &#177; 68,6&#186; were studied. All patients underwent BSPM before and after implantation of atriobiventricular pacemakers. </p>
      <p>Inclusion criteria were: age above 18 years, sinus rhythm, moderate to severe heart failure (NYHA functional class III-IV) refractory to drug therapy, ejection fraction <underline>&lt;</underline> 40% (as determined by radionucleotide ventriculography), and intraventricular conduction disturbance (LBBB) with QRS <underline>&gt;</underline> 140ms. Exclusion criteria were: severe systemic diseases (neoplasia, chronic renal failure, unstable ischemic syndrome, severe pulmonary disease), life expectancy lower than 6 months, age under 18 years, any contraindication to atriobiventricular pacemaker implantation, or impossibility to undergo pre- or postoperative tests for whatever clinical reason.</p>
      <p>All patients included in the study gave their written consent approved by the Ethics Committee of Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo.</p>
      <p><italic>Control group</italic> - We chose to include in the study a control group, which underwent BSPM to obtain reference values and identification of the normal pattern of ventricular electrical activation. It is important to point out that to date no "normal" pattern has been established by the BSPM in the literature. Twenty healthy patients, 11 (55%) males, mean age of 56 &#177; 10.1 years, with normal values of clinical tests, electrocardiogram (ECG) and echocardiography were selected to comprise a control group of individuals with normal hearts. </p>
      <p><italic>Statistical analysis</italic> - The matrixes of ventricular electrical activation times recorded in the isochronous maps were statistically analyzed, and three distinct areas resulted from this analysis, corresponding approximately to the right ventricle (RV), anteroseptal area (AS), and left ventricle (LV) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig02-body2">Fig. 2</xref>). From them, the mean values (mean activation times) were calculated for each area: right ventricle (mRV), anteroseptal area (mAS), and left ventricle (mLV). The analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to compare these mean values in the three study situations: (1) native LBBB, (2) PM-RV, and (3) PM-BIV, and all these values were compared with reference values of the normal control group (CG). The Bonferroni correction was used for multiple comparisons. The significance level was established at p <underline>&lt;</underline> 0.05.</p>
      <fig id="fig02-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-03-0251-00001-gf03-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>
        <bold>Results</bold>
      </p>
      <p><italic>Clinical characteristics - </italic>Among the clinical variables studied after CRT, a 19.1% reduction in QRS duration (181.2 ms &#177; 19.4 ms vs. 145.7 ms &#177; 20.5 ms), a 7.6% increase in ejection fraction (28.2% &#177; 7.0% vs. 31.4% &#177; 10.8%), and improvement in functional class in 75% of the patients were observed. </p>
      <p><italic>Analysis of ventricular activation times - </italic>The values of mean ventricular activation times found were: </p>
      <p>1. In the control group &#150; CG (reference values): mRV = 35.1 ms &#177; 10.9 ms; mAS = 50.1 ms &#177; 11.4 ms; and mLV = 53.2 ms &#177; 10.8 ms.</p>
      <p>2. In the group of patients with LBBB, ventricular activation times were assessed in three situations:</p>
      <p>&#149; situation 1 &#150; native LBBB: mRV = 41.0 ms &#177; 11.8 ms; mAS = 43.6ms &#177; 13.4 ms; and mLV = 81.0ms &#177; 12.5 ms.</p>
      <p>&#149; situation 2 - PM-RV (induced LBBB): mRV = 86.8 ms &#177; 22.9 ms; mAS = 63.4 ms &#177; 20.7 ms; and mLV = 102.7 ms &#177; 20.3 ms. </p>
      <p>&#149; situation 3 - PM-BIV: mRV = 71.6 ms &#177; 32.3 ms; mAS = 51.3 ms &#177; 32.8 ms; and mLV = 72.0 ms &#177; 32.0 ms.</p>
      <p>In situation 1 (native LBBB), the activation of RV and AS regions was similar (p = NS). In the LV region it was more precocious (p &lt; 0,001), and lost synchronism with the anteroseptal area. In relation to the control group, the left ventricular activation was delayed (p &lt; 0,001).</p>
      <p>After implantation of the atriobiventricular pacemakers, the system was set to pace only the RV or both ventricles. In situation 2, with RV pacing only (PM-RV), a significant increase in mRV, mAs, and especially in mLV in comparison with the control group (p &lt; 0.001) was verified. In this situation, activation times in the two ventricles were not significantly different; however, significant differences were verified between the RV and the AS region (p &lt; 0.05), as well as between the AS region and the LV (p &lt; 0.001). </p>
      <p>In situation 3, atriobiventricular pacing (PM-BIV), the mRV increased significantly and was delayed in relation to the control group and to the native LBBB (p &lt; 0.001). In this situation, mAS was close to the values observed in the control group and in the native LBBB (p = NS); the mLV was significantly delayed when compared to the control group (p &lt; 0.05) and had a value similar to that of RV (p = NS). This fact indicates that the electrical activation of both ventricles occurred simultaneously. </p>
      <p><xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig03-body2">Figure 3</xref> shows a graphical comparison of the values obtained in the three areas (RV, AS, and LV) in each of the study situations (native LBBB, PM-RV, and PM-BIV) and the reference values obtained in the control group (CG). </p>
      <fig id="fig03-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-03-0251-00001-gf04-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p><xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig04-body2">Figure 4</xref> shows isochronous activation line maps in the frontal and horizontal planes with the matrixes of the mean ventricle and anteroseptal area activation times in, which the difference brought by the atriobiventricular activation (PM-BIV) in relation to the study group in the situation of native LBBB is shown. </p>
      <fig id="fig04-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-03-0251-00001-gf05-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p><xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig05-body2">Figure 5</xref> compares the LV-to-anteroseptal-area conduction delay in the three study situations and in the control group, characterizing the better electrical synchronism of the ventricles provided by the atriobiventricular pacing.</p>
      <fig id="fig05-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-03-0251-00001-gf06-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Patients with wide QRS complexes are assumed to present both interventricular and intraventricular conduction delay during their cardiac electrical activation process. This conduction abnormality (LBBB) is an independent marker associated with a 70% higher risk of mortality and sudden death among patients with dilated cardiomyopathy<sup>14</sup>. The result of the abnormal electrical activation in one of the ventricles is an asynchronous chamber contraction with a decreased efficiency<sup>13</sup>.</p>
      <p>The present analysis using body surface potential mapping demonstrated that, from the electrical point of view, the atriobiventricular pacing improved the ventricular electrical activation sequence. </p>
      <p>However, no improvement of the ventricular function was observed in approximately 30% of the patients after cardiac resynchronization. Recognizing the modifications resulting from the process described may help us to better understand the cardiac electrical activation phenomenon, and thus identify the patients responsive to the procedure, in addition to defining the best pacing sites to maximize CRT success rates. </p>
      <p>In dilated cardiomyopathies progressing with LBBB, an earlier activation of the septal region can be observed in association with a lateral wall tension. Further, a delayed contraction of the lateral wall and an intense tension of the already activated septum occur. The term paradoxal motion of the septum is not the most suitable, because it is a consequence of the imbalance of forces of the septal region, unable to stand the delayed lateral wall tension contracting toward the right ventricle<sup>8</sup>. An analysis of patients with LBBB using BSPM sought to establish ventricular electrical activation patterns of this population<sup>15</sup>.</p>
      <p>Ventricular resynchronization obtained with the atriobiventricular pacemaker prevents the reciprocal tension of the walls. Conventional echocardiogram, and currently tissue Doppler echocardiography, as well as magnetic resonance have characterized these changes, mainly in retrieving the lateral wall delay<sup>6,7,16</sup>.</p>
      <p>Currently, the factors interfering with the cardiac response of patients undergoing CRT are: duration of the QRS complex, lack of interventricular and intraventricular synchronism, electrode positioning, adequate ventricular activation times, and adapted atrioventricular (A-V) activation time<sup>8</sup>.</p>
      <p>The importance of the lack of interventricular synchronism, as already demonstrated in previous studies, associated with the intraventricular asynchrony, brought the overall dynamics of activation in LBBB to light<sup>17</sup>. </p>
      <p>Ventricular contraction in the presence of intraventricular conduction block worsens the ventricular function. Conventional ECG may help identify approximately 70% of the patients with contractile alterations when the QRS complex is greater than 140 ms; however, it is unable to accurately predict the sites with altered contraction. </p>
      <p>One of the explanations of the nonresponse to CRT is that 30% to 40% of the patients with CHF and QRS above 120ms lack LV asynchrony in the tissue Doppler echocardiography<sup>18</sup>. Additionally, patients with CHF and narrow QRS (&lt;120ms) present LV asynchrony and are candidates for cardiac resynchronization therapy<sup>18</sup>. </p>
      <p>Recently, studies using electroanatomic mapping in CRT<sup>9-11</sup> showed a significant hemodynamic improvement when slow conduction sites of the LV are activated, reinforcing the importance of the optimized electrode placement as a crucial factor for CRT to bring clinical benefits. These studies illustrate the electrophysiological mechanisms responsible for inter and intraventricular conduction and which influence the synchronized LV contraction.</p>
      <p>Body surface potential mapping (BSPM) has the great advantage of being a non-invasive tool more precise than conventional ECG, and able to discriminate the best ventricular activation sites and to assess the efficacy of the therapy used to synchronize the heart chambers. Thus, it can be very useful in the treatment of these patients. </p>
      <p>The present study using the BSPM assessed time sequences of ventricular electrical activation with the purpose of assessing the electrical activity, not only in the ventricles as a whole, but also regionally, as in the anteroseptal region, since it has a key role in the dynamics of cardiac contraction. These areas were analyzed in the three study situations - native LBBB, LV pacing, and during atriobiventricular pacing - comparing all with the control group of normal individuals. The comparative analysis of the three study situations provided evidence of the important alterations that occur in the presence of LBBB. The electrical activation of the septal region suffered little alteration; however, a clear and significant LV activation delay occurs, a fact that had already been previously studied, demonstrating the difficulty in the transmission of electrical impulses through a damaged conduction system<sup>19</sup>.</p>
      <p>An important finding during RV pacing was the increase in mRV (86.8ms), which got close to the characteristic RV delay with LBBB (102.7ms), significantly increasing the total duration of the ventricular activation. This alteration caused a longer delay between ventricle activation and AS activation, as shown in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig05-body2">Figure 5</xref>, and provoked a more intense interventricular and intraventricular asynchrony, as already described in the DAVID study<sup>20</sup>. However, an electrotemporal characterization, as was evidenced by this study using BSPM, had not yet been demonstrated.</p>
      <p>The analysis of the electrical activation time sequence with atriobiventricular pacing using the BSPM was able to demonstrate the efficacy of the resynchronization therapy. LV activation time was shorter than that of the native LBBB (mLV decreased from 81.0ms to 72,0ms). A smaller difference of the anteroseptal region was observed, and the mAS increased in comparison with the native LBBB (51.3ms vs. 43.6ms). This finding is, in itself, proof of a better matching of septal and LV activation, as seen in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig05-body2">Figure 5</xref>. Reddy et al<sup>9</sup>, using electroanatomic mapping, described an almost synchronous activation between the septal and lateral walls of the LV with PM-BIV, which resulted in an earlier activation of the posterior-lateral base of the LV, with a decrease of QRS from 211ms in the RV single-chamber pacing to 157ms with PM-BIV. In our study, the mRV increased significantly with PM-BIV and was almost equal to that of the LV (51.3ms vs. 43.6ms). This provides evidence of the occurrence of a synchronized electrical activation during contraction of the two chambers, a fact that, in our opinion, seems to be an original contribution of this study.</p>
      <p>The characterization of the electrical activation pattern obtained by BSPM before and after atriobiventricular pacing reflects the change from an abnormal activation sequence in LBBB to the simultaneous activation of both ventricles, thus restoring the cardiac synchronism. </p>
      <p>The study of ventricular electrical activation times using BSPM may contribute to guide the search of optimal sites to be activated by atriobiventricular pacemaker electrodes, thus increasing the likelihood of better patient responses to CRT.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Conclusion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Patients with CHF and LBBB undergoing CRT, present at the BSPM:</p>
      <p>&#149; increased electrical activation times in both ventricles during isolated RV pacing (induced LBBB), causing longer ventricle-to-AS region activation delay. </p>
      <p>&#149; similar electrical activation times in both ventricles, a shorter activation time of the AS region during PM-BIV, indicating simultaneous ventricular activation;</p>
      <p>&#149; evidence of a higher intraventricular asynchrony when greater differences of mean electrical activation times are found between the septal region and the lateral wall of the LV.</p>
      <p><italic>Study limitations - </italic>The definition of the study areas (RV, AS and LV) using BSPM electrodes has narrow limits, because these areas not always correspond to the anatomic areas described.</p>
      <p>The positioning of the pacemaker electrodes conventionally implanted in the apex of the RV and in the lateral wall of the LV may vary due to the technical difficulties faced. A smaller margin of error has usually been obtained in patients undergoing electrode placement via thoracotomy. As a consequence, some pacing stimuli may have been applied in inadequate sites, thus modifying the electrical activation process in the ventricles, albeit without achieving the desired efficacy. </p>
      <p>Tissue Doppler echocardiogram was not performed to confirm cardiac resynchronization following CRT. </p>
      <p>No modification in the V-V interval was made after CRT. </p>
      <p>The present study proposes a new procedure in the use of BSPM, which we expect will suffer modifications, in this initial phase, that may contribute to improve its efficacy. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
      </p>
      <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fn id="end-body2" fn-type="corresp">
          <label>
            <bold>Mailing Address:</bold>
          </label>
          <p> Carlos Alberto Pastore</p>
          <p> Al. Franca, 729 - apto. 121</p>
          <p> 01420-001 &#150; S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</p>
          <p> E-mail: </p>
          <p>
            <email xlink:href="ecg_pastore@incor.usp.br">ecg_pastore@incor.usp.br</email>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p> Manuscript received February 21, 2006; revised manuscript received April 18, 2006; accepted June 1, 2006.</p>
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  </sub-article>
</article>
