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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">K9my43v8WVXD9MhrHD4KMhG</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00012</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2007000200012</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(07)08800212</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2007000200012</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Reprodutibilidade da medida ambulatorial da press&#227;o arterial em pacientes hipertensos com diabete melito tipo 2</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Fel&#237;cio</surname>
            <given-names>Jo&#227;o Soares</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pacheco</surname>
            <given-names>Juliana Torres</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ferreira</surname>
            <given-names>Sandra Roberta</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Plavnik</surname>
            <given-names>Frida</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Kohlmann</surname>
            <given-names>Oswaldo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ribeiro</surname>
            <given-names>Artur Beltrame</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Zanella</surname>
            <given-names>Maria Tereza</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Divis&#227;o de Nefrologia e Endocrinologia </institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>02</month>
        <year>2007</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>88</volume>
      <issue>2</issue>
      <fpage>206</fpage>
      <lpage>211</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>22</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2006</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>28</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2006</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>07</day>
          <month>01</month>
          <year>2006</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>OBJETIVO: Avaliar a reprodutibilidade e o efeito placebo sobre a monitoriza&#231;&#227;o ambulatorial da press&#227;o arterial (MAPA) (SpaceLabs-90207). M&#201;TODOS: Mensurou-se a PA no consult&#243;rio e por meio de duas MAPA, realizadas em um intervalo de 1 a 10 meses (m&#233;dia de 4,9 meses), de 26 pacientes com diabetes tipo 2 e hipertens&#227;o. Onze pacientes (G1) realizaram as duas MAPA sem medica&#231;&#227;o anti-hipertensiva por 15 dias, enquanto o G2 (N = 15) fez a segunda MAPA em uso de placebo pelo mesmo per&#237;odo. RESULTADOS: Ao avaliarmos os coeficientes de varia&#231;&#227;o (CV) da PA sist&#243;lica na vig&#237;lia (PASV), PA diast&#243;lica na vig&#237;lia (PADV), PA sist&#243;lica nas 24h (PAS24h) e PA diast&#243;lica nas 24h (PAD24h), encontramos valores de 4,6%, 3,9%, 5,0% e 4,0% no G1 e 4,3%, 5,1%, 3,7% e 5,1% no G2, respectivamente. Quanto ao CV da PA sist&#243;lica e diast&#243;lica durante o sono (PASS e PADS), encontramos 7,7% e 8,2% para G1, e 5,6% e 6,3% para G2, respectivamente. O CV da freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca na vig&#237;lia e durante o sono foram: G1 = 5,9% e 9,0%, G2 = 6,9% e 5,8%, respectivamente. Analisando o total dos pacientes, todas as vari&#225;veis mostraram fortes correla&#231;&#245;es entre a primeira e a segunda MAPA (PASV, r=0,76; P&lt;0,001; PADV, r=0,65; p&lt;0,001; PAS24h, r=0,77; p&lt;0,001; PAD24h, r=0,70; p&lt;0,001; PASS, r=0,62; p&lt;0,001; PADS, r=0,52; p&lt;0,01). Ocorreram tamb&#233;m correla&#231;&#245;es entre a PA sist&#243;lica e a diast&#243;lica de consult&#243;rio e a PAS24h e PAD24h (r=0,65; p&lt;0,001; r=0,57; p&lt;0,01). CONCLUS&#195;O: A m&#233;dia dos n&#237;veis press&#243;ricos avaliados pela MAPA apresentou boa reprodutibilidade e esses n&#227;o foram afetados pelo efeito placebo.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>Diabete melito tipo 2</kwd>
        <kwd>hipertens&#227;o arterial</kwd>
        <kwd>monitoriza&#231;&#227;o ambulatorial da press&#227;o arterial</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>20</day>
        <month>03</month>
        <year>2007</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>ARTIGO ORIGINAL</bold>
    </p>
    <p> Reprodutibilidade da medida ambulatorial da press&#227;o arterial em pacientes hipertensos com diabete melito tipo 2 </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Jo&#227;o Soares Fel&#237;cio; Juliana Torres Pacheco; Sandra Roberta Ferreira; Frida Plavnik; Oswaldo Kohlmann; Artur Beltrame Ribeiro; Maria Tereza Zanella</bold>
    </p>
    <p> Divis&#227;o de Nefrologia e Endocrinologia da UNIFESP - S&#227;o Paulo, SP</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVO:</bold> Avaliar a reprodutibilidade e o efeito placebo sobre a monitoriza&#231;&#227;o ambulatorial da press&#227;o arterial (MAPA) (SpaceLabs-90207). </p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS:</bold> Mensurou-se a PA no consult&#243;rio e por meio de duas MAPA, realizadas em um intervalo de 1 a 10 meses (m&#233;dia de 4,9 meses), de 26 pacientes com diabetes tipo 2 e hipertens&#227;o. Onze pacientes (G1) realizaram as duas MAPA sem medica&#231;&#227;o anti-hipertensiva por 15 dias, enquanto o G2 (N = 15) fez a segunda MAPA em uso de placebo pelo mesmo per&#237;odo. </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS:</bold> Ao avaliarmos os coeficientes de varia&#231;&#227;o (CV) da PA sist&#243;lica na vig&#237;lia (PASV), PA diast&#243;lica na vig&#237;lia (PADV), PA sist&#243;lica nas 24h (PAS24h) e PA diast&#243;lica nas 24h (PAD24h), encontramos valores de 4,6%, 3,9%, 5,0% e 4,0% no G1 e 4,3%, 5,1%, 3,7% e 5,1% no G2, respectivamente. Quanto ao CV da PA sist&#243;lica e diast&#243;lica durante o sono (PASS e PADS), encontramos 7,7% e 8,2% para G1, e 5,6% e 6,3% para G2, respectivamente. O CV da freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca na vig&#237;lia e durante o sono foram: G1 = 5,9% e 9,0%, G2 = 6,9% e 5,8%, respectivamente. Analisando o total dos pacientes, todas as vari&#225;veis mostraram fortes correla&#231;&#245;es entre a primeira e a segunda MAPA (PASV, r=0,76; P&lt;0,001; PADV, r=0,65; p&lt;0,001; PAS24h, r=0,77; p&lt;0,001; PAD24h, r=0,70; p&lt;0,001; PASS, r=0,62; p&lt;0,001; PADS, r=0,52; p&lt;0,01). Ocorreram tamb&#233;m correla&#231;&#245;es entre a PA sist&#243;lica e a diast&#243;lica de consult&#243;rio e a PAS24h e PAD24h (r=0,65; p&lt;0,001; r=0,57; p&lt;0,01). </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#195;O:</bold> A m&#233;dia dos n&#237;veis press&#243;ricos avaliados pela MAPA apresentou boa reprodutibilidade e esses n&#227;o foram afetados pelo efeito placebo.</p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave:</bold> Diabete melito tipo 2, hipertens&#227;o arterial, monitoriza&#231;&#227;o ambulatorial da press&#227;o arterial.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A hipertens&#227;o arterial ocorre com uma freq&#252;&#234;ncia duas vezes maior em pacientes com diabete melito (DM) quando comparados a indiv&#237;duos normais<sup>1,2</sup>. As complica&#231;&#245;es macro e microvasculares do DM tamb&#233;m s&#227;o aceleradas pela presen&#231;a de hipertens&#227;o<sup>3,4</sup>. Portanto, tem sido recomendado que pacientes hipertensos e diab&#233;ticos devam ser diagnosticados e tratados precocemente<sup>5</sup>. Entretanto, como a press&#227;o arterial (PA) &#233; um par&#226;metro muito vari&#225;vel, a t&#233;cnica padr&#227;o para estabelecer o diagn&#243;stico de hipertens&#227;o permanece controversa<sup>6</sup>.</p>
    <p>Durante os &#250;ltimos anos, a monitoriza&#231;&#227;o ambulatorial da press&#227;o arterial (MAPA) foi introduzida no estudo da hipertens&#227;o e tem se tornado um instrumento importante para a tomada de decis&#245;es cl&#237;nicas<sup>7</sup>. V&#225;rios dados<sup>8-10</sup> t&#234;m sugerido que a m&#233;dia da PA de 24 horas apresenta melhor correla&#231;&#227;o com as les&#245;es em &#243;rg&#227;o-alvo que as medidas isoladas da PA no consult&#243;rio. Tamb&#233;m tem sido demonstrado que a MAPA apresenta maior reprodutibilidade quando comparada &#224; PA de consult&#243;rio, tanto em hipertensos<sup>11,12</sup> quanto em diab&#233;ticos hipertensos<sup>13</sup>. Atualmente, a MAPA pode ser particularmente &#250;til em diab&#233;ticos hipertensos para a detec&#231;&#227;o de disfun&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica e eleva&#231;&#227;o da carga press&#243;rica noturna<sup>14</sup>. Uma aus&#234;ncia ou diminui&#231;&#227;o da queda de PA durante o sono (<italic>non-dipping</italic>) tem sido associada a um maior risco de complica&#231;&#245;es cardiovasculares<sup>15,16</sup>. </p>
    <p>Adicionalmente, grandes diferen&#231;as de um dia para o outro t&#234;m sido reportadas em estudos de reprodutibilidade para a m&#233;dia da PA de 24 horas<sup>17</sup> e para a queda de PA durante o sono<sup>18</sup> aferidas pela MAPA, especialmente em decorr&#234;ncia da diversidade de equipamentos existentes no mercado, muitos dos quais ainda n&#227;o suficientemente testados. O estabelecimento do coeficiente de varia&#231;&#227;o dos equipamentos de MAPA tornar&#225; seus resultados mais confi&#225;veis. </p>
    <p>Este estudo, portanto, foi desenhado para avaliar a reprodutibilidade e o efeito placebo na MAPA para determinar o seu grau de confiabilidade na mensura&#231;&#227;o dos n&#237;veis press&#243;ricos em pacientes com DM tipo 2 e hipertens&#227;o.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#233;todos</bold>
    </p>
    <p><italic>Pacientes</italic> - Vinte e seis pacientes com DM tipo 2 e hipertens&#227;o arterial, atendidos em nossa Cl&#237;nica de Hipertens&#227;o durante um ano, foram avaliados e submetidos a MAPA em duas oportunidades, em um intervalo que variou de 1 a 10 meses (m&#233;dia de 4,9 meses). Inicialmente, todos os pacientes realizaram a primeira MAPA sem medica&#231;&#227;o anti-hipertensiva por 15 dias. Ent&#227;o, os pacientes foram divididos em dois grupos: o Grupo 1 (G1) (N=11) repetiu o mesmo procedimento para a segunda MAPA, enquanto o Grupo 2 (G2) (N=15) fez a segunda MAPA em uso de placebo durante os 15 dias. A press&#227;o arterial de consult&#243;rio foi tamb&#233;m determinada para cada paciente no dia da coloca&#231;&#227;o do aparelho da MAPA. Como crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o, todos os pacientes deviam apresentar idade entre 30 e 75 anos, &#237;ndice de massa corp&#243;rea (IMC) &lt; ou igual a 40 kg/m<sup>2</sup>, DM tipo 2, tratados somente com dieta ou hipoglicemiantes orais (sem uso de insulina), hipertens&#227;o arterial, n&#237;veis normais de creatinina s&#233;rica e protein&#250;ria de 24 horas (&lt;150 mg/24h) e aus&#234;ncia de hist&#243;ria pr&#233;via de infarto do mioc&#225;rdio, angina e acidente vascular cerebral. Os indiv&#237;duos que n&#227;o se enquadrassem nos crit&#233;rios citados seriam exclu&#237;dos do estudo. Os pacientes foram posteriormente classificados segundo est&#225;gio de hipertens&#227;o<sup>19</sup> baseado na m&#233;dia de tr&#234;s medidas da PA de consult&#243;rio aferida em posi&#231;&#227;o sentada, com intervalo de um minuto entre as medidas, as quais foram realizadas no dia da primeira MAPA.</p>
    <p>Hipertens&#227;o arterial foi definida como PA sist&#243;lica e diast&#243;lica aferida no consult&#243;rio <underline>&gt;</underline>140 / 90 mmHg em medidas repetidas<sup>20</sup>. O diagn&#243;stico de DM foi baseado em crit&#233;rios padr&#227;o<sup>21</sup>. Pacientes com DM tipo 2 foram identificados como aqueles com manifesta&#231;&#227;o da doen&#231;a ap&#243;s os 30 anos e sem necessidade de uso de insulina desde o diagn&#243;stico. Todos os pacientes foram informados previamente de todos os procedimentos a que seriam submetidos e concordaram em participar do estudo. O protocolo de avalia&#231;&#227;o foi aprovado pelo comit&#234; de &#233;tica da Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo.</p>
    <p><italic>Monitoriza&#231;&#227;o ambulatorial da press&#227;o arterial</italic> - A MAPA foi realizada pelo m&#233;todo oscilom&#233;trico com o monitor port&#225;til SpaceLabs - 90207 (Spacelabs, Inc. Redmond, WA-USA). Os pacientes realizaram a MAPA ap&#243;s a suspens&#227;o da medica&#231;&#227;o anti-hipertensiva por 15 dias ou ap&#243;s uso de placebo pelo mesmo per&#237;odo. O monitor foi instalado no per&#237;odo da manh&#227; e retirado ap&#243;s 24 horas. O indiv&#237;duo era orientado para manter as suas atividades habituais e apresentar um relat&#243;rio no qual deveria constar o hor&#225;rio de cada atividade realizada. O dispositivo foi programado para realizar quatro medidas durante cada hora, sendo estabelecida a m&#233;dia press&#243;rica sist&#243;lica e diast&#243;lica durante cada hora, no per&#237;odo de vig&#237;lia, durante o sono e nas 24 horas. </p>
    <p>O per&#237;odo de vig&#237;lia incluiu atividades de 8 horas a 20 horas, enquanto o per&#237;odo de 20 horas a 8 horas foi considerado como o per&#237;odo durante o sono. Medidas de PA sist&#243;lica maiores que 260 mmHg e menores que 70 mmHg e da PA diast&#243;lica superiores a 150 mmHg e inferiores a 40 mmHg eram automaticamente exclu&#237;das da an&#225;lise. O limite para detec&#231;&#227;o da freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca foi entre 200 e 20 bpm. O exame foi aceito se pelo menos 75% das medidas nas 24 horas fossem executadas com sucesso. Adicionalmente, foi realizado o c&#225;lculo do descenso da PA durante o sono (DS) por meio da seguinte f&#243;rmula: DS sist&#243;lico (%) = (PA sist&#243;lica na vig&#237;lia - PA sist&#243;lica durante o sono) x 100 / PA sist&#243;lica na vig&#237;lia; o mesmo c&#225;lculo foi utilizado para determinar o DS diast&#243;lico. Consideraram-se normais indiv&#237;duos que apresentaram descenso da PA durante o sono em rela&#231;&#227;o a vig&#237;lia maior ou igual a 10 % (dippers), e os indiv&#237;duos que apresentaram queda inferior a esses n&#237;veis foram chamados de "non-dippers".</p>
    <p><italic>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</italic> - Todos os dados foram apresentados na forma de m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o ou mediana com intervalo de varia&#231;&#227;o. Para an&#225;lise de correla&#231;&#227;o, os coeficientes de correla&#231;&#227;o de "Pearson" ou de "Spearman" foram calculados entre vari&#225;veis, considerando-se sua distribui&#231;&#227;o normal ou n&#227;o na popula&#231;&#227;o. Foi calculado ainda o coeficiente de varia&#231;&#227;o (CV) para todas as m&#233;dias press&#243;ricas e para a freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca da primeira e da segunda MAPA. O CV consistiu no desvio padr&#227;o da m&#233;dia da diferen&#231;a dividido pela m&#233;dia absoluta das duas amostras multiplicada por 100. Um p&lt;0,05 foi considerado significante. Todas as an&#225;lises foram realizadas utilizando-se o programa Sigmastat (1992-1994 - Jandel Scientific Corporation- USA).</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Resultados</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A idade e o IMC dos dois grupos foram: G1=59 &#177; 8 anos e 31 &#177; 5 kg / m<sup>2 </sup>e G2=56 &#177; 8 anos e 27 &#177; 4 kg / m<sup>2</sup>, respectivamente. As medidas press&#243;ricas avaliadas pela MAPA e divididas por grupo encontram-se na <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01">tabela 1</xref>. N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significante em todas as medidas avaliadas pela MAPA entre os dois grupos e dentro de cada grupo quando comparadas a primeira e a segunda MAPA (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01">tab. 1</xref>). Com rela&#231;&#227;o ao est&#225;gio de hipertens&#227;o dos pacientes do G1, 3 pacientes (27%) encontravam-se no est&#225;gio I, 6 (55%) no est&#225;gio II, e 2 (18%) no est&#225;gio III; enquanto os pacientes do G2 encontravam-se 2 (13,5%) no est&#225;gio I, 6 (40%) no est&#225;gio II e 7 (46,5%) no est&#225;gio III. As m&#233;dias de PA sist&#243;lica e diast&#243;lica e freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (FC) aferidas no consult&#243;rio foram 173&#177;20, 98&#177;7 e 73&#177;11, respectivamente para o G1, e 166&#177;20, 97&#177;9 e 77&#177;9, respectivamente para o G2.</p>
    <table-wrap id="tab01">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-02-0206-00012-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>Ao avaliarmos o CV da PA sist&#243;lica na vig&#237;lia (PASV), PA diast&#243;lica na vig&#237;lia (PADV), PA sist&#243;lica nas 24 horas (PAS24h) e PA diast&#243;lica nas 24 horas (PAD24h), encontramos valores de 4,6%, 3,9%, 5,0% e 4,0% no G1, e 4,3%, 5,1%, 3,7% e 5,1% no G2, respectivamente (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig01">fig. 1</xref>). Foi tamb&#233;m determinado o CV da PA sist&#243;lica e diast&#243;lica durante o sono (PASS e PADS) para G1 (7,7% e 8,2%) e para G2 (5,6% e 6,3%). O CV da freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca na vig&#237;lia e durante o sono foi: G1=5,9% e 9,0%; G2=6,9% e 5,8%, respectivamente. Analisando o total de pacientes (N=26), todas as vari&#225;veis mostraram fortes correla&#231;&#245;es entre a primeira e a segunda MAPA (PASV, r=0,76; P&lt;0,001; PADV, r=0,65; p&lt;0,001; PA sist&#243;lica nas 24h, r=0,77; p&lt;0,001; PA diast&#243;lica nas 24h, r=0,70; p&lt;0,001; PASS, r=0,62; p&lt;0,001; PADS, r=0,52; p&lt;0,01). Ocorreram tamb&#233;m correla&#231;&#245;es entre a PA sist&#243;lica e a diast&#243;lica mensuradas no consult&#243;rio e a PA sist&#243;lica e a diast&#243;lica nas 24 horas (r=0,65; p&lt;0,001; r=0,57; p&lt;0,01), respectivamente. Quando comparamos os valores de DS sist&#243;lico e diast&#243;lico da primeira e da segunda MAPA, no G1 e G2 n&#227;o encontramos diferen&#231;a significante (8,8%(-2,0 a 14,3) versus 5,6%(-1,7 a 20,7), NS; e 13,7%(5,5 a 18,7) versus 9,0%(-1 a 30,9), NS no G1. e 8,9% (-1,2 a 17) versus 6,1% (0 a 19,7), NS; e 14,4% (2,2 a 31,1) versus 13,2% (4,5 a 19,4), NS no G2, respectivamente). Finalmente, analisando em conjunto os dois grupos, quando consideramos como 10% o valor de corte para o descenso noturno para separar os "dippers" dos "non-dippers", encontramos que 42% dos diab&#233;ticos hipertensos mudaram de categoria no DS sist&#243;lico e 46 % no DS diast&#243;lico ap&#243;s a repeti&#231;&#227;o da monitoriza&#231;&#227;o, em um intervalo de 1 a 10 meses. No G1, mudaram de categoria 3 de 11 pacientes (27%) no DS sist&#243;lico, e 6 de 11 pacientes (54%) no DS diast&#243;lico; e no G2 isso ocorreu em 8 de 15 pacientes (53%) para o DS sist&#243;lico, e em 6 de 15 pacientes (40%) no DS diast&#243;lico. Quando comparamos dentro de cada grupo o porcentual de pacientes que mudaram de categoria n&#227;o encontramos diferen&#231;a significante.</p>
    <fig id="fig01">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-02-0206-00012-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Os resultados do nosso estudo mostraram que os valores press&#243;ricos m&#233;dios avaliados pela monitoriza&#231;&#227;o ambulatorial da press&#227;o arterial apresentaram uma boa reprodutibilidade e n&#227;o foram afetados pelo efeito placebo. Esses achados s&#227;o similares a poucos dados na literatura<sup>13,22</sup>.</p>
    <p>J&#225; descrevemos previamente (dados n&#227;o publicados) que valores de PA sist&#243;lica durante o sono em diab&#233;ticos hipertensos foram relacionados com uma alta preval&#234;ncia de hipertens&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; todavia, quando usado o descenso noturno da PA, esse efeito n&#227;o foi observado. Isso provavelmente ocorreu em decorr&#234;ncia da baixa reprodutibilidade do descenso da PA durante o sono nesses pacientes. Refor&#231;ando essa hip&#243;tese, o presente estudo relatou que 42% dos pacientes hipertensos com DM mudaram de categoria (dipping/non-dipping) em uma segunda medida realizada ap&#243;s um intervalo de 1 a 10 meses. Verdecchia e cols.<sup>23</sup> documentaram que 73% dos pacientes hipertensos permaneceram na mesma categoria (dipping/non-dipping) depois de realizada uma segunda MAPA ap&#243;s um intervalo de tr&#234;s a cinco dias, enquanto 27% mudaram de um grupo para outro. Nos dados de Stenehjem e Os<sup> 24</sup>, 82% dos pacientes tiveram o seu padr&#227;o noturno (non-dipping) convertido para dipping depois de medidas repetidas. Essa discreta melhor reprodutibilidade do descenso noturno em pacientes hipertensos comparados com os nossos pacientes com DM e hipertens&#227;o poderia ser justificada, em parte, por outros fatores que influenciam o descenso noturno em diab&#233;ticos, entre eles o pobre controle glic&#234;mico<sup>25</sup> e a neuropatia auton&#244;mica diab&#233;tica<sup>26,27</sup>.</p>
    <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224;s varia&#231;&#245;es circadianas da PA em pacientes com diabetes tipo 1, variabilidade anormal persistente parece ocorrer precocemente e com freq&#252;&#234;ncia naqueles com aumento da excre&#231;&#227;o urin&#225;ria de albumina. A perda do descenso noturno (non-dippers) avaliada em duas MAPA foi observada em 80%, 58%, 18% e 10% de pacientes diab&#233;ticos com protein&#250;ria, microalbumin&#250;ria, normoalbumin&#250;ria e grupo controle, respectivamente<sup>28</sup>, mostrando que a freq&#252;&#234;ncia dessa anormalidade aumenta com a progress&#227;o de nefropatia incipiente<sup>28,29,30</sup>. Todavia, no presente estudo, todos os pacientes apresentaram n&#237;veis normais de creatinina e protein&#250;ria nas 24 horas. Portanto, a nefropatia diab&#233;tica n&#227;o poderia justificar a elevada variabilidade do descenso noturno da PA em nosso grupo.</p>
    <p>Dados da literatura avaliando a reprodutibilidade com medidas seriadas de MAPA, seguidas de MAPA realizadas ap&#243;s a retirada das medica&#231;&#245;es anti-hipertensivas e com uso de placebo em hipertensos com diabetes tipo 2 n&#227;o s&#227;o de nosso conhecimento. Asmar e cols.<sup>31</sup> observaram em pacientes com hipertens&#227;o que a m&#233;dia da PA de 24 horas medida pela MAPA n&#227;o foi afetada pelo placebo. Em pacientes com hipertens&#227;o leve ou moderada, Zakopoulos e cols.<sup>32</sup> demonstraram que a PA sist&#243;lica e diast&#243;lica medida a cada hora, a freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e a queda da PA durante o sono foram reprodut&#237;veis em quatro MAPA realizadas em um per&#237;odo de quatro meses. Adicionalmente, Korner e cols.<sup>33</sup>, estudando crian&#231;as com diabetes tipo 1, conclu&#237;ram que os valores de PA avaliados pela MAPA foram reprodut&#237;veis apesar de marcadores de caracter&#237;sticas individuais. Entretanto, Davies e cols.<sup>34</sup> demonstraram que o mesmo equipamento de MAPA causou grande perturba&#231;&#227;o do sono, modificando a PA que estavam tentando mensurar. Outras causas para a variabilidade de PA nas 24 horas incluem problemas metodol&#243;gicos com a MAPA durante a noite em raz&#227;o de uma variabilidade hidrost&#225;tica diferente entre o cuff do aparelho e o cora&#231;&#227;o, n&#237;vel de atividade durante o dia e diminui&#231;&#227;o da acur&#225;cia dos monitores ao mensurar n&#237;veis muito elevados de PA <sup>17,18,35</sup>. Davies e cols.<sup>34</sup> superestimaram a PA sist&#243;lica em 10 mmHg (ABP, Oxford Medical) e em 6 mmHg (TM 2420, A&amp;D), enquanto a PA diast&#243;lica n&#227;o foi afetada. Esse dist&#250;rbio poderia subestimar a queda press&#243;rica durante o sono. Entretanto, outros monitores (SpaceLabs e Sandoz Pressure System) n&#227;o mostraram esse mesmo problema em um estudo com avalia&#231;&#227;o concomitante da press&#227;o intra-arterial<sup>36 </sup>.</p>
    <p>Por conseguinte, nosso estudo sugere que a MAPA (Spacelabs-90207, Inc. Redmond, WA - USA) &#233; um instrumento confi&#225;vel para monitorar as varia&#231;&#245;es de PA e confirma sua confiabilidade para uso em pacientes hipertensos com diabete melito tipo 2.</p>
    <p><bold>Financiamento: </bold>Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient&#237;fico e Tecnol&#243;gico - CNPq.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesses</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflitos de interesses pertinentes.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="end" fn-type="corresp">
        <label>
          <bold>Correspond&#234;ncia:</bold>
        </label>
        <p> Jo&#227;o Soares Fel&#237;cio </p>
        <p> Rua Ferreira Cant&#227;o, 454 &#150; S/308 </p>
        <p> 66015-280 &#150; Bel&#233;m, PA </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="felicio.bel@terra.com.br">felicio.bel@terra.com.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p> Artigo recebido em 7/01/06; revisado recebido em 28/05/06; aceito em 22/06/06. </p>
  </body>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Reproducibility of ambulatory blood pressure monitoring in hypertensive patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the reproducibility of ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (ABPM) (SpaceLabs-90207) and placebo effect on ABPM. METHODS: Blood pressure was measured in the office and over two ABPM periods with an interval from one to ten months (mean 4.9 months), in 26 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and hypertension. Eleven patients (G1) had two ABPMs without taking antihypertensive drugs for 15 days, whereas G2 (N=15) had the second ABPM after administration of a placebo for 15 days. RESULTS: In the evaluation of the coefficient of variation (CV) of diurnal (awake) systolic BP (DSBP), of diurnal (awake) diastolic BP (DDBP), of 24-hour systolic BP (24hSBP) and of 24-hour diastolic BP (24hDBP), the values found were 4.6%, 3.9%, 5.0%, 4.0% for G1 and 4.3%, 5.1%, 3.7%, 5.1% for G2 respectively. We also determined the CV of nocturnal (sleep) systolic and diastolic BP (NSBP and NDBP) for G1 (7.7%; 8.2%) and G2 (5.6%; 6.3%). Heart rate CV during alertness and sleep were: G1=5.9% and 9.0%; G2=6.9% and 5.8% respectively. When the total number of 'patients was analyzed, all variables showed a strong correlation between the first and second ABPM measurements (DSBP, r = 0.76; P &lt; 0.001; DDBP, r = 0.65; p &lt; 0.001; 24hSBP, r = 0.77; p &lt; 0.001; 24hDBP, r = 0.70; p &lt; 0.001; NSBP, r = 0.62; p &lt; 0.001; NDBP, r = 0.52; p &lt; 0.01). Office systolic and diastolic BP and 24hSBP and 24hDBP also showed correlation (r = 0.65; p &lt; 0.001; r = 0.57; p &lt; 0.01). CONCLUSION: Mean of pressure levels measured by ABPM presented good reproducibility and were not affected by placebo.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Diabetes mellitus</kwd>
        <kwd>type 2</kwd>
        <kwd>hypertension</kwd>
        <kwd>blood pressure monitoring</kwd>
        <kwd>ambulatory</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>ORIGINAL ARTICLE</bold>
      </p>
      <p> Reproducibility of ambulatory blood pressure monitoring in hypertensive patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Jo&#227;o Soares Fel&#237;cio; Juliana Torres Pacheco; Sandra Roberta Ferreira; Frida Plavnik; Oswaldo Kohlmann; Artur Beltrame Ribeiro; Maria Tereza Zanella</bold>
      </p>
      <p> Division of Nephrology and Endocrinology, UNIFESP (Federal University of S&#227;o Paulo) - S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</p>
      <p>
        <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end-body2">Mailing Address</xref>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>SUMMARY</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVE:</bold> To evaluate the reproducibility of ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (ABPM) (SpaceLabs-90207) and placebo effect on ABPM. </p>
      <p><bold>METHODS:</bold> Blood pressure was measured in the office and over two ABPM periods with an interval from one to ten months (mean 4.9 months), in 26 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and hypertension. Eleven patients (G1) had two ABPMs without taking antihypertensive drugs for 15 days, whereas G2 (N=15) had the second ABPM after administration of a placebo for 15 days. </p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS:</bold> In the evaluation of the coefficient of variation (CV) of diurnal (awake) systolic BP (DSBP), of diurnal (awake) diastolic BP (DDBP), of 24-hour systolic BP (24hSBP) and of 24-hour diastolic BP (24hDBP), the values found were 4.6%, 3.9%, 5.0%, 4.0% for G1 and 4.3%, 5.1%, 3.7%, 5.1% for G2 respectively. We also determined the CV of nocturnal (sleep) systolic and diastolic BP (NSBP and NDBP) for G1 (7.7%; 8.2%) and G2 (5.6%; 6.3%). Heart rate CV during alertness and sleep were: G1=5.9% and 9.0%; G2=6.9% and 5.8% respectively. When the total number of 'patients was analyzed, all variables showed a strong correlation between the first and second ABPM measurements (DSBP, r = 0.76; P &lt; 0.001; DDBP, r = 0.65; p &lt; 0.001; 24hSBP, r = 0.77; p &lt; 0.001; 24hDBP, r = 0.70; p &lt; 0.001; NSBP, r = 0.62; p &lt; 0.001; NDBP, r = 0.52; p &lt; 0.01). Office systolic and diastolic BP and 24hSBP and 24hDBP also showed correlation (r = 0.65; p &lt; 0.001; r = 0.57; p &lt; 0.01).</p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSION:</bold> Mean of pressure levels measured by ABPM presented good reproducibility and were not affected by placebo. </p>
      <p><bold>Key words:</bold> type 2 diabetes mellitus, arterial hypertension, ambulatory blood pressure monitoring</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Introduction</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Arterial hypertension occurs twice as frequently in patients with diabetes mellitus (DM) as compared with normal individuals <sup>1,2</sup>. Macro and microvascular complications of DM are also accelerated by the presence of hypertension <sup>3,4</sup>. Therefore, it has been recommended that patients with hypertension and diabetes be diagnosed and treated early <sup>5</sup>. However, because blood pressure (BP) is a very variable parameter, the standard technique to establish the diagnosis of hypertension remains controversial <sup>6</sup>.</p>
      <p>In recent years, ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (ABPM) has been introduced in the study of hypertension and has become an important tool to inform clinical decision making <sup>7</sup>. Several pieces of data <sup>8-10</sup> have suggested that mean 24-hour BP presents a better correlation with lesions of target organs than isolated office BP measurements. It has also been demonstrated that ABPM presents higher reproducibility as compared with office BP for hypertensive <sup>11,12</sup> and diabetic hypertensive <sup>13</sup> individuals alike. At present ABPM can be particularly instrumental in detecting autonomic dysfunction and nocturnal blood pressure load increase in hypertensive diabetic individuals <sup>14</sup>. Absence of or reduced BP descent during sleep (nondipping) have been associated with a higher risk of cardiovascular complications <sup>15,16</sup>. </p>
      <p>Additionally, great differences between measurements taken on two consecutive days have been reported in studies focusing on the reproducibility of the 24hBP mean <sup>17</sup> and on BP descent during sleep <sup>18</sup> measured by ABPM, especially as a result of the variety of devices available in the market, many of which have not yet been tested enough. The ascertainment of the coefficient of variation of ABPM devices will make their results more reliable.</p>
      <p>Therefore, this study was designed to assess the reproducibility of ABPM measurements and the placebo effect on ABPM to determine its degree of reliability as to the measurement of pressure levels in patients with type 2 DM and hypertension.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Methods</bold>
      </p>
      <p><italic>Patients</italic> - Twenty-six patients with type 2 DM and arterial hypertension attended at our Hypertension Clinic during a year were assessed and submitted to ABPM at two different times with an interval that varied from one to ten months (mean of 4.9 months). All the patients were submitted to the first ABPM without taking anti-hypertensive medication for fifteen days. The patients were then divided into two groups: group 1 (G1) (N = 11) underwent the same procedure for the second ABPM, whereas group 2 (G2) (N = 15) underwent the second ABPM after using a placebo during fifteen days. Office blood pressure was determined for each patient when the ABPM device was attached. Inclusion criteria were the following: all patients should be between 30 and 75 years of age, with body mass index (BMI) lower than or equal to 40 kg/m<sup>2</sup>, type 2 DM treated only with diet or oral glucose-lowering drugs (with no use of insulin), arterial hypertension, normal levels of serum creatinine and 24-hour proteinuria (&lt;150 mg/24h) and no previous history of myocardial infarction, angina and cerebrovascular accident. Individuals that didn&#146;t meet the criteria above were excluded from the study. Patients were later classified according to the stage of hypertension (19) based on the mean of three office BP measurements taken with the patient in a sitting position, with a one-minute interval between measurements, on the day of the first ABPM period.</p>
      <p>Arterial hypertension was defined, on office assessment, as systolic and diastolic BP <underline>&gt;</underline> 140/90 mmHg in repeated measurements <sup>20</sup>. The diagnosis of DM was based on standard criteria <sup>21</sup>. Patients with type 2 DM were those with disease onset after 30 years of age, with no need for insulin since the time of diagnosis. All patients were previously informed of all the procedures they would be submitted to, and agreed to participate in the study. The assessment protocol was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Federal University of S&#227;o Paulo.</p>
      <p>Arterial Pressure Ambulatory Monitoring - ABPM was carried out using the oscillometric method with a portable SpaceLabs - 90207 device (Spacelabs, Inc. Redmond, WA-USA). Patients were submitted to ABPM after the interruption of anti-hypertensive medication for fifteen days or after using placebo for the same period. The monitor was attached in the morning and removed after 24 hours. The individuals were told to maintain their ordinary activities and present a report with the time of each activity. The device was programmed to perform four measurements per hour, and the systolic and diastolic pressure means were ascertained during each hour, during alertness, sleep time and over the 24 hour period. The alertness period included activities from 8 a.m. to 8 p.m., whereas the period between 8 p.m. to 8 a.m. was considered sleep time. Systolic BP measurements above 260 mmHg and below 70 mmHg, and diastolic BP measurements above 150 mmHg and below 40 mmHg were automatically excluded from the analysis. The limit for heart rate detection was between 200 and 20 bpm. The test was accepted if at least 75% of the measurements taken throughout the 24-hour period had been performed successfully. Additionally, the calculation of BP descent during sleep (DS) was carried out using the following formula: systolic DS (%) = (systolic BP during alertness &#150; systolic BP during sleep) x 100 / systolic BP during alertness. The same calculation was carried out to determine diastolic DS. Individuals who presented BP descent during sleep greater than or equal to ten percent (10%) (dippers) as compared with alertness BP were considered normal, whereas individuals who presented descent below these levels were called "nondippers".</p>
      <p><italic>Statistical analysis</italic> - All the data were presented as mean &#177; standard deviation or median with interval of variation. For the analysis of correlation, Pearson&#146;s or Spearman&#146;s correlation coefficients were calculated between variables considering the type of distribution - normal or non-normal - in the population. The coefficients of variation (CV) for all pressure measurements and for the heart rate of the first and second ABPM were also calculated. The CV consisted of standard deviation of the mean of differences divided by the absolute mean of the two samples multiplied by 100. P &lt; 0.05 was considered significant. All the analyses were carried out using the Sigmastat program (1992-1994 - Jandel Scientific Corporation- USA).</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Results</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The age and BMI of the two groups were: G1=59 &#177; 8 years and 31 &#177; 5 kg/m<sup>2</sup> and G2=56 &#177; 8 years and 27 &#177; 4 kg/m<sup>2</sup>, respectively. <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01-body2">Table 1</xref> shows pressure measurements assessed by ABPM for each group. There was no statistically significant difference between all the measurements assessed by ABPM between the two groups, and within each group when the first and second ABPM values were compared (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01-body2">Table 1</xref>). With respect to the stage of hypertension of G1 patients, three (27%) were stage I patients, six (55%) were stage II patients and two (18%) were stage III patients. As for G2 patients, two (13.5%) were in stage I, six (40%) were in stage II and seven (46.5%) were in stage III. Mean systolic and diastolic BP and heart rate (HR) measured in the office were 173&#177;20, 98&#177;7 and 73&#177;11, respectively for G1 and 166&#177;20, 97&#177;9 and 77&#177;9, respectively for G2.</p>
      <table-wrap id="tab01-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-02-0206-00012-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>When we assessed the CV of alertness systolic BP (DSBP), alertness diastolic BP (DDBP), 24-hour systolic BP (24hSBP) and 24-hour diastolic BP (24hDBP), we found the following values: 4.6%, 3.9%, 5.0% and 4.0% for G1 and 4.3%, 5.1%, 3.7% and 5.1% for G2, respectively (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig01-body2">figure 1</xref>). We also determined CV for systolic and diastolic BP during sleep (NSBP and NDBP) for G1 (7.7% and 8.2%) and G2 (5.6% and 6.3%). The coefficients of variation for alertness and sleep heart rate were: G1=5.9% and 9.0%; G2=6.9% and 5.8%, respectively. Analyzing the total number of patients (N=26), all the variables showed strong correlations between the first and second ABPM values (DSBP, r = 0.76; P&lt;0.001; DDBP, r = 0.65; p&lt;0.001; 24-hour systolic BP, r = 0.77; p&lt;0.001; 24-hour diastolic BP, r = 0.70; p&lt;0.001; NSBP, r = 0.62; p&lt;0.001; NDBP, r = 0.52; p&lt;0.01). There were also correlations between office systolic and diastolic BP and 24-hour systolic and diastolic BP (r = 0.65; p&lt;0.001; r = 0.57; p&lt;0.01), respectively. When we compared systolic and diastolic DS values for the first and second ABPM values for G1 and G2, we found no significant difference (8.8 %(-2.0 to 14.3) as compared with 5.6 %(-1.7 to 20.7), NS; and 13.7 % (5.5 to 18.7) as compared with 9.0 % (-1 to 30.9), NS for G1 and 8.9 % (-1.2 to 17) as compared with 6.1 % (0 to 19.7), NS; and 14.4 % (2.2 to 31.1) as compared with 13.2% (4.5 to 19.4), NS for G2, respectively). Finally, analyzing both groups jointly, and considering a cut-off value of 10% for nocturnal descent to separate dippers from nondippers, we found that 42% of both diabetic and hypertensive patients changed category for systolic DS and 46% changed category for diastolic DS upon repetition of the monitoring after an interval of one to ten months. As for G1, three (27%) out of eleven patients changed category for systolic DS and six (54%) out of eleven patients changed category for diastolic DS. For G2, eight (53%) out of fifteen patients changed category for systolic DS and six (40%) out of fifteen patients changed category for diastolic DS. When we compared the percentage of patients that changed category within each group, we found no significant difference.</p>
      <fig id="fig01-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-02-0206-00012-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The results of our study showed that mean pressure values assessed by ambulatory blood pressure monitoring presented good reproducibility and were not affected by placebo. These findings are similar to few data found in the literature <sup>13,22.</sup></p>
      <p>We have previously described (unpublished data) that sleeptime systolic BP in diabetic hypertensive patients related to a high prevalence of left ventricular hypertension. However, when we used BP nocturnal decent, this effect was not observed. This was probably due to the low reproducibility of BP descent during sleep in these patients. This study supports this hypothesis, as it found that 42% of hypertensive individuals with DM changed category (dipping/non-dipping) in a second measurement carried out after an interval of one to ten months. Verdecchia et al <sup>23</sup> documented that 73% of the hypertensive patients remained in the same category (dipping/non-dipping) after a second ABPM with a 3 to 5-day interval, whereas 27% changed from one group to the other. According to data from Stenehjem et al <sup>24</sup>, 82% of the patients had their nocturnal pattern (non-dipping) changed to dipping after repeated measurements. This slightly better reproducibility of nocturnal descent in hypertensive subjects as compared with our subjects with DM and hypertension could be partly justified by other factors that influence nocturnal descent in diabetic subjects, including poor glucose level management <sup>25</sup> and diabetic autonomic neuropathy <sup>26,27</sup>. As concerns circadian BP variations in type I diabetic patients, persistent abnormal variability seems to occur early and frequently among those with increased urinary excretion of albumin. Loss of nocturnal descent (nondippers) assessed in two ABPM periods was observed in 80, 58, 18 and 10% of diabetic patients with proteinuria, microalbuminuria, normoalbuminuria and control group respectively <sup>28</sup>, which shows that the frequency of this abnormality increases as incipient nephropathy progresses <sup>28-30</sup>. In our study, however, all the patients had normal levels of creatinin and proteinuria in the 24-hour period. Therefore, diabetic nephropathy could not account for the high variability in BP nocturnal descent in our group. </p>
      <p>We do not know of any data on the literature regarding the assessment of reproducibility with serial ABPM measurements, followed by ABPM performed after withdrawal of anti-hypertensive medication and with the administration of placebo in hypertensive individuals with type 2 diabetes. Asmar et al <sup>31</sup> observed that, in hypertensive patients, the mean 24-hour BP measured by ABPM was not affected by placebo. In patients with mild to moderate hypertension, Zakopoulos et al <sup>32</sup> demonstrated that systolic and diastolic BP values measured every hour, heart rate and BP descent during sleep were reproducible in four ABPMs carried out over a four-month period. Additionally, Korner et al <sup>33</sup>, in a study with children with type I diabetes concluded that BP values assessed by ABPM were reproducible, despite markers of individual characteristics. Davis et al <sup>34</sup>, however, demonstrated that the ABPM device itself disturbed sleep, and caused changes to the BP it was supposed to measure. Other causes for BP variability over the 24-hour period included methodological problems with ABPM during the night due to a different hydrostatic variability between the device&#146;s cuff and the heart, level of activity during daytime and decreased accuracy of devices when measuring very high BP levels <sup>17,18,35</sup>. Davis et al <sup>34</sup> overestimated systolic BP at 10 mmHg (ABP, Oxford Medical) and at 6mmHg (TM 2420, A&amp;D), whereas diastolic BP was not affected. This disorder might lead to underestimation of pressure descent during sleep. Other devices (SpaceLabs and Sandoz Pressure System), however, did not present this problem in a study with concurrent assessment of intraarterial pressure <sup>36</sup>. </p>
      <p>Therefore, our study suggests that ABPM (Spacelabs-90207, Inc. Redmond, WA - USA) is a reliable tool to monitor BP variations and confirms its trustworthiness for use in hypertensive patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.</p>
      <p><bold>Supported by:</bold> Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient&#237;fico e Tecnol&#243;gico - CNPq.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
      </p>
      <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fn id="end-body2" fn-type="corresp">
          <label>
            <bold>Mailing Address:</bold>
          </label>
          <p> Jo&#227;o Soares Fel&#237;cio</p>
          <p> Rua Ferreira Cant&#227;o, 454 &#150; S/308</p>
          <p> 66015-280 &#150; Bel&#233;m, PA - Brazil</p>
          <p> E-mail: </p>
          <p>
            <email xlink:href="felicio.bel@terra.com.br">felicio.bel@terra.com.br</email>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p> Manuscript received January 7, 2006; Revised manuscript received May 28, 2006; Accepted June 22, 2006</p>
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  </sub-article>
</article>
