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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">7SDnmKrfPHnhJLrGycrSsQm</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00010</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2007000200010</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(07)08800210</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2007000200010</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Risco nutricional na popula&#231;&#227;o urbana de Ouro Preto, sudeste do Brasil: estudo de cora&#231;&#245;es de Ouro Preto</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Freitas</surname>
            <given-names>Silvia Nascimento de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Caiaffa</surname>
            <given-names>Waleska Teixeira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>C&#233;sar</surname>
            <given-names>Cibele Comini</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Faria</surname>
            <given-names>Val&#233;ria Andrade</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Nascimento</surname>
            <given-names>Raimundo Marques do</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Coelho</surname>
            <given-names>George Luiz Lins Machado</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff02">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="state">Minas Gerais</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff03">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Belo Horizonte</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">MG</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Instituto de Hipertens&#227;o Arterial</institution>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>02</month>
        <year>2007</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>88</volume>
      <issue>2</issue>
      <fpage>191</fpage>
      <lpage>199</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>01</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2006</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>29</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2006</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>23</day>
          <month>01</month>
          <year>2006</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>OBJETIVO: Estimar a preval&#234;ncia do risco nutricional combinado [&#237;ndice de massa corporal (IMC) e circunfer&#234;ncia da cintura (CC)] segundo as caracter&#237;sticas s&#243;cio-demogr&#225;ficas e sedentarismo, da popula&#231;&#227;o urbana residente em Ouro Preto (MG), Brasil. M&#201;TODOS: Estudo transversal foi realizado em uma amostra probabil&#237;stica de 768 indiv&#237;duos com 15 ou mais anos de idade. Risco nutricional (RN) foi definido de acordo com os crit&#233;rios de classifica&#231;&#227;o do IMC e CC do National Institutes of Health, classificando-se em RN isolado (RNI) as mulheres com CC &gt; 80 cm e homens CC &gt; 94 cm e combinado (RNC) (CC acima e/ou IMC &gt; 25 kg/m&#178;). Regress&#227;o log&#237;stica bin&#225;ria e teste de Hosmer &amp; Lemeshow foram utilizados para construir e ajustar os modelos. RESULTADOS: O RNI esteve presente nas diferentes categorias de IMC tanto para mulheres quanto para homens, sendo de 19,1% e 1,4% entre aqueles com peso normal; 91,7% e 56% com sobrepeso e 98,5% e 80% com obesidade, respectivamente. Idade e escolaridade associaram-se de forma independente ao RNC. Mulheres e homens acima de 60 anos apresentavam, respectivamente, Odds Ratio (OR) de RNC de 9,94 e 14,35, quando comparados aos mais jovens. Para mulheres com escolaridade &lt; 4 anos, a OR foi de 1,83 quando comparadas &#224;quelas com mais de 4 anos e, em homens de m&#233;dia escolaridade, de 2,55 em rela&#231;&#227;o aos de alta. CONCLUS&#195;O: Estes achados mostram o efeito independente da idade e escolaridade na probabilidade de ocorr&#234;ncia do RNC e a import&#226;ncia da an&#225;lise conjunta do IMC e CC para a sele&#231;&#227;o de grupos em risco nutricional.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>sobrepeso</kwd>
        <kwd>obesidade</kwd>
        <kwd>&#237;ndice de massa corporal</kwd>
        <kwd>circunfer&#234;ncia abdominal</kwd>
        <kwd>preval&#234;ncia</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>20</day>
        <month>03</month>
        <year>2007</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>ARTIGO ORIGINAL</bold>
    </p>
    <p> Risco nutricional na popula&#231;&#227;o urbana de Ouro Preto, sudeste do Brasil: estudo de cora&#231;&#245;es de Ouro Preto </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Silvia Nascimento de Freitas; Waleska Teixeira Caiaffa; Cibele Comini C&#233;sar; Val&#233;ria Andrade Faria; Raimundo Marques do Nascimento; George Luiz Lins Machado Coelho</bold>
    </p>
    <p> Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais e Instituto de Hipertens&#227;o Arterial - Belo Horizonte &#150; Ouro Preto, MG</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVO:</bold> Estimar a preval&#234;ncia do risco nutricional combinado [&#237;ndice de massa corporal (IMC) e circunfer&#234;ncia da cintura (CC)] segundo as caracter&#237;sticas s&#243;cio-demogr&#225;ficas e sedentarismo, da popula&#231;&#227;o urbana residente em Ouro Preto (MG), Brasil. </p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS:</bold> Estudo transversal foi realizado em uma amostra probabil&#237;stica de 768 indiv&#237;duos com 15 ou mais anos de idade. Risco nutricional (RN) foi definido de acordo com os crit&#233;rios de classifica&#231;&#227;o do IMC e CC do <italic>National Institutes of Health</italic>, classificando-se em RN isolado (RNI) as mulheres com CC <underline>&gt;</underline> 80 cm e homens CC <underline>&gt;</underline> 94 cm e combinado (RNC) (CC acima e/ou IMC <underline>&gt;</underline> 25 kg/m<sup>2</sup>). Regress&#227;o log&#237;stica bin&#225;ria e teste de Hosmer &amp; Lemeshow foram utilizados para construir e ajustar os modelos. </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS:</bold> O RNI esteve presente nas diferentes categorias de IMC tanto para mulheres quanto para homens, sendo de 19,1% e 1,4% entre aqueles com peso normal; 91,7% e 56% com sobrepeso e 98,5% e 80% com obesidade, respectivamente. Idade e escolaridade associaram-se de forma independente ao RNC. Mulheres e homens acima de 60 anos apresentavam, respectivamente, Odds Ratio (OR) de RNC de 9,94 e 14,35, quando comparados aos mais jovens. Para mulheres com escolaridade <underline>&lt;</underline> 4 anos, a OR foi de 1,83 quando comparadas &#224;quelas com mais de 4 anos e, em homens de m&#233;dia escolaridade, de 2,55 em rela&#231;&#227;o aos de alta. </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#195;O:</bold> Estes achados mostram o efeito independente da idade e escolaridade na probabilidade de ocorr&#234;ncia do RNC e a import&#226;ncia da an&#225;lise conjunta do IMC e CC para a sele&#231;&#227;o de grupos em risco nutricional.</p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave:</bold> sobrepeso, obesidade, &#237;ndice de massa corporal, circunfer&#234;ncia abdominal, preval&#234;ncia.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A obesidade &#233; uma doen&#231;a cr&#244;nica multifatorial caracterizada pelo excesso de tecido adiposo. Tem sido simultaneamente apontada como um fator de risco importante para a eleva&#231;&#227;o da mortalidade e para a ocorr&#234;ncia de doen&#231;as cr&#244;nicas n&#227;o-transmiss&#237;veis<sup>1,2</sup>. A relev&#226;ncia do emprego de indicadores antropom&#233;tricos para o seu diagn&#243;stico e avalia&#231;&#227;o do risco nutricional para co-morbidades tem sido demonstrada por diferentes estudos<sup>2-4</sup>. </p>
    <p>Em estudos epidemiol&#243;gicos, o indicador de obesidade comumente utilizado &#233; o &#237;ndice de massa corporal (IMC) por apresentar boa correla&#231;&#227;o com a gordura corporal total e ter alta aplicabilidade e baixo custo<sup>5</sup>. Entretanto, limita&#231;&#245;es desse &#237;ndice na defini&#231;&#227;o do sobrepeso/obesidade s&#227;o evidenciadas nas diferentes categorias de sexo, idade, ra&#231;a e atividade f&#237;sica e na avalia&#231;&#227;o do risco nutricional para co-morbidade<sup>3,6,7</sup>, n&#227;o conseguindo tampouco diferenciar e quantificar a distribui&#231;&#227;o de gordura<sup>5,8</sup>.</p>
    <p>Sabe-se que o risco de diabetes, hipertens&#227;o arterial e s&#237;ndrome metab&#243;lica est&#225; associado &#224; distribui&#231;&#227;o da gordura corporal e, mais especificamente, ao aumento da gordura central<sup>2,3,9,10</sup>. O m&#233;todo mais utilizado para avaliar a gordura central tem sido a medida da circunfer&#234;ncia da cintura (CC), devido a sua boa correla&#231;&#227;o com a gordura visceral<sup>3,11,12</sup>. Alguns autores t&#234;m demonstrado que, em indiv&#237;duos com peso normal, sobrepeso e obesidade grau I definidos pelo IMC, o risco nutricional para ocorr&#234;ncia de co-morbidades n&#227;o transmiss&#237;veis pode ser subestimado quando h&#225; eleva&#231;&#227;o da CC<sup>3,7,12</sup>. </p>
    <p> Recentemente, tem sido proposto, para a avalia&#231;&#227;o do risco nutricional de uma popula&#231;&#227;o, a utiliza&#231;&#227;o conjunta do IMC e CC<sup>3,7,9,13,14</sup>, considerando que esse procedimento aumenta a acur&#225;cia do diagn&#243;stico. Entretanto, deve-se ressaltar que o risco nutricional pode variar segundo caracter&#237;sticas sociais, econ&#244;micas, demogr&#225;ficas e comportamentais dos diferentes grupos populacionais<sup>15,16</sup>. Considerando o acima exposto, este trabalho teve como objetivo estimar a preval&#234;ncia do risco nutricional combinado [&#237;ndice de massa corporal (IMC) e circunfer&#234;ncia da cintura (CC)] segundo as caracter&#237;sticas s&#243;cio-demogr&#225;ficas e sedentarismo da popula&#231;&#227;o urbana residente em Ouro Preto (MG), Regi&#227;o Sudeste do Brasil.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#233;todos</bold>
    </p>
    <p><italic>Popula&#231;&#227;o do estudo</italic> - O estudo foi realizado no ano de 2001, na popula&#231;&#227;o com idade de 15 anos ou mais, residente nos domic&#237;lios particulares da cidade de Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, que compreende 25.222 indiv&#237;duos. </p>
    <p><italic>Desenho do estudo e amostra</italic> - Estudo epidemiol&#243;gico do tipo seccional foi delineado para estimar a preval&#234;ncia dos fatores de risco para as doen&#231;as cardiovasculares nesta popula&#231;&#227;o. A amostra de 929 domic&#237;lios foi calculada utilizando a preval&#234;ncia estimada da hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica de 25%<sup>17</sup>; precis&#227;o desejada de 3%, n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia de 95% e perda estimada de 20%. Os domic&#237;lios foram selecionados a partir da listagem de endere&#231;os distribu&#237;dos em 33 setores censit&#225;rios e da densidade de domic&#237;lios por setor de acordo com o Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estat&#237;stica (IBGE)<sup>18</sup>. Em cada domic&#237;lio amostrado foi selecionado um indiv&#237;duo, com 15 anos ou mais, cuja data de anivers&#225;rio era a mais pr&#243;xima &#224; data da entrevista. No caso de recusa do indiv&#237;duo selecionado, o domic&#237;lio era descartado e substitu&#237;do pela pr&#243;xima casa &#224; direita. Im&#243;veis coletivos ou comerciais ou cujos residentes recusavam-se a participar da pesquisa eram substitu&#237;dos pela pr&#243;xima casa &#224; direita. </p>
    <p><italic>Coleta de dados</italic> - Os indiv&#237;duos entrevistados foram agendados para a realiza&#231;&#227;o do exame cl&#237;nico e antropom&#233;trico no hor&#225;rio de 7 &#224;s 10 horas da manh&#227;, ap&#243;s um jejum de 12 horas. Para aferir o peso utilizou-se a balan&#231;a TANITA BF 542<sup>&#174; </sup>ajustada a cada medi&#231;&#227;o, com capacidade de 136 kg, varia&#231;&#227;o de 0,2 kg com os indiv&#237;duos vestindo um m&#237;nimo de roupas, sem j&#243;ias e/ou bijuterias, com a bexiga vazia e em jejum.</p>
    <p>Para a medida da altura utilizou-se o m&#233;todo preconizado por Frisancho<sup>19</sup> por meio de um antrop&#244;metro de campo. O crit&#233;rio adotado para a classifica&#231;&#227;o do &#237;ndice de massa corporal (IMC) de adultos e de idosos foi o da Organiza&#231;&#227;o Mundial de Sa&#250;de adaptado pelo <italic>National Institutes of Health</italic> (NIH)<sup>20</sup>, onde indiv&#237;duos com IMC &lt; 18,5 kg/m<sup>2</sup> s&#227;o de baixo peso, de 18,5 a 24,9 kg/m<sup>2</sup> s&#227;o normais, <underline>&gt;</underline> 25 a 29,9 kg/m<sup>2</sup> est&#227;o com sobrepeso e <underline>&gt;</underline> 30 kg/m<sup>2</sup> s&#227;o obesos; para os adolescentes, foi adotado o padr&#227;o internacional de Cole e cols.<sup>21</sup>, que classifica o IMC &lt; percentil 5 como baixo peso, entre o percentil <underline>&gt;</underline> 85 a &lt; 95, sobrepeso e no percentil <underline>&gt;</underline> 95, como obeso. </p>
    <p>A circunfer&#234;ncia da cintura (CC) foi aferida no ponto m&#233;dio entre o &#250;ltimo arco costal e a crista il&#237;aca ou cintura natural com o indiv&#237;duo na posi&#231;&#227;o supina. Mulheres com valores <underline>&gt;</underline> 80 e &lt; 88 cm e homens com <underline>&gt;</underline> 94 e &lt; 102 cm foram considerados com excesso de gordura central (sobrepeso central), portanto, com risco nutricional isolado (RNI) moderado para morbidades n&#227;o transmiss&#237;veis. Aqueles com CC <underline>&gt;</underline> 88 cm para mulheres e <underline>&gt;</underline> 102 cm para homens foram considerados com obesidade central, ou com RNI elevado de acordo com os crit&#233;rios propostos por Lean e cols.<sup>22</sup>. A denomina&#231;&#227;o RNI foi adotada para verifica&#231;&#227;o da presen&#231;a do risco nas diferentes categorias de IMC.</p>
    <p>Para a defini&#231;&#227;o do risco nutricional combinado (RNC) adotaram-se os crit&#233;rios de classifica&#231;&#227;o da CC e IMC. Foram classificados sem risco os que apresentaram CC normal (CC &lt; 80 cm para mulheres e &lt; 94 cm para homens) e IMC baixo peso ou normal (IMC &lt; 25 kg/m<sup>2 </sup>ou menor que o percentil 85 [adolescentes]). Com risco, aqueles com RNI (CC <underline>&gt;</underline> 80 cm para mulheres e CC <underline>&gt;</underline> 94 cm para homens) independente da categoria do IMC, e tamb&#233;m aqueles com sobrepeso ou obesidade pelo IMC para a defini&#231;&#227;o do modelo explicativo final na log&#237;stica multivariada. </p>
    <p>As informa&#231;&#245;es s&#243;cio-demogr&#225;ficas e de sedentarismo foram obtidas atrav&#233;s de entrevistas face a face utilizando question&#225;rio estruturado e pr&#233;-codificado. A escolaridade foi agrupada em baixa (analfabeto ao 1&#186; grau incompleto), m&#233;dia (1&#186; grau completo a 2&#186; grau incompleto) e alta (<underline>&gt;</underline> 2&#186; grau completo). A classe econ&#244;mica foi definida pelos crit&#233;rios propostos pela Associa&#231;&#227;o Nacional de Pesquisa<sup>23</sup>, de acordo com a contagem dos bens de consumo, empregados dom&#233;sticos, n&#250;mero de banheiros no domic&#237;lio e n&#237;vel de instru&#231;&#227;o do chefe da fam&#237;lia. Para a an&#225;lise, as classes foram agrupadas em A e B (alta e m&#233;dia), C (m&#233;dia baixa), D e E (baixa e muito baixa). A atividade ocupacional foi categorizada em: leve (atividades executadas sentadas ou facilmente, exemplo: secret&#225;ria), moderada (trabalhos que implicavam caminhar e sentar, exemplo: almoxarife) ou pesada (trabalho manual pesado, tais como: oper&#225;rio da constru&#231;&#227;o civil). O sedentarismo foi definido neste estudo a partir do agrupamento da atividade ocupacional e tempo de atividade f&#237;sica exercida na hora de lazer<sup>24,25</sup>. Aqueles que exerciam atividade ocupacional leve ou moderada, tais como estudante, escritur&#225;rio, professor, entre outras, e praticavam atividade f&#237;sica de lazer com tempo semanal inferior a 150 minutos foram classificados como sedent&#225;rios. </p>
    <p><italic>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</italic> - A an&#225;lise foi ponderada<sup>26</sup> por sexo e idade, sendo os pesos determinados pela raz&#227;o entre as propor&#231;&#245;es de indiv&#237;duos no IBGE e na amostra (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01">tabela 1</xref>). O teste qui-quadrado (c<sup>2</sup>) de Pearson foi utilizado para comparar as propor&#231;&#245;es de indiv&#237;duos na amostra e a estimada pelo IBGE e para comparar aqueles com RNC de acordo com as vari&#225;veis s&#243;cio-demogr&#225;ficas e sedentarismo. A an&#225;lise de vari&#226;ncia foi utilizada para a compara&#231;&#227;o das m&#233;dias das medidas antropom&#233;tricas e o teste de diferen&#231;a m&#237;nima significativa de Student para comparar os grupos de pares. Regress&#227;o log&#237;stica bin&#225;ria e o teste de Hosmer &amp; Lemeshow foram utilizados para construir e verificar o ajuste dos modelos de fatores associados de forma independente ao risco nutricional combinado (CC e IMC). O valor p <underline>&lt;</underline> 0,20 e a plausibilidade epidemiol&#243;gica e biol&#243;gica foram os crit&#233;rios utilizados para a inclus&#227;o das vari&#225;veis no modelo multivariado. Assumiu-se como n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica o valor p <underline>&lt;</underline> 0,05 para a defini&#231;&#227;o do modelo final. </p>
    <table-wrap id="tab01">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-02-0191-00010-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>O projeto foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica em Pesquisa da Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, sob o n&#250;mero 2001/26.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Resultados</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Comparando-se as caracter&#237;sticas da amostra do estudo com informa&#231;&#245;es da popula&#231;&#227;o estimadas pelo IBGE na cidade, foi observada uma significativa maior propor&#231;&#227;o de mulheres (70%) e adultos (71,9%). Foi ent&#227;o realizada a pondera&#231;&#227;o da amostra por sexo e idade, composta de 768 indiv&#237;duos, sendo 50,8% de mulheres e 49,2% de homens; 16,5% dos participantes eram da faixa et&#225;ria de 15 a 19 anos, 45,3% de 20 a 39 anos, 27,2% de 40 a 59 anos e 10,9% com 60 anos ou mais. Recusas em participar da segunda fase do estudo, quando eram realizados os exames cl&#237;nicos e antropom&#233;tricos, ap&#243;s tr&#234;s convites sistem&#225;ticos, totalizaram 17,2%. </p>
    <p>Na <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab02">tabela 2</xref>, estratificada por sexo, encontram-se as m&#233;dias e os desvios-padr&#227;o dos indicadores antropom&#233;tricos pelas caracter&#237;sticas s&#243;cio-demogr&#225;ficas e de sedentarismo. Resumidamente, entre mulheres, as m&#233;dias de IMC e CC variaram significativamente com a idade e a escolaridade, sendo mais elevadas naquelas com idade de 60 anos ou mais e naquelas com baixa escolaridade. N&#227;o foram encontradas diferen&#231;as significativas com rela&#231;&#227;o a classe econ&#244;mica e sedentarismo. Entre homens, o IMC m&#233;dio variou com a idade; entretanto, a CC m&#233;dia aumentou significativamente com o passar dos anos e com a melhoria da classe econ&#244;mica. </p>
    <table-wrap id="tab02">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-02-0191-00010-gt02.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>Na <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab03">tabela 3</xref> est&#225; descrito o perfil nutricional, a partir das classifica&#231;&#245;es do IMC e CC, de acordo com caracter&#237;sticas s&#243;cio-demogr&#225;ficas e de sedentarismo. Observa-se varia&#231;&#227;o significativa do perfil nutricional de acordo com sexo, idade, escolaridade e sedentarismo. </p>
    <table-wrap id="tab03">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-02-0191-00010-gt03.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>Utilizando-se o IMC, a preval&#234;ncia geral de baixo peso encontrada foi de 6,4% (n = 49), sobrepeso de 30% (n = 230) e obesidade de 11,9% (n = 92). O sobrepeso e obesidade foram mais freq&#252;entes nas mulheres, respectivamente de 31% e 17,2%; nos participantes com idade <underline>&gt;</underline> 60 anos (43,5% e 18,8%) e naqueles com baixa escolaridade (35,8% e 15,2%). </p>
    <p>Quanto &#224; preval&#234;ncia geral do sobrepeso central, 19,1% (n = 146) dos participantes preenchiam esse crit&#233;rio, assim como 19,4% (n = 149) no tocante &#224; obesidade central; em mulheres, o sobrepeso central esteve presente em 21,9% e a obesidade central em 32,4% e, em homens, ocorreu em 16,4% e 6,1%, respectivamente. Esses dois indicadores tamb&#233;m foram maiores naqueles com idades <underline>&gt;</underline> 60 anos (29,8% e 40,5%) e nos classificados como sedent&#225;rios (20,3% e 21,5%). Quanto &#224; escolaridade, indiv&#237;duos com baixa escolaridade apresentaram preval&#234;ncias de aproximadamente 50% de sobrepeso central/obesidade central, sendo que este esteve presente em 40% dos indiv&#237;duos da classe alta. Em se tratando da freq&#252;&#234;ncia do risco nutricional isolado associado a diferentes categorias de IMC e CC (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab04">tab. 4</xref>), foram encontrados indiv&#237;duos com risco nutricional pela CC em todas as classifica&#231;&#245;es do IMC. Isto &#233;, mesmo classificados com IMC normal, participantes apresentavam m&#233;dias de CC acima dos valores de normalidade, sendo 19,1% das mulheres e 1,4% dos homens. J&#225; para o IMC sobrepeso, o percentual de risco elevado (obesidade central) foi de 47,9% para mulheres e de 8,3% para homens. Quando classificados como obesos, pelo IMC, observou-se que a grande maioria das mulheres neste grupo (97%) tinha obesidade central pela CC, enquanto que entre os homens este percentual foi de 52%. Na categoria baixo peso, pelo IMC, encontrou-se somente uma mulher com risco nutricional elevado, ou seja, com obesidade, e nenhum homem na categoria de RNI.</p>
    <table-wrap id="tab04">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-02-0191-00010-gt04.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>Na <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab05">tabela 5</xref> encontram-se as preval&#234;ncias dos riscos nutricionais combinados (IMC e CC). Mulheres e homens apresentavam aumento significativo desses indicadores de risco com o envelhecimento e redu&#231;&#227;o com o aumento da escolaridade. Naqueles com 60 anos ou mais, a preval&#234;ncia do RNC chegava a 84,8% para mulheres e 63,2% para homens, e de 70,6% e 43,4% para mulheres e homens de baixa escolaridade, respectivamente. Ressalta-se que entre as mulheres foi encontrada diferen&#231;a significativa (p &lt; 0,01) em todas as categorias de escolaridade, enquanto que entre homens com m&#233;dia e alta escolaridade os RNC eram semelhantes (p = 0,53).</p>
    <table-wrap id="tab05">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-02-0191-00010-gt05.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>A aus&#234;ncia de atividade f&#237;sica n&#227;o se associou significativamente com o RNC em ambos os sexos, assim como as categorias de classe econ&#244;mica entre mulheres (p &gt; 0,20).</p>
    <p>Resultados das an&#225;lises bi e multivariada encontram-se na <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab06">tabela 6</xref>. O risco nutricional combinado se associou significativamente com a idade e escolaridade em ambos os sexos, e com a classe econ&#244;mica nos homens. O RNC elevou-se com o avan&#231;ar da idade em ambos os sexos, com magnitudes mais acentuadas entre os homens, quando comparados &#224;s mulheres. Quanto &#224; escolaridade, comportamento diferenciado foi encontrado entre sexos. Ressalve-se que no momento da constru&#231;&#227;o dos modelos multivariados optou-se por duas categorias classificat&#243;rias da escolaridade para mulheres. Mulheres de baixa escolaridade (<underline>&lt;</underline> 4 anos) apresentaram maior RNC quando comparadas &#224;s de melhor escolaridade, enquanto entre homens, o RNC se mostrou significativo entre aqueles com m&#233;dia escolaridade quando comparados aos de alta escolaridade.</p>
    <table-wrap id="tab06">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-02-0191-00010-gt06.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>Tend&#234;ncia de prote&#231;&#227;o para o RNC foi observada entre os homens das classes econ&#244;micas D e E (OR: 0,46; p = 0,058) quando comparados aos das classes A e B, o que justificou a perman&#234;ncia da classe econ&#244;mica no modelo final. Os ajustes dos modelos pelo teste de Hosmer &amp; Lemeshow foram de p = 0,90 para as mulheres e de p = 0,47 para os homens. </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Neste estudo, independentemente do indicador utilizado, foi observada uma alta preval&#234;ncia de obesidade e sobrepeso na popula&#231;&#227;o acima de 15 anos em Ouro Preto. Entre mulheres o sobrepeso/obesidade foi de 48,2% e entre homens, de 35,5%, quando se utilizava o IMC. Situava-se nos patamares de 54,2% e 22,4%, respectivamente, quando o crit&#233;rio classificat&#243;rio era a circunfer&#234;ncia da cintura. Esses dados sugerem que indiv&#237;duos com IMC normal ou com sobrepeso, notadamente mulheres, podem apresentar obesidade central, indicando que caracter&#237;sticas da distribui&#231;&#227;o da gordura corporal devem ser consideradas na avalia&#231;&#227;o do risco nutricional. </p>
    <p>Alguns estudos t&#234;m demonstrado que o IMC pode subestimar ou superestimar o sobrepeso e a obesidade<sup>5,8</sup>, pois, apesar de estar correlacionado com excesso de gordura corporal, refletiria somente a propor&#231;&#227;o corporal, n&#227;o estimando a adiposidade e distribui&#231;&#227;o de gordura corporal<sup>5</sup>. Por outro lado, a CC tem sido recentemente utilizada como indicador de risco &#224; sa&#250;de<sup>4,9,14,22,27</sup>. </p>
    <p>Apesar da n&#227;o exist&#234;ncia, no Brasil, de dados nacionais sobre preval&#234;ncia do sobrepeso central e de obesidade central, a sua relev&#226;ncia epidemiol&#243;gica tem sido cada vez mais demonstrada na an&#225;lise do risco nutricional para as doen&#231;as n&#227;o transmiss&#237;veis em decorr&#234;ncia de sua boa correla&#231;&#227;o com os dep&#243;sitos de gordura visceral<sup>10,11,28</sup>. Ambos os indicadores t&#234;m sido apontados como adequados preditores de complica&#231;&#245;es metab&#243;licas, com base no conhecimento do metabolismo dos dep&#243;sitos viscerais de triglic&#233;rides<sup>29</sup>. Estes possuem <italic>turnover</italic> mais acelerado do que os de outras regi&#245;es, aumentando assim a oferta de &#225;cidos graxos livres no sistema-porta, estimulando a gliconeog&#234;nese, inibindo a depura&#231;&#227;o hep&#225;tica da insulina e contribuindo para elevar a glicemia, a insulinemia e a resist&#234;ncia insul&#237;nica<sup>4,29,30</sup>, com conseq&#252;ente aumento do risco de hipertens&#227;o arterial, doen&#231;as cardiovasculares e c&#226;ncer<sup>9,31</sup>. </p>
    <p>Neste estudo, de acordo com a classifica&#231;&#227;o do RNI (CC <underline>&gt;</underline> 80 cm em mulheres e <underline>&gt;</underline> 94 cm em homens) e IMC, encontramos tr&#234;s categorias distintas de indiv&#237;duos. As duas primeiras constitu&#237;das de indiv&#237;duos com sobrepeso central (RNI moderado) ou obesidade central (RNI elevado), mas com IMC normal/sobrepeso ou com obesidade e a &#250;ltima categoria, com CC normal (RNI baixo), mas com sobrepeso ou obesidade pelo IMC. Poss&#237;veis explica&#231;&#245;es para essas discord&#226;ncias poderiam ser atribu&#237;das &#224; distribui&#231;&#227;o desigual da gordura corporal ou da massa muscular que, por sua vez, poderia estar aumentada pelo tipo de atividade f&#237;sica exercida por alguns indiv&#237;duos classificados com sobrepeso ou mesmo obesos pelo IMC<sup>5,8</sup>. Entretanto, na segunda hip&#243;tese, n&#227;o h&#225; relato de risco &#224; sa&#250;de<sup>8,32</sup>. Contudo, &#233; prov&#225;vel que esta n&#227;o seja aplic&#225;vel para Ouro Preto, principalmente levando em considera&#231;&#227;o a alta preval&#234;ncia de sedentarismo nesta popula&#231;&#227;o, tanto em indiv&#237;duos com peso normal quanto naqueles com sobrepeso ou obesidade<sup>33</sup>. Resta-nos, portanto, a primeira hip&#243;tese, em que os resultados sugerem, uma vez mais, que o IMC isoladamente poderia estar sub ou superestimando a preval&#234;ncia e dificultando a triagem da popula&#231;&#227;o em risco nutricional, se n&#227;o for levada em considera&#231;&#227;o a CC<sup>3,7</sup>. </p>
    <p>Na popula&#231;&#227;o estudada, mulheres com 40 anos ou mais e com baixa escolaridade apresentaram uma preval&#234;ncia mais elevada do RNC quando comparadas &#224;s dos outros estratos, dados esses semelhantes aos mostrados por outros estudos nacionais<sup>10,15,16</sup>. Entre os homens, al&#233;m do observado entre mulheres, tamb&#233;m se associou &#224; an&#225;lise a inser&#231;&#227;o econ&#244;mica baixa e muito baixa, cuja preval&#234;ncia do RNC foi menor do que nas outras classes. Estes resultados tamb&#233;m s&#227;o concordantes com a literatura quanto &#224; classifica&#231;&#227;o econ&#244;mica, onde se observa que os homens das classes econ&#244;micas mais elevadas apresentam maior preval&#234;ncia do risco nutricional<sup>15,34</sup>.</p>
    <p>A an&#225;lise ajustada confirmou o papel independente da idade e escolaridade no agravamento do risco nutricional para mulheres e homens, achados estes semelhantes aos observados por outros autores<sup>35,36</sup>. Mostrou tamb&#233;m que, homens adultos jovens (20 a 39 anos) apresentaram OR elevada de RNC, dado este que pode sugerir um risco precoce para hipertens&#227;o, diabetes mellitus e doen&#231;as cardiovasculares para os homens e, possivelmente, explicar as taxas mais elevadas de mortalidade por doen&#231;as do aparelho circulat&#243;rio do munic&#237;pio de Ouro Preto entre esses indiv&#237;duos em todas as faixas et&#225;rias e em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224;s mulheres com menos de 50 anos<sup>37</sup>. </p>
    <p>Em se tratando da escolaridade, a associa&#231;&#227;o ocorreu de forma diferenciada para mulheres e homens. Mulheres com menor escolaridade apresentaram maior OR de RNC, enquanto que entre os homens o RNC foi maior entre os de m&#233;dia escolaridade. Uma possibilidade a ser investigada seria de que o gradiente dessa associa&#231;&#227;o poderia estar sendo influenciado pelo tipo de atividade ocupacional exercida pelos homens<sup>5,8,38,39</sup>. Ou seja, os homens de classe econ&#244;mica baixa ou muito baixa poderiam apresentar atividades ocupacionais pesadas exigindo intensa atividade f&#237;sica, o que poderia estar contribuindo para a tend&#234;ncia de prote&#231;&#227;o encontrada neste estudo. Entretanto, os indicadores aqui utilizados n&#227;o permitiram a aferi&#231;&#227;o precisa da atividade f&#237;sica exercida, pois se considerou somente a atividade ocupacional e de lazer relatada e n&#227;o a capacidade funcional dos indiv&#237;duos entrevistados; e tampouco permitiu medir a dire&#231;&#227;o da associa&#231;&#227;o. </p>
    <p>Cabe ainda ressaltar que a utiliza&#231;&#227;o dos padr&#245;es de refer&#234;ncia de adultos para a classifica&#231;&#227;o da CC dos adolescentes pode ter levado a uma subestima&#231;&#227;o sistem&#225;tica da popula&#231;&#227;o em RNC, pois, conforme demonstrado na literatura, a propor&#231;&#227;o de gordura corporal &#233; dependente da idade e adolescentes tendem a apresentar uma menor propor&#231;&#227;o de gordura intra-abdominal quando comparados aos adultos<sup>29</sup>. Contudo, estudos que estabele&#231;am a rela&#231;&#227;o entre risco nutricional para doen&#231;as n&#227;o transmiss&#237;veis s&#227;o escassos neste grupo e, na aus&#234;ncia de crit&#233;rios espec&#237;ficos, os valores determinados para os adultos t&#234;m sido empregados para a popula&#231;&#227;o jovem<sup>11</sup>. </p>
    <p> Apesar das limita&#231;&#245;es inerentes aos estudos de delineamento transversal para o estabelecimento de infer&#234;ncias causais, conclu&#237;mos que a idade e escolaridade foram fatores independentes associados ao risco nutricional em ambos os sexos. Tamb&#233;m o IMC sozinho n&#227;o parece ter sido capaz de captar as diferentes categorias de risco nutricional, uma vez que neste estudo 17% das mulheres classificadas com peso normal pelo IMC apresentaram risco nutricional aumentado avaliado pela CC. </p>
    <p>Portanto, estes achados, assim como os de outros autores, agregam evid&#234;ncias para a poss&#237;vel subestima&#231;&#227;o do risco nutricional quando apenas um indicador &#233; utilizado em uma avalia&#231;&#227;o nutricional<sup>3,7,40</sup>, como tem ocorrido em rela&#231;&#227;o ao IMC. A proposta feita por Zhu e cols.<sup>13</sup> sobre a utiliza&#231;&#227;o combinada de IMC e CC no processo de identifica&#231;&#227;o de fatores de risco cardiovasculares, com pontos de risco combinados espec&#237;ficos para mulheres e homens brancos, ajustada para co-vari&#225;veis tais como atividade f&#237;sica, fumo, consumo de &#225;lcool e n&#237;vel educacional, encontra respaldo em nossos dados.</p>
    <p>Al&#233;m disso, os resultados aqui encontrados possibilitam a reflex&#227;o sobre a relev&#226;ncia do uso combinado de IMC e CC nos servi&#231;os de sa&#250;de para o aumento da acur&#225;cia no diagn&#243;stico do risco nutricional, al&#233;m da import&#226;ncia de se considerarem idade e escolaridade. </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Agradecimentos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Ao CNPq, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Prefeitura Municipal de Ouro Preto, Unimed dos Inconfidentes, Alcan Alum&#237;nio do Brasil.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesses</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflitos de interesses pertinentes.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="end" fn-type="corresp">
        <label>
          <bold>Correspond&#234;ncia:</bold>
        </label>
        <p> George Luiz Lins Machado Coelho </p>
        <p> R. Domingos Barroso, 170 </p>
        <p> 35400-000 &#150; Ouro Preto, MG </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="gmcoelho@ef.ufop.br">gmcoelho@ef.ufop.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p> Artigo recebido em 23/01/06; revisado recebido em 29/03/06; aceito em 1/06/06.</p>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Nutricional risk in the urban population of Ouro Preto, southeastern region of Brazil: the Ouro Preto heart study</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>OBJECTIVE: To estimate the prevalence of combined nutritional risk according to sociodemographic and sedentarism characteristics of the urban population of Ouro Preto, state of Minas Gerais, Brazil. METHODS: This cross-sectional study was conducted with a probability sampling of 768 subjects aged 15 years or older. Nutritional risk (NR) was defined according to the BMI and WC classification criteria adopted by the National Institutes of Health. Isolated NR (INR) was defined as women with WC &gt; 80 cm and men with WC &gt; 94 cm, and the combined nutritional risk (CNR) as the same WC values mentioned above and/or BMI &gt; 25 kg/m&#178;. Binary logistic regression and the Hosmer &amp; Lemeshow test were used to construct and adjust these models. RESULTS: INR was observed in several BMI categories for both women and men, with the following results: 19.1% and 1.4% among those with normal weight, 91.7% and 56% in overweight patients, and 98.5% and 80% in obese patients, respectively. Age and level of education were independently associated with the CNR. Odds ratios (OR) for CNR in women and men over 60 years of age were 9.94 and 14.35, respectively, when compared to younger patients. For women with &lt; 4 years of schooling, the OR was 1.83 compared to patients with more than 4 years of school attendance, while among men with an average number of years of school attendance, the OR was 2.55 relative to those with more years of schooling. CONCLUSION: These findings show that age and education have an independent effect on the probability of CNR occurrence, and also that a joint analysis of BMI and WC is important in screening groups for nutritional risk.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Overweight</kwd>
        <kwd>obesity</kwd>
        <kwd>body mass index</kwd>
        <kwd>abdominal circumference</kwd>
        <kwd>prevalence</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>ORIGINAL ARTICLE</bold>
      </p>
      <p> Nutritional risk in the urban population of Ouro Preto, southeastern region of Brazil: the Ouro Preto heart study </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Silvia Nascimento de Freitas; Waleska Teixeira Caiaffa; Cibele Comini C&#233;sar; Val&#233;ria Andrade Faria; Raimundo Marques do Nascimento; George Luiz Lins Machado Coelho</bold>
      </p>
      <p> Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais e Instituto de Hipertens&#227;o Arterial - Belo Horizonte &#150; Ouro Preto, MG - Brazil</p>
      <p>
        <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end-body2">Mailing Address</xref>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>SUMMARY</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVE:</bold> To estimate the prevalence of combined nutritional risk [body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference (WC)] according to sociodemographic and sedentarism characteristics of the urban population of Ouro Preto, state of Minas Gerais, Brazil. </p>
      <p><bold>METHODS:</bold> This cross-sectional study was conducted with a probability sampling of 768 subjects aged 15 years or older. Nutritional risk (NR) was defined according to the BMI and WC classification criteria adopted by the National Institutes of Health. Isolated NR (INR) was defined as women with WC <underline>&gt;</underline> 80 cm and men with WC <underline>&gt;</underline> 94 cm, and the combined nutritional risk (CNR) as the same WC values mentioned above and/or BMI <underline>&gt;</underline> 25 kg/m<sup>2</sup>. Binary logistic regression and the Hosmer &amp; Lemeshow test were used to construct and adjust these models. </p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS:</bold> INR was observed in several BMI categories for both women and men, with the following results: 19.1% and 1.4% among those with normal weight, 91.7% and 56% in overweight patients, and 98.5% and 80% in obese patients, respectively. Age and level of education were independently associated with the CNR. Odds ratios (OR) for CNR in women and men over 60 years of age were 9.94 and 14.35, respectively, when compared to younger patients. For women with <underline>&lt;</underline> 4 years of schooling, the OR was 1.83 compared to patients with more than 4 years of school attendance, while among men with an average number of years of school attendance, the OR was 2.55 relative to those with more years of schooling.</p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSION:</bold> These findings show that age and education have an independent effect on the probability of CNR occurrence, and also that a joint analysis of BMI and WC is important in screening groups for nutritional risk. </p>
      <p><bold>Key words:</bold> Overweight; obesity; body mass index; abdominal circumference; prevalence.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Introduction</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Obesity is a chronic multifactor disease characterized by excess adipose body tissue. It has been simultaneously cited as an important risk factor for increased mortality and the onset of non-transmissible chronic diseases<sup>1,2</sup>. Several studies have documented the relevance of anthropometric indicators for diagnosing obesity and assessing the nutritional risk for comorbidities<sup>2-4</sup>.</p>
      <p>In epidemiological studies, body mass index (BMI) is the indicator most commonly used due to its good correlation with total body fat, easy applicability, and low-cost<sup>5</sup>. However, this index has clear limitations when it comes to defining overweight/obesity according to the different categories of gender, age, race, and physical activity, and evaluating the nutritional risk for comorbidity<sup>3,6,7</sup>, as well as differentiating and quantifying body fat distribution<sup>5,8</sup>.</p>
      <p>Diabetes, arterial hypertension, and metabolic syndrome are risks known to be associated with the distribution of body fat and, more specifically, the increase of central fat <sup>2,3,9,10</sup>. The most commonly used method to evaluate central obesity has been the waist circumference (WC) measurement due to its good correlation with visceral fat<sup>3,11,12</sup>. Some authors have shown that in normal-weight, overweight, and grade-I obesity individuals, as defined by their BMI, the nutritional risk for the occurrence of non-transmissible comorbidities may be underestimated when there is an increased WC<sup>3,7,12</sup>. </p>
      <p>Recently, the combined use of BMI and WC has been proposed for assessing the nutritional risk in a given population<sup>3,7,9,13,14</sup>, considering that this procedure increases the accuracy of the diagnosis. However, it should be noted that the nutritional risk might vary according to social, economic, demographic, and behavioral characteristics of different population groups<sup>15,16</sup>. All this considered, this study had the goal of estimating the prevalence of the combined nutritional risk [body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference (WC)] of the urban population of Ouro Preto, state of Minas Gerais, southeastern Brazil, according to their sociodemographic and sedentarism characteristics.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Methods</bold>
      </p>
      <p><italic>Study population</italic> - This study was conducted in 2001, with a population aged 15 years or older living in private homes of the city of Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, totaling 25,222 individuals. </p>
      <p><italic>Study design and sample</italic> - This is an epidemiological sectional-type study designed to estimate the prevalence of risk factors for cardiovascular diseases in this population. The sample consisted of 929 households and was calculated using an estimated prevalence of systemic arterial hypertension of 25%<sup>17</sup>, a desirable accuracy of 3%, a significance level of 95%, and an estimated loss of 20%. Households were selected from the list of addresses distributed over 33 census districts, and according to household density by district as defined by the Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estat&#237;stica (IBGE) (Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics)<sup>18</sup>. From each sample household, one individual aged 15 years or older whose date of birth was closest to the interview date was selected. If the chosen individual did not wish to take part of the study, that household was eliminated and replaced by the next house to its right. Collective or commercial buildings, or those whose residents did not wish to participate, were substituted by the next house to their right. </p>
      <p><italic>Data collection</italic> - Individuals interviewed were scheduled to undergo clinical and anthropometric examinations from 7:00 am to 10:00 am after a 12-hour fast. Participants were weighed on a TANITA BF 542<sup>TM</sup> scale (maximum weight 136 kg with a 0.2 kg variation), calibrated for each measurement, with subjects wearing light clothing, no jewelry and/or costume jewelry, having an empty bladder and after having fasted for 12 hours. </p>
      <p>Participants&#146; height was measured according to Frisancho&#146;s<sup>19</sup> method using a field anthropometer. The criterion for the classification of body mass index (BMI) of adults and elderly people was that established by the World Health Organization and adapted by the National Institutes of Health (NIH)<sup>20</sup>. According to this criterion, individuals with BMI &lt; 18.5 kg/m<sup>2</sup> are underweight, those from 18.5 to 24.9 are normal-weight, <underline>&gt;</underline> 25 to 29.9 kg/m<sup>2</sup> are overweight, and people <underline>&gt;</underline> 30 kg/m<sup>2</sup> are obese. For adolescents, the international Cole et al.<sup>21</sup> standard was used, which classifies teenagers with BMI &lt; 5<sup>th</sup> percentile as underweight, between <underline>&gt;</underline> 85<sup>th</sup> to &lt; 95<sup>th</sup> percentile as overweight, and in the <underline>&gt;</underline> 95<sup>th</sup> percentile as obese. </p>
      <p>Waist circumference (WC) was measured at the midway point between the coastal margin and iliac crest, or natural waist, with the patient in the supine position. Women with values <underline>&gt;</underline> 80 to &lt; 88 cm and men with <underline>&gt;</underline> 94 to &lt; 102 cm were classified as having excess central fat (central overweight), therefore bearing a moderate isolated nutritional risk (INR) for non-transmissible morbidities. Women with WC values <underline>&gt;</underline> 88 and men with <underline>&gt;</underline> 102 cm were classified as having central obesity, or a high INR according to the criteria proposed by Lean et al <sup>22</sup>. The term INR was adopted in order to check for the presence of risk in the different BMI categories.</p>
      <p>WC and BMI classification criteria were used to define the combined nutritional risk (CNR). Subjects were classified as being &#145;no-risk&#146; when they had normal WC measurements (WC &lt; 80 for women and &lt; 94 cm for men) and underweight or normal BMI (BMI &lt; 25 kg/m<sup>2</sup> or below the 85<sup>th</sup> percentile [adolescents]). Subjects at risk were those with INR (WC <underline>&gt;</underline> 80 cm for women and WC <underline>&gt;</underline> 94 cm for men) regardless of the BMI category, and also those considered overweight or obese as per their BMI, for the definition of the final explanatory model using multivariate logistics. </p>
      <p>Sociodemographic and sedentarism data were obtained by direct personal interviews using a structured and pre-coded questionnaire. Educational level was classified as low (from illiterate to incomplete primary education), middle (complete primary education to incomplete secondary education), and high (complete secondary education to higher education). The socioeconomic class was defined by criteria proposed by the Associa&#231;&#227;o Nacional de Pesquisa<sup>23</sup> according to the number of consumer goods, domestic aid, number of bathrooms in the house, and level of education of the head of the family. Socioeconomic classes were grouped as A and B (high and middle), C (middle-low), D and E (low and very low). Occupational activity was categorized as light (activities easily performed or that can be performed seated, e.g., secretarial work), moderate (work that required walking and sitting, e.g., stock keeping work), or heavy (heavy work, such as civil construction work). In this study, sedentarism was defined as the combination of occupational activity and duration of physical activity during leisure time<sup>24,25</sup>. Those who had a light or moderate occupational activity, such as students, office clerks, teachers, among others, and less than 150 minutes of physical activity per week during their leisure time, were classified as sedentary. </p>
      <p>Statistical analysis - The analysis was weighted<sup>26</sup> by gender and age, and the weights were determined by the ratio between the proportions of individuals in the IBGE and in the sample (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01-body2">Table 1</xref>). Pearson&#146;s chi-square test (c<sup>2</sup>) was used to compare the proportions of individuals in the sample and estimated by IBGE, and compare subjects with a CNR according to sociodemographic variables and sedentarism. Variance analysis was used to compare the anthropometric measurement means, and Student&#146;s minimum significant difference test was used to compare paired groups. Binary logistic regression and the Hosmer &amp; Lemeshow&#146;s test were utilized to construct and verify the adjustment of the models of factors independently associated with the combined nutritional risk (WC and BMI). A p <underline>&lt;</underline> 0.20 value and epidemiological and biological plausibility were the criteria used for the inclusion of variables in the multivariate model. A p <underline>&lt;</underline> 0.05 value was adopted as a statistically significant level for defining the final model. </p>
      <table-wrap id="tab01-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-02-0191-00010-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>The project was approved by the Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto Research Ethics Committee, under the number 2001/26.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Results</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Comparing the characteristics of the study sample with information about the population estimated by IBGE in the city, a significantly larger proportion (70%) of women over men and adults (71.9%) over young people was observed. The sample was then weighted by gender and age and consisted of 768 individuals, 50.8% women and 49.2% men; 16.5% of the participants were between 15 and 19 years of age, 45.3% between 20 to 39 years of age, 27.2% between 40 and 59 years of age, and 10.9% were 60 years or older. Refusals to continue participating in the second phase of the study when clinical and anthropometric examinations were being performed, after three systematic invitations, totaled 17.2%. </p>
      <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="tab02-body2">Table 2</xref>, stratified by gender, displays means and standard deviations of the anthropometric indicators by sociodemographic and sedentarism characteristics. In summary, BMI and WC means in women varied significantly according to age and level of education, and the variation was more significant among women 60 years of age or older and with lower levels of schooling. No significant differences as to socioeconomic class and sedentarism were observed. Among men, the mean BMI varied according to age; however, the mean WC increased significantly with age and according to socioeconomic class improvement. </p>
      <table-wrap id="tab02-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-02-0191-00010-gt02-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="tab03-body2">Table 3</xref> displays the nutritional profile, from BMI and WC classifications according to social, demographic, and sedentarism characteristics. A significant variation of the nutritional profile according to gender, age, schooling, and sedentarism was observed. </p>
      <table-wrap id="tab03-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-02-0191-00010-gt03-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>Using BMI, the overall prevalence observed of underweight was 6.4% (n=49), overweight was 30% (n=230), and obesity was 11.9% (n= 92). Overweight and obesity were more frequent among women, 31% and 17.2%, respectively, among participants <underline>&gt;</underline> 60 years of age (43.5% and 18.8%), and among those with less years of schooling (35.8% and 15.2%). </p>
      <p>As to the overall prevalence of central overweight, 19.1% (n= 146) of the participants met this criterion, as well as 19.4% (n= 149) for central obesity; among women, central overweight was present in 21.9% and central obesity in 32.4%, whereas in men it occurred in 16.4% e 6.1%, respectively. These two indicators were also greater in those aged <underline>&gt;</underline> 60 years (29.8% and 40.5%) and in those classified as sedentary (20.3% e 21.5%). As to the educational levels, approximately 50% of the individuals with little schooling presented a prevalence of central overweight or central obesity, whereas it was 40% among high-class individuals.</p>
      <p>Concerning the frequency of the isolated nutritional risk associated with different BMI and WC categories (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab04-body2">Table 4</xref>), individuals at nutritional risk due to WC values were found in all BMI classifications. That is, even though classified as people with normal BMI, mean values of participants&#146; WC measurements were above normal: 19.1% for women and 1.4% for men. As to overweight BMI, the percentage of high risk (central obesity) was 47.9% for women and 8.3% for men. Most women in this group classified as obese, according to the BMI, had central obesity (97%) due to their WC, whereas among men this percentage was 52%. In the underweight category according to the BMI, only one woman with a high nutritional risk was found, that is, she was obese; no men fit the INR category.</p>
      <table-wrap id="tab04-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-02-0191-00010-gt04-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="tab05-body2">Table 5</xref> displays the prevalence of combined nutritional risks (BMI and WC). Men and women presented a significant rise in this risk indicator with age, and a drop with higher levels of schooling. Among patients <underline>&gt;</underline> 60 years of age or older, the prevalence of CNR was 84.8% for women and 63.2% for men, and 70.6% and 43.4% for women and men, respectively, with lower educational levels. It is worth mentioning that among women, a significant difference (p&lt; 0.01) was observed in all schooling categories, whereas among men with middle and high education levels, the CNRs were similar (p = 0.53). </p>
      <table-wrap id="tab05-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-02-0191-00010-gt05-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>The lack of physical activity was not significantly related to CNR in both genders, as well as socioeconomic class categories among women (p&gt;0.20).</p>
      <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="tab06-body2">Table 6</xref> displays bivariate and multivariate analyses. Combined nutritional risk was significantly associated with age and education in both genders, and with the socioeconomic class among men. The CNR increased with age in both genders, with more marked magnitudes among men when compared to women. As to schooling, a different behavior was observed for each gender. At the time of construction of the multivariate models, it was decided that two classification categories of schooling would be used for women. Women with <underline>&lt;</underline> 4 years of schooling had a greater CNR when compared to those with a higher level of education, whereas in men this index was significant among those in the middle range of years of schooling in comparison with those with higher education levels.</p>
      <table-wrap id="tab06-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-02-0191-00010-gt06-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>A trend towards a lower CNR risk was observed among men from D and E socio-economic classes (OR: 0.46; p= 0.058) when compared to those from classes A and B, which is what justified the inclusion of the socioeconomic class in the final model. The model adjustments by the Hosmer &amp; Lemeshow&#146;s test were p=0.90 for women and p=0.47 for men. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>In this study, regardless of the indicator used, a high prevalence of obesity and overweight was observed in the population over 15 years of age in Ouro Preto. Among women, overweight/obesity was 48.2% and among men, 35.5%, when using BMI. When the waist circumference was the criterion, the results were approximately 54.2% and 22.4%, respectively, for women and men. These data suggest that individuals with normal or overweight BMIs, particularly women, may show central obesity indicating that characteristics of fat distribution should be taken into consideration when evaluating nutritional risks.</p>
      <p>Some studies have shown that the BMI score may underestimate or overestimate overweight and obesity<sup>5,8</sup>, since despite its correlation with excess body fat, the index would only reflect body proportions without estimating adiposity and the distribution of body fat.<sup>5</sup> On the other hand, WC measurement has recently started to be used as a health risk indicator<sup>4,9,14,22,27</sup>.</p>
      <p>Despite the lack of national data in Brazil on the prevalence of central overweight and central obesity, its epidemiological relevance has been increasingly demonstrated for the analysis of the nutritional risk for non-transmissible diseases because of its good correlation with visceral fat deposits<sup>10,11,28</sup>. Based on our current understanding of visceral triglyceride deposit metabolism<sup>29</sup>, both indicators have proved to be adequate predictors of metabolic complications. Triglyceride deposits in the visceral organs have a higher turnover than in other regions, increasing the release of free fatty acids to the portal venous system, stimulating gluconeogenesis, and inhibiting insulin clearance in the liver, as well as contributing to increased glycemia, insulinemia, and insulin resistance<sup>4,29,30</sup>, with the resulting increase in arterial hypertension, cardiovascular diseases, and cancer<sup>9,31</sup> .</p>
      <p>In this study, according to the INR classification (WC <underline>&gt;</underline> 80 cm among women and <underline>&gt;</underline> 94 cm in men) and BMI, three different categories of individuals were found. The first two consisted of individuals with central overweight (moderate INR) or central obesity (high INR), but with normal/overweight or obesity BMI scores, and those with a normal WC (low INR), but classified as overweight or obesity according to the BMI. Possible explanations for these inconsistencies could be attributed to the uneven distribution of body fat or muscle mass that could be increased by the type of physical activity adopted by some individuals classified as being overweight or even obese, according to the BMI<sup>5,8</sup>. However, no health risks were reported in the second hypothesis <sup>8,32</sup>. Nevertheless, it is probable that this hypothesis is not applicable to Ouro Preto, particularly if we take into account the high prevalence of sedentarism in this population, be it among normal weight individuals or in those overweight or obese<sup>33</sup>. Therefore, the first hypothesis remains, in which the results suggest, once again, that BMI alone could be under- or overestimating the prevalence of risks, making it difficult to screen the population with a nutritional risk if WC is not taken into consideration<sup>3,7</sup>. </p>
      <p>In the population studied, women aged 40 years or older with low education levels had a higher prevalence of CNR when compared to those in other strata. These data are similar to those reported by other national studies<sup>10,15,16</sup>. Among men, in addition to what was observed among women, a low and very low economical status was also associated with RNC; however, its prevalence was lower than in other classes. These results are also consistent with findings in literature regarding socioeconomic classifications, i.e., that men in higher socioeconomic classes show a higher prevalence of nutritional risk<sup>15,34</sup>.</p>
      <p>The adjusted analysis confirmed the independent roles of age and level of education in a higher nutritional risk for women and men, findings similar to those observed by other authors<sup>35,36</sup>. It also showed that among young adult men (20 to 39 years of age), there was a high odds ratio (OR) for CNR which could suggest an early risk for hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and cardiovascular diseases for men. Additionally, it might possibly explain the higher rates of mortality due to circulatory tract diseases in the city of Ouro Preto among these individuals in all age groups, relative to women under 50 years of age<sup>37</sup>.</p>
      <p>As to schooling, the association was different between women and men. Women with less schooling had a higher odds ratios (OR) for CNR, whereas among men, the CNR was higher among those in the middle level of schooling. One possibility to be investigated would be that the gradient of this association could have been influenced by the type of occupational activity undertaken by men<sup>5,8,38,39</sup>. That is, men in low or very low socioeconomic classes could have heavy occupational activities demanding intense physical activity, which could contribute to the trend towards lower risks in this study. However, the indicators employed in this study did not allow an accurate verification of the type of physical activity undertaken, since only occupational and leisure activities of the individuals, and not their functional capacity, were taken into account, and neither did these indicators allow a measurement of the direction of the correlation. </p>
      <p>It is also worth pointing out that the utilization of adult reference standards for the classification of WC in adolescents may have lead to the systematic underestimation of the population with CNR, since as per reports in literature, the proportion of body fat is age-dependent and adolescents tend to have a smaller proportion of intra-abdominal fat when compared to adults<sup>29</sup>. However, there are very few studies that establish the relationship between nutritional risk for non-transmissible diseases in this group, and in the absence of specific criteria, values determined for adults have been employed for the younger population<sup>11</sup>. </p>
      <p>Despite the limitations inherent to cross-sectional studies in establishing causal inferences, we concluded that age and schooling were independent factors associated with nutritional risk for both genders. In addition, we found that BMI alone did not seem capable of capturing the different categories of nutritional risk, since in this study 17% of women classified as having normal weight by their BMI scores showed an increased nutritional risk evaluated as per their WC measurements. </p>
      <p>These findings, therefore, along with those reported by other authors, aggregate evidence for the possible underestimation of nutritional risk when only one indicator is used in the evaluation<sup>3,7,40</sup>, as is the case with the BMI. The proposal made by Zhu et al<sup>13</sup>, for a combination of the two indices (BMI and WC) in the process of identifying factors of cardiovascular risk, with specific combined risk points for white women and men, adjusted for co-variables such as physical activity, smoking, alcohol consumption, and schooling, is corroborated by the findings in our study.</p>
      <p>Moreover, the findings in this study allow us to reflect on the relevance of the combined use of BMI and WC at health care units in order to increase accuracy in diagnosing nutritional risks, and the importance of considering age and schooling. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Acknowledgements</bold>
      </p>
      <p>To CNPq, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Prefeitura Municipal de Ouro Preto, Unimed dos Inconfidentes, Alcan Alum&#237;nio do Brasil.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
      </p>
      <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fn id="end-body2" fn-type="corresp">
          <label>
            <bold>Mailing Address:</bold>
          </label>
          <p> George Luiz Lins Machado Coelho</p>
          <p> R. Domingos Barroso, 170 &#150; 35400-000</p>
          <p> Ouro Preto, MG - Brazil</p>
          <p> E-mail: </p>
          <p>
            <email xlink:href="gmcoelho@ef.ufop.br">gmcoelho@ef.ufop.br</email>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p> Manuscript received January 23, 2006; revised manuscript received March 29, 2006; accepted June 1, 2006</p>
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  </sub-article>
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