<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.1 20151215//EN" "https://jats.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/1.1/JATS-journalpublishing1.dtd">
<article xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" specific-use="sps-1.9" dtd-version="1.1" xml:lang="pt" article-type="research-article">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">LxvMKVW6JfnTbb64QM6XmBg</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00020</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2007000200020</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(07)08800220</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2007000200020</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Relato de Caso</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Complica&#231;&#245;es cardiovasculares em crian&#231;a com insufici&#234;ncia renal cr&#244;nica</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Herdy</surname>
            <given-names>Gesmar Volga Haddad</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lopes</surname>
            <given-names>V&#226;nia Gloria Silami</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Olivaes</surname>
            <given-names>Maria Cec&#237;lia</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Mota</surname>
            <given-names>Isabele Coelho</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Vasconcelos</surname>
            <given-names>Marcio Moacyr</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Niter&#243;i</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal Fluminense</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>02</month>
        <year>2007</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>88</volume>
      <issue>2</issue>
      <fpage>e32</fpage>
      <lpage>e35</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>09</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2006</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>03</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2006</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>02</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2006</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>Relatamos o caso de uma crian&#231;a de 11 anos, com doen&#231;a renal cr&#244;nica e hiperparatireoidismo secund&#225;rio. Havia sido tratada com di&#225;lise, calcitriol, carbonato de c&#225;lcio e, na evolu&#231;&#227;o, apresentou dislipidemia e trombos calcificados em v&#225;rios vasos e &#243;rg&#227;os. O exame anatomopatol&#243;gico revelou necrose cerebral isqu&#234;mica, calcifica&#231;&#227;o nas art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias e infarto do mioc&#225;rdio.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>Insufici&#234;ncia renal cr&#244;nica</kwd>
        <kwd>acidente cerebrovascular</kwd>
        <kwd>hiperparatireoidismo</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>20</day>
        <month>03</month>
        <year>2007</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>RELATO DE CASO</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Complica&#231;&#245;es cardiovasculares em crian&#231;a com insufici&#234;ncia renal cr&#244;nica</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Gesmar Volga Haddad Herdy; V&#226;nia Gloria Silami Lopes; Maria Cec&#237;lia Olivaes; Isabele Coelho Mota; Marcio Moacyr Vasconcelos</bold>
    </p>
    <p> Universidade Federal Fluminense - Niter&#243;i, RJ</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Relatamos o caso de uma crian&#231;a de 11 anos, com doen&#231;a renal cr&#244;nica e hiperparatireoidismo secund&#225;rio. Havia sido tratada com di&#225;lise, calcitriol, carbonato de c&#225;lcio e, na evolu&#231;&#227;o, apresentou dislipidemia e trombos calcificados em v&#225;rios vasos e &#243;rg&#227;os. O exame anatomopatol&#243;gico revelou necrose cerebral isqu&#234;mica, calcifica&#231;&#227;o nas art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias e infarto do mioc&#225;rdio.</p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave:</bold> Insufici&#234;ncia renal cr&#244;nica / complica&#231;&#245;es, acidente cerebrovascular, hiperparatireoidismo.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Complica&#231;&#245;es card&#237;acas s&#227;o as principais causas de morte em 25% de crian&#231;as com doen&#231;a renal cr&#244;nica avan&#231;ada<sup>1</sup>. Calcifica&#231;&#245;es viscerais, incluindo cora&#231;&#227;o e vasos podem ocorrer em adultos com hiperparatireoidismo prim&#225;rio ou secund&#225;rio, mas s&#227;o raras em crian&#231;as<sup>2-4</sup>. O objetivo deste relato &#233; chamar aten&#231;&#227;o para a ocorr&#234;ncia de doen&#231;a cardiovascular grave e precoce em paciente pedi&#225;trico com insufici&#234;ncia renal cr&#244;nica e hiperparatireoidismo secund&#225;rio. </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Relato do Caso</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Paciente masculino de 11 anos, pardo, foi internado no Servi&#231;o de Pediatria do Hospital Universit&#225;rio por apresentar crises convulsivas t&#244;nico-cl&#244;nicas generalizadas. N&#227;o havia febre ou quadro infeccioso recente. Na hist&#243;ria patol&#243;gica pregressa havia diagn&#243;stico de insufici&#234;ncia renal cr&#244;nica desde os quatro anos, acompanhado em outro hospital, e nessa &#233;poca foram prescritos: calcitriol, carbonato de c&#225;lcio, eritropoietina e iniciada di&#225;lise peritonial di&#225;ria na resid&#234;ncia. Aos oito anos sofreu fratura de colo de f&#234;mur. Um ano antes da atual interna&#231;&#227;o, teve acidente vascular encef&#225;lico isqu&#234;mico, que evoluiu com paralisia do dim&#237;dio direito. Dois meses antes da atual interna&#231;&#227;o, teve peritonite com secre&#231;&#227;o purulenta pelo cateter da di&#225;lise, medicado com cefalotina. Essas tr&#234;s &#250;ltimas intercorr&#234;ncias cl&#237;nicas, relatadas pela m&#227;e, foram tratadas em outro hospital. </p>
    <p>O exame f&#237;sico na interna&#231;&#227;o revelou acentuada defici&#234;ncia nutricional, com peso de 14 kg (percentil &lt; 5) e altura de 98 cm (percentil &lt; 5); havia malforma&#231;&#245;es &#243;sseas como escoliose acentuada dorsolombar e membros esp&#225;sticos em flex&#227;o. Press&#227;o arterial de 110/60 mmHg no membro superior direito, freq&#252;&#234;ncia respirat&#243;ria 40 incurs&#245;es por minuto, freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca 112 batimentos por minuto. Havia desconforto respirat&#243;rio, estertores crepitantes &#224; direita, convuls&#245;es generalizadas. Na radiografia de t&#243;rax havia condensa&#231;&#227;o no lobo superior direito.</p>
    <p>Foi medicado com ceftriaxone, manuten&#231;&#227;o da di&#225;lise, fenito&#237;na, fenobarbital e diazepam para as crises convulsivas intercorrentes.</p>
    <p>A ecocardiografia com Doppler mostrou calcifica&#231;&#245;es no endoc&#225;rdio do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (m&#250;sculos papilares). A ultra-sonografia vascular mostrou trombo calcificado na art&#233;ria car&#243;tida interna direita (90% de obstru&#231;&#227;o). O hemograma mostrava leucocitose com desvio para a esquerda. Havia calcemia normal, leve hiperfosfatemia - 7,6 mg/dL (valores de refer&#234;ncia: 4-6,9 mg/dL), aumento de: ur&#233;ia - 111 mg/dL (valores de refer&#234;ncia: 15 &#150; 40 mg/dL), creatinina - 3,5 mg/dL (valores de refer&#234;ncia: 0,8-1,4 mg/dL), &#225;cido &#250;rico - 11,4 mg/dL (valores de refer&#234;ncia: 3-7 mg/dL), fosfatase alcalina - 949 U/L (valor m&#225;ximo de refer&#234;ncia: 350 U/L), colesterol total &#150; 227 mg/dL (valor m&#225;ximo de refer&#234;ncia: 200 mg/dL) e triglic&#233;rides &#150; 245 mg/dL (valor m&#225;ximo de refer&#234;ncia: 40-170 mg/dL).</p>
    <p>No sexto dia observaram-se conjuntivite purulenta, estupor, anisocoria e membros esp&#225;sticos com postura em flex&#227;o. A tomografia computadorizada cerebral revelou infarto isqu&#234;mico extenso na &#225;rea da art&#233;ria cerebral anterior esquerda, hernia&#231;&#227;o cerebral subfalcina e uncus por prov&#225;vel acidente vascular encef&#225;lico isqu&#234;mico no territ&#243;rio da art&#233;ria cerebral m&#233;dia esquerda e hidrocefalia obstrutiva por hernia&#231;&#227;o cerebral comprimindo o forame de Moro. O tratamento inicial do infarto cerebral incluiu manitol, intuba&#231;&#227;o orotraqueal e controle rigoroso da taxa h&#237;drica. No oitavo dia havia alcalose respirat&#243;ria e coma (Glasgow 6). Sobrevieram palidez cutaneomucosa e dispn&#233;ia progressiva. Em virtude do fracasso do tratamento cl&#237;nico, o paciente foi encaminhado para craniectomia descompressiva. Apresentou choque hipovol&#234;mico, tratado com reposi&#231;&#227;o h&#237;drica, concentrado de hem&#225;cias e dopamina. No d&#233;cimo dia ocorreu o &#243;bito.</p>
    <p>A hip&#243;tese diagn&#243;stica era de: insufici&#234;ncia renal cr&#244;nica, com osteodistrofia renal, hiperparatireoidismo secund&#225;rio, calcifica&#231;&#245;es secund&#225;rias em v&#225;rios &#243;rg&#227;os. O acidente vascular cerebral podia ser explicado tanto pela doen&#231;a ateroscler&#243;tica quanto pela obstru&#231;&#227;o arterial com calcifica&#231;&#227;o. Havia evid&#234;ncias de comprometimento vascular das art&#233;rias car&#243;tida direita e cerebral anterior esquerda.</p>
    <p>O exame anatomopatol&#243;gico mostrou:</p>
    <p><italic>Macroscopia</italic>: escoliose toracolombar, desnutri&#231;&#227;o, malforma&#231;&#245;es &#243;sseas. Edema cerebral extenso, infarto isqu&#234;mico cerebral direito. <italic>Pulm&#245;es</italic>: &#225;rea de calcifica&#231;&#227;o no &#225;pice do lobo superior e atelectasia pulmonar. <italic>Cora&#231;&#227;o</italic>: aumento do peso e volume; calcifica&#231;&#245;es em &#225;trios direito e esquerdo, endoc&#225;rdio do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, m&#250;sculo papilar e cordas tend&#237;neas; abscesso no mioc&#225;rdio do ventr&#237;culo direito; infarto na parede anterior do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig01">fig.1</xref>). <italic>Rins</italic> com microondula&#231;&#245;es difusas, e o direito muito hipotr&#243;fico. Aumento de volume das paratire&#243;ides com n&#243;dulos em distribui&#231;&#227;o difusa. Calcifica&#231;&#245;es metast&#225;ticas em vasos, c&#233;rebro e rins. Raquitismo renal.</p>
    <fig id="fig01">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-02-0e32-00020-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    <p><italic>Microscopia</italic>: <italic>C&#233;rebro</italic>: infarto recente do lobo parietal direito; necrose isqu&#234;mica do lobo parietal esquerdo (territ&#243;rio da art&#233;ria car&#243;tida esquerda); infarto antigo no lobo parietal esquerdo (territ&#243;rio da art&#233;ria cerebral anterior esquerda). <italic>Pulm&#227;o</italic>: bronquite, espessamento septal com afluxo inflamat&#243;rio misto no par&#234;nquima, calcifica&#231;&#227;o no epit&#233;lio de revestimento alveolar e paredes capilares, com forma&#231;&#227;o de trombos. <italic>Cora&#231;&#227;o</italic>: endocardite, pericardite, infarto em parede anterior, abscesso no mioc&#225;rdio do ventr&#237;culo direito. Art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria descendente anterior mostrava espessamento da &#237;ntima, &#225;rea com placa de ateroma com col&#225;geno, infiltrado inflamat&#243;rio de mononucleares, polimorfonucleares, macr&#243;fagos, fibrina, centro necr&#243;tico e dep&#243;sito de c&#225;lcio. A art&#233;ria car&#243;tida interna direita mostrava tombo calcificado com espessamento da &#237;ntima e infiltrado inflamat&#243;rio semelhante ao da coron&#225;ria. <italic>Paratire&#243;ides</italic>: hiperplasia das c&#233;lulas principais (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig02">fig.2</xref>). <italic>Rins</italic>: atrofia glomerular, glom&#233;rulos hialinizados e fibrose glomerular segmentar (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig03">fig.3</xref>); cristais de urato nos t&#250;bulos e calcifica&#231;&#245;es no interst&#237;cio; glomerulonefrite cr&#244;nica (rim terminal).</p>
    <fig id="fig02">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-02-0e32-00020-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
    <fig id="fig03">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-02-0e32-00020-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>A causa da morte foi edema cerebral e infarto isqu&#234;mico cerebral direito.</p>
    <p><italic>Conclus&#227;o da anatomia patol&#243;gica</italic>: glomerulonefrite cr&#244;nica, hiperparatireoidismo secund&#225;rio, osteodistrofia renal, calcifica&#231;&#245;es metast&#225;ticas em v&#225;rios &#243;rg&#227;os e vasos. Infarto do mioc&#225;rdio. Necrose isqu&#234;mica cerebral.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>No caso descrito, a insufici&#234;ncia renal cr&#244;nica de longa dura&#231;&#227;o (sete anos) desencadeou todo o processo patol&#243;gico. No cora&#231;&#227;o foi descrita uma &#225;rea de infarto e trombose com calcifica&#231;&#245;es em diversos vasos. As complica&#231;&#245;es cardiovasculares descritas nos pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia renal cr&#244;nica s&#227;o: arritmias pelo dist&#250;rbio metab&#243;lico, pericardite ur&#234;mica, hipertens&#227;o arterial, aterosclerose (secund&#225;ria a dislipidemia) e calcifica&#231;&#245;es nos vasos e no cora&#231;&#227;o<sup>1,5,6</sup>. No nosso caso havia dislipidemia, o que poderia explicar o acidente vascular encef&#225;lico anterior. Em crian&#231;as preparadas para transplante com n&#237;veis de triglic&#233;rides acima de 150 mg/dL, h&#225; les&#227;o no endot&#233;lio e art&#233;rias incluindo calcifica&#231;&#227;o na camada m&#233;dia<sup>7</sup>. Pacientes pedi&#225;tricos com doen&#231;a renal cr&#244;nica avan&#231;ada correm risco de aterosclerose acelerada com les&#245;es coronarianas, bem como resist&#234;ncia a insulina, sendo por isso recomendado o uso de estatinas<sup>6</sup>. A ruptura da integridade do endot&#233;lio estabelece uma cascata de fatores inflamat&#243;rios que levam &#224; forma&#231;&#227;o de placa de ateroma, e o aumento do paratorm&#244;nio contribui para a calcifica&#231;&#227;o das art&#233;rias<sup>8,9</sup>. Em nosso paciente n&#227;o foram administrados agentes para controlar a dislipidemia; portanto, aquela seq&#252;&#234;ncia fisiopatol&#243;gica poderia explicar as v&#225;rias les&#245;es calcificadas descritas. </p>
    <p> Sabe-se que a doen&#231;a renal provoca reten&#231;&#227;o de fosfatos e, com isso, diminui a concentra&#231;&#227;o s&#233;rica de c&#225;lcio total e ionizado, al&#233;m da diminui&#231;&#227;o da produ&#231;&#227;o renal de 1a,25-diidroxivitamina D. Sabe-se que 80% da vitamina D s&#227;o produzidos na pele pela transforma&#231;&#227;o do diidrocolecalciferol sob influ&#234;ncia dos raios ultravioleta. Depois, a vitamina D &#233; hidroxilada no f&#237;gado para 25-hidroxivitamina D e depois no rim, dando origem a 1a,25-diidroxivitamina D ou 1a,25-(OH)2-D<sup>10</sup>. A baixa concentra&#231;&#227;o de c&#225;lcio ionizado &#233; o est&#237;mulo para hipertrofia das c&#233;lulas paratire&#243;ideas, como ocorreu na descri&#231;&#227;o da necropsia do nosso caso. Quando o n&#237;vel s&#233;rico de c&#225;lcio ionizado diminui para 4 mg/dL (1 mmol/L) h&#225; est&#237;mulo para secre&#231;&#227;o do paratorm&#244;nio<sup>2</sup>. O aumento na produ&#231;&#227;o do referido horm&#244;nio &#233; a tentativa de o organismo normalizar os n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de c&#225;lcio e fosfato, ativando os osteoblastos e os osteoclastos. Assim, h&#225; mobiliza&#231;&#227;o do c&#225;lcio dos ossos e aumento da reabsor&#231;&#227;o tubular do mesmo. </p>
    <p>O paciente descrito apresentou altera&#231;&#245;es &#243;sseas importantes, manifestadas anos antes atrav&#233;s da fratura do f&#234;mur e acentuada escoliose; portanto, havia osteodistrofia renal<sup>11</sup>. Essa manifesta&#231;&#227;o inclui todas as anormalidades dos ossos e metabolismo mineral que decorre da insufici&#234;ncia renal. O hiperparatireoidismo secund&#225;rio continua sendo um desafio ao tratamento na insufici&#234;ncia renal cr&#244;nica com di&#225;lise peritoneal ou hemodi&#225;lise, pelos seus efeitos adversos em pacientes em crescimento<sup>12</sup>. </p>
    <p>Em nosso caso houve parada de crescimento, pois o peso e a altura eram compat&#237;veis com crian&#231;a de tr&#234;s ou quatro anos, o que ocorre freq&#252;entemente na insufici&#234;ncia renal cr&#244;nica<sup>12-14</sup>. O tratamento realizado (carbonato de c&#225;lcio e calcitriol) &#233; o preconizado pelos autores<sup>13,14</sup>. Esses agentes t&#234;m o objetivo de elevar a concentra&#231;&#227;o de c&#225;lcio, o que melhora a hipofosfatemia. Entretanto, demonstrou-se que o calcitriol inibe a prolifera&#231;&#227;o dos condr&#243;citos e modifica as a&#231;&#245;es tr&#243;ficas do horm&#244;nio do crescimento na cartilagem dos ossos de pacientes pr&#233;-p&#250;beres<sup>12</sup>.</p>
    <p>O uso oral ou intravenoso intermitente de calcitriol associado aos suplementos de c&#225;lcio tem sido descrito como respons&#225;vel por epis&#243;dios de hipercalcemia e/ou hiperfosfatemia associados a osteodistrofia (doen&#231;a &#243;ssea adin&#226;mica), parada do crescimento e calcifica&#231;&#245;es vasculares<sup>13-16</sup>. Recentemente foram desenvolvidos an&#225;logos da vitamina D (19-nor-paracalcitol e doxercalciferol) que controlam o hiperparatireoidismo sem as altera&#231;&#245;es bioqu&#237;micas que o calcitriol provoca<sup>16</sup>. O caso descrito era de alto risco para doen&#231;a cardiovascular e pode ser que o calcitriol tenha exercido papel coadjuvante para as calcifica&#231;&#245;es encontradas. A miopericardite e o abscesso mioc&#225;rdico podem ter sido conseq&#252;entes a infec&#231;&#227;o bacteriana pr&#233;via (peritonite) tratada com antimicrobiano de modo insuficiente.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Conclus&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>As altera&#231;&#245;es observadas na necropsia comprovaram o diagn&#243;stico cl&#237;nico; portanto, o tratamento da doen&#231;a renal cr&#244;nica n&#227;o impediu complica&#231;&#245;es como hiperparatireoidismo, osteodistrofia, dislipidemia e as graves altera&#231;&#245;es cardiovasculares.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesses</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflitos de interesses pertinentes.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="end" fn-type="corresp">
        <label>
          <bold>Correspond&#234;ncia:</bold>
        </label>
        <p> Gesmar Volga Haddad Herdy </p>
        <p> Travessa Antonio Pedro, 10/301 </p>
        <p> 24230-030 &#150; Niter&#243;i, RJ </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="gesmarhaddad@uol.com.br">gesmarhaddad@uol.com.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p> Artigo recebido em 02/03/06; revisado recebido em 03/05/06; aceito em 09/05/06.</p>
  </body>
  <back>
    <ref-list>
      <ref id="B1">
        <mixed-citation>1. Parekh RS, Carroll CE, Wolfe RA, Port FK.    Cardiovascular mortality in children and young adults with end-stage kidney    disease. J Pediatr. 2002; 141: 191-7.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Cardiovascular mortality in children and young adults with end-stage kidney disease</article-title>
          <source>J Pediatr.</source>
          <date>
            <year>2002</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>191</fpage>
          <lpage>7</lpage>
          <volume>141</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Parekh</surname>
              <given-names>RS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Carroll</surname>
              <given-names>CE</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Wolfe</surname>
              <given-names>RA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Port</surname>
              <given-names>FK</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B2">
        <mixed-citation>2. Stefenelli T, Abela C. Cardiac abnormalities    in patients with primary hyperparathyroidism: implications for follow-up. J    Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1997; 82: 106-12.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Cardiac abnormalities in patients with primary hyperparathyroidism: implications for follow-up</article-title>
          <source>J Clin Endocrinol Metab.</source>
          <date>
            <year>1997</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>106</fpage>
          <lpage>12</lpage>
          <volume>82</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Stefenelli</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Abela</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B3">
        <mixed-citation>3. Moraes CR. Calcification of heart: a rare    manifestation of chronic renal failure. Pediatr Radiol. 1986; 16: 422-4.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Calcification of heart: a rare manifestation of chronic renal failure</article-title>
          <source>Pediatr Radiol.</source>
          <date>
            <year>1986</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>422</fpage>
          <lpage>4</lpage>
          <volume>16</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Moraes</surname>
              <given-names>CR</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B4">
        <mixed-citation>4. Marx SJ. Hyperparathyroidism and hypoparathyroidism    disorders. N Engl J Med. 2000; 343: 1863-75.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Hyperparathyroidism and hypoparathyroidism disorders</article-title>
          <source>N Engl J Med.</source>
          <date>
            <year>2000</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>1863</fpage>
          <lpage>75</lpage>
          <volume>343</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Marx</surname>
              <given-names>SJ</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B5">
        <mixed-citation>5. Zaidi AN, Ceneviva GD, Phipps LM, Dettorre    MD, Mait CR, Thomas NJ. Myocardial calcification caused by secondary hyperparathyroidism    due to dietary deficiency of calcium and vitamin D. Pediatr Cardiol. 2005; 26:    460-3.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Myocardial calcification caused by secondary hyperparathyroidism due to dietary deficiency of calcium and vitamin D</article-title>
          <source>Pediatr Cardiol.</source>
          <date>
            <year>2005</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>460</fpage>
          <lpage>3</lpage>
          <volume>26</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Zaidi</surname>
              <given-names>AN</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ceneviva</surname>
              <given-names>GD</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Phipps</surname>
              <given-names>LM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Dettorre</surname>
              <given-names>MD</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mait</surname>
              <given-names>CR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Thomas</surname>
              <given-names>NJ</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B6">
        <mixed-citation>6. Parekh RS, Gidding SS. Cardiovascular complications    in pediatric end-stage renal disease. Ped Nephrol. 2005; 20: 125-31. </mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Cardiovascular complications in pediatric end-stage renal disease</article-title>
          <source>Ped Nephrol.</source>
          <date>
            <year>2005</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>125</fpage>
          <lpage>31</lpage>
          <volume>20</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Parekh</surname>
              <given-names>RS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gidding</surname>
              <given-names>SS</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B7">
        <mixed-citation>7. Nayir A, Bilge I, Kilicaslan I, Ander H, Emre    S, Sirin A. Arterial changes in paediatric haemodialysis patients undergoing    renal transplantation. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2001; 16: 2041-7. </mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Arterial changes in paediatric haemodialysis patients undergoing renal transplantation</article-title>
          <source>Nephrol Dial Transplant.</source>
          <date>
            <year>2001</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>2041</fpage>
          <lpage>7</lpage>
          <volume>16</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Nayir</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bilge</surname>
              <given-names>I</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kilicaslan</surname>
              <given-names>I</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ander</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Emre</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sirin</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B8">
        <mixed-citation>8. Goodman WG, Goldin J, Kuizon BD, Yoon C, Gales    B, Sider D. Coronary-artery calcification in young adults with end-stage renal    disease who are undergoing dialisys. N Engl J Med. 2000; 342: 1478-83.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Coronary-artery calcification in young adults with end-stage renal disease who are undergoing dialisys</article-title>
          <source>N Engl J Med.</source>
          <date>
            <year>2000</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>1478</fpage>
          <lpage>83</lpage>
          <volume>342</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Goodman</surname>
              <given-names>WG</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Goldin</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kuizon</surname>
              <given-names>BD</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Yoon</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gales</surname>
              <given-names>B</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sider</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B9">
        <mixed-citation>9. Oh J, Wunsch R, Bahner M, Turzer M, Raggi    P, Querfeld U. Advanced coronary and carotid arteriopathy in young adults with    childhood-onset chronic renal failure. Circulation. 2002; 106: 100-5.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Advanced coronary and carotid arteriopathy in young adults with childhood-onset chronic renal failure</article-title>
          <source>Circulation.</source>
          <date>
            <year>2002</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>100</fpage>
          <lpage>5</lpage>
          <volume>106</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Oh</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Wunsch</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bahner</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Turzer</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Raggi</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Querfeld</surname>
              <given-names>U</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B10">
        <mixed-citation>10. Ringe JD, Schacht E. Prevention and therapy    of osteoporosis: the roles of plain vitamin D and alfacalcidol. Rheumatol Int.    2004; 24: 189-97.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Prevention and therapy of osteoporosis: the roles of plain vitamin D and alfacalcidol</article-title>
          <source>Rheumatol Int.</source>
          <date>
            <year>2004</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>189</fpage>
          <lpage>97</lpage>
          <volume>24</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Ringe</surname>
              <given-names>JD</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Schacht</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B11">
        <mixed-citation>11. Corsi A, Collins MT, Riminucci M, Howell    PG, Boyde A, Robey PG. Osteomalacic and hyperparathyroid changes in fibrous    displasia of bone: core biopsy studies and clinical correlations. J Bone Miner    Res. 2003; 18: 1235-46.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Osteomalacic and hyperparathyroid changes in fibrous displasia of bone: core biopsy studies and clinical correlations</article-title>
          <source>J Bone Miner Res.</source>
          <date>
            <year>2003</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>1235</fpage>
          <lpage>46</lpage>
          <volume>18</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Corsi</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Collins</surname>
              <given-names>MT</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Riminucci</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Howell</surname>
              <given-names>PG</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Boyde</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Robey</surname>
              <given-names>PG</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B12">
        <mixed-citation>12. Kuizon BD, Salusky IB. Cell biology of renal    osteodiostrophy. Pediatr Nephrol. 2002; 17: 777-89.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Cell biology of renal osteodiostrophy</article-title>
          <source>Pediatr Nephrol.</source>
          <date>
            <year>2002</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>777</fpage>
          <lpage>89</lpage>
          <volume>17</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Kuizon</surname>
              <given-names>BD</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Salusky</surname>
              <given-names>IB</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B13">
        <mixed-citation>13. Waller S, Lederman S, Trompeter K, Van Hoff    W. Catch-up growth with normal parathyroid hormon levels in chronic renal failure.    Ped Nephrol. 2003; 18: 1236-42.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Catch-up growth with normal parathyroid hormon levels in chronic renal failure</article-title>
          <source>Ped Nephrol.</source>
          <date>
            <year>2003</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>1236</fpage>
          <lpage>42</lpage>
          <volume>18</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Waller</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lederman</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Trompeter</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Van Hoff</surname>
              <given-names>W</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B14">
        <mixed-citation>14. Schmitt CP, Ardissino G, Testa S, Claris-Appiani    A, Mehls O. Growth in children with chronic renal failure on intermittent versus    daily calcitriol. Pediatr Nephrol. 2003; 18: 440-4.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Growth in children with chronic renal failure on intermittent versus daily calcitriol</article-title>
          <source>Pediatr Nephrol.</source>
          <date>
            <year>2003</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>440</fpage>
          <lpage>4</lpage>
          <volume>18</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Schmitt</surname>
              <given-names>CP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ardissino</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Testa</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Claris-Appiani</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mehls</surname>
              <given-names>O</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B15">
        <mixed-citation>15. Sanchez CP, Kuizon BD, Adbulla PA, Salusky    IB. Impaired growth, delayed ossification, and reduced osteoclastic activity    in the growth plate of calcium-supplemented rats with renal failure. Endocrinology.    2000; 141: 1536-44.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Impaired growth, delayed ossification, and reduced osteoclastic activity in the growth plate of calcium-supplemented rats with renal failure</article-title>
          <source>Endocrinology.</source>
          <date>
            <year>2000</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>1536</fpage>
          <lpage>44</lpage>
          <volume>141</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Sanchez</surname>
              <given-names>CP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kuizon</surname>
              <given-names>BD</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Adbulla</surname>
              <given-names>PA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Salusky</surname>
              <given-names>IB</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B16">
        <mixed-citation>16. Salusky IB. Are new vitamin D analogues in    renal bone disease superior to calcitriol? Ped Nephrol. 2005; 20: 393-8.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Are new vitamin D analogues in renal bone disease superior to calcitriol?</article-title>
          <source>Ped Nephrol.</source>
          <date>
            <year>2005</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>393</fpage>
          <lpage>8</lpage>
          <volume>20</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Salusky</surname>
              <given-names>IB</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
    </ref-list>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Case Report</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Cardiovascular complications in a child with chronic renal failure</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>We describe a case 11 year-old boy, in which a chronic renal disease and secondary hyperparathyroidism was treated by dyalisis, calcitriol, and calcium supplementation. He developed dyslipidemia, calcified lesions with thrombus formation in several organs and vessels. Necropsy findings showed ischemic cerebral necrosis, calcification in arteries including coronaries, and myocardial infarction.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Renal insufficiency, chronic</kwd>
        <kwd>cerebrovascular accident</kwd>
        <kwd>hyperparathyroidism</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>CASE REPORT</bold>
      </p>
      <p> Cardiovascular complications in a child with chronic renal failure </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Gesmar Volga Haddad Herdy; V&#226;nia Gloria Silami Lopes; Maria Cec&#237;lia Olivaes; Isabele Coelho Mota; Marcio Moacyr Vasconcelos</bold>
      </p>
      <p> Universidade Federal Fluminense - Niter&#243;i, RJ - Brazil</p>
      <p>
        <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end-body2">Mailing Address</xref>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>ABSTRACT</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This is the report of an 11-year-old boy with chronic renal disease and secondary hyperparathyroidism. The child had been on dialysis, calcitriol, calcium carbonate, and presented dyslipidemia and calcified thrombi in various vessels and organs in the course of his condition. Pathological examination showed ischemic cerebral necrosis, calcification in coronary arteries, and myocardial infarction. </p>
      <p><bold>Key words:</bold> Renal insufficiency, chronic / complications; cerebrovascular accident; hyperparathyroidism.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Introduction</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Cardiac complications are the major cause of death in 25% of children with advanced chronic renal failure<sup>1</sup>. Visceral calcifications &#150; which include heart and vessels &#150; may occur in adults with primary or secondary hyperparathyroidism, but are rarely seen in children<sup>2-4</sup>. The purpose of the present report is to call attention for the occurrence of early severe cardiovascular disease in pediatric patients with chronic renal failure (CRF) and secondary hyperparathyroidism. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Case Report</bold>
      </p>
      <p>A male, mulatto, 11-year-old patient was admitted to the Pediatric Unit at the University Hospital due to generalized tonic-clonic convulsive crises. The patient had no recent febrile or infectious condition. Previous pathologic history showed he had been diagnosed with CRF at the age of 4, and had his follow-up at a different hospital. Prescriptions included: calcitriol, calcium carbonate, and erythropoietin, with daily peritoneal dialysis having been started at home. At 8, the patient had a fracture of collum femoris. A year before hospital admission at this point in time the patient had an ischemic stroke, which developed into paralysis of his right limbs. Two months before current admission the patient had peritonitis with purulent secretion from dialysis catheter, and was medicated with cephalothin. The latest clinical occurrences were reported by the mother and treated at a different hospital. </p>
      <p>Physical examination at admission showed severe nutritional deficiency &#150; body weight, 14 kg (&lt; 5<sup>th</sup> percentile), height, 98 cm (&lt; 5<sup>th</sup> percentile) &#150; and bone malformations &#150; severe dorsolumbar scoliosis &#150; and his limbs were spastic. Blood pressure was 110/60 mm Hg at upper right limb, respiratory rate 40 breaths per minute, and heart rate 112 beats per minute. The patient had respiratory discomfort, fine rales on the right thorax, generalized convulsions. Chest X-ray showed condensation on right upper lobe. </p>
      <p>The patient was treated with ceftriaxone, was kept on dialysis, and received phenytoin, phenobarbital, and diazepam for intercurrent convulsive seizures. </p>
      <p>Doppler echocardiogram showed calcifications in left ventricle endocardium (papillary muscles). Vascular ultrasound showed calcified thrombi in right internal carotid artery (90% obstruction). Complete blood count showed leukocytosis and a left shift in differential count. Normal calcium plasma level, mild hyperphosphatemia &#150; 7.6 mg/dL (reference values: 4 &#150; 6.9mg/dL), with increased values: urea - 111 mg/dL (reference values: 15 - 40mg/dL), creatinine &#150; 3.5mg/dL (reference values: 0.8 &#150; 1.4mg/dL), uric acid &#150; 11.4mg/dL (reference values: 3 - 7mg/dL), alkaline phosphatase - 949 U/L (maximum reference value: 350 - 227mg/dL), total cholesterol &#150; 227 mg/dL (maximum reference value: 200mg/dL) and triglycerides - 245mg/dL (maximum reference value: 40 &#177; 170 mg/dL).</p>
      <p>On day 6 the patient showed purulent conjunctivitis, stupor, anisocoria, and spastic limbs when flexing. Head CT scan showed an extensive ischemic infarction in left anterior cerebral artery, subfalcial and uncal herniation, due to possible ischemic encephalic vascular accident in left middle cerebral artery and obstructive hydrocephalus from herniation with compression of the Monro&#146;s foramen. Early treatment for cerebral infarction included manitol, orotracheal intubation, and strict control of fluid intake. On day 8, the patient reported respiratory alkalosis and was in a coma (Glasgow 6). Cutaneous mucosal paleness followed, with progressive dyspnea. As a result of no success from clinical treatment, the patient was sent for decompression craniectomy. The patient presented hypovolemic shock, and was treated with intravenous fluids, packed red blood cells, and dopamine infusion. Death occurred on day 10.</p>
      <p>Diagnosis hypothesis was: chronic renal failure, with renal osteodystrophy, secondary hyperparathyroidism, and secondary calcifications in various organs. The cerebrovascular accident occurrence could be explained both by the atherosclerotic disease and artery obstruction from calcification. Evidence was found on the vascular impairment of right carotid and left anterior cerebral arteries.</p>
      <p>Pathological exam showed:</p>
      <p><italic>Gross exam</italic>: Thoracolumbar scoliosis, malnutrition, bone malformations. Extensive cerebral edema, right cerebral ischemic infarction. <italic>Lungs</italic>: Calcification area at upper lobe apex and pulmonary atelectasia. <italic>Heart</italic>: Weight and volume increase; calcifications at right and left atriums, left ventricle endocardium, papillary muscle and tendon chords; abscess at right ventricle myocardium; infarction in left ventricle anterior wall (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig01-body2">Fig. 1</xref>). <italic>Kidneys</italic> with diffuse microondulations, right kidney rather hypotrophic. Volume increase in parathyroids, with diffuse distribution of nodules. Metastatic calcifications in vessels, brain, and kidneys. Renal rickets.</p>
      <fig id="fig01-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-02-0e32-00020-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p><italic>Microscopy: Brain:</italic> Recent infarction of right parietal lobe; ischemic necrosis of left parietal lobe (left carotid artery territory); previous infarction in left parietal lobe (anterior cerebral artery territory). <italic>Lung</italic>: Bronchitis, septal thickening with mixed inflammatory afflux in parenchyma, calcification at alveolar sacs and capillary walls, with thrombi formation. <italic>Heart</italic>: Endocarditis, pericarditis, infarction at the anterior wall, right ventricle myocardium abscess. The anterior descending coronary artery showed intimal thickening, an area with atheroma plaque with collagen, inflammatory infiltrate with mononuclear and polymorphonuclear leukocytes, macrophages, fibrin, necrotic center and calcium deposition. Right internal carotid artery showed calcified thrombus with intimal thickening and inflammatory infiltrate similar to that found in the coronary. <italic>Parathyroids</italic>: Hyperplasia of major cells (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig02-body2">Fig. 2</xref>). <italic>Kidneys</italic>: Glomerular atrophy, hyalinized glomeruli and segmental glomerular fibrosis (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig03-body2">Fig. 3</xref>); urate crystals in tubules and interstitial calcifications; chronic glomerulonephritis (end-stage kidney).</p>
      <fig id="fig02-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-02-0e32-00020-gf02-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <fig id="fig03-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-02-0e32-00020-gf03-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>Causes of death were cerebral edema and right cerebral ischemic infarction.</p>
      <p><italic>Pathological conclusion</italic>: Chronic glomerulonephritis, secondary hyperparathyroidism, renal osteodystrophy, metastatic calcifications in different organs and vessels. Myocardial infarction. Cerebral ischemic necrosis.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>In the present case, the long lasting (seven years) CRF triggered the whole pathologic process. An infarction area and thrombosis with calcifications in different vessels were described in the heart. The cardiovascular complications described in patients with CRF are: Arrhythmias from metabolic disorder, uremic pericarditis, hypertension, atherosclerosis (secondary to dyslipidemia), and calcifications in vessels and in the heart <sup>1,5,6</sup>. As for our case, dyslipidemia was present, which could explain the previous stroke. Children prepared for transplant with triglycerides level above 150 mg/dL report lesions in the endothelium and in arteries, which include middle layer calcification<sup>7</sup>. Pediatric patients with chronic renal disease in advanced stage are under the risk of accelerated atherosclerosis, associated with coronary lesions, as well as insulin resistance &#150; which explains why statins are recommended<sup>6</sup>. Endothelium integrity rupture triggers a cascade of inflammatory factors that lead to the formation of atheroma plaques; parathyroid hormone elevation contributes to artery calcification<sup>8,9</sup>. No drug was administered to our patient for dyslipidemia control. Therefore, that pathophysiologic sequence could explain the many calcified lesions that have been found. </p>
      <p> Renal disease is known to retain phosphates. In doing so, it decreases serum concentration of total and ionized calcium, in addition to decreasing renal production of 1a.25-dihydroxyvitamin D. It is known that 80% of Vitamin D is produced in the skin by the transformation of dihydrocholecalciferol under the influence of ultraviolet rays. Vitamin D is then hydroxylated to 25-hydroxyvitamin D in the liver and then in the kidney, resulting in 1a.25-dihydroxyvitamin D or 1a.25-(OH) 2-D<sup>10</sup>. Low concentration of ionized calcium is the stimulus for parathyroid cells hypertrophy, as described in the necropsy for our case. When ionized calcium serum level is decreased to 4 mg/dL (1 mmol/L) there is stimulus for secretion of parathyroid hormone<sup>2</sup>. Increased production of that hormone is body&#146;s attempt to normalize calcium and phosphate serum levels through the activation of osteoblasts and osteoclasts. Therefore, bone calcium mobilization and an increased tubular resorption occur. </p>
      <p>The patient described showed significant bone changes that had been developed years earlier through femoral fracture and severe scoliosis. Therefore, he had renal osteodystrophy<sup>11</sup>, which includes all bone abnormalities and deranged mineral metabolism that result from renal failure. Secondary hyperparathyroidism is still a challenge for the treatment of pediatric CRF through peritoneal dialysis or hemodialysis, due to the adverse effects in growing patients<sup>12</sup>. </p>
      <p>In our case growth had been interrupted, since body weight and height were compatible with a 3 or 4-year-old child, which is frequently seen in CRF<sup>12-14</sup>. The treatment carried out (calcium carbonate and calcitriol) is recommended by the authors<sup>13,14</sup>. Those drugs have the purpose to increase calcium concentration, which in turn improves hypophosphatemia. However, calcitriol was shown to inhibit the proliferation of condrocytes and to change the trophic actions of growth hormone in pre-pubertal patients&#146; bones<sup>12</sup>.</p>
      <p>Oral or IV administration of calcitriol combined with calcium supplements has been implicated in the causation of episodes of hypercalcemia and/or hyperphosphatemia associated with osteodystrophy (adynamic bone disease), growth interruption, and vascular calcifications<sup>13-16</sup>. New vitamin D analogues have been developed recently (19-nor-paricalcitol and doxercalciferol) to control hyperparathyroidism without the biochemical changes secondary to calcitriol<sup>16</sup>. The case here described was at high risk for cardiovascular disease, and calcitriol may have played an adjuvant role in the calcifications that were found. Myopericarditis and myocardial abscess may have been the result of previous bacterial infection (peritonitis), not treated with adequate doses of antibiotics.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Conclusion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The changes observed at necropsy were proof of clinical diagnosis. Therefore, treating CRF did not prevent complications such as hyperparathyroidism, osteodystrophy, dyslipidemia, and the serious cardiovascular changes.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
      </p>
      <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fn id="end-body2" fn-type="corresp">
          <label>
            <bold>Mailing Address:</bold>
          </label>
          <p> Gesmar Volga Haddad Herdy</p>
          <p> Travessa Antonio Pedro, 10/301</p>
          <p> 24230-030 &#150; Niter&#243;i, RJ - Brazil</p>
          <p> E-mail: </p>
          <p>
            <email xlink:href="gesmarhaddad@uol.com.br">gesmarhaddad@uol.com.br</email>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p> Manuscript received February 03, 2006; revised manuscript received April 03, 2006; accepted May 9, 2006.</p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
