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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">yKSjdS44P7PwTHCjGQxGWyC</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00013</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2007000200013</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(07)08800213</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2007000200013</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Os m&#233;dicos brasileiros seguem as diretrizes brasileiras de hipertens&#227;o?</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Mion Junior</surname>
            <given-names>D&#233;cio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Giovanio Vieira da</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Gusm&#227;o</surname>
            <given-names>Josiane Lima de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Machado</surname>
            <given-names>Carlos Alberto</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Amodeo</surname>
            <given-names>Celso</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Nobre</surname>
            <given-names>Fernando</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Praxedes</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233; Nery</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Mota</surname>
            <given-names>Marco Antonio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff02">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Comiss&#227;o Organizadora da IV Diretrizes Brasileiras de Hipertens&#227;o Arterial</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="state">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina </institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>02</month>
        <year>2007</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>88</volume>
      <issue>2</issue>
      <fpage>212</fpage>
      <lpage>217</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>09</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2006</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>11</day>
          <month>04</month>
          <year>2006</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>07</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2006</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>OBJETIVO: Avaliar os procedimentos adotados pelos m&#233;dicos brasileiros para o diagn&#243;stico e tratamento da hipertens&#227;o em rela&#231;&#227;o aos preconizados pelas IV Diretrizes Brasileiras de Hipertens&#227;o. M&#201;TODOS: Question&#225;rio aplicado por entrevista telef&#244;nica a m&#233;dicos brasileiros, buscando levantar recebimento e ades&#227;o &#224;s diretrizes, bem como avaliar v&#225;rios aspectos relacionados ao manejo do paciente hipertenso. RESULTADOS: 68,3% dos m&#233;dicos receberam &#224;s diretrizes e responderam completamente o question&#225;rio, perfazendo uma amostra de 483 m&#233;dicos, sendo 47% cardiologistas, 31,7% cl&#237;nicos e 21,3% nefrologistas. A ades&#227;o a certos pontos das diretrizes &#233; alta, tais como &#224; utiliza&#231;&#227;o de mais de uma medida em ocasi&#245;es diferentes para o diagn&#243;stico de hipertens&#227;o (94,0%) e orienta&#231;&#227;o quanto a mudan&#231;as no estilo de vida como estrat&#233;gia terap&#234;utica. Quanto aos valores utilizados para diagn&#243;stico e alvo-terap&#234;utico, o seguimento as recomenda&#231;&#245;es n&#227;o &#233; uniforme, com uma n&#237;tida prefer&#234;ncia por valores inferiores aos preconizados, particularmente para pacientes com co-morbidades. A procura por fatores de risco cardiovascular tamb&#233;m se mostrou baixa, com apenas 64,7% e 56,4% dos m&#233;dicos referindo pesquisar, respectivamente, a presen&#231;a de diabetes e dislipidemia. Os diur&#233;ticos s&#227;o a classe de droga preferencialmente citada (59,3%) como tratamento medicamentoso inicial da hipertens&#227;o. CONCLUS&#195;O: O seguimento as diretrizes &#233; apenas parcial. Quest&#245;es como uma melhor distribui&#231;&#227;o do documento, normatiza&#231;&#227;o de valores para diagn&#243;stico e alvo-terap&#234;utico e formas de abordar o paciente hipertenso dentro de seu risco cardiovascular global dever&#227;o ser mais bem abordadas quando da confec&#231;&#227;o de futuras diretrizes.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>Diretrizes</kwd>
        <kwd>epidemiologia</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>22</day>
        <month>03</month>
        <year>2007</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>ARTIGO ORIGINAL</bold>
    </p>
    <p> Os m&#233;dicos brasileiros seguem as diretrizes brasileiras de hipertens&#227;o?</p>
    <p>
      <bold>D&#233;cio Mion Junior<sup>I, II</sup>; Giovanio Vieira da Silva<sup>I</sup>; Josiane Lima de Gusm&#227;o<sup>I</sup>; Carlos Alberto Machado<sup>II</sup>; Celso Amodeo<sup>II</sup>; Fernando Nobre<sup>II</sup>; Jos&#233; Nery Praxedes<sup>II</sup>; Marco Antonio Mota<sup>II</sup></bold>
    </p>
    <p><sup>I</sup>Universidade de Hipertens&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas &#150;FMUSP </p>
    <p><sup>II</sup>Membro da Comiss&#227;o Organizadora da IV Diretrizes Brasileiras de Hipertens&#227;o Arterial - S&#227;o Paulo, SP</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVO:</bold> Avaliar os procedimentos adotados pelos m&#233;dicos brasileiros para o diagn&#243;stico e tratamento da hipertens&#227;o em rela&#231;&#227;o aos preconizados pelas IV Diretrizes Brasileiras de Hipertens&#227;o. </p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS:</bold> Question&#225;rio aplicado por entrevista telef&#244;nica a m&#233;dicos brasileiros, buscando levantar recebimento e ades&#227;o &#224;s diretrizes, bem como avaliar v&#225;rios aspectos relacionados ao manejo do paciente hipertenso. </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS:</bold> 68,3% dos m&#233;dicos receberam &#224;s diretrizes e responderam completamente o question&#225;rio, perfazendo uma amostra de 483 m&#233;dicos, sendo 47% cardiologistas, 31,7% cl&#237;nicos e 21,3% nefrologistas. A ades&#227;o a certos pontos das diretrizes &#233; alta, tais como &#224; utiliza&#231;&#227;o de mais de uma medida em ocasi&#245;es diferentes para o diagn&#243;stico de hipertens&#227;o (94,0%) e orienta&#231;&#227;o quanto a mudan&#231;as no estilo de vida como estrat&#233;gia terap&#234;utica. Quanto aos valores utilizados para diagn&#243;stico e alvo-terap&#234;utico, o seguimento as recomenda&#231;&#245;es n&#227;o &#233; uniforme, com uma n&#237;tida prefer&#234;ncia por valores inferiores aos preconizados, particularmente para pacientes com co-morbidades. A procura por fatores de risco cardiovascular tamb&#233;m se mostrou baixa, com apenas 64,7% e 56,4% dos m&#233;dicos referindo pesquisar, respectivamente, a presen&#231;a de diabetes e dislipidemia. Os diur&#233;ticos s&#227;o a classe de droga preferencialmente citada (59,3%) como tratamento medicamentoso inicial da hipertens&#227;o. </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#195;O:</bold> O seguimento as diretrizes &#233; apenas parcial. Quest&#245;es como uma melhor distribui&#231;&#227;o do documento, normatiza&#231;&#227;o de valores para diagn&#243;stico e alvo-terap&#234;utico e formas de abordar o paciente hipertenso dentro de seu risco cardiovascular global dever&#227;o ser mais bem abordadas quando da confec&#231;&#227;o de futuras diretrizes.</p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave:</bold> Diretrizes, hipertens&#227;o / epidemiologia, papel do m&#233;dico.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Diretrizes Cl&#237;nicas s&#227;o definidas como "consenso sistematicamente desenvolvido sob a forma de um conjunto de normas e algoritmos elaborados a partir de evid&#234;ncias cient&#237;ficas para auxiliar a decis&#227;o do m&#233;dico na condu&#231;&#227;o de condi&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas espec&#237;ficas, tanto no diagn&#243;stico como na terap&#234;uticaa. As diretrizes cl&#237;nicas tamb&#233;m s&#227;o uma ferramenta importante em reduzir as condutas inadequadas na assist&#234;nciab, al&#233;m de serem uma medida de sua qualidadec, sendo a melhor op&#231;&#227;o custo efetiva baseada em evid&#234;ncias para o paciente. </p>
    <p>A hipertens&#227;o arterial tem grande impacto em todos os n&#237;veis de sa&#250;de p&#250;blica, al&#233;m de ser interse&#231;&#227;o entre as v&#225;rias especialidades m&#233;dicas, tanto cir&#250;rgicas como cl&#237;nicas. Devido a sua import&#226;ncia, as Sociedades de Hipertens&#227;o distribu&#237;das pelo mundo, com destaque especial para a Norte-Americana, a Europ&#233;ia e a Brasileira, publicaram suas diretrizes, que s&#227;o atualizadas periodicamente, endossando o controle rigoroso da press&#227;o arterial como a forma mais eficaz de reduzir suas complica&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas.</p>
    <p>Infelizmente, lacunas significantes t&#234;m sido documentadas entre o desenvolvimento e a dissemina&#231;&#227;o das diretrizes, assim como sua implementa&#231;&#227;o na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica, j&#225; que o percentual de pacientes hipertensos sob tratamento que est&#227;o com a press&#227;o arterial controlada (&lt;140/90 mmHg) nos Estados Unidos &#233; de apenas 34%, segundo o NHANES (National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey)<sup>5</sup>. </p>
    <p>Farquhar e cols.<sup>1</sup> em revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica para abordar a atitude do m&#233;dico frente &#224;s diretrizes cl&#237;nicas, mostraram que a maioria dos m&#233;dicos concordou que as diretrizes cl&#237;nicas eram fonte de informa&#231;&#227;o importante e &#250;til (75%), assim como boas ferramentas educacionais (71%). Entretanto, no estudo realizado por Cabana e cols.g, 27% dos m&#233;dicos julgaram as diretrizes pouco pr&#225;ticas e muito r&#237;gidas para serem aplicadas aos pacientes, al&#233;m de promover a redu&#231;&#227;o da autonomia e simplificar muito o ato m&#233;dico, assemelhando-se a um "livro de receitas". Entretanto, cabe ressaltar que esses artigos n&#227;o avaliaram a ades&#227;o dos m&#233;dicos &#224;s diretrizes.</p>
    <p>Para avaliar a conduta de m&#233;dicos generalistas no tratamento da hipertens&#227;o arterial, Oliveria e cols.h realizaram um inqu&#233;rito em Detroit, nos EUA, cujo question&#225;rio foi elaborado com base no Joint National Committee (JNC VI)i. Todos os m&#233;dicos que responderam &#224; pesquisa estavam de alguma forma familiarizados com as recomenda&#231;&#245;es, e a maioria concordava com elas. Em rela&#231;&#227;o ao seguimento das diretrizes, 62% relataram que, na maioria das vezes, as seguiam, sendo que somente 14% seguiam sempre. </p>
    <p>Os estudos comentados anteriormente refor&#231;am que, apesar da ampla divulga&#231;&#227;o, as diretrizes cl&#237;nicas t&#234;m tido efeito limitado em transformar o comportamento dos m&#233;dicos na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica. No Brasil, n&#227;o existem estudos que mostrem o comportamento do m&#233;dico frente &#224;s diretrizes cl&#237;nicas e, mais especificamente, &#224;s Diretrizes Brasileiras de Hipertens&#227;o. </p>
    <p>Dessa maneira, a Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia, a Sociedade Brasileira de Hipertens&#227;o e a Sociedade Brasileira de Nefrologia contrataram o Datafolha<sup>&#174;</sup>, reconhecido instituto brasileiro de pesquisa de opini&#227;o p&#250;blica, para realizar inqu&#233;rito com os m&#233;dicos representantes das diversas especialidades em todo o pa&#237;s, com o intuito de compreender e avaliar como suas diretrizes v&#234;m sendo utilizadas na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#233;todos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Os m&#233;dicos foram entrevistados por contato telef&#244;nico, sendo escolhidos de forma aleat&#243;ria a partir de uma listagem de membros de tr&#234;s sociedades de especialidades m&#233;dicas do Brasil: Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia, Sociedade Brasileira de Cl&#237;nica M&#233;dica e Sociedade Brasileira de Nefrologia.</p>
    <p>Um question&#225;rio foi aplicado por um instituto de pesquisa independente (Datafolha<sup>&#174;</sup> Instituto de Pesquisa) atrav&#233;s de entrevistadores n&#227;o m&#233;dicos previamente treinados por um dos autores (DMJ). O question&#225;rio completo, constitu&#237;do de 37 perguntas, teve o objetivo de levantar:</p>
    <p>1-Recebimento das diretrizes e de que maneira o m&#233;dico teve contato com o documento;</p>
    <p>2-Percentual de leitura e ades&#227;o &#224;s diretrizes;</p>
    <p>3-Freq&#252;&#234;ncia com que medem a press&#227;o arterial nas consultas m&#233;dicas e o n&#250;mero de medidas necess&#225;rias para o diagn&#243;stico de hipertens&#227;o arterial;</p>
    <p>4-Modelo de aparelho usado para medir a press&#227;o arterial (aner&#243;ide, coluna de merc&#250;rio ou oscilom&#233;trico) e freq&#252;&#234;ncia de calibra&#231;&#227;o dos mesmos;</p>
    <p>5-Valores de press&#227;o arterial utilizado para diagn&#243;stico e alvo terap&#234;utico em pacientes hipertensos que apresentam ou n&#227;o co-morbidades (insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, insufici&#234;ncia renal cr&#244;nica e/ou Diabetes Melitus);</p>
    <p>6-Emprego de orienta&#231;&#245;es quanto a mudan&#231;as do estilo de vida no tratamento de hipertens&#227;o;</p>
    <p>7-Classe de droga preferencialmente utilizada para tratamento inicial da hipertens&#227;o arterial;</p>
    <p>8-Prefer&#234;ncia entre monoterapia ou terapia combinada;</p>
    <p>9-Exames complementares solicitados rotineiramente para pacientes hipertensos;</p>
    <p>10-H&#225;bito de empregar m&#233;todos alternativos para a medida da press&#227;o arterial, como MAPA ou medida residencial da press&#227;o arterial e</p>
    <p>11-Impress&#227;o quanto ao percentual de pacientes que se encontram com a press&#227;o arterial adequadamente controlada.</p>
    <p>Na depend&#234;ncia da pergunta formulada, as repostas poderiam ser:</p>
    <p>a)Estimulada e &#250;nica (oferecidas op&#231;&#245;es e aceita apenas uma resposta);</p>
    <p>b)Estimulada e m&#250;ltipla (oferecidas op&#231;&#245;es e aceitas mais de uma resposta);</p>
    <p>c)Espont&#226;nea e &#250;nica (n&#227;o oferecidas op&#231;&#245;es e aceita apenas uma resposta);</p>
    <p>d)Espont&#226;nea e m&#250;ltipla (n&#227;o oferecidas op&#231;&#245;es e aceitas mais de uma resposta).</p>
    <p>A maneira como o dado foi coletado ser&#225; apresentada juntamente com a descri&#231;&#227;o do resultado. Caso o m&#233;dico negasse ter recebido a diretriz, o question&#225;rio n&#227;o era aplicado.</p>
    <p>A pesquisa foi realizada entre os meses de maio e agosto de 2004, cerca de dois anos ap&#243;s a divulga&#231;&#227;o das diretrizes para os m&#233;dicos brasileiros (Agosto de 2002)j. Uma vers&#227;o em ingl&#234;s do documento foi posteriormente publicada<sup>7</sup>. </p>
    <p>A amostra da pesquisa foi calculada em 483 m&#233;dicos, ponderada de acordo com a distribui&#231;&#227;o das especialidades m&#233;dicas nas diferentes regi&#245;es do pa&#237;s, considerando-se um universo desconhecido (p = 50; q = 50) e erro (e) de 4,5%, com 95% de margem de seguran&#231;a (Z = 1,96), de acordo com a seguinte f&#243;rmula:</p>
    <p>
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-02-0212-00013-e01.jpg"/></p>
    <p>Os dados ser&#227;o apresentados na forma de percentual de respostas. As diferen&#231;as entre os grupos foram consideradas estatisticamente significativas quando se encontravam fora da margem de erro m&#225;xima da pesquisa, calculada de acordo com o tamanho da amostra, para mais ou para menos, conforme segue: cardiologistas 7,0 pontos percentuais, cl&#237;nicos 8,0 pontos percentuais, nefrologistas 10 pontos percentuais e amostra total 4,5 pontos percentuais (p &lt; 0,05, Intervalo de Confian&#231;a de 95%).</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Resultados</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O percentual total de recebimento da diretriz foi de 68,6%, tendo sido significativamente maior entre os cardiologistas (91,4%) e nefrologistas (81,3%) do que entre os cl&#237;nicos (42,7%). Os cardiologistas (69,1%), assim como os nefrologistas (59,5%), receberam a diretriz principalmente por meio das suas entidades de classe, enquanto que 28,6% dos cl&#237;nicos tiveram como fonte principal de recebimento a ind&#250;stria farmac&#234;utica (espont&#226;nea e m&#250;ltipla).</p>
    <p>O perfil dos m&#233;dicos entrevistados que receberam a diretriz e responderam completamente ao question&#225;rio est&#225; descrito na <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01">tabela 1</xref>.</p>
    <table-wrap id="tab01">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-02-0212-00013-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>Questionados quanto ao emprego na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica das recomenda&#231;&#245;es sugeridas nas diretrizes para o manejo dos pacientes hipertensos em seus v&#225;rios aspectos, 42,5% referiram seguir completamente o documento, 49,8% relataram apenas ades&#227;o parcial &#224;s orienta&#231;&#245;es, 2,1% referiram n&#227;o seguir as sugest&#245;es, 4,5% simplesmente n&#227;o leram a diretriz mesmo tendo-a recebido e 1,1% n&#227;o souberam responder &#224; pergunta (estimulada e &#250;nica).</p>
    <p>Entre os m&#233;dicos entrevistados, 97,5% referem medir a press&#227;o arterial em toda consulta m&#233;dica, sendo que para estabelecer o diagn&#243;stico de hipertens&#227;o arterial, 94,0% medem a press&#227;o arterial mais de uma vez em ocasi&#245;es diferentes (estimulada e &#250;nica).</p>
    <p>Quanto ao aparelho utilizado, o modelo aner&#243;ide foi o mais citado com 59,6% das respostas, seguido do aparelho coluna de merc&#250;rio com 36,0%, autom&#225;tico oscilom&#233;trico em 1,9% e uso de mais de um tipo de aparelho em 2,5% das vezes (estimulada e &#250;nica). Em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; calibra&#231;&#227;o, 72,9% dos m&#233;dicos referem verificar a calibra&#231;&#227;o do aparelho em per&#237;odos inferiores a um ano (espont&#226;nea e &#250;nica).</p>
    <p>Os valores mencionados como empregados para o diagn&#243;stico e como alvo-terap&#234;utico em pacientes com e sem co-morbidades est&#227;o nas <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig01">figuras 1</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig02">2</xref> (espont&#226;nea e &#250;nica).</p>
    <fig id="fig01">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-02-0212-00013-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    <fig id="fig02">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-02-0212-00013-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>Demonstra-se claramente que os valores utilizados para o diagn&#243;stico e como alvo-terap&#234;utico pelos m&#233;dicos entrevistados tende a ser significativamente menor em pacientes com co-morbidades, inclusive sendo o valor da press&#227;o arterial classificado como "&#243;timo" (120/80 mmHg) pelas diretrizes brasileiras<sup>7</sup>, o mais freq&#252;entemente citado (42,1%) como alvo-terap&#234;utico para esse grupo de pacientes. O valor de 130/85 mmHg, preconizado pelas diretrizes brasileiras para iniciar terap&#234;utica anti-hipertensiva em pacientes com co-morbidades, foi citado como diagn&#243;stico e objetivo terap&#234;utico, respectivamente, por 22% e 17,8% dos m&#233;dicos (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig02">fig, 2</xref> &#150; men&#231;&#245;es entre 120/80 e 140/90 mmHg).</p>
    <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o ao tratamento, 99,0% dos m&#233;dicos referem orientar mudan&#231;as no estilo de vida em todos os pacientes hipertensos como parte do plano terap&#234;utico (estimulada e &#250;nica). Quanto ao tratamento medicamentoso inicial para hipertens&#227;o arterial leve<sup>7</sup>, somente 38,4% dos entrevistados utilizam terapia combinada, sendo que 61,6% preferem a monoterapia (estimulada e &#250;nica). </p>
    <p>A <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab02">tabela 2</xref> apresenta comparativamente a classe de droga preferencialmente escolhida para iniciar a terapia da hipertens&#227;o arterial leve<sup>7 </sup>(espont&#226;nea e m&#250;ltipla). Observa-se que h&#225; uma prefer&#234;ncia estatisticamente significativa para os diur&#233;ticos, independente da especialidade m&#233;dica.</p>
    <table-wrap id="tab02">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-02-0212-00013-gt02.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>Os seis exames mais solicitados como forma complementar de avaliar o paciente hipertenso foram por ordem decrescente: creatinina (80,2%), glicemia de jejum (64,7%), an&#225;lise simples de urina (63,7%), eletrocardiograma (63,5%), pot&#225;ssio s&#233;rico (56,5%) e colesterol total (56,4%), n&#227;o havendo diferen&#231;as significativas entre os m&#233;dicos de diferentes especialidades, conforme mostra a <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig03">figura 3</xref> (espont&#226;nea e m&#250;ltipla).</p>
    <fig id="fig03">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-02-0212-00013-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>Quanto &#224;s formas alternativas de medir a press&#227;o arterial, a MAPA &#233; indicada rotineiramente (70 a 100% dos casos) por 8,4% dos m&#233;dicos, enquanto 9,9% dos entrevistados n&#227;o costumam solicitar o exame, sendo que de uma maneira geral, o exame &#233; indicado para 28% dos pacientes (espont&#226;nea e &#250;nica). As principais indica&#231;&#245;es da MAPA citadas foram casos suspeitos de hipertens&#227;o de consult&#243;rio (53,7%), avalia&#231;&#227;o de efic&#225;cia terap&#234;utica (41,6%) e hipertens&#227;o resistente (11,1%) - espont&#226;nea e m&#250;ltipla.</p>
    <p>Perguntados sobre o fornecimento de orienta&#231;&#245;es espec&#237;ficas para medir a press&#227;o arterial fora do consult&#243;rio, 67,9% referem recomendar o procedimento, particularmente os nefrologistas (84,7%) - espont&#226;nea e &#250;nica.</p>
    <p>Quanto ao percentual de controle dos pacientes hipertensos, em m&#233;dia, h&#225; a percep&#231;&#227;o por parte dos m&#233;dicos de que cerca de 60,0% dos pacientes hipertensos apresentam-se controlados (espont&#226;nea e &#250;nica).</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A ades&#227;o &#224;s recomenda&#231;&#245;es das diretrizes cl&#237;nicas &#233; uma ferramenta importante na qualidade do cuidado prestado, uma vez que se trata de documento formulado por especialistas a partir de evid&#234;ncias cient&#237;ficas, e que auxilia o m&#233;dico na decis&#227;o tanto diagn&#243;stica quanto terap&#234;utica. </p>
    <p>Considerando a hipertens&#227;o uma doen&#231;a de alta preval&#234;ncia, que atinge aproximadamente 30% da popula&#231;&#227;o adulta brasileira<sup>7</sup>, seria de grande import&#226;ncia que todas as especialidades m&#233;dicas que lidam com a hipertens&#227;o arterial tivessem acesso &#224;s IV Diretrizes Brasileiras de Hipertens&#227;o Arterial. Entretanto, da amostra pesquisada, apenas 68,6% dos m&#233;dicos referiram ter recebido as Diretrizes, sendo os cardiologistas (91,4%) e os nefrologistas (81,3%) os mais contemplados. Tal fato se deu, muito provavelmente, pelo fato de esses especialistas terem como maior fonte de recebimento suas pr&#243;prias entidades de classe, ambas patrocinadoras do documento. Esse achado vai de encontro a uma das barreiras descritas por Cabana e cols.<sup>8</sup> em estudo realizado para identificar os motivos da n&#227;o ades&#227;o dos m&#233;dicos aos consensos: o dif&#237;cil acesso aos documentos.</p>
    <p>A ades&#227;o a certas recomenda&#231;&#245;es contidas nas diretrizes brasileiras sobre alguns aspectos ligados ao diagn&#243;stico e tratamento da hipertens&#227;o arterial &#233; alta, particularmente no que diz respeito &#224; medida da press&#227;o arterial em toda consulta m&#233;dica (97,5%), utiliza&#231;&#227;o de mais de uma medida em ocasi&#245;es diferentes para estabelecer o diagn&#243;stico de hipertens&#227;o (94,0%) e orienta&#231;&#227;o quanto a mudan&#231;as no estilo de vida como parte da terap&#234;utica anti-hipertensiva (99,0%). Pesquisa realizada com m&#233;dicos ingleses de forma semelhante a esta, tamb&#233;m mostrou expressivo percentual de ades&#227;o &#224;s diretrizes da Sociedade Brit&#226;nica de Hipertens&#227;o vigentes na &#233;poca em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; medida da press&#227;o arterial e a prescri&#231;&#227;o da terapia n&#227;o medicamentosa. </p>
    <p>Em nosso meio, Mion e cols., em levantamento realizado em 1999, encontraram que, no que diz respeito &#224; medida da press&#227;o arterial, 85,8% dos profissionais referiram medir a press&#227;o arterial dos pacientes em todas as consultas, e que 86,9% realizavam mais de uma medida em mais de uma ocasi&#227;o para estabelecer o diagn&#243;stico de hipertens&#227;o. Tal achado, se comparado ao presente estudo, sugere que em 5 anos houve uma evolu&#231;&#227;o positiva na conduta m&#233;dica relacionada &#224; medida da press&#227;o arterial e no seguimento das recomenda&#231;&#245;es.</p>
    <p>Como esperado, em rela&#231;&#227;o ao equipamento utilizado, os dados apontam que o aparelho aner&#243;ide foi o mais citado (56,9%), seguido do aparelho coluna de merc&#250;rio (36,0%). Surpreendentemente, 72,9% dos m&#233;dicos referiram verificar a calibra&#231;&#227;o do aparelho em per&#237;odos inferiores a um ano. Em inqu&#233;rito realizado por Mion e cols.<sup>13</sup> h&#225; 5 anos, e citado anteriormente, os equipamentos de modelo aner&#243;ide tamb&#233;m foram os mais citados, entretanto, sem a mesma preocupa&#231;&#227;o encontrada pela presente pesquisa, uma vez que apenas 1/3 dos m&#233;dicos entrevistados referiram verificar a calibra&#231;&#227;o dos esfigmoman&#244;metros com periodicidade inferior a 1 ano. </p>
    <p>O documento brasileiro recomenda que o tratamento anti-hipertensivo deve objetivar a redu&#231;&#227;o dos n&#237;veis press&#243;ricos a valores inferiores a 140/90 mmHg em pacientes sem co-morbidades, sugerindo valores inferiores a 130/85 mmHg como os ideais para pacientes de alto risco cardiovascular, tais como diab&#233;ticos e portadores de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e insufici&#234;ncia renal cr&#244;nica. Embora o resultado da pesquisa indique que apenas 17,8% e 23,8% dos m&#233;dicos entrevistados tenham optados por esses valores como alvos terap&#234;uticos em pacientes, respectivamente, com e sem co-morbidades, a busca por valores cada vez mais baixos de normalidade indicada neste levantamento (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig01">figs. 1</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig02">2</xref>) se contrap&#245;e ao resultado de pesquisa anterior, que em 1999 constatou que apenas 35,7% dos m&#233;dicos brasileiros referiram diagnosticar como hipertensos aqueles paciente com press&#227;o arterial <underline>&gt;</underline> 140/90 mmHg<sup>13</sup>.</p>
    <p>As diretrizes brasileiras colocam, juntamente com a hipertens&#227;o, o diabetes e a dislipidemia como fatores de risco cardiovascular maiores e recomendam, na avalia&#231;&#227;o inicial de rotina para pacientes hipertensos, a dosagem da glicemia de jejum e do colesterol total e fra&#231;&#245;es. Pelos resultados da pesquisa, a procura por esses importantes determinantes de risco mostrou-se aqu&#233;m do desejado, j&#225; que apenas 64,7% e 56,4% dos m&#233;dicos entrevistados referiram pesquisar, respectivamente, a presen&#231;a de diabetes ou de dislipidemia nos pacientes hipertensos. Portanto, estas informa&#231;&#245;es dever&#227;o ser abordadas de forma diferente em futuras diretrizes de hipertens&#227;o, conforme j&#225; sugerido por outros autores.</p>
    <p>Esta pesquisa tem seus pontos fortes no ineditismo e no fato de ter levantado diversos aspectos sobre o manejo do paciente hipertenso que os m&#233;dicos brasileiros ao menos afirmam empregar. No entanto, a mesma n&#227;o est&#225; isenta de cr&#237;ticas, e as limita&#231;&#245;es dos resultados s&#227;o &#243;bvias, uma vez que foram obtidos atrav&#233;s de questionamento direto aos m&#233;dicos e as respostas n&#227;o foram confirmadas por meio da an&#225;lise de prontu&#225;rios ou mesmo por entrevistas com os pr&#243;prios pacientes. Sendo assim, discrep&#226;ncias entre o que foi relatado e o que efetivamente se aplica na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica di&#225;ria devem ser consideradas.</p>
    <p>Outro aspecto diz respeito &#224; validade externa desta pesquisa, j&#225; que n&#227;o se podem extrapolar seus resultados para todos os m&#233;dicos do Brasil. A amostra foi composta principalmente por m&#233;dicos que t&#234;m a hipertens&#227;o como uma das doen&#231;as de principal enfoque de suas especialidades, particularmente os cardiologistas e nefrologistas, n&#227;o significando, portanto, que os resultados aqui expostos traduzam o conhecimento e a ades&#227;o &#224;s diretrizes de hipertens&#227;o de outros m&#233;dicos que tamb&#233;m lidem com o problema hipertens&#227;o arterial no Brasil, tais como os m&#233;dicos de fam&#237;lia e os generalistas.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Conclus&#245;es</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O seguimento das IV Diretrizes Brasileiras de Hipertens&#227;o pelos m&#233;dicos brasileiros &#233; apenas parcial, pelo menos na amostra pesquisada. Os pontos que mostraram uma maiores discrep&#226;ncias entre o que &#233; preconizado e aquilo que &#233; efetivamente realizado na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica, tais como valores para diagn&#243;stico da hipertens&#227;o e alvo-terap&#234;utico, al&#233;m de formas de abordar os pacientes hipertensos dentro seu risco cardiovascular global, dever&#227;o ser abordados com mais &#234;nfase quando da confec&#231;&#227;o de um futuro documento. </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Agradecimentos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Agradecemos a dedica&#231;&#227;o e orienta&#231;&#227;o do Sr. Jos&#233; Carlos de Barros do Datafolha<sup>&#174;</sup> Instituto de Pesquisa. Agradecemos tamb&#233;m a colabora&#231;&#227;o de Dr. Antonio Carlos Lopes, Presidente da Sociedade Brasileira de Cl&#237;nica M&#233;dica, Dr. Juarez Ortiz, Presidente da Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia, Dr. Ayrton Pires Brand&#227;o, Presidente da Sociedade Brasileira de Hipertens&#227;o e Dr. Jo&#227;o Eg&#237;dio Rom&#227;o Jr., Presidente da Sociedade Brasileira de Nefrologia. </p>
    <p>
      <fn id="end" fn-type="corresp">
        <label>
          <bold>Correspond&#234;ncia:</bold>
        </label>
        <p> D&#233;cio Mion Junior </p>
        <p> Rua Guarara, 298/ 3&#186; and </p>
        <p> 01425-000 &#150; S&#227;o Paulo, SP </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="demionjr@cardiol.br">demionjr@cardiol.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p> Artigo recebido em 07/02/06; revisado recebido em 11/04/06; aceito em 09/05/06.</p>
  </body>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Do Brazilian physicians follow the Brazilian guidelines on hypertension?</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>OBJECTIVE: To evaluate whether procedures adopted by Brazilian physicians in the diagnosis and treatment of hypertension are in compliance with those advocated by the IV Brazilian Hypertension Guidelines. METHOD: Survey carried out by means of telephone interviews with Brazilian physicians. The survey featured application of a questionnaire aimed to assess receipt of and compliance with the guidelines, and to evaluate various aspects regarding the treatment of hypertensive patients. RESULTS: 68.3% of the respondents had received the guidelines and answered the questionnaire in full. The total sample consisted of 483 physicians - 47% cardiologists, 31.7% internists, and 21.3% nephrologists. The survey showed high compliance with certain guideline topics such as more than one measurement at different times for the diagnosis of hypertension (94%), and providing guidance regarding lifestyle changes as a therapeutic strategy. As to arterial pressure levels used for diagnosis and therapeutic target, compliance with guideline recommendations lacks uniformity. The survey showed a clear preference for pressure levels lower than those recommended, especially in patients with comorbidities. Attempts to assess cardiovascular risk also proved to be low. Only 64.7% of the respondents reported that they seek to determine the presence of diabetes mellitus, and 56.4% check for dyslipidemia. The majority (59.3%) mentioned diuretics as the preferred drug class for initial drug treatment of hypertension. CONCLUSION: We concluded that there is only partial compliance with Brazilian Hypertension Guidelines and that certain factors should be taken into consideration when drawing up future guidelines, such as: improved distribution; standardization of values for diagnosis and therapeutic target; more extensive coverage of ways for physicians to approach hypertensive patients to better evaluate their overall cardiovascular risk.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Guidelines</kwd>
        <kwd>epidemiology</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>ORIGINAL ARTICLE</bold>
      </p>
      <p> Do Brazilian physicians follow the Brazilian guidelines for hypertension? </p>
      <p>
        <bold>D&#233;cio Mion Junior<sup>I, II</sup>; Giovanio Vieira da Silva<sup>I</sup>; Josiane Lima de Gusm&#227;o<sup>I</sup>; Carlos Alberto Machado<sup>II</sup>; Celso Amodeo<sup>II</sup>; Fernando Nobre<sup>II</sup>; Jos&#233; Nery Praxedes<sup>II</sup>; Marco Antonio Mota<sup>II</sup></bold>
      </p>
      <p><sup>I</sup>Universidade de Hipertens&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas &#150; FMUSP</p>
      <p><sup>II</sup>Membro da Comiss&#227;o Organizadora da IV Diretrizes Brasileiras de Hipertens&#227;o Arterial - S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</p>
      <p>
        <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end-body2">Mailing Address</xref>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>SUMMARY</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVE:</bold> To evaluate whether procedures adopted by Brazilian physicians in the diagnosis and treatment of hypertension are in compliance with those advocated by the IV Brazilian Hypertension Guidelines.</p>
      <p><bold>METHOD:</bold> Survey carried out by means of telephone interviews with Brazilian physicians. The survey featured application of a questionnaire aimed to assess receipt of and compliance with the guidelines, and to evaluate various aspects regarding the treatment of hypertensive patients.</p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS:</bold> 68.3% of the respondents had received the guidelines and answered the questionnaire in full. The total sample consisted of 483 physicians &#150; 47% cardiologists, 31.7% internists, and 21.3% nephrologists. The survey showed high compliance with certain guideline topics such as more than one measurement at different times for the diagnosis of hypertension (94%), and providing guidance regarding lifestyle changes as a therapeutic strategy. As to arterial pressure levels used for diagnosis and therapeutic target, compliance with guideline recommendations lacks uniformity. The survey showed a clear preference for pressure levels lower than those recommended, especially in patients with comorbidities. Attempts to assess cardiovascular risk also proved to be low. Only 64.7% of the respondents reported that they seek to determine the presence of diabetes mellitus, and 56.4% check for dyslipidemia. The majority (59.3%) mentioned diuretics as the preferred drug class for initial drug treatment of hypertension.</p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSION:</bold> We concluded that there is only partial compliance with Brazilian Hypertension Guidelines and that certain factors should be taken into consideration when drawing up future guidelines, such as: improved distribution; standardization of values for diagnosis and therapeutic target; more extensive coverage of ways for physicians to approach hypertensive patients to better evaluate their overall cardiovascular risk. </p>
      <p><bold>Key words:</bold> Guidelines; hypertension / epidemiology; physician&#146;s role.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Introduction</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Clinical Guidelines are defined as a "systematically developed consensus regarding a set of rules and algorithms based on scientific evidence to help physicians&#146; decisions in specific clinical conditions, both in diagnosis and therapeutics". Clinical Guidelines also constitute an important tool for reducing inappropriate approaches in medical care in addition to being a measurement of its quality<sup>3</sup>, and are therefore the best evidence-based cost-effective option for patients<sup>4</sup>.</p>
      <p>Arterial hypertension is an important systemic disease that has a major impact on all levels of public health. In addition, it constitutes the intersection of various clinical and surgical specialties. Because of its importance and impact, Hypertension Societies throughout the world &#150; especially the American, European, and Brazilian Societies &#150; have published their guidelines5<sup>-7</sup>. These guidelines, updated periodically, advocate rigorous control of arterial blood pressure as the most efficient way to reduce clinical complications. </p>
      <p>Unfortunately, not only have significant gaps been reported between development and disclosure of the guidelines, but their implementation in clinical practice has also proved faulty since according to the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES)<sup>5</sup>, only 34% of hypertensive patients under treatment in the United States have their blood pressure under control (levels below 140/ 90mm Hg). </p>
      <p>Farquhar et al, in a systematic review to approach physicians&#146; attitudes regarding the clinical guidelines, showed that most physicians agreed that the clinical guidelines were important and useful sources of information (75%), as well as good educational tools (71%). However, in a study conducted by Cabana et al<sup>8</sup>, 27% of physicians considered the guidelines to be of little practical use and too strict to be applied to patients, besides reducing physicians&#146; autonomy and simplifying medical care. They say that the guidelines are like a "medical cookbook". However, it must be pointed out that these studies did not assess physicians&#146; compliance with the guidelines.</p>
      <p>To evaluate the approach of general practitioners in the treatment of arterial hypertension, Oliveria et al<sup>9</sup> carried out a survey in Detroit (USA) using a questionnaire based on the Joint National Committee Recommendations (JNC VI)<sup> 10</sup>. All the physicians who responded to this survey said that they were familiar with JNC VI, and most claimed that they agreed with the recommendations. In regard to the guidelines, 62% claimed to follow them most of the time, while only 14% claimed to follow them in all cases. </p>
      <p>The above-mentioned studies are further evidence that despite widespread disclosure, the effect of the clinical guidelines in terms of transforming physicians&#146; clinical practice performance has been limited. In Brazil, no studies have been carried out with a view to assessing physicians&#146; behavior vis-&#224;-vis clinical guidelines in general or the Brazilian Hypertension Guidelines in particular. </p>
      <p>Therefore, the Brazilian Society of Cardiology, the Brazilian Society of Hypertension, and the Brazilian Society of Nephrology have hired Datafolha<sup>&#174;</sup> &#150; a well-known Brazilian public opinion research institute &#150; to carry out a nationwide survey among physicians of various specialties in an attempt to evaluate how the guidelines of the various specialties have been used in clinical practice.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Methods</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The physicians, chosen randomly from a list of members of three societies of medical specialties in Brazil &#150; the Brazilian Society of Cardiology, the Brazilian Society of Internal Medicine, and the Brazilian Society of Nephrology &#150;were interviewed by telephone. </p>
      <p>A questionnaire was applied by an independent research institute (Datafolha<sup>&#174;</sup> Research Institute) by non-medical interviewers previously trained by one of the authors (DMJ). </p>
      <p>The complete questionnaire comprising 37 questions was designed to assess the following:</p>
      <p>1-Receipt of guidelines and how the physician had contact with the document;</p>
      <p>2-How much of the document the physician had read and the extent of compliance with the guidelines, in percentage;</p>
      <p>3-How often the physician measures arterial blood pressure in the course of each medical appointment and how many measurements are necessary to diagnose arterial hypertension; </p>
      <p>4-The type of instrument used to measure arterial blood pressure (aneroid, mercury column, or automatic oscillometric) and how often the instrument is calibrated;</p>
      <p>5-Levels of arterial blood pressure used for diagnosis and treatment target in hypertensive patients with and without comorbidities (heart failure, chronic renal failure, and/or diabetes mellitus);</p>
      <p>6-Whether the physician provides guidance regarding lifestyle changes in the treatment of hypertension;</p>
      <p>7-Drug class preferably used for initial treatment of arterial hypertension;</p>
      <p>8-Preference for monotherapy or combined therapy;</p>
      <p>9-Complementary tests routinely performed on hypertensive patients;</p>
      <p>10-Whether the physician routinely uses alternative methods such as ambulatory blood pressure measurement (ABPM) or home blood pressure measurement (HBPM) to measure blood pressure, and;</p>
      <p>11-The physician&#146;s impression as to the percentage of patients with blood pressure appropriately under control.</p>
      <p>Depending on the question asked, the answers could be: </p>
      <p>a) stimulated and single (multiple options offered and respondent accepts only one)</p>
      <p>b) stimulated and multiple (multiple options offered and respondent accepts more than one)</p>
      <p>c) spontaneous and single (no options offered and only one answer accepted)</p>
      <p>d) spontaneous and multiple (no options offered and more than one answer accepted)</p>
      <p>The data collection method will be presented with description of the findings. The questionnaire was not applied when the physician contacted denied having received the guidelines.</p>
      <p>The survey was carried out between the months of May and August 2004, approximately two years after release of the guidelines to Brazilian physicians (August 2002).<sup>11</sup> The document was published in English at a later date.<sup>7</sup></p>
      <p>The research sample consisted of 483 physicians weighted according to distribution of medical specialties in the different regions of the country considering an unknown universe (p= 50; q= 50) and margin of error (e) of 4.5%, with a 95% confidence interval (Z=1.96), according to the following formula: </p>
      <p>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-02-0212-00013-e01-en.jpg"/></p>
      <p>Data will be presented as percentage of responses. The differences among groups were considered statistically significant when they exceeded the maximum margin of error for the survey, calculated according to the sample size and rounded to the nearest integer as follows: cardiologists = 7.0 percentage points; internists = 8.0 percentage points; nephrologists = 10 percentage points and total sample = 4.5 percentage points (p&lt; 0.05; confidence interval 95%).</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Results</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Of the total sample, 68.6% had received the guidelines. The percentage of physicians who received the guidelines was significantly higher among cardiologists (91.4%) and nephrologists (81.3%) than among internists (42.7%). Most cardiologists (69.1%) and nephrologists (59.5%) received the guidelines through their professional medical associations, while 28.6% of the internists named the pharmaceutical industry as their main source of receipt (spontaneous and multiple).</p>
      <p>The profile of respondent physicians who received the guidelines and answered the complete questionnaire is described in <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01-body2">Table 1</xref>.</p>
      <table-wrap id="tab01-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-02-0212-00013-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>Asked about the use of guideline recommendations for the management of hypertensive patients in their several aspects in clinical practice, 42.5% of the respondents claimed full compliance with the guidelines, 49.8% reported only partial compliance, 2.1% said they did not follow the guidelines, 4.5% had not even read the guidelines despite having received them, and 1.1% did not know how to answer the question (stimulated and single). </p>
      <p>Among the physicians interviewed, 97.5% reported that they measure arterial blood pressure in the course of all medical appointments and, to establish the diagnosis of hypertension, 94.0% claimed that they measure arterial blood pressure more than once at different times (stimulated and single).</p>
      <p>As to the instrument used, the aneroid model was the most frequently mentioned (59.6%), followed by the mercury column device (36.0%), automatic oscillometric (1.9%), and 2.5% claim to use more than one type of instrument (stimulated and single). In regard to calibration, 72.9% of physicians claim to have their instruments calibrated at intervals of less than one year (spontaneous and single).</p>
      <p>The values mentioned as used for diagnosis and treatment target in patients with and without comorbidities are shown in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig01-body2">Figures 1</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig02-body2">2</xref> (spontaneous and single).</p>
      <fig id="fig01-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-02-0212-00013-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <fig id="fig02-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-02-0212-00013-gf02-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>The survey showed clearly that the values used for diagnosis and treatment target by the physicians interviewed tend to be significantly lower in patients with comorbidities. The level of arterial blood pressure considered as "optimal" (120/80 mmHg) by the Brazilian guidelines<sup>7</sup> was the most frequently cited (42.1%) as therapeutic target for this group of patients. A reading of 130/85 mmHg advocated by the Brazilian guidelines for initiation of anti-hypertensive treatment in patients with comorbidities was mentioned by 22% of respondents as diagnosis level, and by 17.8% of respondents as therapeutic target (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig02-body2">Fig. 2</xref> &#150; mentions between 120/80 and 140/90 mm Hg).</p>
      <p>Regarding treatment, 99.0% of the physicians interviewed report that they advise lifestyle changes for all hypertensive patients as part of the treatment plan (stimulated and single). As to initial drug treatment for mild arterial hypertension<sup>7</sup>, only 38.4% of the physicians interviewed use combined therapy, while 61.6% prefer monotherapy (stimulated and single). </p>
      <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="tab02-body2">Table 2</xref> shows a comparison of the preferred drug classes selected to initiate treatment of mild arterial hypertension (spontaneous and multiple). Regardless of the medical specialty the survey shows a statistically significant preference for diuretics.</p>
      <table-wrap id="tab02-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-02-0212-00013-gt02-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>The six complementary tests most frequently requested to evaluate hypertensive patients were, in decreasing order: creatinine (80.2%), fasting glucose (64.7%), simple urine analysis (63.7%), electrocardiogram (63.5%), serum potassium (56.5%) and total cholesterol (56.4%), with no significant differences among physicians of different specialties as shown in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig03-body2">Figure 3</xref> (spontaneous and multiple).</p>
      <fig id="fig03-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-02-0212-00013-gf03-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>Regarding alternative ways of measuring arterial blood pressure, ABPM is routinely indicated (70-100% of cases) by 8.4% of physicians, while 9.9% of the physicians interviewed do not habitually request this measurement. Generally speaking, the test is indicated for 28% of all patients (spontaneous and single). The main indications cited for ABPM were suspected cases of white-coat (office) hypertension (53.7%), evaluation of treatment efficiency (41.6%), and resistant hypertension (11.1%) &#150; (spontaneous and multiple).</p>
      <p>When asked about providing specific advice to measure arterial blood pressure outside of the doctor&#146;s office, 67.9% of physicians say they recommend the procedure, especially nephrologists (84.7%) &#150; (spontaneous and single).</p>
      <p>As to the percentage of control of hypertensive patients, on an average, physicians consider that 60.0% of hypertensive patients are controlled patients (spontaneous and single).</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Compliance with the recommendations of clinical guidelines is an important tool for the quality of medical care because the guidelines constitute a document prepared by specialists based on scientific evidence &#150; a set of recommendations that aids physician in both diagnostic and treatment decisions. </p>
      <p>Taking into consideration the fact that hypertension is a highly prevalent disease that affects approximately 30% of the adult Brazilian population<sup>7</sup>, it would be very important for all medical specialties dealing with arterial hypertension to have access to the IV Brazilian Guidelines for Arterial Hypertension. However, of the sample surveyed, only 68.6% of the physicians reported having received the Guidelines, the majority consisting of cardiologists (91.4%) and nephrologists (81.3%). This was very probably due to the fact that most of these specialists received the guidelines through their own professional associations, the same associations that sponsored the report. This finding is in agreement with one of the obstacles described by Cabana et al<sup>8</sup> in a study aimed at identifying the reasons for physicians&#146; non-compliance with the consensual recommendations: difficulty of access to the documents.</p>
      <p>Compliance with certain recommendations included in the Brazilian guidelines regarding some aspects related to the diagnosis and treatment of arterial hypertension is high, particularly concerning the measurement of arterial blood pressure in the course of every medical appointment (97.5%), the use of more than one measurement at different times to establish the diagnosis of hypertension (94.0%), and providing instructions about lifestyle changes as part of the anti-hypertensive treatment (99.0%). A similar survey carried out among British physicians also showed significant compliance with the guidelines of the British Society of Hypertension in force at the time in regard to the measurement of arterial blood pressure and the prescription of non-drug therapy<sup>12</sup>. </p>
      <p>Mion et al.<sup>13</sup> in a survey conducted in 1999, found that concerning the measurement of arterial blood pressure, 85.8% of the physicians reported that they measure patients&#146; blood pressures in all medical appointments, and 86.9% performed more than one measurement on more than one occasion to establish the diagnosis of hypertension. This finding, if compared to the current study, suggests that in five years there was positive evolution in medical management related to the measurement of arterial pressure and in compliance with guideline recommendations.</p>
      <p>As expected, in terms of the equipment used, the data point to the aneroid device as the most used (56.9%), followed by the mercury column device (36.0%). Surprisingly, 72.9% of physicians reported that they check device calibration at less than 12-month intervals. In the previously mentioned survey carried out five years ago by Mion et al<sup>13</sup>, aneroid devices were also the most frequently used, but without the same concern regarding calibration found in the current survey since only 1/3 of the physicians interviewed at that time reported that they checked the calibration of sphygmomanometers with a periodicity of less than one year.</p>
      <p>The Brazilian report recommends that anti-hypertensive treatment should aim to reduce pressure levels to less than 140/90 mm Hg in patients without comorbidities, suggesting values under 130/85 mmHg as ideal in patients at high cardiovascular risk, such as diabetes mellitus, heart failure, and chronic renal failure. Although the research findings show that only 23.8% of physicians interviewed have opted for these values as therapeutic targets in patients without comorbidities, and 17.8% in patients with comorbidities, the current report&#146;s finding that physicians seek even lower normal values (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig01-body2">Figs. 1</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig02-body2">2</xref>) clashes with the previous research in 1999 which found that only 35.7% of Brazilian physicians reported diagnosing patients presenting arterial blood pressure <underline>&gt;</underline> 140/90 mm Hg<sup>13</sup>. as hypertensive.</p>
      <p>In addition to hypertension, the Brazilian Guidelines also include diabetes mellitus and dyslipidemia as major cardiovascular risk factors and recommend measurement of fasting blood glucose and serum cholesterol (total and fractions) upon initial routine evaluation of hypertensive patients. Survey findings showed that testing for these important risk determinants was below the desired level. Only 64.7% of the physicians interviewed claimed to check for the presence of diabetes mellitus, and only 56.4% for dyslipidemia in hypertensive patients. This point will therefore be approached differently in future guidelines for hypertension, in accordance with previous suggestions of other authors<sup>14</sup>.</p>
      <p>The strong points of this survey are its innovation, and the fact that it has brought to light several aspects regarding the management of hypertensive patients that Brazilian physicians claim to apply. However, it is open to criticism, and the limitations of the results are obvious since the answers were obtained from the physicians themselves through direct questioning and were not confirmed by analyses of medical records or even by interviews with patients. Thus, we must take into consideration the possibility of discrepancies between what was reported and what is effectively applied in daily clinical practice<sup>15</sup>.</p>
      <p>Another aspect to be considered is the external value of this survey since the results cannot be extrapolated to all Brazilian physicians. The sample was composed mainly of physicians who deal with hypertension as one of the diseases of prime focus within their specialties, above all cardiologists and nephrologists. Therefore the results shown here do not necessarily reflect knowledge of and compliance with the guidelines for hypertension on the part of other physicians in Brazil, such as family doctors and general practitioners, who also deal with arterial hypertension.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Conclusions</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Compliance with the Brazilian Guidelines is only partial on the part of Brazilian physicians, at least within the sample surveyed. The points that showed greater discrepancies between guideline recommendations and actual clinical practice, such as pressure levels used for diagnosis of hypertension and therapeutic targets, as well as ways of approaching hypertensive patients in regard to their overall cardiovascular risk, must be more emphatically addressed when drawing up future guidelines.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Acknowledgments</bold>
      </p>
      <p>We would like to express our gratitude to Mr. Jos&#233; Carlos de Barros of Datafolha<sup>&#174;</sup> Research Institute for his dedication and guidance, and our thanks as well for their valuable collaboration to Dr. Antonio Carlos Lopes, President of the Brazilian Society of Internal Medicine; Dr. Juarez Ortiz, President of the Brazilian Society of Cardiology; Dr. Ayrton Pires Brand&#227;o, President of the Brazilian Society of Hypertension; and Dr. Jo&#227;o Eg&#237;dio Rom&#227;o Jr, President of the Brazilian Society of Nephrology. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fn id="end-body2" fn-type="corresp">
          <label>
            <bold>Mailing Address:</bold>
          </label>
          <p> D&#233;cio Mion Junior</p>
          <p> Rua Guarara, 298/ 3&#186; and</p>
          <p> 01425-000 &#150; S&#227;o Paulo, SP</p>
          <p> E-mail: </p>
          <p>
            <email xlink:href="demionjr@cardiol.br">demionjr@cardiol.br</email>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p> Manuscript received February 7, 2006; revised manuscript received April 11, 2006; accepted May 8, 2006.</p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
