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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">vckN8CJCm34qTRT9h857fkh</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00023</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2007000200023</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(07)08800223</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2007000200023</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Ponto de Vista</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>SAMU/192 e a abordagem pr&#233;-hospitalar do infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio no Brasil: esperan&#231;a para o paciente ou mais uma oportunidade perdida?</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Brasileiro</surname>
            <given-names>Antonio Luiz da Silva</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <institution content-type="orgname">Instituto Nacional de Cardiologia</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff02">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Barra D&#8217;Or</institution>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>02</month>
        <year>2007</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>88</volume>
      <issue>2</issue>
      <fpage>e44</fpage>
      <lpage>e46</lpage>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>20</day>
        <month>03</month>
        <year>2007</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>PONTO DE VISTA</bold>
    </p>
    <p>SAMU/192 e a abordagem pr&#233;-hospitalar do infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio no Brasil: esperan&#231;a para o paciente ou mais uma oportunidade perdida?</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Antonio Luiz da Silva Brasileiro </bold>
    </p>
    <p> Instituto Nacional de Cardiologia, Hospital Barra D&#146;Or &#150; Rio de Janeiro, RJ</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave:</bold> Infarto do mioc&#225;rdio, atendimento de emerg&#234;ncia pr&#233;-hospitalar, unidades m&#243;veis de emerg&#234;ncia, primeiros socorros.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A partir da publica&#231;&#227;o do estudo realizado pelo Gruppo Italiano per lo Studio della Sopravvivenza nell&#146;Infarto miocardico (GISSI), em 1986<sup>1</sup>, os pacientes acometidos por infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio (IAM) passaram a contar com uma nova e poderosa arma capaz de aumentar suas chances de sobreviv&#234;ncia em at&#233; 50%, quando realizada em tempo h&#225;bil: a tromb&#243;lise. </p>
    <p>Desde ent&#227;o, em todo o mundo, v&#225;rias estrat&#233;gias foram criadas com o objetivo de reduzir o tempo decorrido entre o in&#237;cio dos sintomas e o tratamento, o chamado delta T. Surgiram "Protocolos de Dor Tor&#225;cica", recomenda&#231;&#245;es para realiza&#231;&#227;o da tromb&#243;lise j&#225; na Emerg&#234;ncia, campanhas p&#250;blicas de orienta&#231;&#227;o para a popula&#231;&#227;o, al&#233;m de in&#250;meras reportagens educativas sobre o tema, mas nenhuma delas tinha maior potencial que a "Tromb&#243;lise Pr&#233;-Hospitalar", ou seja, a tromb&#243;lise iniciada ainda na ambul&#226;ncia. Uma meta-an&#225;lise publicada em 2000<sup>2</sup> confirmava os benef&#237;cios dessa estrat&#233;gia. Entretanto, tr&#234;s importantes entraves impediam sua dissemina&#231;&#227;o: 1) impossibilidade de diagn&#243;stico confi&#225;vel realizado pelas equipes das ambul&#226;ncias, geralmente formadas por n&#227;o-cardiologistas ou por param&#233;dicos; 2) dificuldades decorrentes da infus&#227;o intravenosa da droga em ambiente n&#227;o-hospitalar; e 3) conduta indicada para os pacientes com contra-indica&#231;&#227;o para tromb&#243;lise e para aqueles sem resposta ao trombol&#237;tico. </p>
    <p>O primeiro entrave foi superado gra&#231;as ao progresso da tecnologia de transmiss&#227;o digital de dados, hoje corriqueira, permitindo o laudo do eletrocardiograma <italic>on line</italic> por um cardiologista &#224; dist&#226;ncia. O segundo foi resolvido pelo desenvolvimento<sup>3</sup> e pela entrada no mercado de novos trombol&#237;ticos de administra&#231;&#227;o em bolo, facilitando o uso da droga no espa&#231;o restrito da ambul&#226;ncia. O &#250;ltimo entrave foi resolvido pela integra&#231;&#227;o com centros terci&#225;rios regionais de interven&#231;&#227;o, capacitados para a realiza&#231;&#227;o de angioplastia de resgate<sup>4</sup>.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Um novo conceito: a abordagem pr&#233;-hospitalar</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O aumento exponencial da import&#226;ncia da angioplastia prim&#225;ria, demonstrando clara superioridade como estrat&#233;gia de reperfus&#227;o para pacientes com apresenta&#231;&#227;o tardia<sup>5</sup>, para pacientes de alto risco<sup>6,7</sup> e, evidentemente, para aqueles com maior risco de sangramentos, levou &#224; substitui&#231;&#227;o do conceito b&#225;sico de "Tromb&#243;lise Pr&#233;-Hospitalar" pelo conceito mais abrangente de "Abordagem Pr&#233;-Hospitalar do IAM", que inclui: </p>
    <p>&#150; diagn&#243;stico precoce e confi&#225;vel do IAM, auxiliado por teleconsultoria;</p>
    <p>&#150; integra&#231;&#227;o, sempre que vi&#225;vel, com centros regionais terci&#225;rios de interven&#231;&#227;o; </p>
    <p>&#150; tomada precoce de decis&#227;o, ainda na ambul&#226;ncia, quanto &#224; melhor estrat&#233;gia de reperfus&#227;o, com imediata remo&#231;&#227;o do paciente para o centro terci&#225;rio quando indicado por protocolo baseado nas melhores evid&#234;ncias<sup>8</sup> (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig01">fig. 1</xref>);</p>
    <p>&#150; in&#237;cio pr&#233;-hospitalar do tratamento adjuvante adequado para cada caso.</p>
    <fig id="fig01">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-02-0e44-00023-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>Atualmente essa &#233; a principal estrat&#233;gia de atendimento ao IAM na Europa e com r&#225;pido crescimento nos Estados Unidos. Um estudo recentemente publicado<sup>9</sup> comprovou que essa abordagem pode conseguir redu&#231;&#227;o de 60 minutos do delta T e de 30% da mortalidade, mesmo quando o atendimento &#233; realizado por enfermeiros, sem a presen&#231;a de m&#233;dicos. </p>
    <p>Nas regi&#245;es em que n&#227;o existam centros capazes de realizar interven&#231;&#245;es coronarianas emergenciais (angioplastia prim&#225;ria ou de resgate) dentro de adequados padr&#245;es de qualidade, deve ser estimulada a realiza&#231;&#227;o de tromb&#243;lise em todos os pacientes sem contra-indica&#231;&#227;o. </p>
    <p>
      <bold>SAMU/192 e a abordagem pr&#233;-hospitalar do infarto no Brasil</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Apesar dos in&#250;meros progressos nessa &#225;rea, continua muito reduzido o n&#250;mero de pacientes com IAM que, no Brasil, recebem qualquer terapia de reperfus&#227;o. Na maior parte do pa&#237;s, n&#227;o existem centros de interven&#231;&#227;o, estando a angioplastia dispon&#237;vel, quase que exclusivamente, nos grandes centros das regi&#245;es Sul e Sudeste. Mesmo nessas regi&#245;es, por&#233;m, poucos pacientes t&#234;m acesso a esses procedimentos na rede p&#250;blica, o que demonstra que a tromb&#243;lise dever&#225; ser, por muito tempo, a &#250;nica estrat&#233;gia de reperfus&#227;o dispon&#237;vel. Dados n&#227;o-publicados fornecidos pela ind&#250;stria farmac&#234;utica nos d&#227;o conta da baixa freq&#252;&#234;ncia de utiliza&#231;&#227;o de trombol&#237;ticos, demonstrando que, para a maioria da popula&#231;&#227;o brasileira, a era da reperfus&#227;o, iniciada h&#225; mais de 20 anos, ainda n&#227;o chegou.</p>
    <p>H&#225;, entretanto, uma nova esperan&#231;a. O Minist&#233;rio da Sa&#250;de, por meio da portaria 1.864, criou, em 29 de setembro de 2003, o Servi&#231;o de Atendimento M&#243;vel de Urg&#234;ncia, o SAMU/192, com objetivos ambiciosos. Dados obtidos no site do Minist&#233;rio da Sa&#250;de<sup>10</sup> revelam que o SAMU j&#225; atende uma popula&#231;&#227;o de 81 milh&#245;es de brasileiros em 817 munic&#237;pios de 25 Estados, utilizando mais de mil ambul&#226;ncias equipadas, al&#233;m de "ambulanchas" e helic&#243;pteros. &#201;, entretanto, frustrante constatar que, mais de tr&#234;s anos ap&#243;s sua implementa&#231;&#227;o, o SAMU/192 n&#227;o utilize rotineiramente a tromb&#243;lise pr&#233;-hospitalar. &#201; decepcionante constatar que em seu I Congresso Nacional<sup>11</sup>, ocorrido durante quatro dias em mar&#231;o de 2006, em Bras&#237;lia, n&#227;o constasse do programa do evento o tema "Atendimento do IAM". Tamanho investimento de dinheiro p&#250;blico somente se justifica se o sistema for capaz de oferecer &#224; popula&#231;&#227;o atendimento de qualidade a suas principais causas de morbidade e mortalidade, ou seja, as emerg&#234;ncias cardiovasculares. As estat&#237;sticas do pr&#243;prio SAMU demonstram que estas constituem sua principal causa de atendimento, apontando para um enorme potencial para a aplica&#231;&#227;o dos conceitos atuais de "Abordagem Pr&#233;-Hospitalar do IAM". </p>
    <p>N&#227;o bastam boas inten&#231;&#245;es e muitas ambul&#226;ncias. &#201; necess&#225;rio que o SAMU mantenha em seus quadros profissionais qualificados, Programa de Treinamento e Educa&#231;&#227;o Continuada em Emerg&#234;ncias Cardiol&#243;gicas, protocolo atualizado de atendimento do IAM, integra&#231;&#227;o com centros terci&#225;rios regionais, al&#233;m de r&#237;gido sistema de controle de qualidade. Al&#233;m de centrais telef&#244;nicas que funcionem. Somente assim o SAMU estar&#225; cumprindo sua miss&#227;o. A Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia &#150; SBC n&#227;o se negar&#225; a participar desse esfor&#231;o, oferecendo uma "Diretriz de Abordagem Pr&#233;-Hospitalar do IAM" com a participa&#231;&#227;o dos principais especialistas brasileiros no assunto.</p>
    <p>Com a palavra as autoridades respons&#225;veis pelo SAMU/192.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesses</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflitos de interesses pertinentes.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Refer&#234;ncias</bold>
    </p>
    <p>1. Gruppo Italiano per lo Studio della Streptochinasi nell&#146;Infarto Miocardico (GISSI). Effectiveness of intravenous thrombolytic treatment in acute myocardial infarction. Lancet. 1986;1:397-401.</p>
    <p>2. Morrison LJ, Verbeek PR, McDonald HC, Sawadsky BV, Cook DJ. Mortality and prehospital thrombolysis for acute myocardial infarction: a meta-analysis. JAMA. 2000; 283 (20): 2686-92.</p>
    <p>3. Assessment of the Safety and Efficacy of a New Thrombolytic (ASSENT 2) Investigators, van de Werf F, Adgey J, Ardissino D, Armstrong PW, Aylward P, Barbash G, et al. Single-bolus tenecteplase compared with front-loaded alteplase in acute myocardial infarction double-blind randomised trial. Lancet. 1999; 354 (9180): 716-22.</p>
    <p>4. Gershlick AH, Stephens Loyd A, Hughes S, Abrams KR, Stevens SE, Uren NG, REACT Trial Investigators, et al. Rescue angioplasty after failed thrombolytic therapy for acute myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med. 2005; 353 (26): 2758-68.</p>
    <p>5. Steg PG, Bonnefoy E. Impact of time to treatment on mortality after prehospital thrombolysis. Circulation. 2003; 108 (23): 2851-6.</p>
    <p>6. Hochman JS, Sleeper LA, Webb JG, Sanborn TA, White HD, Talley JD, et al. Early revascularization in acute myocardial infarction complicated by cardiogenic shock. SHOCK Investigators Should we Emergently Revascularize Occluded Coronaries for Cardiogenic Shock. N Engl J Med. 1999; 341 (9): 625-34. </p>
    <p>7. Wu AH, Parsons L, Every NR, Bates ER. Second National Registry of Myocardial Infarction. Hospital outcomes in patients presenting with congestive heart failure complicating acute myocardial infarction: a report from the Second National Registry of Myocardial Infarction (NRMI-2). J Am Coll Cardiol. 2002; 40: 1389-94.</p>
    <p>8. Antman EM, Anbe DT, Armstrong PW, Bates ER, Green LA, Hand M, et al. ACC/AHA guidelines for the management of patients with ST-elevation myocardial infarction: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. Circulation. 2004; 110 (9): e82-292.</p>
    <p>9. Bjorklund E. Pre-hospital thrombolysis delivered by paramedics is associated with reduced time delay and mortality in ambulance-transported real-life patients with ST-elevation myocardial infarction. Eur Heart J. 2006; 27 (10): 1146-52.</p>
    <p>10. Minist&#233;rio da Sa&#250;de [homepage na internet]. Aplica&#231;&#245;es, not&#237;cias [citado 2007 janeiro 02]. Dispon&#237;vel em <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://portal.saude.gov.br/portal/aplicacoes/noticias/noticias_detalhe.cfm?co_seq_noticia=28267">http://portal.saude.gov.br/portal/aplicacoes/noticias/noticias_detalhe.cfm?co_seq_noticia=28267</ext-link></p>
    <p>11. Minist&#233;rio da Sa&#250;de [homepage na internet]. Dispon&#237;vel em url: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://portal.saude.gov.br/portal/aplicacoes/noticias/noticias_detalhe.cfm?co_seq_noticia=24562">http://portal.saude.gov.br/portal/aplicacoes/noticias/noticias_detalhe.cfm?co_seq_noticia=24562</ext-link></p>
    <p>
      <fn id="end" fn-type="corresp">
        <label>
          <bold>Correspond&#234;ncia:</bold>
        </label>
        <p> Luiz da Silva Brasileiro </p>
        <p> Av. Ayrton Senna, 2150/212 &#150; bloco H </p>
        <p> 22775-000 &#150; Rio de Janeiro, RJ </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="abrasileiro@cardiol.br">abrasileiro@cardiol.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p> Artigo recebido em 3/01/07 ; aceito em 3/01/07.</p>
  </body>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Point of View</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">SAMU-192 and the prehospital approach to acute myocardial infarction in Brazil: hope for patients or one more missed opportunity?</article-title>
      </title-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>POINT OF VIEW</bold>
      </p>
      <p>SAMU-192 and the prehospital approach to acute myocardial infarction in Brazil: hope for patients or one more missed opportunity?  </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Antonio Luiz da Silva Brasileiro </bold>
      </p>
      <p> Instituto Nacional de Cardiologia, Hospital Barra D&#146;Or &#150; Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brazil</p>
      <p>
        <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end-body2">Mailing Address</xref>
      </p>
      <p><bold>Key words:</bold> Infarction; emergency medical services; ambulances; first aid.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Introduction</bold>
      </p>
      <p>As of publication of the GISSI study in 1986<sup>1</sup>, patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI) had a new and powerful tool capable of increasing their chances of survival by as much as 50% when carried out in a timely manner: thrombolysis. </p>
      <p>Since than, various strategies were created throughout de world in attempts to reduce the time lag from symptoms onset to treatment &#150; the so-called "Delta T". These strategies range from "Chest Pain Protocols", recommendations that thrombolysis be carried out in the emergency room, educational campaigns aimed to inform the general public, as well as countless educational news reports on the subject, but none of these had greater potential than "Prehospital Thrombolysis", i.e., thrombolysis initiated in the ambulance. A meta-analysis published in 2002<sup>2</sup> confirmed the benefits of this strategy. However, three obstacles hampered its dissemination: 1) the impossibility of reliable diagnoses carried out by the ambulance teams, usually made up of non-cardiologists or paramedics; 2) difficulties stemming from intravenous infusion of the drug in a non-hospital environment; and 3) the conduct indicated for patients with contraindication to thrombolysis or for those failing to respond to thrombolytics.</p>
      <p>The first obstacle was overcome thanks to the now common digital data transmission technology that allows on-line examination of electrocardiograms by a remote cardiologist. The second obstacle was overcome by the development<sup>3</sup> and launch on the market of new thrombolytics given by bolus injection, thus easing use of the drug in the limited space of an ambulance. The last obstacle was resolved by integration with "regional tertiary cardiovascular intervention centers" capable of carrying out rescue angioplasty<sup>4</sup>. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>A new concept: the prehospital approach</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The exponential increase in the importance of primary angioplasty, clearly superior as a reperfusion strategy for late presenting patients<sup>5,</sup> high risk patients<sup>6-7</sup>, and obviously, those with greater risk of bleeding, led to replacement of the basic "Prehospital Thrombolysis" with the more wide-ranging "Prehospital Approach to AMI" that includes: </p>
      <p>a) early and reliable diagnosis of AMI, aided by teleconsulting;</p>
      <p>b) integration, whenever feasible, with regional tertiary cardiovascular intervention centers;</p>
      <p>c) early decision making &#150; in the ambulance &#150; regarding the best reperfusion strategy with immediate removal of the patient to the tertiary center when so indicated by protocol based on best evidence<sup>8 </sup>(<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig01-body2">Figure 1</xref>);</p>
      <p>d) prehospital initiation of the adjunctive treatment appropriate for each case.</p>
      <fig id="fig01-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-02-0e44-00023-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>At present this is the main AMI care strategy used in Europe, the use of which is growing quickly in the United States as well. A recently published study proved that this approach can achieve a 60-minute reduction in the Delta T and 30% reduction in mortality, even when the procedure is carried out by nursing staff without the presence of physicians.</p>
      <p>In regions that lack centers capable of carrying out emergency coronary interventions (primary or rescue angioplasty) in compliance with appropriate quality standards, the use of thrombolysis should be encouraged in all patients without contraindications. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>SAMU-192 and the prehospital approach to infarction in Brazil</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Although great progress has been made in this area, only a very small number of AMI patients in Brazil receive any reperfusion therapy. In most of the country there simply are no "cardiovascular intervention centers". Angioplasty is available almost exclusively in the large centers of the South and Southeast regions. However, even in these regions few patients have access to such procedures in the public health network, which shows that for quite some time yet, thrombolysis will continue to be the only reperfusion strategy available. Unpublished data furnished by the pharmaceutical industry reveal the scant frequency of the use of thrombolytics, thus demonstrating that for the great majority of Brazil&#146;s population, the reperfusion era (initiated more than 20 years ago) has not yet begun. </p>
      <p>However, there is new hope. On 29 September 2003, the Health Ministry (MS) created the Mobile Emergency Health Care Service - SAMU-192 with ambitious objectives, by means of Ministerial Directive 1,864. Data obtained from the site of the Health Ministry show that SAMU already serves 81 million people in 817 municipalities of 25 Brazilian states with 1,000 equipped ambulances plus ambulance boats (<italic>ambulanchas</italic>) and helicopters. It is therefore frustrating to see that more than three years after its implementation, SAMU-192 fails to make routine use of prehospital thrombolysis. It is disheartening to see that at its 1st National Congress, a four-day event held in Bras&#237;lia in March 2006, the theme "AMI Care" was not even on the program. Any investment of taxpayers&#146; money of that size is only justified if the system is capable of providing the population with quality care for its main causes of morbidity and mortality, i.e., cardiovascular emergencies. Statistics of SAMU itself show that these are the main causes of calls for mobile emergency care, a fact that points to an enormous potential for application of the current "Prehospital Approach to AMI".</p>
      <p>Good intentions and lots of ambulances are simply not enough. SAMU must have qualified health professionals on its staff at all times, as well as Training Programs and Continued Education in Cardiac Emergencies, updated AMI care protocol, integration with regional cardiovascular intervention centers, a strict quality control system, and call centers that actually work. Only thus will SAMU be fulfilling its mission. The Brazilian Society of Cardiology (SBC) stands ready to take part in this effort, offering "Guidelines for Prehospital Approach to AMI", with the participation of Brazilian specialists on the subject.</p>
      <p>We now pass the floor to the authorities responsible for SAMU-192.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
      </p>
      <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
      <p>1. Gruppo Italiano per lo Studio della Streptochinasi nell&#146;Infarto Miocardico (GISSI). Effectiveness of intravenous thrombolytic treatment in acute myocardial infarction. Lancet. 1986;1:397-401.</p>
      <p>2. Morrison LJ, Verbeek PR, McDonald HC, Sawadsky BV, Cook DJ. Mortality and prehospital thrombolysis for acute myocardial infarction: a meta-analysis. JAMA. 2000; 283 (20): 2686-92.</p>
      <p>3. Assessment of the Safety and Efficacy of a New Thrombolytic (ASSENT 2) Investigators, van de Werf F, Adgey J, Ardissino D, Armstrong PW, Aylward P, Barbash G, et al. Single-bolus tenecteplase compared with front-loaded alteplase in acute myocardial infarction double-blind randomised trial. Lancet. 1999; 354 (9180): 716-22.</p>
      <p>4. Gershlick AH, Stephens Loyd A, Hughes S, Abrams KR, Stevens SE, Uren NG, REACT Trial Investigators, et al. Rescue angioplasty after failed thrombolytic therapy for acute myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med. 2005; 353 (26): 2758-68.</p>
      <p>5. Steg PG, Bonnefoy E. Impact of time to treatment on mortality after prehospital thrombolysis. Circulation. 2003; 108 (23): 2851-6.</p>
      <p>6. Hochman JS, Sleeper LA, Webb JG, Sanborn TA, White HD, Talley JD, et al. Early revascularization in acute myocardial infarction complicated by cardiogenic shock. SHOCK Investigators Should we Emergently Revascularize Occluded Coronaries for Cardiogenic Shock. N Engl J Med. 1999; 341 (9): 625-34. </p>
      <p>7. Wu AH, Parsons L, Every NR, Bates ER. Second National Registry of Myocardial Infarction. Hospital outcomes in patients presenting with congestive heart failure complicating acute myocardial infarction: a report from the Second National Registry of Myocardial Infarction (NRMI-2). J Am Coll Cardiol. 2002; 40: 1389-94.</p>
      <p>8. Antman EM, Anbe DT, Armstrong PW, Bates ER, Green LA, Hand M, et al. ACC/AHA guidelines for the management of patients with ST-elevation myocardial infarction: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. Circulation. 2004; 110 (9): e82-292.</p>
      <p>9. Bjorklund E. Pre-hospital thrombolysis delivered by paramedics is associated with reduced time delay and mortality in ambulance-transported real-life patients with ST-elevation myocardial infarction. Eur Heart J. 2006; 27 (10): 1146-52.</p>
      <p>10. Minist&#233;rio da Sa&#250;de [homepage na internet]. Aplica&#231;&#245;es, not&#237;cias [citado 2007 janeiro 02]. Dispon&#237;vel em <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://portal.saude.gov.br/portal/aplicacoes/noticias/noticias_detalhe.cfm?co_seq_noticia=28267">http://portal.saude.gov.br/portal/aplicacoes/noticias/noticias_detalhe.cfm?co_seq_noticia=28267</ext-link></p>
      <p>11. Minist&#233;rio da Sa&#250;de [homepage na internet]. Dispon&#237;vel em url: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://portal.saude.gov.br/portal/aplicacoes/noticias/noticias_detalhe.cfm?co_seq_noticia=24562">http://portal.saude.gov.br/portal/aplicacoes/noticias/noticias_detalhe.cfm?co_seq_noticia=24562</ext-link>.</p>
      <p>
        <fn id="end-body2" fn-type="corresp">
          <label>
            <bold>Mailing Address:</bold>
          </label>
          <p> Luiz da Silva Brasileiro</p>
          <p> Avenida Ayrton Senna, 2150/212 &#150; bloco H</p>
          <p> 22775-000 &#150; Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brazil</p>
          <p> E-mail: </p>
          <p>
            <email xlink:href="abrasileiro@cardiol.br">abrasileiro@cardiol.br</email>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p> Manuscript received January 3, 2007; accepted January 1, 2007.</p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
