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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">3gcT9X4g6QKdXnXYph3FBHx</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00015</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2007000200015</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(07)08800215</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2007000200015</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Papel relativo da remodela&#231;&#227;o geom&#233;trica do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, morfol&#243;gica e funcional do mioc&#225;rdio na transi&#231;&#227;o da hipertrofia compensada para a fal&#234;ncia card&#237;aca em ratos com estenose a&#243;rtica supravalvar</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Bregagnollo</surname>
            <given-names>Edson Antonio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Mestrinel</surname>
            <given-names>Marco Aur&#233;lio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Okoshi</surname>
            <given-names>Katashi</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Carvalho</surname>
            <given-names>F&#225;bio Cardoso</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Bregagnollo</surname>
            <given-names>Isamara Fernanda</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff04"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Padovani</surname>
            <given-names>Carlos Roberto</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Cicogna</surname>
            <given-names>Antonio Carlos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff03">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="state">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Estadual Paulista</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Instituto de Bioci&#234;ncias </institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="state">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Estadual Paulista</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu </institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff02">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="state">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Estadual Paulista</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff04">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Marilia</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Faculdade de Medicina de Mar&#237;lia</institution>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>02</month>
        <year>2007</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>88</volume>
      <issue>2</issue>
      <fpage>225</fpage>
      <lpage>233</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>08</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2006</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>14</day>
          <month>01</month>
          <year>2006</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>14</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2006</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>OBJETIVO: Avaliar a contribui&#231;&#227;o relativa da remodela&#231;&#227;o geom&#233;trica do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (VE) e das altera&#231;&#245;es morfol&#243;gicas e funcionais do mioc&#225;rdio, em ratos com estenose a&#243;rtica supravalvar (EAS), na fase de transi&#231;&#227;o da hipertrofia compensada para a insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca congestiva (ICC). M&#201;TODOS: Vinte e uma semanas ap&#243;s a indu&#231;&#227;o da EAS os ratos foram classificados como controles (GC,n=13), n&#227;o portadores (GE,n=11) ou portadores de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca congestiva (GE-IC,n=12).Todos os grupos foram avaliados com estudo ecocardiogr&#225;fico, hemodin&#226;mico e morfol&#243;gico do mioc&#225;rdio. RESULTADOS: Vinte e uma semanas ap&#243;s EAS: &#237;ndice de massa (GE-IC&gt;GE&gt;GC,p&lt;0.05); press&#227;o sist&#243;lica: (GE-IC = GE&gt;GC, p&lt;0,05); press&#227;o diast&#243;lica: (GE-IC&gt;GE&gt;GC, p&lt;0,05); estresse meridional sist&#243;lico e diast&#243;lico: (GE-IC&gt;GE&gt;GC,p&lt;0.05); &#225;rea de sec&#231;&#227;o dos mi&#243;citos: (GE-IC&gt;GE&gt;GC, p&lt;0,05) e conte&#250;do de hidroxiprolina: (GE-IC&gt;GE&gt;GC, p&lt;0,05) do VE. No grupo GE-IC o remodelamento geom&#233;trico do VE foi caracterizado por aumento significante das dimens&#245;es e espessura relativa da parede normal (remodelamento exc&#234;ntrico) enquanto que o grupo GE apresentou remodelamento conc&#234;ntrico. Os &#237;ndices de desempenho do VE do grupo GE-IC foram significantemente menores que do grupo GE. CONCLUS&#195;O: Os grupos GE-IC e GE diferiram primariamente no processo de remodela&#231;&#227;o geom&#233;trica do VE e estrutural do mioc&#225;rdio que estabeleceu um estado cronicamente compensado no grupo GE e precipitou a ICC no grupo GE-IC na vig&#234;ncia de graus equivalentes de comprometimento da contratilidade. Neste modelo experimental a fase de transi&#231;&#227;o da hipertrofia compensada para a ICC est&#225; mais estreitamente relacionada com o remodelamento geom&#233;trico adverso do VE e estrutural do mioc&#225;rdio do que com o grau de comprometimento da contratilidade.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>remodela&#231;&#227;o ventricular</kwd>
        <kwd>disfun&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica</kwd>
        <kwd>sobrecarga press&#243;rica</kwd>
        <kwd>insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca congestiva</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>20</day>
        <month>03</month>
        <year>2007</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>ARTIGO ORIGINAL</bold>
    </p>
    <p> Papel relativo da remodela&#231;&#227;o geom&#233;trica do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, morfol&#243;gica e funcional do mioc&#225;rdio na transi&#231;&#227;o da hipertrofia compensada para a fal&#234;ncia card&#237;aca em ratos com estenose a&#243;rtica supravalvar </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Edson Antonio Bregagnollo<sup>I</sup>; Marco Aur&#233;lio Mestrinel<sup>II</sup>; Katashi Okoshi<sup>I</sup>; F&#225;bio Cardoso Carvalho<sup>I</sup>; Isamara Fernanda Bregagnollo<sup>IV</sup>; Carlos Roberto Padovani<sup>III</sup>; Antonio Carlos Cicogna<sup>I</sup></bold>
    </p>
    <p><sup>I</sup>Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu-UNESP </p>
    <p><sup>II</sup>P&#243;s-Graduando:Fisiopatologia em Cl&#237;nica M&#233;dica- UNESP </p>
    <p><sup>III</sup>Instituto de Bioci&#234;ncias-UNESP </p>
    <p><sup>IV</sup>Faculdade de Medicina de Mar&#237;lia (FAMEMA) &#150; Botucatu, Marilia - SP</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVO:</bold> Avaliar a contribui&#231;&#227;o relativa da remodela&#231;&#227;o geom&#233;trica do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (VE) e das altera&#231;&#245;es morfol&#243;gicas e funcionais do mioc&#225;rdio, em ratos com estenose a&#243;rtica supravalvar (EAS), na fase de transi&#231;&#227;o da hipertrofia compensada para a insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca congestiva (ICC). </p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS:</bold> Vinte e uma semanas ap&#243;s a indu&#231;&#227;o da EAS os ratos foram classificados como controles (GC,n=13), n&#227;o portadores (GE,n=11) ou portadores de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca congestiva (GE-IC,n=12).Todos os grupos foram avaliados com estudo ecocardiogr&#225;fico, hemodin&#226;mico e morfol&#243;gico do mioc&#225;rdio. </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS:</bold> Vinte e uma semanas ap&#243;s EAS: &#237;ndice de massa (GE-IC&gt;GE&gt;GC,p&lt;0.05); press&#227;o sist&#243;lica: (GE-IC = GE&gt;GC, p&lt;0,05); press&#227;o diast&#243;lica: (GE-IC&gt;GE&gt;GC, p&lt;0,05); estresse meridional sist&#243;lico e diast&#243;lico: (GE-IC&gt;GE&gt;GC,p&lt;0.05); &#225;rea de sec&#231;&#227;o dos mi&#243;citos: (GE-IC&gt;GE&gt;GC, p&lt;0,05) e conte&#250;do de hidroxiprolina: (GE-IC&gt;GE&gt;GC, p&lt;0,05) do VE. No grupo GE-IC o remodelamento geom&#233;trico do VE foi caracterizado por aumento significante das dimens&#245;es e espessura relativa da parede normal (remodelamento exc&#234;ntrico) enquanto que o grupo GE apresentou remodelamento conc&#234;ntrico. Os &#237;ndices de desempenho do VE do grupo GE-IC foram significantemente menores que do grupo GE. </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#195;O:</bold> Os grupos GE-IC e GE diferiram primariamente no processo de remodela&#231;&#227;o geom&#233;trica do VE e estrutural do mioc&#225;rdio que estabeleceu um estado cronicamente compensado no grupo GE e precipitou a ICC no grupo GE-IC na vig&#234;ncia de graus equivalentes de comprometimento da contratilidade. Neste modelo experimental a fase de transi&#231;&#227;o da hipertrofia compensada para a ICC est&#225; mais estreitamente relacionada com o remodelamento geom&#233;trico adverso do VE e estrutural do mioc&#225;rdio do que com o grau de comprometimento da contratilidade. </p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave:</bold> remodela&#231;&#227;o ventricular, disfun&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica, sobrecarga press&#243;rica, insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca congestiva.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca congestiva (ICC) &#233; um s&#237;ndrome decorrente de v&#225;rias causas incluindo doen&#231;a isqu&#234;mica coronariana, processos inflamat&#243;rios, doen&#231;as valvares e hipertens&#227;o arterial<sup>1,2</sup> Em resposta a uma destas agress&#245;es desencadeia-se um processo denominado remodela&#231;&#227;o ventricular. A remodela&#231;&#227;o pode ser definida como as altera&#231;&#245;es no tamanho, geometria, forma, composi&#231;&#227;o e fun&#231;&#227;o do cora&#231;&#227;o ap&#243;s a agress&#227;o<sup>1-4</sup>. Nas sobrecargas press&#243;ricas este mecanismo inicialmente preserva a fun&#231;&#227;o global do cora&#231;&#227;o por&#233;m, no decorrer do tempo, as altera&#231;&#245;es resultantes do remodelamento cr&#244;nico acarretam disfun&#231;&#227;o progressiva do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (VE) que culmina com ICC ou morte s&#250;bita<sup>1-3</sup>. </p>
    <p>Os fatores respons&#225;veis pela fal&#234;ncia do VE incluem: o remodelamento geom&#233;trico adverso da cavidade<sup>2,5,6</sup>, as altera&#231;&#245;es da composi&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio<sup>2-4,7</sup>, o comprometimento progressivo da contratilidade<sup>(8-10)</sup> ou a combina&#231;&#227;o destes fatores<sup>2-4,11</sup>. V&#225;rios estudos<sup>2,5,6</sup> apontam que remodelamento adverso da cavidade &#233; o principal fator contribuinte para fal&#234;ncia do cora&#231;&#227;o como bomba. Esta no&#231;&#227;o &#233; suportada pela observa&#231;&#227;o de que na remodela&#231;&#227;o p&#243;s-infarto com disfun&#231;&#227;o global do VE, a fun&#231;&#227;o contr&#225;til dos cardiomi&#243;citos remanescentes &#233; normal ou discretamente comprometida<sup>10,12-14</sup>. Outro aspecto relevante nas sobrecargas press&#243;ricas, &#233; o ac&#250;mulo anormal de col&#225;geno no interst&#237;cio e ao redor das arter&#237;olas coron&#225;rias. O col&#225;geno &#233; o principal componente da matriz extracelular e seu ac&#250;mulo, pela sua alt&#237;ssima resist&#234;ncia, altera dramaticamente as caracter&#237;sticas f&#237;sicas do mioc&#225;rdio e a fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular<sup>7</sup>, sendo apontado como fator participante para o desenvolvimento de ICC<sup>1,2,4,7</sup>. Em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; contratilidade mioc&#225;rdica, modelos experimentais de sobrecarga press&#243;rica, estudos que avaliaram animais com e sem ICC evidenciaram resultados discrepantes<sup>2,5,11,15-19</sup>. Brooks e cols.<sup>19</sup> relataram que a fun&#231;&#227;o contr&#225;til dos m&#250;sculos papilares de ratos espontaneamente hipertensos eram significantemente diferentes nos animais com e sem ICC enquanto que Conrad e cols.<sup>8</sup>, Bing e cols.<sup>17</sup> e Bing e Wigner<sup>18</sup> mostraram que a tens&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica ativa n&#227;o diferia significantemente nos animais com e sem ICC.</p>
    <p>Mais recentemente, o modelo de estenose a&#243;rtica supravalvar (EAS) tem sido utilizado para promover remodelamento gradual do VE. Neste modelo os mecanismos respons&#225;veis pela fal&#234;ncia do cora&#231;&#227;o s&#227;o complexos e n&#227;o completamente esclarecidos. O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar a contribui&#231;&#227;o relativa das modifica&#231;&#245;es da geometria da cavidade do VE, das altera&#231;&#245;es morfol&#243;gicas e da contratilidade mioc&#225;rdica, na fase de transi&#231;&#227;o da hipertrofia compensada para ICC, em ratos com hipertrofia ventricular esquerda induzida por sobrecarga press&#243;rica desencadeada por estenose a&#243;rtica supravalvar (EAS). </p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#233;todos</bold>
    </p>
    <p><italic>Animais e cirurgia de estenose a&#243;rtica supravalvar -</italic> Todo experimento e os procedimentos foram aprovados pela Comiss&#227;o de &#201;tica de Experimenta&#231;&#227;o Animal da Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu. Ratos machos Wistar pesando entre 70 a 80g foram anestesiados com pentobarbital s&#243;dico (50 mg/kg- IP) e submetidos &#224; EAS (GEn=55). Para tanto, ap&#243;s esternotomia mediana a aorta ascendente era isolada e um clipe met&#225;lico de a&#231;o inoxid&#225;vel, com 0,6 mm de di&#226;metro interno era colocado na aorta ascendente conforme descrito em estudos anteriores<sup>16,20-22</sup>. Ratos pareados foram submetidos &#224; cirurgia simulada (GC;n=23). Seis semanas ap&#243;s 10 ratos submetidos &#224; cirurgia simulada grupo (GC<sub>6</sub>) e 10 com EAS grupo (GE<sub>6</sub>) foram randomizados para avalia&#231;&#245;es ecocardiogr&#225;fica, hemodin&#226;mica e morfol&#243;gica concomitantes. Os restantes acompanhados por mais 15 semanas sendo neste per&#237;odo as mortes registradas. Vinte e uma semanas ap&#243;s EAS os ratos sobreviventes, eram avaliados clinicamente e submetidos a estudo ecocardiogr&#225;fico, hemodin&#226;mico, morfol&#243;gico e mec&#226;nico dos m&#250;sculos papilares isolados do VE. O per&#237;odo de 21 semanas foi escolhido porque neste modelo compreende a fase de transi&#231;&#227;o da hipertrofia compensada para fal&#234;ncia card&#237;aca<sup> 23</sup>. </p>
    <p>As altera&#231;&#245;es geom&#233;tricas e fun&#231;&#227;o global do cora&#231;&#227;o foram avaliadas com ecocardiograma e estudo hemodin&#226;mico. As altera&#231;&#245;es morfol&#243;gicas do mioc&#225;rdio determinando-se o grau de HVE e quantifica&#231;&#227;o do conte&#250;do ac&#250;mulo de col&#225;geno no mioc&#225;rdio. A contratilidade estudada em prepara&#231;&#245;es de m&#250;sculos papilares que possibilitam avaliar o estado contr&#225;til independentemente das condi&#231;&#245;es de carga, geometria da cavidade e dist&#250;rbios neuro-hormonais<sup>20</sup>.</p>
    <p><italic>Estudo ecocardiogr&#225;fico</italic> - Ap&#243;s anestesia com mistura de Ketamina (50 mg/kg + xylasina 1mg/kg-IM) e tricotomia tor&#225;cica os animais eram posicionados em dec&#250;bito lateral esquerdo. Utilizando-se ecocardi&#243;grafo (Sonos 2000, Hewlett-Packard Medical Systems) equipado com transdutor de 7,5 MHz; eram obtidas imagens bidimencionais do VE, eixo menor, a n&#237;vel dos m&#250;sculos papilares e realizados registros (velocidade de transporte do papel =100 mm/s) em modo M imediatamente abaixo da ponta dos folhetos da valva mitral<sup>21,24</sup>. Os tra&#231;ados foram calibrados manualmente, pelo mesmo observador e de acordo com metodologia preconizada pela <italic>American Society of Echocardiography</italic><sup>25</sup>. As vari&#225;veis analisadas foram: freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (FC); di&#226;metros sist&#243;lico (DSVE) e diast&#243;lico (DDVE) do VE; espessuras sist&#243;lica (ESPP) e diast&#243;lica (EDPP) da parede posterior do VE, espessura relativa da parede (EDPP/DDVE); &#237;ndice de encurtamento do VE (DD%) e a rela&#231;&#227;o entre velocidade m&#225;xima do fluxo transmitral precoce e tardio (rela&#231;&#227;o E/A). Para obten&#231;&#227;o dos valores de cada vari&#225;vel foi considerada a m&#233;dia aritm&#233;tica de pelo menos 5 ciclos card&#237;acos consecutivos.</p>
    <p><italic>Estudo hemodin&#226;mico</italic> - Vinte quatro horas ap&#243;s a obten&#231;&#227;o dos ecocardiogramas os animais eram submetidos a estudo hemodin&#226;mico. Ap&#243;s anestesia, os mesmos eram posicionados em dec&#250;bito dorsal e realizada incis&#227;o na linha mediana do abdome at&#233; o ap&#234;ndice xif&#243;ide, o que possibilitava ver o cora&#231;&#227;o atrav&#233;s do diafragma. Sob vis&#227;o direta, uma agulha hipod&#233;rmica (25x9) conectada a transdutor de press&#227;o Stathan P23ID (0-300 mmHg), era introduzida na cavidade do VE atrav&#233;s do &#225;pex. A seguir eram registradas a press&#227;o e a primeira derivada temporal da press&#227;o do VE. Como n&#237;vel de refer&#234;ncia zero foi adotado o plano horizontal da linha m&#233;dia do t&#243;rax. Os valores das vari&#225;veis hemodin&#226;micas foram obtidos considerando-se a m&#233;dia aritm&#233;tica de 10 ciclos card&#237;acos consecutivos sendo 100 mm/s a velocidade de transporte do papel. A associa&#231;&#227;o entre os dados ecocardiogr&#225;ficos e hemodin&#226;micos possibilitou o c&#225;lculo do estresse meridional sist&#243;lico (sms) e diast&#243;lico (smd) de acordo com metodologia j&#225; validada na literatura<sup>26</sup>. </p>
    <p>Resumidamente, as press&#245;es, as dimens&#245;es internas e as espessuras (sist&#243;lica e diast&#243;lica finais) da parede posterior do VE foram medidas nos tra&#231;ados ecocardiogr&#225;ficos (modo M) e o sms e smd estimados pela f&#243;rmula: s m = 0,334 x PVE x [DIVE/(1 + EPP/DIVE)]<sup>26</sup> onde PVE, DIVE e EPP correspondem,respectivamente, aos valores da press&#227;o ventricular, dimens&#245;es internas e espessura da parede posterior do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo no final da s&#237;stole e da di&#225;stole para o c&#225;lculo dos valores do sms e smd.</p>
    <p><italic>Estudo estrutural do mioc&#225;rdio</italic> - Ap&#243;s avalia&#231;&#227;o hemodin&#226;mica os animais eram sacrificados, o cora&#231;&#227;o rapidamente retirado e os m&#250;sculos papilares isolados para avalia&#231;&#227;o mec&#226;nica. Os &#225;trios eram extirpados e os ventr&#237;culos separados em massa muscular do VE que inclu&#237;a o septo e parede livre do ventr&#237;culo direito sendo os pesos destas estruturas normalizados para o peso corporal dos respectivos animais. As &#225;reas de sec&#231;&#227;o transversa dos mi&#243;citos do VE foram medidas utilizando-se programa informatizado de acordo com metodologia j&#225; padronizada e descrita em estudo anterior<sup>21,22</sup>. O conte&#250;do de col&#225;geno mioc&#225;rdico estimado pela dosagem da concentra&#231;&#227;o de hidroxiprolina da musculatura do VE de acordo com a t&#233;cnica de Swtizer<sup>27</sup> j&#225; padronizada em nosso laborat&#243;rio<sup>21,22</sup>. Os teores de &#225;gua dos pulm&#245;es e do f&#237;gado calculados a partir dos pesos &#250;midos e secos de fragmentos destes &#243;rg&#227;os colocados para desseca&#231;&#227;o em estufa a 100&#186;C durante 72hs. Neste momento foram identificados os animais sem (GE, n = 11) e com ICC (GE-IC, n =12). Os crit&#233;rios utilizados para diagn&#243;stico de ICC foram: taquidispn&#233;ia, ascite, derrame pleural e/ou peric&#225;rdico, trombo no &#225;trio esquerdo, hipertrofia ventricular direita, aumentando do teor de &#225;gua nos pulm&#245;es e no f&#237;gado<sup> 5,8,15</sup>.</p>
    <p><italic>Estudo mec&#226;nico dos m&#250;sculos papilares</italic> - Ap&#243;s estudo hemodin&#226;mico era realizada toracotomia, os cora&#231;&#245;es rapidamente removidos e colocados em solu&#231;&#227;o Krebs-Henseleit oxigenada &#224; temperatura de 28&#186;C. Os m&#250;sculos papilares do VE eram dissecados, montados entre dois clipes de a&#231;o e colocados verticalmente em c&#226;mara de contra&#231;&#227;o contendo solu&#231;&#227;o Krebs&#150;Henseleit (28<sup>.</sup>C&#186;) gaseificada com mistura de oxig&#234;nio (95%) e g&#225;s carb&#244;nico (5%). A composi&#231;&#227;o desta solu&#231;&#227;o era: 118,5 mM NaCl, 4,69 mM KCl, 2,52 mM CaCl<sub>2</sub>, 1,16 mM Mg S0<sub>4</sub>, 1,18 mM KH<sub>2</sub>PO<sub>4</sub>, 5,50 mM glicose e 25, 88 mM na HCO3, o que mantinha pH entre 7,40 e 7,45 e PaO<sub>2</sub> entre 450 a 550 mmHg. O clipe inferior conectado a um transdutor de for&#231;a, Kyowa 120T &#150; 20B por meio de um fio de a&#231;o que passava atrav&#233;s de selo de merc&#250;rio colocado no fundo da c&#226;mara de contra&#231;&#227;o. O clipe superior era conectado a uma alavanca mec&#226;nica de magn&#233;sio (raz&#227;o entre os bra&#231;os 4:1) para ajustar o comprimento muscular. As prepara&#231;&#245;es eram estimuladas 12 vezes por minuto com pulsos de onda quadrada (5ms) com aux&#237;lio de eletrodos de platina, em voltagem 10% superior ao limiar para promover resposta mec&#226;nica m&#225;xima. Os m&#250;sculos foram mantidos em contra&#231;&#245;es isot&#244;nicas durante 60 min, a seguir colocados em contra&#231;&#227;o isom&#233;trica e estirados progressivamente at&#233; atingir valor m&#225;ximo da curva de contra&#231;&#227;o tens&#227;o/comprimento (Lm&#225;x), retornando-se &#224; contra&#231;&#227;o isot&#244;nica por mais 5 min. Ap&#243;s este per&#237;odo, eram novamente colocados em contra&#231;&#227;o isom&#233;trica e o Lm&#225;x cuidadosamente determinado. Ap&#243;s 15 min, estando as prepara&#231;&#245;es est&#225;veis, as contra&#231;&#245;es isom&#233;tricas eram registradas. Os seguintes par&#226;metros foram determinados: pico de tens&#227;o desenvolvida (TD, g/mm<sup>2</sup>); tens&#227;o de repouso (TR, g/mm<sup>2</sup>), tempo para atingir o pico de tens&#227;o (TPT, ms), tempo para tens&#227;o desenvolvida decrescer 50% (TR50, ms); taxas m&#225;ximas de aumento (+dT/dt, g/mm<sup>2</sup>/s) e redu&#231;&#227;o (-dT/dt, g/m<sup>2</sup>/s) da TD. Terminado os registros o comprimento muscular em Lm&#225;x era medido e o m&#250;sculo pesado. A &#225;rea de se&#231;&#227;o transversa (AS, mm<sup>2</sup>) calculada assumindo geometria cil&#237;ndrica e densidade espec&#237;fica 1,0<sup>20</sup>. Todas as vari&#225;veis do estudo mec&#226;nico dos m&#250;sculos papilares foram normalizadas para AS.</p>
    <p><italic>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</italic> - Todos os dados s&#227;o expressos em m&#233;dia &#177; desvio &#150; padr&#227;o (X &#177; sd). As compara&#231;&#245;es estat&#237;sticas entre as vari&#225;veis dos grupos GC<sub>6</sub> e GE<sub>6</sub> foram realizadas pelo teste "t" de Student para vari&#225;veis independentes. A compara&#231;&#227;o estat&#237;stica entre as vari&#225;veis dos grupos GC, GE e GE-IC foram realizadas por an&#225;lise de vari&#226;ncia para modelo com uma fonte de varia&#231;&#227;o, complementado, quando necess&#225;rio, com teste de Tukey para todos poss&#237;veis pares de m&#233;dias. Adotou-se como 5% (p&lt;0,05) o n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Resultados</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A taxa de mortalidade observada neste experimento (48,9%) &#233; semelhante &#224;s relatadas em outros estudos<sup>23,28</sup> e em nosso laborat&#243;rio<sup>21</sup>.No per&#237;odo compreendido entre 6 e 21 semanas dos 45 animais com EAS 22 morreram (44,4%). Dos 23 sobreviventes, at&#233; o final do experimento, 12 (52,2%) apresentaram sinais de ICC, sendo observado taquidispn&#233;ia (n=12); trombo no &#225;trio esquerdo (n=9), derrame pleural (n=8); ascite (n= 6) e derrame peric&#225;rdico (n=5). No grupo GC n&#227;o houve mortes nem ICC. </p>
    <p>Os valores das vari&#225;veis analisadas 6 semanas ap&#243;s EAS encontram-se relacionados na <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01">tabela 1</xref>. Os valores da PSVE, PDFVE, VE/P, ASVE, ESPP, EDPP, EDPP/DDVE e DD% do grupo GE<sub>6</sub> foram significantemente maiores enquanto que os valores das vari&#225;veis sms, smd, +dP/dt, -dP/dt, DSVE, DDVE, rela&#231;&#227;o E/A, VD/P, HPVE, TAP e TAF foram equivalentes aos do grupo GC<sub>6 </sub> (p&gt;0,05). Nenhum animal dos grupos GC<sub>6</sub> e GE<sub>6</sub> apresentava sinais de ICC. </p>
    <table-wrap id="tab01">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-02-0225-00015-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>Nas <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab02">tabelas 2 a 4</xref> est&#227;o relacionados os valores das vari&#225;veis morfol&#243;gicas ecocardiogr&#225;ficas, hemodin&#226;micas e do estudo mec&#226;nicos dos m&#250;sculos papilares obtidas no final do experimento. Os animais com EAS apresentaram aumentos significantes dos valores de VE/P, A/P, ASVE e HPVE sendo GE-IC &gt;GE&gt;GC(p &lt; 0,05) enquanto que os valores de VD/P, TAP e TAF do GE-IC foram significantemente maiores que dos grupos GC e GE que se equivaleram (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab02">tab. 2</xref>). Os valores da FC, DSVE, DDVE, rela&#231;&#227;o E/A, sms e smd dos grupos GE e GE-IC foram GE-IC &gt; GE &gt; GC (p &lt; 0,05), os valores da ESPP e EDPP (GE=GE&#150;IC&gt;GC; p&lt;0,05). Os valores da EDPP/DDVE e DD% (GC=GE&gt;GE-IC; p&lt;0,05). Nos grupos GE e GE-IC houve aumentos significantes e equivalentes da PSVE (GE = GE-IC&gt;GC; p&lt;0,05), eleva&#231;&#227;o da PDFVE (GE-IC&gt;GE&gt;GC; p&lt; 0,05) e redu&#231;&#227;o significante da +dP/dt e &#150; dP/dt (GC&gt; GE&gt;GE-IC; p&lt; 0,05) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab03">tab. 3</xref>). As an&#225;lises que avaliaram o comportamento mec&#226;nico dos m&#250;sculos papilares durante contra&#231;&#245;es isom&#233;tricas evidenciaram, surpreendentemente, o mesmo grau de disfun&#231;&#227;o contr&#225;til do mioc&#225;rdio. Os valores da TD, + dT/dt, -dT/dt foram (GC &gt; GE = GE-IC;p&lt;0,05) e os valores da TR, TPT e TR<sub>50</sub> (GE = GE-IC &gt;GC; p&lt;0,05) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab04">tab. 4</xref>). </p>
    <table-wrap id="tab02">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-02-0225-00015-gt02.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <table-wrap id="tab03">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-02-0225-00015-gt03.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <table-wrap id="tab04">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-02-0225-00015-gt04.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Neste estudo avaliamos a contribui&#231;&#227;o relativa das altera&#231;&#245;es da geometria ventricular, da morfologia e do estado contr&#225;til do mioc&#225;rdio na fase de transi&#231;&#227;o do remodelamento compensado para a ICC em ratos com EAS. As avalia&#231;&#245;es realizadas 6 semanas ap&#243;s EAS evidenciaram que os animais do grupo GE<sub>6</sub> apresentavam hipertrofia ventricular esquerda (HVE) conc&#234;ntrica, &#237;ndices desempenho do VE, &#237;ndices de contratilidade e relaxamento mioc&#225;rdico, sms e smd e HPVE do VE equivalentes aos observados no grupo GC<sub>6 </sub>(<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01">tab. 1</xref>). Em estudos anteriores mostramos que, neste modelo experimental, seis semanas ap&#243;s a indu&#231;&#227;o de EAS a fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda &#233; hiperdin&#226;mica e a contratilidade mioc&#225;rdica normal<sup>22,24</sup>. Neste per&#237;odo a melhora do desempenho do VE pode ser atribu&#237;da &#224; remodela&#231;&#227;o conc&#234;ntrica do VE visto que, nas avalia&#231;&#245;es constatamos correla&#231;&#227;o significante (0,74, p&lt;0,05) entre a DD% e a espessura relativa da parede ventricular esquerda<sup>24</sup>. O presente estudo, confirma os resultados anteriores evidenciando que seis semanas ap&#243;s a indu&#231;&#227;o da EAS o aumento da espessura da parede do VE normaliza completamente o estresse parietal sist&#243;lico e diast&#243;lico. Ficou tamb&#233;m evidenciado que os valores da HPVE, rela&#231;&#227;o E/A, +dP/dt, -dP/dt, VD/P, TAP e TAF se equivaleram nos grupos GC<sub>6</sub> e GE<sub>6</sub> (p&lt;0,05) e que os valores: VE/P, ASVE, EDPP, EDPP/DDV, PSVE, PDFVE do grupo GE<sub>6</sub> foram significantemente maiores que do grupo GC<sub>6</sub> (p&lt;0,05). Em conjunto estes resultados permitem concluir que a HVE conc&#234;ntrica normalizou o estresse parietal possibilitando fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular hiperdin&#226;mica mesmo na vig&#234;ncia de sobrecarga press&#243;rica importante. </p>
    <p>No final do experimento, em contraste a hipertrofia conc&#234;ntrica observada no grupo GE, os ratos do grupo GE-IC apresentaram remodelamento geom&#233;trico exc&#234;ntrico do VE caracterizado por aumento do DSVE, DDVE e redu&#231;&#227;o ESPP/DDVE. Nos animais com EAS, o sms e smd e DD% foram, significantemente maiores (GE-IC&gt;GE&gt;GC;p&lt;0,05) e menores (GC&gt;GE&gt;GE-IC;p&lt;0,05) que os do grupo GC, respectivamente. As altera&#231;&#245;es morfol&#243;gicas do mioc&#225;rdio foram mais acentuadas que nos animais com ICC sendo os valores de VE/P; A/P; VD/P; HPVE e ASVE do grupo GE-IC significativamente maiores quando comparados com o grupo GE. No entanto, as avalia&#231;&#245;es mec&#226;nicas realizadas nas prepara&#231;&#245;es de m&#250;sculo isolado evidenciaram o mesmo grau de comprometimento da fun&#231;&#227;o contr&#225;til do mioc&#225;rdio nos grupos GE e GE-IC. Assim, pode-se concluir que os grupos GE e GE-IC diferiram primariamente no processo de remodela&#231;&#227;o geom&#233;trica do VE e morfol&#243;gica do mioc&#225;rdio que levaram a um estado cronicamente compensado no grupo GE e a ICC no grupo GE-IC. </p>
    <p>Estudo anterior realizado em nosso laborat&#243;rio evidenciou que ratos sem ICC apresentam sobrecarga press&#243;rica persistente e est&#225;vel no per&#237;odo compreendido entre 6 e 21 semanas ap&#243;s a indu&#231;&#227;o da EAS<sup>21,24</sup>. Os resultados deste estudo corroboram os achados anteriores e evidenciam que o mesmo comportamento &#233; extensivo em animais com ICC. A elevada taxa de animais com ICC &#233; semelhante &#224; encontrada anteriormente em nosso laborat&#243;rio<sup>21,22</sup> e concordante com v&#225;rios estudos<sup>5,8,19,28,29</sup>.</p>
    <p>Embora a remodela&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca seja um importante mecanismo de compensa&#231;&#227;o nas sobrecargas press&#243;ricas cr&#244;nicas, habitualmente, no decorrer do tempo, associa-se com ICC e morte <sup>1-3</sup>. A remodela&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca envolve uma s&#233;rie de altera&#231;&#245;es estruturais, bioqu&#237;micas, moleculares e geom&#233;tricas do VE tais como: re-express&#227;o de genes fetais que codificam isoformas da miosina; enzimas que regulam o ciclo intracelular do c&#225;lcio; desequil&#237;brio entre a oferta e consumo de oxig&#234;nio mioc&#225;rdico; induzir &#224; necrose e/ou apoptose dos mi&#243;citos e ao ac&#250;mulo anormal de col&#225;geno que ocorrem em conseq&#252;&#234;ncia da estimula&#231;&#227;o mec&#226;nica e/ou direta da ativa&#231;&#227;o diversos fatores neuro-hormonais entre os quais se destacam a angiotensina II, a endotelina, a norepinefrina e a aldosterona<sup>1-4,6,7,30,31</sup>. Em conjunto estes mecanismos comprometem progressivamente a fun&#231;&#227;o global do cora&#231;&#227;o culminando com ICC ou morte s&#250;bita<sup>1-6,30-33</sup>.</p>
    <p>Nas sobrecargas press&#243;ricas cr&#244;nicas os mecanismos precipitantes de ICC incluem as altera&#231;&#245;es geom&#233;tricas da cavidade do VE<sup>5,6,32</sup>, as altera&#231;&#245;es morfol&#243;gicas do mioc&#225;rdio<sup>1-4,7,33</sup>, o comprometimento da fun&#231;&#227;o contr&#225;til do mioc&#225;rdio<sup>1,2,8,10,11</sup> ou combina&#231;&#227;o destes fatores<sup>2-4,11,33</sup>.</p>
    <p>As altera&#231;&#245;es geom&#233;tricas tornando a cavidade do VE dilatada e mais esf&#233;rica, acarretam uma s&#233;rie de desvantagens funcionais entre as quais podemos destacar: aumento do estresse parietal, desajuste da p&#243;s-carga, aumento do consumo de oxig&#234;nio, hipoperfus&#227;o subendoc&#225;rdica, sobrecarga hemodin&#226;mica sustentada e manuten&#231;&#227;o da ativa&#231;&#227;o dos est&#237;mulos mec&#226;nico e neuro-hormonais participantes do processo de remodela&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca <sup>2-6,33-36</sup>. Com a dilata&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda graus vari&#225;veis de regurgita&#231;&#227;o mitral acontecem adicionando sobrecarga volum&#233;trica ao VE que predisp&#245;e a dilata&#231;&#227;o ventricular adicional<sup> 2,6,33</sup> completando-se um ciclo vicioso.</p>
    <p>Neste estudo estes aspectos foram evidenciados. Considerando-se que os valores do DSVE, DDVE, E/A, sms, smd, PDFVE, HPVE, ASVE foram (GE-IC &gt; GE &gt;GC; p&lt;0,05), os valores do DD% e EDPP/DDVE (GC&gt; GE&gt; GE-IC; p&lt;0.05) e a PSVE (GE=GE-IC&gt;GC; p&lt;0,05) pode-se admitir que o esgotamento da reserva de pr&#233;-carga e o desajuste da p&#243;s-carga contribu&#237;ram de modo efetivo para o desenvolvimento da ICC. Os resultados ecocardiogr&#225;ficos e hemodin&#226;micos mostraram claramente que estes mecanismos estavam presentes nos animais com EAS sendo significativamente mais acentuados no grupo GE-IC. Assim podemos portanto admitir que este &#233; o mecanismo mais prov&#225;vel que precipitou a instala&#231;&#227;o da ICC nos animais do grupo GE-IC (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab02">tab. 2</xref>).</p>
    <p>O remodelamento morfol&#243;gico do mioc&#225;rdio foi significantemente mais acentuado no grupo GE-IC que no grupo GE (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01">tab. 1</xref>). A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig01">figura 1</xref> ilustra os aumentos percentuais das vari&#225;veis morfol&#243;gicas dos grupos GE e GE-IC quando comparados ao grupo GC. Cora&#231;&#245;es hipertrofiados e insuficientes frequentemente exibem aumento significativo da fibrose intersticial e hipertrofia dos mi&#243;citos que enrijecem o VE e perturbam, de forma negativa, inicialmente a fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica e mais tardiamente a fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica<sup>1,2,7,33</sup>. V&#225;rios estudos suportam a id&#233;ia de que o remodelamento morfol&#243;gico do mioc&#225;rdio, mais acentuado no GE-IC, deve tamb&#233;m ter contribu&#237;do para o aparecimento de ICC<sup>2-5,7,32</sup>, adicionalmente &#225;s altera&#231;&#245;es geom&#233;tricas adversas da cavidade do VE. Neste estudo ficou evidenciado que conte&#250;do de HPVE, VE/P, ASVE, VD/P e A/P do grupo GE-IC foram significantemente maiores que do grupo GE (p&lt;0,05) mostrando que o grau de remodela&#231;&#227;o morfol&#243;gica do mioc&#225;rdio no grupo GE-IC foi mais agressivo que o do grupo GE (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab02">tab. 2</xref>). O aumento mais acentuado destas vari&#225;veis morfol&#243;gicas, que ocorre em resposta &#224;s sobrecargas mec&#226;nicas, exerce efeitos adversos para adapta&#231;&#227;o do cora&#231;&#227;o &#225;s sobrecargas press&#243;ricas, visto que aumentam a rigidez muscular e comprometem a fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica e sist&#243;lica do VE colaborando para o desenvolvimento de ICC <sup>1,3,7,33</sup>. </p>
    <fig id="fig01">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-02-0225-00015-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    <p> Os est&#237;mulos para a remodela&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca incluem fatores mec&#226;nicos e bioqu&#237;micos que atuam sobre receptores, canais i&#244;nicos e integrinas presentes no sarcolema<sup> 1-4,10,33,35,37</sup> resultando em aumento da s&#237;ntese proteica, re-express&#227;o de genes fetais, necrose e/ou apoptose dos cardiomi&#243;citos, despropor&#231;&#227;o entre os compartimentos muscular e intersticial do mioc&#225;rdio, prolifera&#231;&#227;o de fibroblastos e ac&#250;mulo col&#225;geno. </p>
    <p>Em contraste &#224;s diferen&#231;as observadas nos &#237;ndices de desempenho global o cora&#231;&#227;o, morfologia do mioc&#225;rdio e geometria da cavidade do VE, o grau de comprometimento contratilidade e relaxamento do mioc&#225;rdio, observado nas prepara&#231;&#245;es de m&#250;sculos papilares isolados se equivaleram aos grupos GE e GE-IC (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab04">tab. 4</xref>). Estas prepara&#231;&#245;es refletem, com fidelidade, as propriedades contr&#225;teis intr&#237;nsecas do mioc&#225;rdio sem a interfer&#234;ncia das altera&#231;&#245;es geom&#233;tricas da cavidade do VE, condi&#231;&#245;es de carga, desequil&#237;brio entre a oferta e consumo de oxig&#234;nio ou flutua&#231;&#245;es da atividade dos sistemas neuro-hormonais. Al&#233;m disso, possibilitam normalizar os valores das vari&#225;veis mec&#226;nicas para a &#225;rea de sec&#231;&#227;o transversa dos m&#250;sculos de modo que, m&#250;sculos de diferentes tamanhos possam ser adequadamente comparados, o que dificilmente pode ser feito em prepara&#231;&#245;es de cora&#231;&#227;o isolado ou in situ <sup>20</sup>. Nossos resultados s&#227;o concordantes com os relatados por Norton e cols.<sup>5</sup> e discordantes de outros estudos em ratos com e sem ICC nos quais, a disfun&#231;&#227;o contr&#225;til do mioc&#225;rdio foi significantemente mais acentuada nos ratos com ICC <sup>8,12,19,38</sup>. Norton e cols.<sup>5</sup> conclu&#237;ram que a transi&#231;&#227;o da hipertrofia compensada para a fal&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, em ratos submetidos a bandagens da aorta abdominal, era decorrente da remodela&#231;&#227;o geom&#233;trica adversa do VE. Conrad e cols.<sup>8</sup> mostraram que a tens&#227;o desenvolvida e a velocidade de encurtamento de m&#250;sculos papilares de ratos espontaneamente hipertensos com ICC estavam deprimidos, quando comparadas com as obtidas em ratos sem ICC. Conclus&#245;es semelhantes foram relatadas com m&#250;sculos papilares obtidos de ratos Dahl com ICC <sup>38</sup>. Morri e cols.<sup>12</sup> sugeriram que a transi&#231;&#227;o da hipertrofia compensada para a fal&#234;ncia card&#237;aca em ratos Dahl era devida ao comprometimento da contratilidade mioc&#225;rdica e da remodela&#231;&#227;o geom&#233;trica anormal do VE. Estes estudos utilizaram como &#237;ndice de contratilidade mioc&#225;rdica as rela&#231;&#245;es press&#227;o/volume do VE no fim da s&#237;stole. Este &#237;ndice contratilidade, tal como a +dP/dt, reflete inerentemente, as caracter&#237;sticas do comportamento mec&#226;nico da c&#226;mara ventricular e n&#227;o especificamente a contratilidade mioc&#225;rdica intr&#237;nseca<sup> 39,40</sup>. Estudo anterior realizado em nosso laborat&#243;rio evidenciou que as rela&#231;&#245;es press&#227;o/di&#226;metro do VE, tal como as press&#227;o/volume s&#227;o significantemente diferentes durante eleva&#231;&#245;es s&#250;bitas e sustentadas da press&#227;o arterial <sup>40</sup>. As prepara&#231;&#245;es de m&#250;sculos papilares isolados, utilizadas em neste estudo, possibilitam controle eficiente dos fatores determinantes da contratilidade, normaliza&#231;&#227;o dos &#237;ndices para m&#250;sculos de diferentes dimens&#245;es, n&#227;o sofrem interfer&#234;ncias das altera&#231;&#245;es neuro-hormonais e das caracter&#237;sticas geom&#233;tricas da cavidade do VE<sup> 20,39-41</sup>. Assim a presen&#231;a de padr&#245;es distintos de remodela&#231;&#227;o geom&#233;trica e condi&#231;&#245;es de carga evidenciadas nos grupos GE e GE-IC torna complexa a caracteriza&#231;&#227;o do real grau de comprometimento da contratilidade mioc&#225;rdica quando se utiliza estes &#237;ndices em prepara&#231;&#245;es de cora&#231;&#227;o intacto ou in situ. Neste estudo observamos que o grau de comprometimento da fun&#231;&#227;o contr&#225;til do mioc&#225;rdio dos grupos GE e GE-IC foram equivalentes enquanto que os &#237;ndices de desempenho do VE do grupo GE-IC foram significantemente piores quando comparados ao grupo GE. Encontro semelhante foi relatado por Aurigemma e cols.<sup>41</sup>. Deve-se salientar no entanto que diferen&#231;as nos modelos experimentais usados para avaliar a fase de transi&#231;&#227;o para ICC nas sobrecargas press&#243;ricas podem, pelo menos em parte, justificar as discrep&#226;ncias relatadas. Por exemplo, a disfun&#231;&#227;o a mioc&#225;rdica em ratos espontaneamente hipertensos pode ser devida a efeitos combinados da hipertens&#227;o e idade<sup> 8,15,17,19</sup>. Na bandagem da aorta abdominal a hipertens&#227;o arterial instala-se imediatamente ap&#243;s o procedimento cir&#250;rgico<sup> 5,42-44</sup> enquanto que no modelo de EAS admite-se que a instala&#231;&#227;o da sobrecarga press&#243;rica &#233; gradativa <sup>23,28,29</sup> sendo leve no momento do procedimento cir&#250;rgico acentuando-se progressivamente com o crescimento dos animais. Em nosso estudo os ratos s&#227;o jovens, distintamente daqueles que avaliaram ratos espontaneamente hipertensos. No modelo usado por Norton e cols. <sup>5</sup> e neste experimento, as taxas de morte foram elevadas e semelhantes, indicando estado de sobrecarga press&#243;rica mais agressiva em animais jovens. Os valores significantemente mais elevados das vari&#225;veis VE/P, ASVE, HPVE, VD/P e A/P evidenciam que o processo de remodela&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca est&#225; mais ativo sendo tamb&#233;m mais adverso nos animais que desenvolveram ICC. Em resumo nossos resultados indicam que na fase de transi&#231;&#227;o hipertrofia compensada para ICC, no modelo experimental de EAS, as altera&#231;&#245;es da geometria da cavidade, morfol&#243;gicas do mioc&#225;rdio e as condi&#231;&#245;es de carga do VE, s&#227;o mais importantes que o grau de comprometimento da contratilidade mioc&#225;rdica para a instala&#231;&#227;o da ICC. </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Agradecimentos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Para Gustavo Henrique Bregagnollo pela editora&#231;&#227;o gr&#225;fica e digita&#231;&#227;o do texto. </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesses</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflitos de interesses pertinentes.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="end" fn-type="corresp">
        <label>
          <bold>Correspond&#234;ncia:</bold>
        </label>
        <p> Edson Antonio Bregagnollo </p>
        <p> Rua Capit&#227;o Andrade 567 </p>
        <p> 18601-545 &#150; Botucatu, SP </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="bregagnollogh@ig.com.br">bregagnollogh@ig.com.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p> Artigo recebido em 14/01/06; revisado recebido em 8/05/06; Aceito em 14/07/06</p>
  </body>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Relative role of left ventricular geometric remodeling and of morphological and functional myocardial remodeling in the transition from compensated hypertrophy to heart failure in rats with supravalvar aortic stenosis</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the relative contribution of left ventricular (LV) geometric remodeling and of morphological and functional myocardial changes in rats with induced supravalvar aortic stenosis (SAS), in the transition from compensated hypertrophy to congestive heart failure (CHF). METHODS: Twenty one weeks after induction of SAS, the rats were classified as controls (CG, n=13), without congestive heart failure (SG, n=11), or with congestive heart failure (SG-HF, n=12). All groups were evaluated with echocardiographic, hemodynamic and morphological study of the myocardium. RESULTS: Twenty one weeks after SAS: mass index (SG-HF&gt;SG&gt;CG, p&lt;0.05); systolic pressure (SG-HF= SG&gt;CG, p&lt;0.05); diastolic pressure (SG-HF&gt;SG&gt;CG, p&lt;0.05); systolic and diastolic meridional stress (SG-HF&gt;SG&gt;CG, p&lt;0.05); LV myocyte cross-sectional area (SG-HF&gt;SG&gt;CG, p&lt;0.05) and hydroxyproline content (SG-HF&gt;SG&gt;CG, p&lt;0.05). In the SG-HF group, LV geometric remodeling was characterized by a significant increase in dimensions and relative thickness of the normal wall (excentric remodeling), whereas the SG group presented a concentric remodeling. Indexes of LV performance in the SG-HF group were significantly lower than those of the SG group. CONCLUSION: The SG-HF and SG groups differed primarily in the LV geometric remodeling and structural myocardial remodeling process, which established a chronically compensated state in the SG group and triggered CHF in the SG-HF group in the presence of equivalent degrees of impaired contractility.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>ventricular remodeling</kwd>
        <kwd>myocardial dysfuntion</kwd>
        <kwd>pressure overload hypertrophy</kwd>
        <kwd>congestive heart failure</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>ORIGINAL ARTICLE</bold>
      </p>
      <p> Relative role of left ventricular geometric remodeling and of morphological and functional myocardial remodeling in the transition from compensated hypertrophy to heart failure in rats with supravalvar aortic stenosis </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Edson Antonio Bregagnollo<sup>I</sup>; Marco Aur&#233;lio Mestrinel<sup>II</sup>; Katashi Okoshi<sup>I</sup>; F&#225;bio Cardoso Carvalho<sup>I</sup>; Isamara Fernanda Bregagnollo<sup>IV</sup>; Carlos Roberto Padovani<sup>III</sup>; Antonio Carlos Cicogna<sup>I</sup></bold>
      </p>
      <p><sup>I</sup>Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu-UNESP</p>
      <p><sup>II</sup>P&#243;s-Graduando:Fisiopatologia em Cl&#237;nica M&#233;dica- UNESP</p>
      <p><sup>III</sup>Instituto de Bioci&#234;ncias-UNESP</p>
      <p><sup>IV</sup>Faculdade de Medicina de Mar&#237;lia (FAMEMA) &#150; Botucatu, Marilia - SP - Brazil</p>
      <p>
        <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end-body2">Mailing Address</xref>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>SUMMARY</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVES:</bold> To evaluate the relative contribution of left ventricular (LV) geometric remodeling and of morphological and functional myocardial changes in rats with induced supravalvar aortic stenosis (SAS), in the transition from compensated hypertrophy to congestive heart failure (CHF).</p>
      <p><bold>METHODS:</bold> Twenty one weeks after induction of SAS, the rats were classified as controls (CG, n=13), without congestive heart failure (SG, n=11), or with congestive heart failure (SG-HF, n=12). All groups were evaluated with echocardiographic, hemodynamic and morphological study of the myocardium.</p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS:</bold> Twenty one weeks after SAS: mass index (SG-HF&gt;SG&gt;CG, p&lt;0.05); systolic pressure (SG-HF= SG&gt;CG, p&lt;0.05); diastolic pressure (SG-HF&gt;SG&gt;CG, p&lt;0.05); systolic and diastolic meridional stress (SG-HF&gt;SG&gt;CG, p&lt;0.05); LV myocyte cross-sectional area (SG-HF&gt;SG&gt;CG, p&lt;0.05) and hydroxyproline content (SG-HF&gt;SG&gt;CG, p&lt;0.05). In the SG-HF group, LV geometric remodeling was characterized by a significant increase in dimensions and relative thickness of the normal wall (excentric remodeling), whereas the SG group presented a concentric remodeling. Indexes of LV performance in the SG-HF group were significantly lower than those of the SG group. </p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSION:</bold> The SG-HF and SG groups differed primarily in the LV geometric remodeling and structural myocardial remodeling process, which established a chronically compensated state in the SG group and triggered CHF in the SG-HF group in the presence of equivalent degrees of impaired contractility. </p>
      <p><bold>Key words:</bold> ventricular remodeling, myocardial dysfuntion, pressure overload hypertrophy, congestive heart failure.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Introduction</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Congestive heart failure is a syndrome resulting from several causes including ischemic coronary disease, inflammatory processes, heart valve diseases and high blood pressure<sup>1,2</sup>. In response to one of these aggressions, a process referred to as ventricular remodeling is triggered. Remodeling may be defined as the changes in size, geometry, shape, composition and heart function after aggression<sup>1-4</sup>. In pressure overloads, this mechanism initially preserves the global cardiac function. However, over time, the changes resulting from the chronic remodeling lead to a progressive left ventricular (LV) dysfunction that culminates in CHF or sudden death<sup>1-3</sup>.</p>
      <p> The factors responsible for LV failure include: adverse geometric LV remodeling<sup>2,5,6</sup>, changes in myocardial composition<sup>2-4,7</sup>, progressively decreased contractility<sup>8-10</sup>, or a combination of these factors<sup>2-4,11</sup>. Several studies<sup>2,5,6</sup> show that adverse LV remodeling is the major factor contributing to the failure of the heart as a pump. This notion is supported by the observation that in post-infarction remodeling with global LV dysfunction, the contractile function of the remaining cardiomyocytes is normal or mildly impaired<sup>10,12-14</sup>. Another relevant aspect in pressure overloads is the abnormal collagen accumulation in the interstitium and around the coronary arterioles. Collagen is the main component of the extracellular matrix, and its accumulation, given its extremely high resistance, dramatically changes the physical characteristics of the myocardium and the ventricular function<sup>7</sup>, and is pointed as a factor participating in the development of CHF<sup>1,2,4,7</sup>. With regard to myocardial contractility, experimental models of pressure overload &#150; studies that evaluated animals with and without CHF evidenced discrepant results<sup>2,5,11,15-19</sup>. Brooks et al<sup>19</sup> reported that the contractile function of papillary muscles of spontaneously hypertensive rats was significantly different in animals with or without CHF, whereas Conrad et al<sup>8</sup>, Bing et al<sup>17</sup>, and Bing and Wigner<sup>(18)</sup> demonstrated that the active myocardial tension was not significantly different in animals with or without CHF. </p>
      <p>More recently, the supravalvar aortic stenosis (SAS) model has been used to promote gradual LV remodeling. In this model, the mechanisms responsible for the heart failure are complex and not fully understood. The objective of this study was to analyze the relative contribution of the geometric changes of the LV cavity, and of the morphological and contractile alterations of the myocardium in the transition from compensated hypertrophy to CHF in rats with pressure-overload induced left ventricular hypertrophy triggered by supravalvar aortic stenosis (SAS).</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Methods</bold>
      </p>
      <p><italic>Animals and supravalvar aortic stenosis surgery</italic><bold> - </bold>The experiment and procedures were approved by the Ethics Commission on Animal Research of <italic>Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu.</italic> Male Wistar rats weighing between 70 and 80g were anesthetized with sodium pentobarbital (50mg/Kg &#150; IP) and underwent SAS (SG; n=55). For this purpose, after median sternotomy, the ascending aorta was isolated and a stainless steel clip with a 0.6-mm inner diameter was placed in the ascending aorta as described in previous studies<sup>21,22</sup>. Matched rats underwent sham surgery (CG; n=23). Six weeks later, 10 rats undergoing sham surgery (CG<sub>6 </sub>group) and 10 with SAS (SG<sub>6 </sub>group) were randomized for simultaneous echocardiographic, hemodynamic and morphological assessments. The remaining rats were followed for 15 more weeks. Deaths occurring during this period were recorded. Twenty one weeks after SAS, the surviving rats were clinically assessed and underwent echocardiographic, hemodynamic, morphological and mechanical study of the papillary muscles isolated from the LV. The 21-week period was chosen because it encompasses the transition phase from compensated hypertrophy to heart failure<sup>23</sup> in this model.</p>
      <p>Geometric alterations and global cardiac function were assessed using echocardiogram and hemodynamic study. Morphological alterations of the myocardium were assessed by determining the degree of LVH and quantification of myocardial collagen content. Contractility was studied in papillary muscle preparations that enable the assessment of the contractile status regardless of loading conditions, chamber geometry and neurohormonal disorders<sup>20</sup>.</p>
      <p><italic>Echocardiographic study</italic> - After anesthesia with a combination of Ketamine (50mg/kg) plus xylazine (1mg/kg), IM, and chest shaving, the animals were placed in the left lateral position. A Sonos 2000 (Hewlett-Packard Medical Systems) echocardiograph equipped with a 7.5 MHz transducer was used to obtain two-dimensional short axis views of the LV, at the papillary muscles. M-mode records (sweep speed = 100 mm/s) were made right below the tip of the mitral valve leaflets<sup>21,24</sup>. The records were manually calibrated by the same observer according to the methodology proposed by the American Society of Echocardiography<sup>25</sup>. The variables analyzed were: heart rate (HR); LV systolic (LVSD) and diastolic diameters (LVDD); LV systolic (SPWT) and diastolic posterior wall thickness (DPWT), relative wall thickness (DPWT/LVDD); LV shortening fraction (DD%), and peak early to late transmitral flow velocity ratio (E/L ratio). The arithmetic mean of at least five consecutive cardiac cycles was considered to obtain the values of each variable. </p>
      <p><italic>Hemodynamic study</italic> - Twenty four hours after obtaining the echocardiograms, the animals underwent hemodynamic study. After anesthesia, they were placed in the supine position. A midline abdominal incision extending to the xyphoid process was performed. This would enable visualization of the heart through the diaphragm. Under direct visualization, a 25x9 hypodermic needle connected to a Stathan P23ID (0-300 mmHg) pressure transducer was introduced from the apex into the LV cavity. Pressure and the first time derivative of the LV pressure were then recorded. The horizontal plane of the thoracic midline was adopted as reference level zero. Values of hemodynamic variables were obtained considering the arithmetic mean of 10 consecutive cardiac cycles, and the sweep velocity was 100 mm/s. The association between echocardiographic and hemodynamic data enabled the calculation of the systolic (sms) and diastolic (smd) meridional stress according to a methodology previously validated in the literature<sup>26</sup>. In summary, pressures, internal dimensions and LV (end-systolic and end-diastolic) posterior wall thickness were measured in the echocardiographic tracings (M mode), and the sms and smd were estimated using the formula: s m = 0.334 x LVP x [LVID/(1 + PWT/LVID)]<sup>26</sup> , where, LVP, LVID and PWT correspond to the values of left ventricular end-systolic and end-diastolic pressure, internal dimensions, and posterior wall thickness, respectively, for the calculation of sms and smd values. </p>
      <p><italic>Myocardial structure study</italic> - After hemodynamic assessment, the animals were sacrificed, their hearts quickly removed, and the papillary muscles isolated for mechanical assessment. The atria were excised and the ventricles separated into LV muscle mass which included the septum and right ventricular free wall. The weights of these structures were normalized for the body weight of the respective animals. The cross-sectional area of the LV myocytes were measured using a software program according to the methodology standardized and described in a previous study<sup>21,22</sup>. Myocardial collagen content was estimated using the determination of hydroxyproline concentration in the LV muscle according to the Switzer technique<sup>27</sup> already standardized in our laboratory<sup>21,22</sup>. Lung and liver water contents were calculated from the moist and dry weights of fragments of these organs put into a stove at 100&#186;C for 72 hours to desiccate. At that moment the animals with (SG-HF, n = 12) and without CHF (SG, n = 11) were identified. The criteria used for the diagnosis of CHF were: tachydyspnea, ascitis, pleural or pericardial effusion, left atrial thrombus, right ventricular hypertrophy, and increased water content in the lungs and liver<sup>5,8,15</sup>.</p>
      <p><italic>Mechanical study of the papillary muscles</italic> - After the hemodynamic study, a thoracotomy was performed; the hearts were quickly removed and placed into oxygenated Krebs-Henseleit solution at 28&#186;C. LV papillary muscles were dissected, mounted between two steel clips and placed vertically in a contraction chamber containing Krebs-Henseleit solution (at 28&#186;C) added with a mixture of oxygen (95%) and carbon dioxide (5%). This solution was composed of: 118.5 mM NaCl, 4.69 mM KCl, 2.52 mM CaCl<sub>2</sub>, 1.16 mM Mg S0<sub>4</sub>, 1.18 mM KH<sub>2</sub>PO<sub>4</sub>, 5.50 mM glucose and 25. 88 mM NaHCO3, that kept the pH between 7.40 and 7.45 and the PaO2 between 450 and 550 mmHg. The lower clip was connected to the Kyowa 120T &#150; 20B force transducer by means of a steel wire passing through a mercury seal placed in the bottom of the contraction chamber. The upper clip was connected to a mechanical magnesium lever (lever arm ratio 4:1) to adjust the muscle length. The preparations were stimulated 12 times per minute with square wave pulses (5ms) using platinum electrodes at a voltage 10% higher than the threshold, so as to promote a maximal mechanical response. The muscles were kept in isotonic contraction for 60 minutes, and then left in isometric contraction and stretched progressively to the maximum value of contraction tension/length curve (Lmax), returning to isotonic contraction for 5 more minutes. After that, they were left in isometric contraction again and the Lmax was carefully determined. After 15 minutes, when the preparations were stable, the isometric contractions were recorded. The following parameters were determined: peak tension developed (TD, g/mm<sup>2</sup>); resting tension (RT, g/mm<sup>2</sup>), time to reach peak tension (TPT, ms), time for the tension developed to fall by 50% (TR50, ms); maximum rate of increase (+ dT/dt, g/mm<sup>2</sup>/s) and reduction (-dT/dt, g/m<sup>2</sup>/s) of TD. After the recordings were concluded, muscle length at Lmax was measured and the muscle was weighed. The cross-sectional area (SA, mm<sup>2</sup>) was calculated assuming a cylindrical geometry and specific density of 1.0<sup>20</sup>. All variables of the mechanical study of the papillary muscles were normalized for SA.</p>
      <p><italic>Statistical analysis</italic> - All data are expressed as mean &#177; standard deviation (X &#177; sd). Student&#146;s t test for independent variables was used for the statistical comparisons between CG<sub>6</sub> and SG<sub>6</sub> variables. The analysis of variance for a model with one source of variation was used for the statistical comparison between CG, SG and SG-HF variables. When necessary, the Tukey test was additionally used for all possible pairs of means. The level of statistical significance used was 5% (p&lt;0.05). </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Results</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The mortality rate observed in this experiment (48.9%) is similar to those reported in other studies<sup>23,28</sup> and in our laboratory<sup>21</sup>. In the period from the 6th to the 21st week, 22 (44.4%) animals out of the 45 with SAS died. Of the 23 survivors up to the end of the experiment, 12 (52.2%) showed signs of CHF, and tachydyspnea (n=12); left atrial thrombus (n=9), pleural effusion (n=8); ascitis (n=6), and pericardial effusion (n=5) were observed. In the CG group no deaths or CHF occurred.</p>
      <p>The values of the variables analyzed 6 weeks after SAS are shown in <xref ref-type="fn" rid="tab01-body2">1</xref>. The values of LVSP, LVEDP, LV/W, LVSA, SPWT, DPWT, DPWT/LVDD, and DD% in the SG<sub>6</sub> group were significantly higher, whereas the values of sms, smd, +dP/dt, -dP/dt, LVSD, LVDD, E/L ratio, RV/W, LVHP, PWC, and LWC were similar to those of the CG<sub>6 </sub>group (p&gt;0.05). No animals of the CG<sub>6</sub> and SG<sub>6</sub> groups had signs of CHF.</p>
      <p>
        <fn id="tab01-body2">
          <p>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-02-0225-00015-e01-en.jpg"/></p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p>The values of the echocardiographic, hemodynamic and morphological variables, as well as the mechanical studies of the papillary muscles obtained in the end of the experiment are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab02-body2">Tables 2 to 4</xref>. The animals with SAS presented significant increases of LV/W, A/W, LVSA, and LVHP, with SG-HF &gt;SG&gt;CG (p &lt; 0.05), whereas the values of RV/W, PWC, and LWC of the SG-HF group were significantly higher than those of the CG and SG groups, which were similar (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab02-body2">Table 2</xref>). The values of HR, LVSD, LVDD, E/L ratio, sms and smd of the SG and SG-HF groups were SG-HF &gt; SG &gt; CG (p &lt; 0.05), and the values of SPWT and DPWT were SG = SG&#150;HF &gt; CG; p&lt;0.05). The values of DPWT/LVDD and DD% were CG=SG&gt;SG-HF; p&lt;0.05). In the SG and SG-HF groups there were significant and similar increases of LVSP (SG=SG-HF&gt;CG; p&lt;0.05), increase of LVEDP (SG-HF&gt;SG&gt;CG; p&lt; 0.05) and a significant reduction of +dP/dt and &#150; dP/dt (CG&gt;SG&gt;SG-HF; p&lt; 0.05) as shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab03-body2">Table 3</xref>. Surprisingly, the analyses of the mechanical behavior of the papillary muscles during isometric contractions evidenced the same degree of myocardial contractile dysfunction. The values of TD, + dT/dt, -dT/dt were CG &gt; SG = SG-HF; p&lt;0.05, and the values of RT, TPT and TR<sub>50</sub> were SG = SG-HF &gt; CG; p&lt;0.05, as shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab04-body2">Table 4</xref>. </p>
      <table-wrap id="tab02-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-02-0225-00015-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <table-wrap id="tab03-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-02-0225-00015-gt02-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <table-wrap id="tab04-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-02-0225-00015-gt03-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>In this study, we assessed the relative contribution of changes in ventricular geometry, myocardial morphology and contractile status in the transition phase from compensated remodeling to CHF in rats with SAS. The assessments performed 6 weeks after SAS evidenced that the animals in the SG<sub>6 </sub>group presented concentric left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH), LV performance indexes, myocardial contractility and relaxation indexes, LV sms and smd, and LVHP similar to those observed in the CG<sub>6</sub> group (<xref ref-type="fn" rid="tab01-body2">Table 1</xref>). In previous studies we showed that, in this experimental model, six weeks after SAS induction, the left ventricular function is hyperdynamic and the myocardial contractility is normal<sup>22,24</sup>. During this period, the improvement in LV performance may be attributed to the LV concentric remodeling, since we verified a significant correlation (0.74, p&lt;0.05) between DD% and relative left ventricular wall thickness<sup>24</sup>. The present study corroborates previous results by demonstrating that six weeks after SAS induction the increase in the LV wall thickness completely normalizes the systolic and diastolic parietal stress. We also demonstrated that LVHP, E/L ratio, +dP/dt, -dP/dt, RV/W, PWC, and LWC were similar in the CG<sub>6</sub> and SG<sub>6 </sub>groups (p&lt;0.05) and that LV/W, LVSA, DPWT, DPWT/LVDD, LVSP, LVEDP values in the SG<sub>6 </sub>group were significantly higher than those of the CG<sub>6</sub> group (p&lt;0.05). All together, these results allow us to conclude that concentric LVH normalized the parietal stress, thus enabling a hyperdynamic ventricular function even in the presence of a significant pressure overload. </p>
      <p>At the end of the experiment, in contrast to the concentric hypertrophy observed in the SG group, rats from the SG-HF group presented eccentric geometric remodeling characterized by increased LVSD, LVDD and reduced SPWT/LVDD. In animals with SAS, the sms and smd and DD% were significantly higher (SG-HF&gt;SG&gt;CG; p&lt;0.05) and lower (CG&gt;SG&gt;SG-HF; p&lt;0.05) than those of the group CG, respectively. Morphological changes of the myocardium were more significant than in animals with CHF, with values of LV/W, A/W, RV/W, LVHP and LVSA in the SG-HF group significantly higher when compared to those of the SG group. However, mechanical assessments performed in isolated muscle preparations evidenced the same degree of impairment of the myocardial contractile function in the SG and SG-HF groups. Thus, we can conclude that the SG and SG-HF groups differed primarily in the LV geometric remodeling process and myocardial morphological remodeling that led to a chronically compensated state in the SG group and to CHF in the SG-HF group. </p>
      <p>A previous study conducted in our laboratory demonstrated that rats without CHF presented persistent and stable pressure overload in the period between 6 and 21 weeks after SAS induction<sup>21,24</sup>. The results of this study corroborate the previous findings and demonstrate that the same behavior is extensive to animals with CHF. The high rate of animals with CHF is similar to that previously found in our laboratory<sup>21,22</sup>, being consistent with several other studies<sup>5,8,19,29</sup>. </p>
      <p>Although cardiac remodeling is an important mechanism to compensate chronic pressure overloads, it is usually associated with CHF and death over time<sup>1-3</sup>. Cardiac remodeling involves a series of structural, biochemical, molecular and geometric LV changes, such as reexpression of fetal genes that codify isoforms of myosin; enzymes that regulate the intracellular calcium cycle; imbalance between supply and demand of myocardial oxygen; induction of myocytes to necrosis and/or apotosis and to the abnormal collagen accumulation that occur as a consequence of the direct mechanical stimulation and/or of the activation of several neurohormonal factors, notably angiotensin II, endothelin, norepinephrine and aldosterone<sup>1-4,6,7,30,31</sup>. Together, these mechanisms progressively affect the global cardiac function, culminating in CHF or sudden death<sup>1-6,30-33</sup>.</p>
      <p>In chronic pressure overloads the mechanisms triggering CHF include geometric alterations of the LV cavity<sup>5,6,32</sup>, morphological alterations of the myocardium<sup>1-4,7,33</sup>, impairment of the myocardial contractile function<sup>1,2,8,10,11</sup>, or a combination of these factors<sup>2-4,11,33</sup>. </p>
      <p>Geometric alterations leading to a dilated and more spherical LV cavity result in a series of functional disadvantages, among which we can point out: increased parietal stress, afterload maladjustment, increased oxygen consumption, low subendocardial perfusion, sustained hemodynamic overload and maintenance of activation of mechanical and neurohormonal stimuli participating in the cardiac remodeling process<sup>2-6,33-36</sup>. Varying degrees of mitral regurgitation occur as a result of the left ventricular dilatation, which add volumetric overload to the LV, which, in turn, predisposes to additional ventricular dilatation<sup>2,6,33</sup>, thus creating a vicious cycle.</p>
      <p>These aspects were demonstrated in the present study. Considering that LVSD, LVDD, E/L, sms, smd, LVEDP, LVPH, LVSA values were SG-HF &gt; SG &gt; CG; p&lt;0.05; DD% and DPWT/LVDD values were CG&gt; SG&gt; SG-HF; p&lt;0.05); and LVSP was SG=SG-HF&gt;CG; p&lt;0.05, we can assume that the preload reserve depletion and afterload maladjustment effectively contributed to the development of CHF. The echocardiographic and hemodynamic results clearly showed that these mechanisms were present in the animals with SAS, and were more significant in the SG-HF group. Therefore, we can assume that this is the mechanism that most probably triggered CHF in the animals of the SG-HF group (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab02-body2">Table 2</xref>). </p>
      <p>Morphological myocardial remodeling was significantly more evident in the SG-HF group than in the SG group (<xref ref-type="fn" rid="tab01-body2">Table 1</xref>). The percentage increases of morphological variables of the SG and SG-HF groups compared to those of the CG group are shown in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig01-body2">Figure 1</xref>. Hypertrophic and failing hearts frequently show a significant increase in interstitial fibrosis and myocyte hypertrophy that harden the LV and negatively affect initially the diastolic function, and later<sup>1,2,7,33 </sup>the systolic function. Several studies support the idea that the morphological myocardial remodeling, more significant in the SG-HF group, also may have contributed to the onset of CHF<sup>2-5,7,32</sup>, in addition to the adverse geometric alterations of the LV cavity. In this study, we demonstrated that the LVPH, LV/W, LVSA, RV/W, and A/W values of the SG-HP group were significantly higher than those of the SG group (p&lt;0.05), showing that the degree of morphological myocardial remodeling in the SG-HF group was more aggressive than that of the SG group (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab02-body2">Table 2</xref>). The more significant increase of these morphological variables that occur in response to mechanic overloads has an adverse effect on cardiac adaptation to pressure overloads, since they increase muscle rigidity and affect the LV diastolic and systolic functions, thus collaborating to the development of CHF<sup>1,3,7,33</sup>.</p>
      <fig id="fig01-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-02-0225-00015-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>Stimuli to cardiac remodeling include mechanical and biochemical factors that act on receptors, ion channels and integrins present in the sarcolemma<sup>1-4,10,33,35,37</sup> , resulting in increased protein synthesis, fetal gene reexpression, cardiomyocyte necrosis and/or apoptosis, disproportion between muscular and interstitial myocardial compartments, fibroblast proliferation and collagen accumulation. </p>
      <p>In contrast to the differences observed in the global myocardial performance, myocardial morphology and LV cavity geometry indexes, the degree of impairment of myocardial contractility and relaxation observed in the isolated papillary muscle preparations was similar in both the SG and SG-HF groups (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab04-body2">Table 4</xref>). These preparations reliably show the intrinsic myocardial contractile properties without the interference of geometric alterations of the LV cavity, load conditions, imbalance between oxygen supply and demand or fluctuations in the neurohormonal systems activity. Additionally, they allow the normalization of values of mechanical variables for the cross-sectional area of the muscles, so that muscles of different sizes can be adequately compared, which could hardly be achieved in isolated heart preparations or in situ<sup>20</sup>. Our results are consistent with those reported by Norton et al<sup>5</sup> and inconsistent with those of other studies in rats with and without CHF, in which the myocardial contractile dysfunction was significantly more increased in rats with CHF<sup>8,12,19,38</sup>. Norton et al<sup>5</sup> concluded that the transition from compensated hypertrophy to heart failure in rats undergoing abdominal aortic banding resulted from an adverse LV geometric remodeling. Conrad et al<sup>8</sup> showed that the tension developed and papillary muscle shortening velocity of spontaneously hypertensive rats with CHF were depressed when compared to those obtained in rats without CHF. Similar conclusions were reported with papillary muscles obtained from Dahl rats with CHF<sup>38</sup>. Morii et al<sup>12</sup> suggested that the transition from compensated hypertrophy to heart failure in Dahl rats was due to impairment of myocardial contractility and abnormal LV geometric remodeling. These studies used pressure/LV end-systolic volume ratios as an index of myocardial contractility. This contractility index, like the +dP/dt, inherently reflects the characteristics of the mechanical behavior of the ventricular chamber and not specifically the intrinsic myocardial contractility<sup>39,40</sup>. A previous study conducted in our laboratory demonstrated that the pressure/LV diameter ratios, as well as the pressure/volume ratios are significantly different during sudden and sustained elevations of blood pressure<sup>40</sup>. Isolated papillary muscle preparations used in this study enable an efficient control of factors determining contractility, and the normalization of indexes for muscles of different dimensions; also, they do not suffer interferences from neurohormone alterations and from geometric characteristics of the LV cavity<sup>20,39-41</sup>. Thus, the presence of distinct patterns of geometric remodeling and loading conditions demonstrated in the SG and SG-HF groups makes complex the characterization of the real degree of impairment of the myocardial contractility when these indexes are used in intact heart preparations or in situ. In this study, we observed that the degree of impairment of the myocardial contractile function of the SG and SG-HF groups were similar, whereas the indexes of LV performance of the SG-HF group were significantly worse when compared to the SG group. Aurigemma et al<sup>41</sup> reported similar findings. However, we should note that the differences in experimental models used to assess the transition phase to CHF in pressure overloads may, at least in part, justify the discrepancies reported. For instance, myocardial dysfunction in spontaneously hypertensive rats may be due to combined effects of hypertension and age<sup>8,15,17,19</sup>. In abdominal aortic banding, hypertension starts immediately after the surgical procedure<sup>5,42-44</sup>, whereas in the SAS model pressure overload is supposed to start gradually<sup>23,28,29</sup>, being mild at the moment of the surgical procedure and progressively increasing as the animals grow up. In our study, the rats are young, unlike those which assessed spontaneously hypertensive rats. In the model used by Norton et al<sup>5</sup> and in this experiment, death rates were high and similar, indicating a more aggressive pressure overload state in young animals. Values significantly higher of the LV/W, LVSA, LVHP, RV/W and A/W variables demonstrate that the cardiac remodeling process is more active and also more adverse in animals that developed CHF. In summary, our results indicate that in the transition phase from compensated hypertrophy to CHF, in the SAS experimental model, the alterations of cavity geometry, myocardial morphology, and LV loading conditions are more important than the degree of impairment of myocardial contractility for the onset of CHF. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Acknowledgements</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The authors acknowledge Mr. Gustavo Henrique Bregagnollo for graphic editing and text typing.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
      </p>
      <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fn id="end-body2" fn-type="corresp">
          <label>
            <bold>Mailing Address:</bold>
          </label>
          <p> Edson Antonio Bregagnollo</p>
          <p> Rua Capit&#227;o Andrade 567</p>
          <p> 18601-545 &#150; Botucatu, SP - Brazil</p>
          <p> E-mail: </p>
          <p>
            <email xlink:href="bregagnollogh@ig.com.br">bregagnollogh@ig.com.br</email>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p> Manuscript received January 14, 2006; revised manuscript received May 10, 2006; accepted July 14, 2006</p>
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