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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">43LS4thh6pDCJ8r5bt8QfcN</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00017</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2007000200017</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(07)08800217</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2007000200017</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Comunica&#231;&#227;o Breve</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Padr&#227;o circadiano dos epis&#243;dios de taquicardia ventricular em portadores de cardiopatia chag&#225;sica</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Abello</surname>
            <given-names>Mauricio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Gonz&#225;lez-Zuelgaray</surname>
            <given-names>Jorge</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Daglio</surname>
            <given-names>Maria E.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lopez</surname>
            <given-names>Carlos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Garraza</surname>
            <given-names>Sebasti&#225;n</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Szyszko</surname>
            <given-names>Ariel</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Buenos Aires</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Section of Electrophysiology</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Division of Cardiology </institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Argerich Hospital</institution>
        <country country="AR">Argentina</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>02</month>
        <year>2007</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>88</volume>
      <issue>2</issue>
      <fpage>240</fpage>
      <lpage>242</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>27</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2006</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>10</day>
          <month>04</month>
          <year>2006</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>28</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2006</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>Cardiomiopatia chag&#225;sica cr&#244;nica (CCC) causa arritmias ventriculares e morte s&#250;bita, sendo a mais freq&#252;ente causa de &#243;bito em muitas &#225;reas end&#234;micas1,2. A varia&#231;&#227;o circadiana na incid&#234;ncia de arritmias ventriculares e morte s&#250;bita difere de acordo com o substrato (p. ex: picos matinais e noturnos na cardiopatia isqu&#234;mica e na cardiomiopatia dilatada n&#227;o-chag&#225;sica). Cardioversores-desfibriladores implant&#225;veis de terceira gera&#231;&#227;o (CDI) conseguem registrar o dia e a hora de cada epis&#243;dio de taquicardia ventricular (TV), permitindo uma an&#225;lise dos padr&#245;es de ocorr&#234;ncia de taquiarritmias. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a varia&#231;&#227;o circadiana da TV espont&#226;nea em portadores de CCC tratados com CDI.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>Taquicardia ventricular</kwd>
        <kwd>cardiomiopatia chag&#225;sica</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>04</day>
        <month>04</month>
        <year>2007</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>COMUNICA&#199;&#195;O BREVE</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Padr&#227;o circadiano dos epis&#243;dios de taquicardia ventricular em portadores de cardiopatia chag&#225;sica </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Mauricio Abello; Jorge Gonz&#225;lez-Zuelgaray; Maria E. Daglio; Carlos Lopez; Sebasti&#225;n Garraza; Ariel Szyszko</bold>
    </p>
    <p> Section of Electrophysiology, Division of Cardiology &#150; "Argerich Hospital" - Buenos Aires, Argentina</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Cardiomiopatia chag&#225;sica cr&#244;nica (CCC) causa arritmias ventriculares e morte s&#250;bita, sendo a mais freq&#252;ente causa de &#243;bito em muitas &#225;reas end&#234;micas<sup>1,2</sup>. A varia&#231;&#227;o circadiana na incid&#234;ncia de arritmias ventriculares e morte s&#250;bita difere de acordo com o substrato (p. ex: picos matinais e noturnos na cardiopatia isqu&#234;mica e na cardiomiopatia dilatada n&#227;o-chag&#225;sica). Cardioversores-desfibriladores implant&#225;veis de terceira gera&#231;&#227;o (CDI) conseguem registrar o dia e a hora de cada epis&#243;dio de taquicardia ventricular (TV), permitindo uma an&#225;lise dos padr&#245;es de ocorr&#234;ncia de taquiarritmias. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a varia&#231;&#227;o circadiana da TV espont&#226;nea em portadores de CCC tratados com CDI.</p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave:</bold> Taquicardia ventricular, cardiomiopatia chag&#225;sica.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#233;todos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Este foi um estudo retrospectivo de coorte realizado em toda a popula&#231;&#227;o de pacientes com cardiomiopatia chag&#225;sica cr&#244;nica (CCC) submetidos a implante de cardioversor-desfibrilador em nossa institui&#231;&#227;o desde maio de 1998. Todos os pacientes (n = 22) apresentaram resultado positivo em dois de tr&#234;s testes sorol&#243;gicos espec&#237;ficos para doen&#231;a de Chagas (ELISA, rea&#231;&#227;o de imunofluoresc&#234;ncia indireta e hemaglutina&#231;&#227;o indireta). A presen&#231;a de cardiopatia isqu&#234;mica foi descartada por meio de teste ergom&#233;trico negativo ou coronariografia antes do implante do cardiodesfibrilador. </p>
    <p>Foram implantados sete tipos de CDI nos pacientes do estudo (modelos 1746, 1782, 1810, 1821, 1831, 1851 e 1861; Guidant Corp., St. Paul, MN, EUA). Oito pacientes receberam CDI unicameral e sete, CDI bicameral. </p>
    <p>Taquicardia ventricular espont&#226;nea foi definida como mudan&#231;a s&#250;bita na freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca com intervalo RR est&#225;vel sem flutua&#231;&#245;es &gt; 10% durante o epis&#243;dio. A discrimina&#231;&#227;o da TV baseou-se na configura&#231;&#227;o e estabilidade do ECG intracard&#237;aco, na an&#225;lise do intervalo RR e na primeira varia&#231;&#227;o do intervalo ap&#243;s o implante do cardiodesfibrilador. Apenas taquicardias ventriculares efetivamente interrompidas pelo dispositivo foram aceitas. Como fibrila&#231;&#227;o ventricular e TV polim&#243;rfica podem ter substratos e fatores desencadeantes distintos, esses epis&#243;dios n&#227;o foram levados em considera&#231;&#227;o no estudo. </p>
    <p>Os hor&#225;rios em que os epis&#243;dios de TV ocorreram foram analisados e classificados em quatro per&#237;odos de seis horas ao longo do dia. Para evitar vi&#233;s em rela&#231;&#227;o aos dados em indiv&#237;duos com diversas terapias em um espa&#231;o de tempo relativamente curto, os epis&#243;dios ocorridos em um per&#237;odo de uma hora s&#243; foram contados uma vez, e o limite m&#225;ximo estabelecido foi dos 30 primeiros eventos consecutivos de taquicardia ventricular monom&#243;rfica sustentada por paciente (TVMS). Taquiarritmias com intervalo RR &lt; 300 ms foram classificadas como taquiarritmias r&#225;pidas, e aquelas com RR <underline>&gt;</underline> 300 foram classificadas com taquicardias menos r&#225;pidas. </p>
    <p>Foram agendadas consultas de acompanhamento um m&#234;s ap&#243;s a alta hospitalar e, depois, a cada seis meses. Em cada consulta, o cardiologista obtinha os dados cl&#237;nicos e do CDI. Todos os epis&#243;dios foram gravados em disquetes e analisados por dois observadores independentes. Em casos de discrep&#226;ncia em rela&#231;&#227;o ao diagn&#243;stico dos epis&#243;dios, chegava-se a um consenso. </p>
    <p>As vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas foram expressas como m&#233;dia &#177; DP ou como mediana e intervalo interquart&#237;lico, de acordo com o tipo de distribui&#231;&#227;o apropriado. O n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica estabelecido foi p = 0.05. Para analisar o padr&#227;o circadiano, usamos a t&#233;cnica de histograma (dividindo o dia em quatro per&#237;odos de seis horas). O teste c<sup>2 </sup>foi empregado para avaliar a presen&#231;a de varia&#231;&#227;o circadiana contra a hip&#243;tese de distribui&#231;&#227;o uniforme dos epis&#243;dios e comparar a varia&#231;&#227;o circadiana em subgrupos.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Resultados</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Quinze pacientes (media de idade 57&#177;11 anos, oito do sexo feminino) tiveram pelo menos um epis&#243;dio de TV interrompida pelo dispositivo ap&#243;s um acompanhamento mediano de 18 meses (intervalo interquart&#237;lico 16-41) e constitu&#237;ram o objeto do estudo. A media da fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo foi de 45&#177;11%. As indica&#231;&#245;es para CDI foram TV n&#227;o-sincopal em oito pacientes (53,3%), s&#237;ncope com TV indut&#237;vel em cinco pacientes (33,3%) e morte s&#250;bita card&#237;aca em dois pacientes (13,3%). Cinco pacientes estavam tomando betabloqueadores para insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca compensada. Os esquemas de tratamento s&#227;o apresentados na <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01">Tabela 1</xref>. </p>
    <table-wrap id="tab01">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-02-0240-00017-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>Ao todo, foram registrados 695 epis&#243;dios sustentados, sendo que 463 foram exclu&#237;dos devido &#224; presen&#231;a de mais de um epis&#243;dio de TV no espa&#231;o de uma hora, &#224; um n&#250;mero de epis&#243;dios acima do limite estabelecido, ou seja, os 30 primeiros epis&#243;dios por paciente (376), &#224; natureza inapropriada das terapias (65) ou &#224; varia&#231;&#227;o do intervalo RR (22).</p>
    <p>Duzentos e trinta e dois epis&#243;dios de TV foram revistos. O n&#250;mero mediano de epis&#243;dios de TV foi 12 (intervalo interquart&#237;lico 7-26). Os dados sobre n&#250;mero de epis&#243;dios, dura&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dia do intervalo RR e propor&#231;&#227;o de taquiarritmias mais r&#225;pidas ou menos r&#225;pidas em cada paciente est&#227;o resumidos na <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01">tabela 1</xref>.</p>
    <p>O padr&#227;o circadiano foi demonstrado na popula&#231;&#227;o em geral. Os epis&#243;dios ocorriam com menor freq&#252;&#234;ncia entre meia-noite e 6:00h e aumentavam acentuadamente durante a tarde (12:00h &#224;s 18:00h) (p&lt;0,01). Quando os epis&#243;dios foram divididos de acordo com o tratamento com betabloqueadores ou o intervalo RR, todos os grupos apresentaram menor ocorr&#234;ncia entre meia-noite e 6:00h, enquanto foi observado um pico mais acentuado de taquiarritmias mais r&#225;pidas durante a tarde (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig01">Fig. 1</xref>).</p>
    <fig id="fig01">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-02-0240-00017-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O principal achado deste estudo &#233; que portadores de cardiomiopatia chag&#225;sica cr&#244;nica submetidos a implante de CDI apresentam um padr&#227;o circadiano de TV espont&#226;nea. Esse padr&#227;o, caracterizado por um pico pronunciado de freq&#252;&#234;ncia entre meio-dia e 18:00h e um nadir durante a noite (entre 24:00h e 6:00h), &#233; diferente do observado em outros substratos.</p>
    <p>Estudos realizados anteriormente sobre ritmo circadiano na freq&#252;&#234;ncia de taquiarritmias ventriculares descreveram a exist&#234;ncia de um pico matinal predominante e um pico vespertino menos pronunciado em portadores de cardiopatia isqu&#234;mica e cardiomiopatia dilatada<sup>3-5</sup>. </p>
    <p>Foram realizados poucos estudos sobre a varia&#231;&#227;o circadiana de eventos arr&#237;tmicos em pacientes com CCC<sup>6,7</sup>. Poder-se ia especular que a TV e os complexos ventriculares prematuros, considerados precursores de TV, apresentam um padr&#227;o circadiano semelhante. Nesse aspecto, Grupi e colaboradores demonstraram uma grande e imprevis&#237;vel varia&#231;&#227;o na densidade dos complexos ventriculares prematuros durante um per&#237;odo de 24 horas de monitoramento com Holter nesse grupo de pacientes<sup>7</sup>. Por outro lado, Lopes e cols.<sup>6</sup> relataram um n&#250;mero significativamente alto de morte s&#250;bita no per&#237;odo entre 12:00h e 18:00h. Entretanto, nenhum desses estudos analisou a distribui&#231;&#227;o circadiana de epis&#243;dios documentados de TV tratados com CDI.</p>
    <p>Ainda n&#227;o se sabe ao certo quais os fatores que influenciam o padr&#227;o circadiano da TV chag&#225;sica, tampouco sua diferen&#231;a com outros substratos. Uma hip&#243;tese prov&#225;vel seria um desequil&#237;brio auton&#244;mico, que constitui um achado freq&#252;ente em pacientes com CCC<sup>8</sup>. A presen&#231;a de anticorpos contra os receptores b-adren&#233;rgicos gerados pela atividade paras&#237;tica poderia reduzir a eleva&#231;&#227;o matinal normal da estimula&#231;&#227;o simp&#225;tica, eliminando o pico matinal de eventos observados em outros substratos<sup>9</sup>. Al&#233;m do mais, pode ser que os pacientes que est&#227;o fazendo uso de betabloqueadores contribuam para atenuar a influ&#234;ncia adren&#233;rgica. Entretanto, neste estudo o padr&#227;o circadiano foi semelhante, independentemente do uso de betabloqueadores. A grande propor&#231;&#227;o de pacientes em uso de amiodarona, cujas propriedades betabloqueadoras s&#227;o bastante conhecidas, tamb&#233;m poderia ter contribu&#237;do para atenuar a influ&#234;ncia adren&#233;rgica. &#201; necess&#225;rio que sejam realizados outros estudos para confirmar essa hip&#243;tese. </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Conclus&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Portadores de cardiomiopatia chag&#225;sica cr&#244;nica apresentam um padr&#227;o espec&#237;fico de varia&#231;&#227;o circadiana na freq&#252;&#234;ncia de eventos de TV. Esse padr&#227;o, caracterizado por um pico pronunciado entre meio-dia e 18:00h e um nadir noturno, indica que o padr&#227;o circadiano pode diferir do padr&#227;o observado em outros substratos.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesses</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflitos de interesses pertinentes. </p>
    <p>
      <fn id="end" fn-type="corresp">
        <label>
          <bold>Correspond&#234;ncia:</bold>
        </label>
        <p> Mauricio Abello </p>
        <p> Arcos 1737, 13 "A" </p>
        <p> 1426 &#150; Buenos Aires, AR </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="maseabello@yahoo.com.ar">maseabello@yahoo.com.ar</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p> Artigo recebido em 28/02/06; revisado recebido em 10/04/06; aceito em 27/08/06.</p>
  </body>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Brief Communication</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Circadian pattern of ventricular tachycardia episodes in patients with chagas heart disease</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>Chronic Chagas' cardiomyopathy (CCM) causes ventricular arrhythmias and sudden death, and constitutes the most frequent cause of death in many endemic areas1,2. The circadian variation in the incidence of ventricular arrhythmias and sudden death differs according to the substrate (e.g., morning and evening peaks in ischemic heart disease and non-Chagasic dilated cardiomyopathy). Third generation implantable cardioverter defibrillators (ICDs) have the ability to store the time and date of each ventricular tachycardia (VT) episode, enabling the patterns of ventricular tachyarrhythmia occurrence to be analyzed. The aim of our study was to evaluate the circadian variation of spontaneous VT in recipients of an ICD with CCM.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Ventricular tachycardia</kwd>
        <kwd>chagasic cardiomyopath</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>ORIGINAL ARTICLE</bold>
      </p>
      <p> Circadian pattern of ventricular tachycardia episodes in patients with chagas&#146; heart disease </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Mauricio Abello; Jorge Gonz&#225;lez-Zuelgaray; Maria E. Daglio; Carlos Lopez; Sebasti&#225;n Garraza; Ariel Szyszko</bold>
      </p>
      <p> Section of Electrophysiology, Division of Cardiology &#150; "Argerich Hospital" - Buenos Aires, Argentina</p>
      <p>
        <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end-body2">Mailing Address</xref>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>SUMMARY</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Chronic Chagas' cardiomyopathy (CCM) causes ventricular arrhythmias and sudden death, and constitutes the most frequent cause of death in many endemic areas<sup>1,2</sup>. The circadian variation in the incidence of ventricular arrhythmias and sudden death differs according to the substrate (e.g., morning and evening peaks in ischemic heart disease and non-Chagasic dilated cardiomyopathy). Third generation implantable cardioverter defibrillators (ICDs) have the ability to store the time and date of each ventricular tachycardia (VT) episode, enabling the patterns of ventricular tachyarrhythmia occurrence to be analyzed. The aim of our study was to evaluate the circadian variation of spontaneous VT in recipients of an ICD with CCM.</p>
      <p><bold>Key words:</bold> Ventricular tachycardia, chagasic cardiomyopath. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Methods</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This was a retrospective cohort study in the whole population of patients with CCM who have undergone ICD implantation in our institution since May 1998. All patients (n=22) had 2 out of 3 specific serologic tests positive for Chagas' disease (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, indirect immunofluorescence reaction and indirect hemagglutination). The presence of ischemic heart disease was ruled out by negative stress testing or coronary angiography before ICD implantation. </p>
      <p>Seven different types of ICDs were implanted in the study patients (ICD models 1746, 1782, 1810, 1821, 1831, 1851 and 1861; Guidant Corp., St. Paul, MN, USA). A single and a dual chamber ICD were implanted in 8 and 7 patients, respectively. </p>
      <p> Spontaneous VT was defined as a sudden change in rate with stable cycle length that does not fluctuates &gt; 10% during tachycardia. VT discrimination was based on the configuration and stability of the intracardiac ECG, the RR interval analysis, and the first post pacing interval variability. Only VT that were successfully terminated by the device were accepted. Since ventricular fibrillation and polymorphic VT may have different substrates and precipitants, these episodes were not considered for study. </p>
      <p>The distribution of VT detection time was examined and classified into four 6-hour time periods of the day. To avoid data bias in individuals with multiple therapies in a relatively short time frame, episodes within a 1-hour period were counted only once, and upper limits of the first 30 consecutive SMVT events per patient were used for this analysis. Tachyarrhythmias with an RR cycle length &lt; 300 ms were classified as rapid tachyarrhythmia, those with an RR <underline>&gt;</underline> 300 were classified as less rapid tachycardia. </p>
      <p>Follow-up visits were scheduled for the first month following hospital discharge and then every 6 months. Clinical and ICD data were obtained by a cardiologist at each visit. All episodes were stored on floppy disks and reviewed by two independent observers. Consensus about the diagnosis of the episodes was obtained in cases of discrepancy. </p>
      <p>Continuous variables were expressed as mean &#177; SD or as median and interquartile range, according to the appropriate distribution type. The level of significance was set at p = 0.05. To explore the circadian pattern, we used the histogram technique (dividing the day into 4 categories of 6-hour length). The quisquare test was used to assess the presence of circadian variation against the hypothesis of uniform distribution of episodes and to compare circadian variation in subgroups.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Results</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Fifteen patients (mean age: 57&#177;11 years, 8 females) experienced at least one episode of VT terminated by the device after a median follow-up of 18 months (interquartile range: 16-41) and constitute the subject of our study. The average left ventricular ejection fraction was 45&#177;11%. The indications for ICD were non-syncopal VT in 8 patients (53.3%), syncope with inducible VT in 5 (33.3%), and sudden cardiac death in 2 patients (13.3%). Five patients were on beta-blockers due to compensated heart failure. Treatment schedules are listed in <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01-body2">table 1</xref>. </p>
      <table-wrap id="tab01-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-02-0240-00017-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>A total of 695 sustained episodes was recorded and 463 were excluded due to the presence of more than one episode in the same hour or a higher number of episodes than the methodological limit of the first 30 episodes in an individual patient (376), the inappropriate nature of the therapies (65), or cycle length variation (22).</p>
      <p>Two hundred and thirty-two VT episodes were reviewed. The median number of VT episodes was 12 (interquartile range: 7-26). The number of episodes, the mean cycle length, and the proportion of rapid or less rapid tachyarrhythmias in each patient are summarized in <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01-body2">table 1</xref>.</p>
      <p>Circadian pattern was demonstrated in the overall population. The episodes occurred less frequently between midnight and 6:00h with a sharp increase in the afternoon (12:00 to 18:00h) (p &lt; 0.01). When the episodes were divided according to b-treatment or VT cycle length, all groups had a trough period between midnight and 6:00h, while a more prominent afternoon peak was observed in more rapid tachyarrhythmia episodes (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig01-body2">Fig. 1</xref>).</p>
      <fig id="fig01-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-02-0240-00017-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The main finding of this study is that a circadian pattern of spontaneous VT is present in patients with CCM after ICD implantation. This pattern, characterized by a prominent peak frequency between noon and 18:00h and a nadir during night (between 24:00 to 06:00h), is different from that seen in other substrates.</p>
      <p>Previous studies of circadian rhythm in the frequency of ventricular tachyarrhythmias have described a predominant morning peak and less pronounced afternoon peak in patients with both ischemic heart disease and dilated cardiomyopathy<sup>3-5</sup>.</p>
      <p>Few studies on circadian variation of arrhythmic events are available in patients with CCM<sup>6,7</sup>. It could be speculated that VT and ventricular premature complexes, suspected to be harbingers of VT, might have a similar circadian pattern. In this regard, Grupi et al demonstrated a large and unpredictable variability of the density of premature ventricular complexes during a 24-hour period of Holter monitoring of this group of patients<sup>7</sup>. On the other hand, Lopes et al<sup>6</sup> reported a highly significant excess of sudden death for the period between 12:00 and 18:00h. However, none of these studies analyzed the circadian distribution of documented VT episodes treated by ICD.</p>
      <p>Factors that could influence the circadian pattern of Chagasic VT and how they differ from other substrates remain unclear. A likely hypothesis could lie in an autonomic imbalance, a frequent finding in patients with CCM<sup>8</sup>. The demonstrated presence of-adrenergic receptor antibodies generated by parasitic activity could reduce the normal morning surge of sympathetic drive eliminating the morning peak of events seen in other substrates<sup>9</sup>. Moreover, we can speculate that patients receiving b-blockers might contribute to attenuating adrenergic influence. However, the circadian pattern was similar, regardless of the use of b-blockers in this study. The high proportion of patients receiving amiodarone, which has well-known b-blocking properties, could have also contributed to attenuating that adrenergic influence. Further investigation is warranted to support this hypothesis. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Conclusion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Patients with CCM have a specific pattern of circadian variation in the frequency of VT events. This pattern, characterized by a prominent peak between noon and 18:00h and a nocturnal nadir suggests that the circadian pattern could differ from that seen in other substrates.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
      </p>
      <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fn id="end-body2" fn-type="corresp">
          <label>
            <bold>Mailing Address:</bold>
          </label>
          <p> Mauricio Abello</p>
          <p> Arcos 1737, 13 "A"</p>
          <p> 1426 &#150; Buenos Aires, AR</p>
          <p> E-mail: </p>
          <p>
            <email xlink:href="maseabello@yahoo.com.ar">maseabello@yahoo.com.ar</email>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p> Manuscript received February 28, 2006; revised manuscript received April 10, 2006; accepted August 27, 2006.</p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
