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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">ZFcbb6bSVSvSgcjhmfCyXFb</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00014</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2007000200014</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(07)08800214</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2007000200014</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Otimiza&#231;&#227;o de recursos no cuidado prim&#225;rio da hipertens&#227;o arterial</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Didier</surname>
            <given-names>Maria Teresa</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff04"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Guimar&#227;es</surname>
            <given-names>Arm&#234;nio C.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff04"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="state"/>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Escola Bahiana de Medicina e Sa&#250;de P&#250;blica</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff03">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="state"/>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Funda&#231;&#227;o Oswaldo Cruz</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff04">
        <institution content-type="orgname">Prefeitura Municipal de Salvador</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff02">
        <institution content-type="orgname">Funda&#231;&#227;o para o Desenvolvimento da Ci&#234;ncias</institution>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>02</month>
        <year>2007</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>88</volume>
      <issue>2</issue>
      <fpage>218</fpage>
      <lpage>224</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>17</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2006</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>21</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2006</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>04</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2006</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>OBJETIVO: Avaliar o resultado da atua&#231;&#227;o de uma equipe interdisciplinar no controle da hipertens&#227;o. M&#201;TODOS: Numa Unidade de Sa&#250;de, 88 pacientes foram assistidos por uma equipe interdisciplinar, por 12 meses. As visitas ao m&#233;dico e &#224; enfermeira ocorreram cada um a tr&#234;s meses, e &#224; nutricionista, quando necess&#225;rio. Palestras educacionais foram ministradas, regularmente. O colesterol total e a glicemia de jejum foram medidos, na admiss&#227;o e aos 12 meses do estudo. Foram analisados dados cl&#237;nicos e laboratoriais e comparados &#224; press&#227;o arterial, na admiss&#227;o e aos 6 e 12 meses do estudo, e o colesterol total e glicemia, na admiss&#227;o e aos 12 meses. RESULTADOS: Havia 79,41% de mulheres e a idade m&#233;dia era 58&#177;9,90 anos. A mediana da press&#227;o arterial foi 166,00/96,5 mmHg, na admiss&#227;o, 146,75/85,25 mmHg, aos seis meses (p&lt;0,000) e 134,00/80,00 mmHg aos 12 meses (p&lt;0,000). A taxa de PA&lt;140/90 mmHg subiu de 10,23% para 48,81% (p&lt;0,000). A mediana do colesterol total diminuiu de 217 mg/dl para 194,00 mg/dl (p&lt;0,004), e da glicemia, de 101 mg/dl para 95 mg/dl (NS). Na admiss&#227;o, 50% dos pacientes usavam dois anti-hipertensivos; 25%, tr&#234;s; e 5,68%, quatro; enquanto aos 12 meses esses percentuais passaram a 21,18%, 29,41% e 32,94%, respectivamente. CONCLUS&#195;O: A assist&#234;ncia por equipe interdisciplinar pode melhorar, significativamente, o controle da hipertens&#227;o e de fatores de risco cardiovascular associados.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>Hipertens&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>tratamento</kwd>
        <kwd>equipe interdisciplinar</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>20</day>
        <month>03</month>
        <year>2007</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>ARTIGO ORIGINAL</bold>
    </p>
    <p> Otimiza&#231;&#227;o de recursos no cuidado prim&#225;rio da hipertens&#227;o arterial </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Maria Teresa Didier; Arm&#234;nio C. Guimar&#227;es</bold>
    </p>
    <p> Escola Bahiana de Medicina e Sa&#250;de P&#250;blica, Funda&#231;&#227;o para o Desenvolvimento da Ci&#234;ncias, FIOCRUZ &#150; Funda&#231;&#227;o Osvaldo Cruz, Prefeitura Municipal de Salvador &#150; Salvador, BA</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVO:</bold> Avaliar o resultado da atua&#231;&#227;o de uma equipe interdisciplinar no controle da hipertens&#227;o. </p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS:</bold> Numa Unidade de Sa&#250;de, 88 pacientes foram assistidos por uma equipe interdisciplinar, por 12 meses. As visitas ao m&#233;dico e &#224; enfermeira ocorreram cada um a tr&#234;s meses, e &#224; nutricionista, quando necess&#225;rio. Palestras educacionais foram ministradas, regularmente. O colesterol total e a glicemia de jejum foram medidos, na admiss&#227;o e aos 12 meses do estudo. Foram analisados dados cl&#237;nicos e laboratoriais e comparados &#224; press&#227;o arterial, na admiss&#227;o e aos 6 e 12 meses do estudo, e o colesterol total e glicemia, na admiss&#227;o e aos 12 meses. </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS:</bold> Havia 79,41% de mulheres e a idade m&#233;dia era 58&#177;9,90 anos. A mediana da press&#227;o arterial foi 166,00/96,5 mmHg, na admiss&#227;o, 146,75/85,25 mmHg, aos seis meses (p&lt;0,000) e 134,00/80,00 mmHg aos 12 meses (p&lt;0,000). A taxa de PA<underline>&lt;</underline>140/90 mmHg subiu de 10,23% para 48,81% (p&lt;0,000). A mediana do colesterol total diminuiu de 217 mg/dl para 194,00 mg/dl (p&lt;0,004), e da glicemia, de 101 mg/dl para 95 mg/dl (NS). Na admiss&#227;o, 50% dos pacientes usavam dois anti-hipertensivos; 25%, tr&#234;s; e 5,68%, quatro; enquanto aos 12 meses esses percentuais passaram a 21,18%, 29,41% e 32,94%, respectivamente. </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#195;O:</bold> A assist&#234;ncia por equipe interdisciplinar pode melhorar, significativamente, o controle da hipertens&#227;o e de fatores de risco cardiovascular associados. </p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave:</bold> Hipertens&#227;o, tratamento, equipe interdisciplinar.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Estudos mostram maior morbidade e mortalidade por eventos cardiovasculares em portadores de hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica (HAS)<sup>1-3</sup>. O JNC-VII<sup>4</sup> menciona que a diminui&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o arterial (PA) para 120/80 mmHg reduz a incid&#234;ncia de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca em at&#233; 50%, de acidente vascular encef&#225;lico entre 35% e 40%, e de doen&#231;a coronariana entre 20% e 25%, com diminui&#231;&#227;o da mortalidade global. A partir de 115/75 mmHg, cada aumento de 20 mmHg na press&#227;o sist&#243;lica e de 10 mmHg na press&#227;o diast&#243;lica duplica o risco de eventos cardiovasculares. Estima-se que tratar pacientes no est&#225;gio I da hipertens&#227;o (140-159/90-99 mmHg) e reduzir a press&#227;o sist&#243;lica em 12 mmHg, por 10 anos, salve uma vida por cada 11 pacientes tratados<sup>5</sup>.</p>
    <p>Dados epidemiol&#243;gicos apontam para elevada preval&#234;ncia de HAS (20% a 40% na popula&#231;&#227;o adulta), alta taxa de desconhecimento da condi&#231;&#227;o (50%) e taxas de controle insatisfat&#243;rias (30% a 56%)<sup>6-14</sup>. Em Salvador, a taxa de controle situa-se em torno de 35%<sup>15</sup>. </p>
    <p>O baixo controle est&#225; relacionado &#224; inadequada ades&#227;o terap&#234;utica, dependente de m&#250;ltiplos fatores: idade, sexo, etnia, condi&#231;&#245;es socioecon&#244;micas, h&#225;bitos de vida, aspectos culturais, gest&#227;o do modelo assistencial e habilidades e integra&#231;&#227;o da equipe de sa&#250;de. Equipes interdisciplinares bem estruturadas levam ao aumento da ades&#227;o ao tratamento e, conseq&#252;entemente, a melhores &#237;ndices de controle<sup>16</sup>.</p>
    <p>A magnitude desse problema tem preocupado o Minist&#233;rio da Sa&#250;de, pelos aspectos humano e econ&#244;mico. As doen&#231;as cardiovasculares (DCV) s&#227;o respons&#225;veis por 14% do total das interna&#231;&#245;es (representando 16,2% do or&#231;amento da Sa&#250;de<sup>5</sup>) e 25% das aposentadorias precoces<sup>17</sup>, al&#233;m de constitu&#237;rem a primeira causa de morte no Brasil (27,4%), sendo respons&#225;veis, entre os 30 e 69 anos, por 65% do total dos &#243;bitos<sup>18</sup>.</p>
    <p>A revers&#227;o desse quadro requer pol&#237;tica governamental que inclua modelos assistenciais eficientes de cuidado prim&#225;rio, por meio da melhor gest&#227;o da rede assistencial b&#225;sica, formada pelas Unidades B&#225;sicas de Sa&#250;de, e mudan&#231;as no modelo assistencial que otimizem os recursos humanos e log&#237;sticos existentes. Investir financeiramente em estruturas desorganizadas e ineficientes incentiva o c&#237;rculo vicioso da fal&#234;ncia assistencial, com elevados custos e comprometimento da qualidade assistencial da rede de assist&#234;ncia secund&#225;ria. </p>
    <p>Este estudo objetivou avaliar o impacto sobre o controle da hipertens&#227;o e de fatores de risco associados, decorrente da organiza&#231;&#227;o de um modelo interdisciplinar integrado. </p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#233;todos</bold>
    </p>
    <p><italic>Desenho do estudo -</italic> Estudo prospectivo, intervencional, de controles hist&#243;ricos, realizado no ambulat&#243;rio do Centro de Sa&#250;de Sete de Abril (CSSA), na periferia de Salvador, com uma popula&#231;&#227;o adstrita de 18.879 habitantes<sup>19</sup>, constitu&#237;da de pessoas de estrato social baixo. </p>
    <p><italic>Sele&#231;&#227;o dos pacientes</italic> - Entre junho e outubro de 2003, foram selecionados 88 hipertensos, maiores de 18 anos, sob tratamento com o autor h&#225; mais de um ano, com, no m&#237;nimo, duas consultas m&#233;dicas nesse &#250;ltimo ano, e que assinaram o termo de consentimento livre e esclarecido.</p>
    <p><italic>Avalia&#231;&#227;o dos pacientes</italic> - O diagn&#243;stico de hipertens&#227;o arterial (HA) foi baseado numa PA<underline>&gt;</underline>140/90 mmHg ou no uso regular de medica&#231;&#227;o anti-hipertensiva<sup>5</sup>. A avalia&#231;&#227;o do controle da hipertens&#227;o arterial, na admiss&#227;o e durante o seguimento, foi realizada pelo autor, usando esfigmoman&#244;metro da marca BD, do tipo aner&#243;ide, devidamente calibrado, com manguito envolvendo, no m&#237;nimo, 80% do bra&#231;o, estando o paciente em repouso, sentado, por, no m&#237;nimo, cinco minutos, com o membro superior, preferencialmente o direito, apoiado no n&#237;vel do cora&#231;&#227;o. A press&#227;o sist&#243;lica foi medida no primeiro de dois ou mais sons card&#237;acos (fase I de Korotkoff) e a press&#227;o diast&#243;lica quando do abafamento (fase IV de Korotkoff) ou desaparecimento dos sons (fase V de Korotkoff). O valor final registrado foi a m&#233;dia aritm&#233;tica de duas medi&#231;&#245;es, com intervalo de um minuto. O paciente foi informado verbalmente e por escrito sobre o valor verificado e o desej&#225;vel. </p>
    <p>A avalia&#231;&#227;o laboratorial constou da coleta de sangue, ap&#243;s jejum de 12 horas, para a determina&#231;&#227;o da glicemia, colesterol total (CT), HDL-colesterol (HDL-C), LDL-colesterol (LDL-C), triglic&#233;rides (TG), creatinina e TSH ultra-sens&#237;vel (para dislipid&#234;micos, obesos, diab&#233;ticos e pacientes com quadro cl&#237;nico sugestivo de hipotireoidismo), e de exame sum&#225;rio de urina. Com exce&#231;&#227;o do TSH, a bioqu&#237;mica foi repetida com 6 e 12 meses. Os valores do perfil lip&#237;dico foram interpretados de acordo com a III Diretriz Brasileira sobre Dislipidemias<sup>20</sup> e da glicemia, como preconizado pela AHA/NIH<sup>21.</sup> Desses dados laboratoriais, foi estudada apenas a evolu&#231;&#227;o p&#243;s-interven&#231;&#227;o do CT, glicemia e creatinina. </p>
    <p>Foram realizados, tamb&#233;m, ECG de repouso, nas 12 deriva&#231;&#245;es e Rx do t&#243;rax em PA, eventualmente repetidos por indica&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica. </p>
    <p><italic>Reorganiza&#231;&#227;o da estrutura assistencial</italic> - A equipe interdisciplinar foi constitu&#237;da pelos profissionais de sa&#250;de j&#225; lotados na UBS, mas que trabalhavam sem a adequada intera&#231;&#227;o e defini&#231;&#227;o de objetivos. Ficou composta pelo m&#233;dico cardiologista (o autor), enfermeira, nutricionista, assistente social e t&#233;cnica de enfermagem. Em seguida, foram definidas as respectivas compet&#234;ncias e, como objetivo comum da equipe, as metas terap&#234;uticas de controle da press&#227;o arterial e de outros fatores de risco cardiovascular. </p>
    <p>Ao m&#233;dico coube a avalia&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica e orienta&#231;&#227;o terap&#234;utica do paciente, com destaque para o alcance das metas de controle da press&#227;o arterial mediante a intensifica&#231;&#227;o gradativa do tratamento farmacol&#243;gico, e a programa&#231;&#227;o de atividades de educa&#231;&#227;o permanente, junto &#224; equipe, visando esclarecimentos sobre a doen&#231;a e sobre a import&#226;ncia e os benef&#237;cios das mudan&#231;as no estilo de vida e da ades&#227;o ao tratamento farmacol&#243;gico. </p>
    <p>A enfermeira passou a realizar consultas mensais, para verifica&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o arterial, manuten&#231;&#227;o da medica&#231;&#227;o para pacientes sob controle, instru&#231;&#227;o e aconselhamento sobre tratamento farmacol&#243;gico e n&#227;o-farmacol&#243;gico, solicita&#231;&#227;o de exames definidos pelo m&#233;dico, encaminhamento para consulta m&#233;dica mensal dos pacientes de dif&#237;cil controle ou portadores de les&#245;es de &#243;rg&#227;os-alvo e para consulta trimestral os demais, organiza&#231;&#227;o de palestras interdisciplinares mensais e coordena&#231;&#227;o de atividades facilitadoras da ades&#227;o. Nesse particular, os pacientes eram estimulados a n&#227;o faltarem &#224;s consultas e &#224;s palestras, por meio de lembretes e conscientiza&#231;&#227;o da import&#226;ncia da sua participa&#231;&#227;o. Problemas impeditivos de car&#225;ter pessoal contavam com a ajuda da assistente social para solu&#231;&#227;o adequada. &#192; t&#233;cnica de enfermagem coube dar suporte, sob supervis&#227;o e treinamento pela enfermeira, &#224;s atividades operacionais da equipe. </p>
    <p>A nutricionista passou a realizar consultas bimestrais, quando solicitada, para controle do peso e avalia&#231;&#227;o dos cuidados alimentares e participar das atividades educativas interdisciplinares mensais. </p>
    <p><italic>Medica&#231;&#227;o anti-hipertensiva</italic> - O tratamento farmacol&#243;gico foi realizado com as medica&#231;&#245;es dispensadas pelo CSSA: alfametildopa (250 mg), captopril (25 mg), clonidina (0,100 mg), hidroclorotiazida (HCTZ) (25 mg), nifedipina retard (20 mg) e propranolol (40 mg).</p>
    <p><italic>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</italic> - Os dados antropom&#233;tricos, cl&#237;nicos, laboratoriais e assistenciais foram apresentados como m&#233;dia e desvio-padr&#227;o e como a mediana. A compara&#231;&#227;o dos valores da press&#227;o arterial, na admiss&#227;o e aos 6 e 12 meses, e do CT e glicemia, na admiss&#227;o, e aos 6 e 12 meses de interven&#231;&#227;o, foi feita pela mediana, utilizando-se o teste de Wilcoxon, em raz&#227;o da assimetria da distribui&#231;&#227;o dos dados. De modo id&#234;ntico comparou-se o n&#250;mero de visitas ao m&#233;dico, &#224; enfermeira e &#224; nutricionista, ao longo do ano base de 2003, com o do ano de estudo, 2004. Valores percentuais foram comparados pelo teste de McNemar. </p>
    <p>Regress&#227;o mediana m&#250;ltipla foi usada para a compara&#231;&#227;o das press&#245;es sist&#243;lica e diast&#243;lica na admiss&#227;o, aos 6 e 12 meses do estudo, quando foram estimados os par&#226;metros modelares em situa&#231;&#227;o de robustez a partir de vari&#225;veis independentes previamente selecionadas por crit&#233;rios de plausibilidade biol&#243;gica (diferencial antes <italic>versus </italic>depois para todas). Para todos os testes foram calculados os valores exatos de p. Os dados foram organizados em um banco de dados (Excel) em microcomputador com sistema Windows 98. Para a an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica foi utilizado o programa STATA, vers&#227;o 7.0 (<italic>College Station</italic>, Texas). </p>
    <p>O trabalho foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica em Pesquisa da Funda&#231;&#227;o Bahiana para o Desenvolvimento das Ci&#234;ncias.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Resultados</bold>
    </p>
    <p><italic>Amostra e dados da admiss&#227;o</italic> - A <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01">tabela 1</xref> ilustra dados antropom&#233;tricos, educacionais, cl&#237;nicos, laboratoriais e assistenciais obtidos quando da admiss&#227;o ao estudo dos 88 hipertensos selecionados. A maioria dos pacientes foi do sexo feminino, 69 (78,41%), com m&#233;dia de idade de 58,03&#177;9,9 anos, e declararam-se n&#227;o-brancos 54(65,06%), com 76 (92,69%) tendo cursado, no m&#225;ximo, o ensino fundamental. </p>
    <table-wrap id="tab01">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-02-0218-00014-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>Observaram-se valores elevados da m&#233;dia e mediana da press&#227;o arterial, 158,60&#177;25,98/94,33&#177;12,50 mmHg e 160/90 mmHg, do colesterol total, 220,80&#177;45,05 mg/dl e 217 mg/dl, e da glicemia de jejum, 112,10&#177;41,98 mg/dl e 101 mg/dl, respectivamente; a creatinina s&#233;rica foi normal. A classifica&#231;&#227;o dos valores do CT e da glicemia mostra CT elevado (<underline>&gt;</underline> 200 mg/dl) em 54 (71,60%) pacientes, com valores de alto risco (<underline>&gt;</underline> 240 mg/dl) em 21(25,92%), e glicemia de jejum elevada em 38 (50,72%) pacientes, com valores na faixa compat&#237;vel com diabete melito (<underline>&gt;</underline> 126 mg/dl) em 12 (17,39%). Enquanto isso, os valores da m&#233;dia e mediana de consultas ao m&#233;dico, &#224; enfermeira e &#224; nutricionista, no ano base de 2003, foram baixos, com valores para a m&#233;dia de 2,64&#177;0,90, 4,43&#177;2,88 e 1,72&#177;3,13 e para a mediana de 2, 5 e 0, respectivamente. </p>
    <p><italic>Evolu&#231;&#227;o dos dados assistenciais</italic> - Ao longo do ano de 2004, a mediana das consultas ao m&#233;dico, &#224; enfermeira e &#224; nutricionista, cresceu de 2 para 7, de 5 para 9 e de 0 para 2, respectivamente, representando um aumento de 3,5, 1,8 e 2 vezes em rela&#231;&#227;o ao ano base de 2003 (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab02">tab. 2</xref>). Outrossim, o porcentual de ades&#227;o, informado em termos de dose e regularidade no uso de medicamentos e observ&#226;ncia &#224; dieta hiposs&#243;dica, tamb&#233;m aumentou de 73,56% para 85,06%, em seis meses, e para 91,57% em 12 meses (p&lt;0,0000).</p>
    <table-wrap id="tab02">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-02-0218-00014-gt02.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p><italic>Evolu&#231;&#227;o dos dados cl&#237;nicos e laboratoriais</italic> - A mediana da press&#227;o arterial decresceu de 166,00/96,00 mmHg para 146,75/85,25 mmHg (p&lt;0,000), ap&#243;s seis meses, e para 134,00/80,00 mmHg (p&lt;0,000), ap&#243;s 12 meses (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab02">tab. 2</xref>). Cinq&#252;enta por cento da amostra apresentaram redu&#231;&#227;o de 28 mmHg na press&#227;o sist&#243;lica e de 14 mmHg na press&#227;o diast&#243;lica, e 75% redu&#231;&#227;o de 10 mmHg em ambas. O porcentual de PA controlada (&lt;140/90 mmHg) aumentou de 10% para 48,81%, em 12 meses, um aumento de 4,77 vezes (p&lt;0,0000). </p>
    <p><italic>Tratamento farmacol&#243;gico</italic> - Na admiss&#227;o, 50%, dos pacientes usava dois anti-hipertensivos, 25%, tr&#234;s, e 5,68%, quatro. Esses percentuais passaram a 21,18%, 29,41% e 32,94%, respectivamente, aos 12 meses do estudo, representando um aumento de 17,64% e 480% no uso de tr&#234;s e quatro anti-hipertensivos, respectivamente (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab03">tab. 3</xref>). Como mostra a <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab03">tabela 3</xref>, &#224; altura do sexto m&#234;s do estudo, os percentuais de anti-hipertensivos por paciente j&#225; estavam muito pr&#243;ximos aos obtidos com 12 meses. </p>
    <table-wrap id="tab03">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-02-0218-00014-gt03.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>A <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab04">tabela 4</xref> mostra que a HCTZ e o captopril eram os anti-hipertensivos mais usados, na admiss&#227;o, 85,22% e 69,32%, respectivamente, seguidos da nifedipina R e da clonidina, ambos com 31,82%. Aos 12 meses do estudo, a HCTZ manteve a lideran&#231;a com 92,77% de uso, secundada, por&#233;m, pela nifedipina R com 73,17%, seguida pelo captopril (67,11%) e pela clonidina (52,94%).</p>
    <table-wrap id="tab04">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-02-0218-00014-gt04.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A popula&#231;&#227;o em estudo se caracteriza pela predomin&#226;ncia do sexo feminino, a qual tem tamb&#233;m sido observada em outros estudos nacionais de preval&#234;ncia de hipertens&#227;o arterial<sup>22</sup>. Na presente amostra, a metodologia n&#227;o permite concluir se esse achado decorre, por exemplo, da falta de atividades laborais extradomiciliares dessas mulheres, permitindo uma maior freq&#252;&#234;ncia ao ambulat&#243;rio circunvizinho, ou se de um maior interesse em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; sua pr&#243;pria sa&#250;de. </p>
    <p>A idade e os valores elevados da press&#227;o arterial, do CT e da glicemia de jejum caracterizam uma popula&#231;&#227;o de risco cardiovascular aumentado, com uma probabilidade <underline>&gt;</underline>20% de um evento cardiovascular fatal ou n&#227;o-fatal, nos pr&#243;ximos 10 anos<sup>21</sup>. Apesar disso, chama a aten&#231;&#227;o o baixo &#237;ndice de controle da hipertens&#227;o (10,23%) e as altas preval&#234;ncias de hipercolesterolemia (71,60%) e hiperglicemia (50,72%), a despeito do acompanhamento de h&#225;, pelo menos, um ano, na UBS, caracterizando a inefici&#234;ncia do modelo assistencial. Certamente contribu&#237;ram para esse cen&#225;rio o n&#250;mero de visitas anuais ao m&#233;dico inferior a tr&#234;s, e &#224; enfermeira menor que quatro, essas &#250;ltimas apenas para a obten&#231;&#227;o de medica&#231;&#227;o. Al&#233;m disso, vale salientar a comum inobserv&#226;ncia do m&#233;dico &#224;s metas recomendadas, aceitando n&#237;veis de press&#227;o arterial ainda elevados, tend&#234;ncia essa j&#225; registrada na literatura internacional<sup>23</sup>. </p>
    <p>Os efeitos da organiza&#231;&#227;o da equipe interdisciplinar sobre esse panorama podem ser avaliados pela evolu&#231;&#227;o dos valores da press&#227;o arterial, CT e glicemia, ao longo do per&#237;odo de um ano que se seguiu &#224; reestrutura&#231;&#227;o assistencial. O benef&#237;cio sobre a PA foi significativo, j&#225; manifesto &#224; altura do sexto m&#234;s de interven&#231;&#227;o, com a PAS apenas levemente elevada, e com a PA controlada ao final dos 12 meses de interven&#231;&#227;o. Igualmente, vale salientar que a taxa de controle da press&#227;o arterial aumentou de 10,23% para 48,81%. Embora n&#227;o seja ainda o desej&#225;vel, esse porcentual se equipara aos melhores &#237;ndices internacionais e supera o &#237;ndice de 30%, encontrado em Salvador<sup>15</sup>. A redu&#231;&#227;o do CT foi tamb&#233;m significativa ao longo do estudo, com duplica&#231;&#227;o do porcentual de CT normal, que passou de 27,27% para 54,55%. Esse significativo aumento na normalidade do CT ocorreu &#224; custa de uma redu&#231;&#227;o de 17 para 9 (47,06%) dos pacientes na faixa de colesterol de alto risco (<underline>&gt;</underline> 240 mg/dl) e de 31 para 21 (32,26%) dos pacientes na faixa de risco intermedi&#225;rio<sup>20</sup>. Quanto &#224; glicemia de jejum, apesar do modesto aumento de 12% no porcentual de valores normais (&lt; 100 mg/dl)<sup>21</sup>, a mediana caiu para 95 mg/dl, sinalizando que, se medidas mais espec&#237;ficas para o seu controle fossem tomadas, certamente o resultado poderia ter-se equiparado ao da PA e do CT. Essas medidas deveriam ter inclu&#237;do um programa de exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico aer&#243;bio, orienta&#231;&#227;o para um consumo cal&#243;rico menor e, se indicado, tratamento farmacol&#243;gico. </p>
    <p>Esses resultados estiveram associados a modifica&#231;&#245;es na filosofia do atendimento ao hipertenso, com integra&#231;&#227;o de esfor&#231;os dos profissionais de sa&#250;de, com destaque, nesse caso, para o bin&#244;mio, m&#233;dico-enfermeiro. A participa&#231;&#227;o da nutricionista, embora importante, foi irregular, em raz&#227;o de problemas administrativos. </p>
    <p>A reorganiza&#231;&#227;o da assist&#234;ncia foi centrada na maior motiva&#231;&#227;o para a meta de controle da PA, da otimiza&#231;&#227;o do papel da enfermeira e de educa&#231;&#227;o do paciente, por meio das reuni&#245;es de grupo. A enfermeira passou a ter a&#231;&#227;o efetiva no monitoramento do controle da PA, com medi&#231;&#227;o e verifica&#231;&#227;o da regularidade no uso da medica&#231;&#227;o, referindo para consulta m&#233;dica quando havia necessidade de ajuste de dose ou de alguma avalia&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica extra. Essa pol&#237;tica traduziu-se num aumento de consultas m&#233;dicas/ano, de duas para sete, e de enfermagem, de cinco para nove. </p>
    <p>A estrat&#233;gia para o adequado tratamento farmacol&#243;gico da hipertens&#227;o se reflete na associa&#231;&#227;o gradativa dos anti-hipertensivos dispensados na UBS, verificando-se que os resultados obtidos estiveram relacionados, principalmente, ao uso de dois, tr&#234;s e quatro medicamentos, combinando, preferencialmente, a HCTZ, a nifedipina R e o captopril, com predomin&#226;ncia de pacientes em uso de tr&#234;s (29,41%) e quatro (32,94%) medicamentos (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab03">tab. 3</xref>). </p>
    <p>Esse aspecto do estudo mostra a necessidade de mais de um medicamento para o controle desej&#225;vel da hipertens&#227;o, fato esse j&#225; bem documentado na literatura e alertado pelas diretrizes<sup>5</sup>. Contudo, o uso de tr&#234;s e at&#233; de cinco classes de medicamentos, embora este &#250;ltimo em pequeno n&#250;mero de pacientes (10/11,75%), merece considera&#231;&#227;o, em virtude do custo e da inconveni&#234;ncia do uso simult&#226;neo de tantas p&#237;lulas, uma poss&#237;vel causa de n&#227;o-ades&#227;o ao tratamento. Todavia, esse tipo de inconveniente n&#227;o deve servir de impedimento para o cumprimento da meta de controle da hipertens&#227;o, com o uso das doses e do n&#250;mero de medicamentos necess&#225;rios. Nesses casos, a combina&#231;&#227;o fixa de medicamentos, IECA com BCC ou cada um deles associados &#224; HCTZ, por exemplo, poder&#225; ser uma alternativa &#250;til. </p>
    <p>Ainda em rela&#231;&#227;o ao tratamento farmacol&#243;gico da hipertens&#227;o, vale ressaltar que os resultados deste estudo foram obtidos com os anti-hipertensivos padronizados pelo Minist&#233;rio da Sa&#250;de, o que revela a efic&#225;cia desses medicamentos, se manipulados adequadamente.</p>
    <p>Finalmente, vale discutir a redu&#231;&#227;o observada nos valores do CT e da glicemia de jejum, dois importantes fatores maiores de doen&#231;a cardiovascular. Apesar de n&#227;o haver um direcionamento espec&#237;fico em rela&#231;&#227;o ao controle desses, o processo educacional decorrente das reuni&#245;es de grupo e a maior vigil&#226;ncia em rela&#231;&#227;o ao tratamento da hipertens&#227;o provavelmente influenciaram esses benef&#237;cios. Isso mostra a import&#226;ncia da organiza&#231;&#227;o da assist&#234;ncia ao hipertenso, incluindo, al&#233;m do controle da press&#227;o arterial, o dos outros fatores de risco cardiovascular, freq&#252;entemente associados, favorecendo a redu&#231;&#227;o de complica&#231;&#245;es cardiovasculares, principalmente a doen&#231;a ateroscler&#243;tica.</p>
    <p>Os elevados dados parciais do IMC, n&#227;o apresentados pelo seu pequeno n&#250;mero em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; amostra, e a observa&#231;&#227;o do fen&#243;tipo desses pacientes sugerem uma elevada freq&#252;&#234;ncia de sobrepeso/obesidade, levando a supor a possibilidade de uma alta preval&#234;ncia da s&#237;ndrome metab&#243;lica, condi&#231;&#227;o que eleva sobremaneira o risco de DCV<sup>21</sup>. A aus&#234;ncia da medi&#231;&#227;o sistem&#225;tica de peso, altura e circunfer&#234;ncia abdominal, permitindo a avalia&#231;&#227;o dessas vari&#225;veis e suas modifica&#231;&#245;es ao longo do estudo, representa uma limita&#231;&#227;o da pesquisa, n&#227;o justificada pela aus&#234;ncia da nutricionista na equipe, por um longo per&#237;odo. Essas medi&#231;&#245;es devem fazer parte da rotina de acompanhamento desses pacientes e poderiam ter ficado a cargo de uma t&#233;cnica de enfermagem devidamente treinada. </p>
    <p>Apesar disso, os nossos resultados mostram que o processo de organiza&#231;&#227;o da assist&#234;ncia ao hipertenso, mesmo com as limita&#231;&#245;es atuais das UBS, &#233; pass&#237;vel de acarretar melhora significativa no controle da hipertens&#227;o arterial, com seus reflexos altamente positivos, individuais e coletivos. No particular, vale destacar tr&#234;s aspectos, &#250;teis para a realidade das UBS brasileiras, principalmente nas regi&#245;es mais pobres. O primeiro diz respeito &#224; integra&#231;&#227;o do bin&#244;mio m&#233;dico-enfermeiro, n&#250;cleo m&#237;nimo de uma equipe interdisciplinar, pela complementaridade das habilidades desses dois profissionais de sa&#250;de; o segundo, &#224; necessidade do aumento das visitas complementares, anuais, ao m&#233;dico e ao enfermeiro, com predom&#237;nio das visitas a este &#250;ltimo, fator certamente importante para o aumento da ades&#227;o, mesmo considerando pacientes bem controlados, que podem visitar o enfermeiro cada tr&#234;s meses e o m&#233;dico a cada seis meses; o &#250;ltimo, &#224; combina&#231;&#227;o apropriada dos recursos farmacol&#243;gicos dispon&#237;veis, contrariando a m&#225;xima da monoterapia como objetivo atual do tratamento farmacol&#243;gico. Assim, a meta deve ser a amplia&#231;&#227;o e integra&#231;&#227;o da equipe interdisciplinar, com objetivos terap&#234;uticos bem definidos e exeq&#252;&#237;veis, para que melhores resultados no controle da hipertens&#227;o e dos outros fatores de risco, freq&#252;entemente presentes, possam ser obtidos.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesses</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflitos de interesses pertinentes.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="end" fn-type="corresp">
        <label>
          <bold>Correspond&#234;ncia:</bold>
        </label>
        <p> Maria Teresa Didier </p>
        <p> Rua Wanderley de Pinho, 305/601 </p>
        <p> 41815-270 &#150; Salvador, BA </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="mvicente@cardiol.br">mvicente@cardiol.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p> Artigo recebido em 04/05/06; revisado recebido 21/08/06; aceito em 17/11/06.</p>
  </body>
  <back>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Optimizing the treatment of hypertension in the primary care setting</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>OBJECTIVE: To assess the result of the care provided by an interdisciplinary team on the control of hypertension. METHODS: In a Health Unit, 88 patients were treated by an interdisciplinary team for 12 months. Visits to the physician or nurse occurred every one to three months, and to the nutritionist whenever necessary. Educational lectures were delivered regularly. Total cholesterol and fasting plasma glucose levels were determined at baseline and at 12 months. Clinical and laboratory data were analyzed and blood pressure was compared at baseline and at six and 12 months, and total cholesterol and plasma glucose were compared at baseline and at 12 months. RESULTS: Females accounted for 79.41% of the sample and the mean age was 58&#177;9.90 years. Median blood pressure (BP) was 166.00/96.5mmHg at baseline, 146.75/85.25mmHg at 6 months (p&lt;0,000) and 134.00/80.00mmHg at 12 months (p&lt;0.000). The rate of BP&lt;140/90mmHg increased from 10.23% to 48.81% (p&lt;0.000). Median total cholesterol decreased from 217mg/dl to 194.00mg/dl (p&lt;0.004) and median blood glucose from 101mg/dl to 95mg/dl (NS). At baseline, 50% of the patients received two antihypertensive drugs, 25% received three, and 5.68% received four, whereas at 12 months these percentages were 21.18%, 29.41% and 32.94%, respectively. CONCLUSION: The care provided by an interdisciplinary team may significantly improve the control of hypertension and of associated cardiovascular risk factors.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Hypertension</kwd>
        <kwd>treatment</kwd>
        <kwd>interdisciplinary team</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>ORIGINAL ARTICLE</bold>
      </p>
      <p> Optimizing the treatment of hypertension in the primary care setting </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Maria Teresa Didier; Arm&#234;nio C. Guimar&#227;es</bold>
      </p>
      <p> Escola Bahiana de Medicina e Sa&#250;de P&#250;blica, Funda&#231;&#227;o para o Desenvolvimento da Ci&#234;ncias, FIOCRUZ &#150; Funda&#231;&#227;o Osvaldo Cruz, Prefeitura Municipal de Salvador &#150; Salvador, BA - Brazil</p>
      <p>
        <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end-body2">Mailing Address</xref>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>SUMMARY</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVE:</bold> To assess the result of the care provided by an interdisciplinary team on the control of hypertension.</p>
      <p><bold>METHODS:</bold> In a Health Unit, 88 patients were treated by an interdisciplinary team for 12 months. Visits to the physician or nurse occurred every one to three months, and to the nutritionist whenever necessary. Educational lectures were delivered regularly. Total cholesterol and fasting plasma glucose levels were determined at baseline and at 12 months. Clinical and laboratory data were analyzed and blood pressure was compared at baseline and at six and 12 months, and total cholesterol and plasma glucose were compared at baseline and at 12 months. </p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS:</bold> Females accounted for 79.41% of the sample and the mean age was 58&#177;9.90 years. Median blood pressure (BP) was 166.00/96.5mmHg at baseline, 146.75/85.25mmHg at 6 months (p&lt;0,000) and 134.00/80.00mmHg at 12 months (p&lt;0.000). The rate of BP <underline>&lt;</underline> 140/90mmHg increased from 10.23% to 48.81% (p&lt;0.000). Median total cholesterol decreased from 217mg/dl to 194.00mg/dl (p&lt;0.004) and median blood glucose from 101mg/dl to 95mg/dl (NS). At baseline, 50% of the patients received two antihypertensive drugs, 25% received three, and 5.68% received four, whereas at 12 months these percentages were 21.18%, 29.41% and 32.94%, respectively. </p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSION:</bold> The care provided by an interdisciplinary team may significantly improve the control of hypertension and of associated cardiovascular risk factors.</p>
      <p><bold>Key words:</bold> Hypertension, treatment, interdisciplinary team.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Introduction</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Studies show higher morbidity and mortality from cardiovascular events in hypertensive patients<sup>1-3</sup>. The JNC-VII<sup>4</sup> mentions that the decrease in BP to 120/80mmHg reduces the incidence of heart failure by up to 50%, of stroke by between 35% and 40%, and of coronary artery disease by between 20% and 25%, with reduction of the overall mortality. Starting from 115/75mmHg, every 20mmHg increase in the systolic pressure and 10mmHg increase in the diastolic pressure doubles the risk of cardiovascular events. Treating patients in stage I hypertension (140-159/90-99mmHg) and reducing the systolic pressure by 12mmHg for 10 years is estimated to save one life for every 11 patients treated<sup>5</sup>.</p>
      <p>Epidemiological data show a high prevalence of hypertension (20% to 40% in the adult population), high rates of unawareness of the condition (50%), and unsatisfactory control rates (30% to 56%)<sup>6-14</sup>. In the city of Salvador, Brazil, the control rate is of approximately 35%<sup>15</sup>.</p>
      <p>The poor control is related to inadequate compliance to treatment, which depends on several factors: age, gender, ethnics, socioeconomic level, lifestyle, cultural aspects, management of the health care system, and the health team&#146;s skills and integration. Well-structured Interdisciplinary teams lead to an increase in compliance to treatment and, consequently, to better control rates<sup>16</sup>. </p>
      <p>The Ministry of Health has been concerned about the magnitude of this problem for its human and economic aspects. CVDs account for 14% of the total hospitalizations (representing 16.2% of the Health budget<sup>5</sup>) and 25% of early retirements<sup>17</sup>, in addition to being the major cause of death in Brazil (27.4%), accounting for 65% of the total deaths between 30 and 69 years of age<sup>18</sup>.</p>
      <p>A change in this scenario requires a governmental policy that includes efficient primary health care models by means of better management of the basic health care network comprised of Basic Health Units (BHU), and changes in the health care model able to optimize the human and logistic resources available. Financial investment on poorly organized and inefficient structures encourages the vicious cycle of health care bankruptcy with high costs and impairment of the quality of the care provided by the secondary health care network. </p>
      <p>The objective of this study was to assess the impact of the organization of an integrated interdisciplinary model on the control of hypertension and associated risk factors.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Methods</bold>
      </p>
      <p><italic>Study design &#150; </italic>Prospective intervention study with historical controls conducted in the outpatient service of the <italic>Sete de Abril</italic> Health Center (SAHC) in the suburb of Salvador, with a population of 18879 inhabitants<sup>19</sup> comprised of low-social-class individuals.</p>
      <p><italic>Patient selection &#150; </italic>Between June, 2003 and October, 2003, 88 hypertensive patients older than 18 years of age, who were being treated by the author for more than a year with at least two visits in the past year, and who gave their informed consent were selected.</p>
      <p><italic>Patient assessment &#150; </italic>The diagnosis of hypertension was based on BP <underline>&gt;</underline> 140/90mmHg or on the regular use of antihypertensive medications<sup>5</sup>. High blood pressure control at baseline and during follow-up was assessed by the author by means of a duly calibrated BD aneroid sphygmomanometer with the cuff involving at least 80% of the arm, with the patient resting in the sitting position for at least five minutes, and his arm, preferably the right one, supported at the level of the heart. Systolic pressure was measured at the first of two or more heart sounds (Korotkoff phase I), and the diastolic pressure when the sounds were muffled (Korotkoff phase IV) or disappeared (Korotkoff phase V). The final value recorded was the arithmetic mean of two readings, with a one-minute interval. The patient was informed, both verbally and in writing, on the value found and the desirable value. </p>
      <p>Laboratory assessment consisted of blood collection after a 12-hour fast for blood glucose, total cholesterol (TC), HDL cholesterol (HDL-C), LDL cholesterol (LDL-C), triglycerides (TG), creatinine, and highly sensitive TSH (for dyslipidemic, obese, and diabetic patients, and those with manifestations suggestive of hypothyroidism), and urinalysis. Except for TSH, biochemical tests were repeated at 6 and 12 months. Values of the lipid profile were interpreted according to the III Brazilian Guidelines on Dyslipidemias<sup>20</sup>, and those of blood glucose, according to recommendations of the AHA/NIH<sup>21</sup>. Of these laboratory data, only post-intervention progression of TC, blood glucose and creatinine were studied.</p>
      <p>Resting 12-lead ECG and chest radiograph in the posteroanterior view were also performed, and occasionally repeated if clinically indicated. </p>
      <p><italic>Reorganization of the health care structure &#150; </italic>The interdisciplinary team was comprised of health professionals working at the BHU, but who worked without proper interaction and definition of objectives. It included a cardiologist (the author), a nurse, a nutritionist, a social assistant and a nursing technician. The respective assignments were then defined as well as the therapeutic goals for the control of blood pressure and of other cardiovascular risk factors, as a common team objective.</p>
      <p>The physician was responsible for the patients&#146; clinical assessment and therapeutic advice, with emphasis on reaching the goals of blood pressure control through gradual intensification of the pharmacological treatment, and programming of permanent educational activities, in collaboration with the team, aiming at providing information on the disease and on the importance and benefits of lifestyle changes, and of compliance to the pharmacological treatment.</p>
      <p>The nurse was responsible for monthly visits to monitor blood pressure; for keeping the patients&#146; medication under control; for instructing and advising on the pharmacological and non-pharmacological treatment; for ordering tests previously defined by the physician; for referring patients whose blood pressure was difficult to control or those with target-organ lesions to monthly medical visits, and the remaining patients to visits every three months; for organizing monthly interdisciplinary lectures; and for coordinating activities facilitating compliance. As for the latter, the patients were encouraged not to miss visits and lectures through reminders and awareness of the importance of their participation. Insurmountable personal problems would be supported by a social assistant for a suitable solution. The nursing technician, under the supervision and training of a nurse, was responsible for supporting the team&#146;s operational activities.</p>
      <p>The nutritionist was responsible for visits every two months, when requested, for weight control and assessment of the nutritional care, and participation in monthly interdisciplinary educational activities. </p>
      <p><italic>Antihypertensive medication &#150; </italic>Pharmacological treatment was based on the medications provided by the SAHC: Alpha-methyldopa (250mg), Captopril (25mg), Clonidine (0,100mg), Hydrochlorothiazide (25mg) (HCTZ), Nifedipine retard (20mg) and Propranolol (40mg). </p>
      <p><italic>Statistical analysis</italic> - Anthropometric, clinical, laboratory and health care data were expressed as mean and standard deviation, and median. The comparison of blood pressure values at baseline and at six and 12 months, and of TC and blood glucose at baseline, and at six and 12 months of intervention used median values with the Wilcoxon test, because of skewed data. Likewise, the number of visits to the physician, the nurse, and the nutritionist was compared between the 2003 base-year and 2004, the year when the study was conducted. Percentage values were compared using the McNemar test. </p>
      <p>Multiple median regression was used for comparison of systolic and diastolic pressures at baseline, at six and 12 months of study, where model parameters were estimated in robustness conditions from independent variables previously selected by biologic plausibility criteria (differential before versus after for all). For all tests, the exact p values were calculated. Data were organized in a database (Excel), in a personal computer with a Windows 98 operating system. STATA version 7.0 (College Station, Texas) was used for the statistical analysis.</p>
      <p>This study was approved by the Research Ethics Committee of the Foundation for the Development of Sciences of Bahia.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Results</bold>
      </p>
      <p><italic>Sample and baseline data</italic> - Anthropometric, educational, clinical, laboratory and health care data obtained at baseline from the 88 hypertensive patients selected are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01-body2">Table 1</xref>. The majority of the patients were females, 69 (78.41%), with mean age of 58.03&#177;9.9 years; 54 (65.06%) were self-declared to be non-white, and 76 (92.69%) had attended elementary school at maximum.</p>
      <table-wrap id="tab01-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-02-0218-00014-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>High mean and median levels were observed: 158.60&#177;25.98/94.33&#177;12.50mmHg and 160/90mmHg for blood pressure; 220.80&#177;45.05mg/dl and 217mg/dl for total cholesterol; and 112.10 &#177; 41.98mg/dl and 101mg/dl for fasting plasma glucose, respectively. Serum creatinine levels were normal. The analysis of TC and blood glucose levels shows high TC ( <underline>&gt;</underline> 200mg/dl) in 54 (71.60%) patients, with high risk values ( <underline>&gt;</underline> 240mg/dl) in 21 (25.92%), and high fasting plasma glucose in 38 (50.72%) patients, with values compatible with diabetes mellitus ( <underline>&gt;</underline> 126mg/dl) in 12 (17.39%) patients. On the other hand, mean and median values of visits to the physician, nurse, and nutritionist in the 2003 base-year were low, with mean values of 2.64&#177;0.90, 4.43&#177;2.88 and 1.72&#177;3.13, and median values of 2, 5 and 0, respectively. </p>
      <p><italic>Progression of health care data</italic> &#150; Throughout the year of 2004, the median of visits to the physician, nurse, and nutritionist increased from two to seven, from five to nine, and from zero to two, respectively, thus representing an increase of 3.5, 1.8, and 2 times in relation to the 2003 base-year (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab02-body2">Table 2</xref>). Likewise, the percentage of compliance, as informed in terms of dose and regularity in the use of medications and compliance to low-salt diet, also increased from 73.56% to 85.06% in 6 months, and to 91.57% in 12 months (p&lt;0.0000).</p>
      <table-wrap id="tab02-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-02-0218-00014-gt02-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p><italic>Progression of clinical and laboratory data</italic> &#150; The median blood pressure decreased from 166.00/96.00mmHg to 146.75/85.25mmHg (p&lt;0.000) after 6 months, and to 134.00/80.00mmHg (p&lt;0.000) after 12 months (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab02-body2">Table 2</xref>). Fifty percent of the sample presented a reduction by 28mmHg in systolic pressure and by 14mmHg in diastolic pressure, and 75% presented a reduction by 10mmHg in both systolic and diastolic pressures. The percentage of controlled BP (&lt;140/90mmHg) increased from 10% to 48.81% in 12 months, a 4.77-fold increase (p&lt;0.0000). </p>
      <p><italic>Pharmacological treatment</italic> &#150; At baseline, 50.00% of the patients used two antihypertensive drugs, 25.00% used three, and 5.68% used four. At 12 months, these percentages were 21.18%, 29.41% and 32.94%, respectively, thus representing an increase by 17.64% and 480% in the use of three and four antihypertensive drugs, respectively (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab03-body2">Table 3</xref>). At 6 months, the percentages of antihypertensive drugs per patient were already very close to those obtained at 12 months, as shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab03-body2">Table 3</xref>.</p>
      <table-wrap id="tab03-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-02-0218-00014-gt03-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>HCTZ and Captopril were the most frequently used antihypertensive drugs at baseline, 85.22% and 69.32%, respectively, followed by Nifedipine R and Clonidine, both with 31.82%, as shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab04-body2">Table 4</xref>. At 12 months, HCTZ ranked first with 92.77% of use, followed, however, by Nifedipine R with 73.17%, Captopril (67.11%), and Clonidine (52.94%).</p>
      <table-wrap id="tab04-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-02-0218-00014-gt04-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The study population is characterized by a predominance of females, which has also been observed in other local studies on the prevalence of hypertension<sup>22</sup>. In the present sample, the methodology does not allow the conclusion that this finding results, for instance, from the fact that these women did not work outside their homes, and therefore could attend the neighboring ambulatory more often, or from being more interested in their own health. </p>
      <p>Age and high levels of blood pressure, TC, and fasting plasma glucose characterize a population at an increased cardiovascular risk, with a <underline>&gt;</underline> 20% probability of a fatal or non-fatal cardiovascular event in the next 10 years<sup>21</sup>. Despite this, the low rate of blood pressure control (10.23%) and the high prevalences of hypercholesterolemia (71.60%) and high blood glucose (50.72%) call the attention, in spite of the follow-up of at least one year in the BHU, thus characterizing the inefficiency of this health care model. The number of annual visits lower than three to the physician, and lower than four to the nurse - the latter only to obtain medication, certainly contributed to this situation. Additionally, we should point out that physicians frequently disregard the goals recommended, and accept levels of blood pressure that are still high, a tendency that had already been reported in the international literature<sup>23</sup>.</p>
      <p>The effects of the organization of the interdisciplinary team on this situation may be evaluated by the progression of blood pressure, TC and blood glucose levels throughout the one-year period that followed the health care restructuring. The beneficial effect on BP was significant, and was already observed at 6 months of intervention, with SBP only mildly elevated, and BP controlled by the end of 12 months of intervention. Likewise, it is worth pointing out that the blood pressure control rate increased from 10.23% to 48.81%. Although this is not yet the desirable percentage, it is equivalent to the best international rates, and surpasses the 30% rate found in the city of Salvador<sup>15</sup>. TC reduction was also significant throughout the study, with a two-fold increase in the percentage of normal TC, going from 27.27% to 54.55%. This significant increase in the percentage of normal TC resulted from a reduction from 17 to 9 (47.06%) patients in the range of high risk cholesterol ( <underline>&gt;</underline> 240mg/dl) and from 31 to 21 (32.26%) patients in the intermediate risk range <sup>20</sup>. As regards fasting plasma glucose, despite the modest 12% increase in the percentage of normal values (&lt;100mg/dl)<sup>21</sup>, the median dropped to 95mg/dl, thus showing that, if more specific measures for its control had been taken, certainly the results could have been similar to those of BP and TC. These measures should have included an aerobic exercise program, advice for lower calorie intake, and, if indicated, pharmacological treatment. </p>
      <p>These results were associated with changes in the philosophy of the health care provided to hypertensive patients, with integration of the efforts of health professionals, with emphasis, in this case, to the physician-nurse pair. The participation of the nutritionist, albeit important, was irregular due to administrative problems.</p>
      <p>Health care reorganization was centered on a greater encouragement for the goal of BP control, on the optimization of the nurses&#146; role, and on patient&#146;s education through group meetings. Nurses assumed an effective role in monitoring BP control, by measuring BP and checking the regularity of medication use, and referring patients to medical visits whenever dose adjustment or any additional clinical evaluation was necessary. This policy was translated into an increase of medical visits/year from two to seven, and of nursing visits from five to nine. </p>
      <p>The strategy for an adequate pharmacological treatment of hypertension is reflected in the progressive combination of the antihypertensive medications supplied by BHUs. We verified that the results obtained were mainly related to the use of two, three and four medications, in a preferential combination of HCTZ, Nifedipine R, and Captopril, with predominance of patients using three (29.41%) and four (32.94%) medications (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab03-body2">Table 3</xref>). This aspect of the study shows the need for more than one medication for the desirable control of hypertension, a fact that has already been well documented in the literature, and warned by the guidelines<sup>5</sup>. However, the use of three and even of five classes of medications, although the latter by only a small number of patients (10/11.75%), should be considered because of the costs and inconvenience of simultaneous use of so many pills, which is a possible cause of noncompliance to treatment. Nevertheless, this type of inconvenience should not be an obstacle to achieving the goal of pressure control with the use of as many doses and medications as necessary. In these cases, the fixed combination of drugs, such as ACE inhibitors with calcium channel blockers or each one of these combined with HCTZ, might be a useful alternative. Also in relation to the pharmacological treatment of hypertension, we should point out that the results of this study were obtained with the antihypertensive drugs standardized by the Ministry of Health, which reveals the efficacy of these medications, if properly managed. </p>
      <p>Finally, it is worth discussing the reductions observed in TC and fasting plasma glucose levels, which are two of the major factors for cardiovascular diseases. Although no specific measure was taken in relation to the control of these factors, the educational process that resulted from the group meetings and the closer surveillance in relation to the treatment of hypertension probably influenced these results. This shows the importance of the organization of the health care provided to hypertensive patients, which should include, in addition to blood pressure control, the control of other cardiovascular risk factors frequently associated, thus favoring the reduction of cardiovascular complications, especially the atherosclerotic disease. </p>
      <p>The high partial BMI values, which were not presented because of their low number relative to the sample, and the observation of the phenotype of these patients suggest a high frequency of overweight/obesity, thus leading to the supposition of a high prevalence of metabolic syndrome, a condition that considerably increases the CVD risk<sup>21</sup>. The lack of a systematic weight, height and waist circumference measurement that could enable the assessment of these variables and their changes throughout the study represents a limitation of this trial, not justified by the absence of the nutritionist in the team for a long time. These measurements should be part of the follow-up routine of these patients and could have been taken by a duly trained nurse technician. </p>
      <p>Despite this, our results show that the process of organization of the health care provided to hypertensive patients, even with the current limitations of BHUs, may bring significant improvement in the control of hypertension, with its highly positive individual and collective consequences. In particular, it is worth pointing out three useful aspects for the reality of the Brazilian BHUs, especially in poorer regions. The first aspect is related to the integration of physicians and nurses, the basic nucleus of an interdisciplinary team, because of the complementary skills of these two health professionals. The second is related to the need for a higher number of follow-up visits to the physician and the nurse, with predominance of visits to this latter, a factor that is certainly important to increase compliance, even considering well-controlled patients who could visit the nurse every three months and the physician every six months. The third aspect is related to the proper combination of the pharmacological resources available, in opposition to the maxim that monotherapy is the current objective of the pharmacological treatment. Thus, the target should be to enlarge and integrate interdisciplinary teams, with well defined and feasible therapeutic goals, so that better results in the control of hypertension and other risk factors, which are frequently present, could be achieved.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
      </p>
      <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fn id="end-body2" fn-type="corresp">
          <label>
            <bold>Mailing Address:</bold>
          </label>
          <p> Maria Teresa Didier</p>
          <p> Rua Wanderley de Pinho, 305/601</p>
          <p> 41815-270 &#150; Salvador, BA - Brazil</p>
          <p> E-mail: </p>
          <p>
            <email xlink:href="mvicente@cardiol.br">mvicente@cardiol.br</email>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p> Manuscript received May 4, 2006; revised manuscript received August 21, 2006; accepted November 17, 2006.</p>
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  </sub-article>
</article>
