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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">sqp7rB4fPyDHKKSJFYRkb5B</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00009</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2007000200009</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(07)08800209</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2007000200009</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Associa&#231;&#227;o entre doen&#231;a periodontal e s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Rech</surname>
            <given-names>Rafael Luiz</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Nurkin</surname>
            <given-names>Nat&#225;lio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Cruz</surname>
            <given-names>Ivana da</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sostizzo</surname>
            <given-names>Fabiano</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Bai&#227;o</surname>
            <given-names>Carolina</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Perrone</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233; Ant&#244;nio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Wainstein</surname>
            <given-names>Rodrigo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pretto</surname>
            <given-names>Daniela</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Manenti</surname>
            <given-names>Euler Roberto Fernandes</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Bodanese</surname>
            <given-names>Luiz Carlos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">Rio Grande do Sul</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Pontif&#237;cia Universidade Cat&#243;lica do Rio Grande do Sul</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Odontologia </institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Hospital S&#227;o Lucas</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>02</month>
        <year>2007</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>88</volume>
      <issue>2</issue>
      <fpage>185</fpage>
      <lpage>190</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>24</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2006</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>24</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2006</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>25</day>
          <month>01</month>
          <year>2006</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>OBJETIVO: Analisar a rela&#231;&#227;o entre a DP e SCA e verificar a associa&#231;&#227;o entre a DP e periodontite em pacientes com SCA. M&#201;TODOS: Foram inclu&#237;dos 58 pacientes com diagn&#243;stico de SCA e 57 controles, sem hist&#243;ria de doen&#231;a arterial coronariana (DAC). Vari&#225;veis: hipertens&#227;o arterial, diabete, dislipidemia, obesidade, hist&#243;ria de DAC, tabagismo e polimorfismo gen&#233;tico do gene da interleucina-1beta. RESULTADOS: Fizeram parte do estudo 115 indiv&#237;duos. No grupo SCA, 58 pacientes foram avaliados, sendo 32 (55,2%) do sexo masculino e 26 (44,8%) do sexo feminino. No grupo controle, 57 indiv&#237;duos, sendo 32 (56,1%) do sexo masculino e 25 (43,9%) do sexo feminino. Verificou-se DP em 26 (44,8%) pacientes com SCA e em 15 (26,6%) pacientes do grupo controle (beta2 = 4,43, p = 0,04). An&#225;lise pela regress&#227;o log&#237;stica, para a associa&#231;&#227;o entre DP e SCA, demonstrou RC de 1,8 (IC 95%: 1,0-5,0); p = 0,24. A associa&#231;&#227;o de periodontite com SCA apresentou RC: 4,5 (IC 95%: 1,3-15,6); p = 0,019. CONCLUS&#195;O: N&#227;o observamos associa&#231;&#227;o independente entre a DP e SCA. Houve associa&#231;&#227;o independente entre periodontite e SCA.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>Doen&#231;a periodontal</kwd>
        <kwd>periodontite</kwd>
        <kwd>coronariopatia</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>20</day>
        <month>03</month>
        <year>2007</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>ARTIGO ORIGINAL</bold>
    </p>
    <p> Associa&#231;&#227;o entre doen&#231;a periodontal e s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Rafael Luiz Rech; Nat&#225;lio Nurkin; Ivana da Cruz; Fabiano Sostizzo; Carolina Bai&#227;o; Jos&#233; Ant&#244;nio Perrone; Rodrigo Wainstein; Daniela Pretto; Euler Roberto Fernandes Manenti; Luiz Carlos Bodanese</bold>
    </p>
    <p> Hospital S&#227;o Lucas &#150; PUC-RS e Faculdade de Odontologia da PUC-RS - Porto Alegre, RS</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVO:</bold> Analisar a rela&#231;&#227;o entre a DP e SCA e verificar a associa&#231;&#227;o entre a DP e periodontite em pacientes com SCA. </p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS:</bold> Foram inclu&#237;dos 58 pacientes com diagn&#243;stico de SCA e 57 controles, sem hist&#243;ria de doen&#231;a arterial coronariana (DAC). Vari&#225;veis: hipertens&#227;o arterial, diabete, dislipidemia, obesidade, hist&#243;ria de DAC, tabagismo e polimorfismo gen&#233;tico do gene da interleucina-1b. </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS:</bold> Fizeram parte do estudo 115 indiv&#237;duos. No grupo SCA, 58 pacientes foram avaliados, sendo 32 (55,2%) do sexo masculino e 26 (44,8%) do sexo feminino. No grupo controle, 57 indiv&#237;duos, sendo 32 (56,1%) do sexo masculino e 25 (43,9%) do sexo feminino. Verificou-se DP em 26 (44,8%) pacientes com SCA e em 15 (26,6%) pacientes do grupo controle (b2 = 4,43, p = 0,04). An&#225;lise pela regress&#227;o log&#237;stica, para a associa&#231;&#227;o entre DP e SCA, demonstrou RC de 1,8 (IC 95%: 1,0-5,0); p = 0,24. A associa&#231;&#227;o de periodontite com SCA apresentou RC: 4,5 (IC 95%: 1,3-15,6); p = 0,019. </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#195;O:</bold> N&#227;o observamos associa&#231;&#227;o independente entre a DP e SCA. Houve associa&#231;&#227;o independente entre periodontite e SCA.</p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave:</bold> Doen&#231;a periodontal, periodontite, coronariopatia.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>As doen&#231;as cardiovasculares constituem a principal causa de morte em popula&#231;&#245;es do mundo ocidental, apesar da tend&#234;ncia de decl&#237;nio de sua incid&#234;ncia e da mortalidade relatada em diversos pa&#237;ses, incluindo o Brasil<sup>1-8</sup>. Em nosso pa&#237;s, aproximadamente 260 mil indiv&#237;duos morrem por doen&#231;as cardiovasculares, e grande parcela dessa mortalidade &#233; devida a eventos coronarianos agudos. Em indiv&#237;duos com idade igual ou superior a sessenta anos, as doen&#231;as do aparelho circulat&#243;rio respondem por mais de 40% dos &#243;bitos e quase 30% das interna&#231;&#245;es hospitalares<sup>9</sup>.</p>
    <p>Os fatores de risco para aterosclerose e, conseq&#252;entemente, para a doen&#231;a arterial coronariana (DAC) t&#234;m sido identificados em estudos epidemiol&#243;gicos que relacionam sua presen&#231;a com a incid&#234;ncia da doen&#231;a clinicamente manifesta<sup>10</sup>. Entre os principais fatores de risco modific&#225;veis associados ao aumento da incid&#234;ncia da doen&#231;a coronariana, salientamos a hiperlipidemia, hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica, tabagismo e diabete melito (DM)<sup>11</sup>. Idade, sexo e hist&#243;ria familiar est&#227;o entre os principais fatores de risco n&#227;o-modific&#225;veis associados &#224; cardiopatia isqu&#234;mica<sup>12-16</sup>. </p>
    <p>Evid&#234;ncias sugerem haver associa&#231;&#227;o entre marcadores inflamat&#243;rios, como interleucinas, prote&#237;na-C-reativa (PCR)<sup>17</sup>, PARs (Protease-activated receptors), Lp-PLA2 (Lipoprtein-associated phopholipase A2), MMPs (Matrix metaloproteinase-9)<sup>18</sup>, entre outros, com a aterog&#234;nese e eventos isqu&#234;micos agudos. Considerando-se os novos marcadores de risco cardiovascular, alguns estudos sugerem associa&#231;&#227;o entre doen&#231;a periodontal (DP) e DAC. A hip&#243;tese aventada sugere que a DAC possa ser desencadeada por mecanismos sist&#234;micos, al&#233;m dos fatores inflamat&#243;rios locais, sendo a infec&#231;&#227;o periodontal cr&#244;nica uma das possibilidades a ser considerada<sup>19-22</sup>. </p>
    <p>Possivelmente, tamb&#233;m processos infecciosos podem estar implicados na g&#234;nese e no desencadeamento de processos ateroscler&#243;ticos e suas complica&#231;&#245;es, suportados pela detec&#231;&#227;o de marcadores sorol&#243;gicos relacionados a alguns agentes como a c<italic>hlamydia pnemoniae, helicobacter pylori</italic> e c<italic>itomegalovirus</italic><sup>23,24</sup>. Contudo, outros autores sugerem que a associa&#231;&#227;o entre DAC e DP &#233; um fen&#244;meno meramente casual, uma vez que associa&#231;&#227;o pode estar relacionada apenas com outros fatores de risco cardiovascular<sup>25,26</sup>.</p>
    <p>Taylor e cols.<sup>27</sup> realizaram um estudo de interven&#231;&#227;o em pacientes com avan&#231;ada periodontite que necessitavam extra&#231;&#227;o completa das pe&#231;as dent&#225;rias. Doze semanas ap&#243;s a completa extra&#231;&#227;o dent&#225;ria observaram significativa redu&#231;&#227;o da prote&#237;na-C-reativa, inibidor do ativador do plasminog&#234;nio (PAI-1), contagem de plaquetas e gl&#243;bulos brancos. Esse estudo demonstrou que a elimina&#231;&#227;o de avan&#231;ada periodontite pela completa extra&#231;&#227;o dent&#225;ria reduz marcadores de risco inflamat&#243;rios e tromb&#243;ticos, suportando a hip&#243;tese de que o tratamento da DP pode reduzir o risco cardiovascular<sup>27</sup>.</p>
    <p>Entendemos que essa &#233; uma &#225;rea que necessita novas pesquisas, que possam contribuir para o melhor entendimento entre a DP e eventos isqu&#234;micos agudos. Esse foi o racional que nos estimulou a elaborar o presente estudo.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#233;todos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Estudo de caso controle contempor&#226;neo, no qual os casos foram pacientes internados por SCA na Unidade de Tratamento Coronariano (UTC) do Hospital S&#227;o Lucas (HSL) da Pontif&#237;cia Universidade Cat&#243;lica do Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), e os controles, pacientes da comunidade da cidade de Gravata&#237;-RS, sem hist&#243;ria pr&#233;via de DAC, identificados por meio de avalia&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica e exames complementares espec&#237;ficos. </p>
    <p>O projeto de pesquisa foi submetido a avalia&#231;&#227;o pela comiss&#227;o cient&#237;fica e, posteriormente, foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica em pesquisa da PUCRS, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul. Todos os pacientes foram inclu&#237;dos ap&#243;s assinatura de consentimento livre e esclarecido.</p>
    <p>Foram inclu&#237;dos 58 pacientes que preenchiam os crit&#233;rios diagn&#243;sticos de SCA, com ou sem supradesnivelamento de segmento ST persistente, internados na UTC do HSL-PUCRS, de forma consecutiva no ano de 2002.</p>
    <p>Definiu-se SCA com supradesnivelamento de segmento ST como IAM, caracterizada pela apresenta&#231;&#227;o de: dor tor&#225;cica, irradiada ou n&#227;o para membros superiores, mand&#237;bula, dorso, ou epig&#225;strio, com dura&#231;&#227;o de trinta minutos ou mais, podendo estar associada ou n&#227;o a sudorese, n&#225;useas ou palidez; presen&#231;a de supradesnivelamento do segmento ST de 1 mm em duas ou mais deriva&#231;&#245;es perif&#233;ricas cont&#237;guas, ou 2 mm em duas ou mais deriva&#231;&#245;es precordiais cont&#237;guas ao eletrocardiograma (ECG); eleva&#231;&#227;o de marcadores s&#233;ricos de les&#227;o e necrose muscular card&#237;aca (CK, CK-MB) em tr&#234;s vezes seu valor de refer&#234;ncia<sup>28</sup>. </p>
    <p>A defini&#231;&#227;o de SCA sem supradesnivelamento de segmento ST ao ECG caracterizou-se por quadro cl&#237;nico similar ao descrito antes, mas com dura&#231;&#227;o da dor tor&#225;cica por per&#237;odo inferior a trinta minutos, com ou sem eleva&#231;&#227;o de marcadores enzim&#225;ticos s&#233;ricos de les&#227;o e necrose muscular card&#237;aca (CK, CK-MB, Troponinas I e T)<sup>28</sup>. </p>
    <p>Pacientes portadores de neoplasias, cirrose hep&#225;tica, HIV, insufici&#234;ncia renal cr&#244;nica, hipo- ou hiperparatireoidismo, doen&#231;as inflamat&#243;rias cr&#244;nicas (artrite reumat&#243;ide, l&#250;pus eritematoso sist&#234;mico, esclerose m&#250;ltipla, doen&#231;a de Chron) n&#227;o foram inclu&#237;dos na pesquisa.</p>
    <p>O grupo controle foi constitu&#237;do por 57 pacientes, pareados por sexo, participantes do Projeto Gravata&#237;, do Instituto de Geriatria da PUC-RS, sem hist&#243;ria de DAC. </p>
    <p>As covari&#225;veis analisadas foram idade <underline>&gt;</underline> 60 anos; sexo masculino; tabagismo, definido como indiv&#237;duo fumante atual ou abstinente h&#225; menos de um ano; hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica (HAS), definida como press&#227;o arterial igual ou superior a 140/90 mmHg em tr&#234;s verifica&#231;&#245;es sucessivas com intervalos de cinco minutos ou tratamento com agentes espec&#237;ficos; DM, definida como glicemia de jejum superior a 126 mg/dl, ou tratamento com agentes espec&#237;ficos; dislipidemia, definida com dosagem s&#233;rica de colesterol total &gt; 200 mg/dl, ou LDL &gt;130 mg/dl, triglicer&#237;deos &gt; 150 mg/dl ou utiliza&#231;&#227;o de tratamento espec&#237;fico; obesidade, considerada se &#237;ndice de massa corporal (IMC) <underline>&gt;</underline> 30 (IMC = Peso em Kg/ A<sup>2</sup> em metros); hist&#243;ria familiar de DAC (pai ou irm&#227;o biol&#243;gico com DAC documentada antes dos 55 anos de idade e/ou m&#227;e ou irm&#227; biol&#243;gicas com DAC documentada antes dos 65 anos de idade).</p>
    <p>Os avaliadores de DP eram da equipe de DP da Faculdade de Odontologia da PUCRS e eram cegos quanto &#224; presen&#231;a ou n&#227;o de SCA, para determina&#231;&#227;o de presen&#231;a e gravidade da DP. Etiologicamente foram quantificados e qualificados a presen&#231;a de placa bacteriana e o padr&#227;o de higiene do paciente, assim como a gravidade da inflama&#231;&#227;o gengival e a presen&#231;a de fatores retentivos de placa, que favorecessem o ac&#250;mulo da mesma junto aos dentes.</p>
    <p>Foram definidos como portadores de DP os pacientes que apresentavam caracter&#237;sticas de gengivite ou periodontite ao exame cl&#237;nico periodontal. Foram considerados portadores de gengivite pacientes com hiperemia e edema gengival, contorno gengival irregular e sangramento espont&#226;neo ou provocado ao toque do instrumental de exame. A periodontite, grau mais avan&#231;ado de DP, foi caracterizada pela forma&#231;&#227;o de bolsa periodontal, perda de inser&#231;&#227;o periodontal e osso alveolar e pela presen&#231;a de inflama&#231;&#227;o gengival.</p>
    <p>Para a defini&#231;&#227;o da gravidade da DP, os aspectos analisados foram o n&#250;mero de dentes perdidos, a profundidade de sondagem cl&#237;nica, caracterizada como a dist&#226;ncia medida em mil&#237;metros desde a margem gengival at&#233; o fundo sond&#225;vel do sulco gengival, em todos os dentes. O terceiro aspecto analisado foi o n&#237;vel cl&#237;nico de inser&#231;&#227;o que se caracteriza como a dist&#226;ncia medida desde o limite amedocement&#225;rio at&#233; o fundo do sulco gengival, tamb&#233;m em todos os dentes. O instrumental utilizado para avaliar a gravidade da DP foi pin&#231;a, sonda milimetrada (10 mm) e espelho, marca DUFLEX.</p>
    <p>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica - O tamanho da amostra foi calculado em 114 pacientes, 57 em cada grupo, para um poder de 90%, diferen&#231;a quanto ao objetivo prim&#225;rio entre os grupos de 20%, com um valor a significativo <underline>&lt;</underline> 0,05. Para verificar associa&#231;&#227;o entre DP e SCA foi utilizado o teste Qui-quadrado. Para verificar a rela&#231;&#227;o entre DP e periodontite, como vari&#225;veis independentes, e demais vari&#225;veis, com SCA, foi utilizado o teste de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica, m&#233;todo Forward Wald. Os dados foram processados e analisados com aux&#237;lio dos programas Excel e SPSS vers&#227;o 11.0.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Resultados</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Foram investigados 115 indiv&#237;duos no presente trabalho, cuja idade m&#233;dia foi de 59,3 anos no grupo SCA e setenta anos no controle (P &lt; 0,001). Observamos que no grupo SCA, 32 (55,2%) indiv&#237;duos eram do sexo masculino, o mesmo verificando-se no grupo controle no qual 32 (56,1%) indiv&#237;duos eram homens.</p>
    <p>As caracter&#237;sticas gerais dos dois grupos quanto &#224; presen&#231;a de fatores de risco cardiovasculares s&#227;o descritas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01">tabela 1</xref>.</p>
    <table-wrap id="tab01">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-02-0185-00009-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>O grupo SCA apresentou uma preval&#234;ncia significativamente maior de HAS, dislipidemia e hist&#243;ria familiar para DAC, resultados esperados ao compararmos grupos com tais caracter&#237;sticas. As vari&#225;veis DM, tabagismo e obesidade foram estatisticamente similares entre os dois grupos. </p>
    <p>A DP esteve presente em 26 pacientes (44,8%) com SCA e em quinze pacientes (26,6%) do grupo controle, o que evidencia uma raz&#227;o de chance (RC) de 2,3 (IC 95% = 1-5); p = 0,04, conforme podemos observar na <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab02">tabela 2</xref>.</p>
    <table-wrap id="tab02">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-02-0185-00009-gt02.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>Quando analisamos as diferentes formas de manifesta&#231;&#227;o da DP, verificamos que no grupo SCA a freq&#252;&#234;ncia absoluta de indiv&#237;duos sem DP foi de quinze (26,3%) pacientes, e no grupo controle de onze (19%) pacientes. A freq&#252;&#234;ncia absoluta de indiv&#237;duos sem dentes nos casos foi de 21 (36,9%), e nos controles, de 27 (47,4%) indiv&#237;duos. A freq&#252;&#234;ncia absoluta de indiv&#237;duos com gengivite no grupo SCA foi de sete (12,1%), e nos controles, de dez (17,6%) indiv&#237;duos, todos resultados comparativos sem signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica. Quando avaliamos indiv&#237;duos com periodontite, uma forma mais grave de apresenta&#231;&#227;o da DP, verificamos que a freq&#252;&#234;ncia absoluta nos casos foi de dezenove (32,8%) indiv&#237;duos afetados, enquanto nos controles foi de cinco (8,8%) indiv&#237;duos afetados, RC = 5,1 (1.7-14.8); P = 0,003 (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab03">tab. 3</xref>).</p>
    <table-wrap id="tab03">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-02-0185-00009-gt03.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>Quando da an&#225;lise multivariada, observamos que a DP perde seu poder de associa&#231;&#227;o com as SCA, apresentando uma RC de 1,8 (IC 95% 0,7-4,7); P = 0,24. Contudo, o subgrupo de indiv&#237;duos com periodontite apresentou diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significativa, comparada ao grupo de indiv&#237;duos sem essa manifesta&#231;&#227;o de DP, quanto &#224; ocorr&#234;ncia de SCA, com uma RC de 4,5 (IC 95% =1,3-15,6); P = 0,019, conforme podemos observar na <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab04">tabela 4</xref>.</p>
    <table-wrap id="tab04">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-02-0185-00009-gt04.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>As doen&#231;as cardiovasculares assumem importante papel cl&#237;nico e epidemiol&#243;gico, encontrando-se entre as principais causas de morte em nosso pa&#237;s<sup>1-3</sup>. V&#225;rios estudos pr&#233;vios definiram fatores de risco para o desenvolvimento de doen&#231;a ateroscler&#243;tica e conseq&#252;entemente de DAC, tais como dislipidemia, HAS, DM e tabagismo<sup>10,13,29-35</sup>. Evid&#234;ncias sugerem que a disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial por presen&#231;a de marcadores inflamat&#243;rios<sup>17,18</sup> e possivelmente sorol&#243;gicos<sup>24,25</sup>, associada a fatores de risco cardiovasculares consagrados como os supracitados<sup>13-16</sup>, possam constituir-se como evento inicial comum, resultando em incremento da resposta inflamat&#243;ria sist&#234;mica<sup>36,37</sup>, contribuindo para o processo ateroscler&#243;tico e desencadeamento de eventos isqu&#234;micos agudos<sup>13-16</sup>.</p>
    <p>Estudo realizado por Emingil e cols.<sup>22</sup> sugere que a presen&#231;a de DP induziria uma resposta inflamat&#243;ria sist&#234;mica, resultando em n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos elevados de marcadores inflamat&#243;rios como o TNF-a, as interleucinas e a PCR, creditando a esses a possibilidade de instabiliza&#231;&#227;o de les&#245;es ateroscler&#243;ticas e eventos ateroscler&#243;ticos<sup>17,18</sup>. Entretanto, s&#227;o limitadas e discut&#237;veis as evid&#234;ncias que relacionam de maneira conclusiva esses fen&#244;menos<sup>25,26</sup>.</p>
    <p>H&#225; que considerar que tanto a DAC quanto a DP s&#227;o doen&#231;as multifatoriais, sendo a an&#225;lise detalhada dos resultados obtidos, considerando a preval&#234;ncia de outros fatores de riscos nos grupos SCA e controle, importantes de serem consideradas. Estudos publicados demonstram que aproximadamente 70% dos pacientes com SCA fatais e n&#227;o-fatais s&#227;o tabagistas<sup>22,38</sup>. Em nosso estudo, a preval&#234;ncia de tabagistas no grupo SCA foi de 37,9%. Esse achado est&#225; possivelmente relacionado ao tamanho de nossa amostra. Acreditamos que com um maior n&#250;mero de indiv&#237;duos analisados, a presen&#231;a dessa vari&#225;vel fosse mais pr&#243;xima desses estudos publicados. Por&#233;m, o fato de essa vari&#225;vel ser tamb&#233;m um importante fator de risco para o desenvolvimento das DP, e de n&#227;o haver diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significativa quanto &#224; sua presen&#231;a nos dois grupos, reduziu ou eliminou o vi&#233;s de confus&#227;o para a an&#225;lise.</p>
    <p>Quanto &#224; presen&#231;a de DM, sua associa&#231;&#227;o com doen&#231;a ateroscler&#243;tica e SCA est&#225; bem estabelecida<sup>38</sup>. Quanto &#224; sua associa&#231;&#227;o com DP, Emrich e cols.<sup>39</sup> encontraram uma associa&#231;&#227;o positiva entre perda &#243;ssea periodontal (periodontite) e DM tipo 2, com RC igual a 3,43 (IC 95%; 2,28-5,16). Sepp&#228;l&#228; e cols.<sup>36 </sup>sugerem maior perda &#243;ssea periodontal em indiv&#237;duos com DM tipo 1 n&#227;o-controlados, comparados com indiv&#237;duos com DM tipo 1 controlados, sugerindo tamb&#233;m associa&#231;&#227;o entre esse tipo de DM e DP. Em nossa amostra n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significativa quanto &#224; presen&#231;a de DM nos dois grupos, sendo possivelmente eliminado o fator de confus&#227;o para essa vari&#225;vel.</p>
    <p>Observamos uma diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significativa quanto &#224; m&#233;dia de idade entre os grupos, em que o grupo controle apresentou uma m&#233;dia de idade superior, assim como um maior n&#250;mero de indiv&#237;duos com mais de sessenta anos. Sabemos que o fator idade tamb&#233;m &#233; respons&#225;vel por incremento de risco cardiovascular, e esse achado pode ter diminu&#237;do a signific&#226;ncia e a magnitude de nossos resultados.</p>
    <p>Desde os primeiros trabalhos publicados, que objetivaram associar doen&#231;as periodontais e doen&#231;as cardiovasculares, observamos que poucos estudos buscaram avaliar a associa&#231;&#227;o entre DP e SCA<sup>23,39</sup>, alguns trabalhos publicados procuraram estabelecer associa&#231;&#227;o apenas entre DP e IAM<sup>33,35</sup>.</p>
    <p>Hujoel e cols.<sup>25</sup> publicaram uma coorte prospectiva com 8.032 pacientes com avalia&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dica e periodontal, acompanhando-os por aproximadamente dez anos. Os pacientes foram divididos em tr&#234;s grupos, sendo 1.859 indiv&#237;duos com periodontite, 2.421 com gengivite e 3.752 considerados saud&#225;veis. Os desfechos avaliados foram morte por causa coronariana, interna&#231;&#227;o por SCA ou necessidade de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica nesse per&#237;odo. Ap&#243;s ajuste para fatores de risco cardiovascular, observou-se n&#227;o haver associa&#231;&#227;o entre gengivite e DAC, RC de 1,05 (IC 95%; 0,88-1,26) e entre periodontite e DAC, RC de 1,14 (IC 95%; 0,96-1,36).</p>
    <p>Estudo de Lopez e cols.<sup>37</sup> avaliou a associa&#231;&#227;o entre os par&#226;metros de DP e SCA em pacientes entre trinta e cinq&#252;enta anos de idade. Os casos foram pacientes internados com SCA e os controles pacientes internados para cirurgia eletiva. De um total de 86 pacientes, apenas 61 foram analisados. Ap&#243;s regress&#227;o log&#237;stica, os autores puderam observar que a associa&#231;&#227;o entre a gravidade da DP, caracterizada tamb&#233;m pela perda do n&#237;vel cl&#237;nico de inser&#231;&#227;o e SCA, mostrou uma RC de 3,17 (IC 95% = 1,31-7,65), a associa&#231;&#227;o entre profundidade de sondagem cl&#237;nica e SCA apresentou uma RC de 8,64 (IC 95% = 1,22-61,20), enquanto o n&#250;mero de dentes perdidos n&#227;o apresentou associa&#231;&#227;o com a ocorr&#234;ncia de SCA. Tais resultados identificam uma associa&#231;&#227;o entre gravidade da DP e ocorr&#234;ncia de SCA. Em nosso estudo, a associa&#231;&#227;o entre DP e SCA, atrav&#233;s da an&#225;lise multivariada, mostrou uma RC de 1,8 (IC 95%, 0,7&#150;4,7; P = 0,24), n&#227;o havendo diferen&#231;a significativa, resultado concordante com os encontrados no estudo de Hujoel e cols.<sup>25</sup>. Contudo, pudemos observar associa&#231;&#227;o independente, atrav&#233;s da an&#225;lise multivariada, entre periodontite, forma mais severa de apresenta&#231;&#227;o da DP e SCA, evidenciada pela RC de 4,5 (IC 95%: 1,3-15,6), o que est&#225; de acordo com os resultados do estudo de Lopez e cols.<sup>37</sup>. &#201; importante considerarmos que nosso estudo e o de Lopez est&#227;o entre os poucos que avaliaram pacientes com SCA, comparando-os com um grupo controle, quanto &#224; presen&#231;a, ou n&#227;o, de DP e periodontite. A maioria dos trabalhos da literatura analisa a rela&#231;&#227;o existente entre DP e presen&#231;a ou n&#227;o de DAC<sup>20-21</sup>.</p>
    <p>Os resultados de nosso estudo salientam a hip&#243;tese de que processos infecciosos orais podem estar implicados nos fen&#244;menos inflamat&#243;rios e tromb&#243;ticos, e influenciar na precipita&#231;&#227;o de eventos coronarianos agudos. Tais processos estimulariam a libera&#231;&#227;o de citocinas (IL-1 beta, TNF-alfa) em presen&#231;a de LPS bacterianos. Essas subst&#226;ncias agiriam sistemicamente, a partir do complexo vascular periodontal, ou seriam liberadas pelas c&#233;lulas endoteliais coronarianas e teriam capacidade de promover agrega&#231;&#227;o plaquet&#225;ria e forma&#231;&#227;o de trombos<sup>21-23</sup>. Recente estudo demonstrou que a elimina&#231;&#227;o de avan&#231;ada periodontite pela completa extra&#231;&#227;o dent&#225;ria reduz marcadores de risco inflamat&#243;rios e tromb&#243;ticos, suportando a hip&#243;tese que o tratamento da doen&#231;a periodontal pode reduzir o risco de eventos cardiovasculares<sup>27</sup>.</p>
    <p>Entre os fatores limitantes do nosso estudo, destacamos a impossibilidade de realizar, por motivos t&#233;cnicos e financeiros, determina&#231;&#245;es de marcadores inflamat&#243;rios e dosagens sorol&#243;gicas de agentes infecciosos que poderiam contribuir na an&#225;lise dos pacientes avaliados.</p>
    <p>Estudos futuros, randomizados, com um maior n&#250;mero de pacientes e com an&#225;lise simult&#226;nea de outros marcadores de risco &#150; inflamat&#243;rios, gen&#233;ticos e sorol&#243;gicos &#150;, poder&#227;o ampliar o conhecimento e contribuir para um melhor entendimento da participa&#231;&#227;o de processos inflamat&#243;rios e infecciosos nos eventos aterotromb&#243;ticos, respons&#225;veis pelos eventos isqu&#234;micos agudos.</p>
    <p>Baseados nos resultados obtidos em nosso trabalho, podemos concluir que n&#227;o verificamos associa&#231;&#227;o independente entre a DP e SCA. Houve, entretanto, associa&#231;&#227;o independente entre periodontite e SCA.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesses</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflitos de interesses pertinentes.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="end" fn-type="corresp">
        <label>
          <bold>Correspond&#234;ncia:</bold>
        </label>
        <p> Luiz Carlos Bodanese </p>
        <p> Rua Tauphick Saadi, 437/601 </p>
        <p> 90470-040 &#150; Porto Alegre, RS </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="bodanese@cardiol.br">bodanese@cardiol.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p> Artigo recebido em 25/01/06; revisado recebido em 24/02/06; aceito em 24/02/06.</p>
  </body>
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            </name>
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  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Association between periodontal disease and acute coronary syndrome</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the relationship between PD and ACS and the association of PD and periodontitis in ACS patients. METHODS: Fifty-eight ACS patients and 57 controls with no history of coronary artery disease (CAD) were included in the study. Variables: arterial hypertension, diabetes, dyslipidemia, obesity, history of CAD, cigarette smoking, and interleukin-1beta gene polymorphism. RESULTS: One hundred and fifteen subjects were enrolled in the study. In the ACS group, 58 patients were evaluated, 32 of whom (55.2%) were male and 26 (44.8%), female. In the control group, 57 subjects were evaluated, 32 (56.1%) of whom were male and 25 (43.9%), female. Periodontal disease was diagnosed in 26 (44.8%) ACS patients and 15 (26.6%) control patients (beta2 = 4.43, p = 0.04). In a logistic regression analysis, the odds ratio for association between PD and ACS was 1.8 (95% CI: 1.0-5.0); p = 0.24. The odds ratio for association of periodontitis with ACS was 4.5 (95% CI: 1.3-15.6); p = 0.019. CONCLUSION: No independent association was found between PD and ACS. There was an independent association between periodontitis and ACS.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Periodontal disease</kwd>
        <kwd>periodontitis</kwd>
        <kwd>coronary disease</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>ORIGINAL ARTICLE</bold>
      </p>
      <p> Association between periodontal disease and acute coronary syndrome </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Rafael Luiz Rech; Nat&#225;lio Nurkin; Ivana da Cruz; Fabiano Sostizzo; Carolina Bai&#227;o; Jos&#233; Ant&#244;nio Perrone; Rodrigo Wainstein; Daniela Pretto; Euler Roberto Fernandes Manenti; Luiz Carlos Bodanese</bold>
      </p>
      <p> Hospital S&#227;o Lucas &#150; PUC-RS e Faculdade de Odontologia da PUC-RS - Porto Alegre, RS - Brazil</p>
      <p>
        <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end-body2">Mailing Address</xref>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>SUMMARY</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVE:</bold> To evaluate the relationship between PD and ACS and the association of PD and periodontitis in ACS patients.</p>
      <p><bold>METHODS:</bold> Fifty-eight ACS patients and 57 controls with no history of coronary artery disease (CAD) were included in the study. Variables: arterial hypertension, diabetes, dyslipidemia, obesity, history of CAD, cigarette smoking, and interleukin-1b gene polymorphism.</p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS:</bold> One hundred and fifteen subjects were enrolled in the study. In the ACS group, 58 patients were evaluated, 32 of whom (55.2%) were male and 26 (44.8%), female. In the control group, 57 subjects were evaluated, 32 (56.1%) of whom were male and 25 (43.9%), female. Periodontal disease was diagnosed in 26 (44.8%) ACS patients and 15 (26.6%) control patients (b2 = 4.43, p = 0.04). In a logistic regression analysis, the odds ratio for association between PD and ACS was 1.8 (95% CI: 1.0-5.0); p = 0.24. The odds ratio for association of periodontitis with ACS was 4.5 (95% CI: 1.3-15.6); p = 0.019.</p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSION:</bold> No independent association was found between PD and ACS. There was an independent association between periodontitis and ACS.</p>
      <p><bold>Key words:</bold> Periodontal disease; periodontitis; coronary disease.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Introduction</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Cardiovascular diseases are the leading cause of death in the Western world, although a downward trend in its incidence and mortality has been reported in several countries, including Brazil<sup>1-8</sup>. In our country, approximately 260,000 subjects die of cardiovascular disease per year, the vast majority due to acute coronary events. In subjects 60 years or older, circulatory diseases account for over 40% of deaths and nearly 30% of hospital admissions<sup>9</sup>.</p>
      <p>Risk factors for atherosclerosis and, thereby, for coronary artery disease (CAD) have been identified in epidemiological studies linking their presence with the incidence of clinically overt disease<sup>10</sup>. Foremost among modifiable risk factors associated with increased incidence of coronary disease are hyperlipidemia, systemic arterial hypertension, smoking, and diabetes mellitus<sup>11</sup>. Age, gender, and family history are among the major non-modifiable risk factors associated with ischemic heart disease<sup>12-16</sup>. </p>
      <p>Evidence suggests an association between inflammatory markers, such as interleukins, C-reactive protein (CRP)<sup>17</sup>, protease-activated receptors (PAR), lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2 ((Lp-PLA2), and matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9)<sup>18</sup>, among others, and atherogenesis and acute ischemic events. Taking into account the new cardiovascular risk markers, some studies suggest an association between periodontal disease (PD) and coronary artery disease CAD. It has been hypothesized that CAD may be triggered by systemic mechanisms, in addition to local inflammatory factors, and chronic periodontal infection is one of the possibilities to be considered<sup>19- 22</sup>. </p>
      <p>Some authors claim that infection may also play a role in the genesis and development of atherosclerotic processes and their complications, based on detection of serological markers related to some agents such as chlamydia pneumoniae, helicobacter pylori and cytomegalovirus<sup>23,24</sup>. Others, however, suggest that the association between CAD and PD is a mere incidental phenomenon, since it may be related only with other cardiovascular risk factors<sup>25,26</sup>.</p>
      <p>Taylor BA et al. conducted an interventional study in patients with advanced periodontitis requiring full-mouth tooth extraction. Twelve weeks after full-mouth tooth extraction, there was a significant decline in C-reactive protein, plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1), and platelet and white blood cell counts. This study demonstrated that the elimination of advanced periodontitis by full-mouth tooth extraction reduces inflammatory and thrombotic markers of cardiovascular risk, supporting the hypothesis that treatment of PD may lower cardiovascular risk<sup>27</sup>.</p>
      <p>We believe that this area warrants further studies that may contribute to a better understanding of the association between PD and acute ischemic events. This was the rationale that motivated this study.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Methods</bold>
      </p>
      <p>A contemporary case-control study in which cases were patients admitted with ACS to the Coronary Care Unit (CCU) of the Hospital S&#227;o Lucas (HSL) of the Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS) and controls were patients from the city of Gravata&#237;, Rio Grande do Sul, with no history of CAD, identified by clinical evaluation and specific complementary examinations. </p>
      <p>The research project was submitted to the scientific committee and later approved by the Research Ethics Committee of the PUCRS, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul. All patients were enrolled after signing an informed consent.</p>
      <p>Fifty-eight patients consecutively admitted to the CCU of the HSL-PUCRS in 2002, who met the ACS diagnostic criteria, with or without persistent ST-segment elevation, were included in the study.</p>
      <p>ACS with ST-segment elevation was defined as AMI characterized by: chest pain, radiating or not to the upper extremities, lower jaw, upper back or epigastrium lasting 30 minutes or more, associated or not with sweating, nausea or pallor; presence of ST-segment elevation of 1 mm in two or more contiguous peripheral leads or 2 mm in two or more contiguous precordial leads on electrocardiogram (ECG); and elevation in serum markers of myocardial injury and necrosis (CK, CK-MB) three times their reference value<sup>28</sup>. </p>
      <p>Non-ST-segment elevation ACS on ECG was defined as a clinical condition similar to that mentioned above but with chest pain lasting less than 30 minutes, with or without elevation of serum enzyme markers of myocardial injury and necrosis (CK, CK-MB, cardiac troponins I and T)<sup>28</sup>. </p>
      <p>Patients with neoplasias, liver cirrhosis, HIV infection, chronic renal failure, hypo- or hyperparathyroidism, chronic inflammatory diseases (rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, multiple sclerosis, and Chron&#146;s Disease) were not included in the study.</p>
      <p>The control group comprised 57 gender-matched patients with no history of CAD included in the Projeto Gravata&#237; of PUCRS&#146; Geriatric Institute. </p>
      <p>Covariables analyzed were age <underline>&gt;</underline> 60; male gender; cigarette smoking, defined as current smoker or former smoker for less than one year; systemic arterial hypertension (SAH), defined as blood pressure <underline>&gt;</underline> 140/90 mm Hg in three consecutive readings five minutes apart or treatment with specific drugs; DM, defined as fasting glucose levels above 126mg/dL or treatment with specific drugs; dyslipidemia, defined as serum total cholesterol &gt; 200 mg/dL or LDL &gt;130 mg/dL, triglycerides &gt; 150 mg/dL or use of specific treatment; obesity, defined as body mass index (BMI) <underline>&gt;</underline> 30 (BMI = weight in kg/height<sup>2 </sup>in meters); family history of CAD (biological father or brother with CAD documented before 55 years of age and/or biological mother or sister with CAD documented before 65 years of age).</p>
      <p>The presence and severity of periodontal disease was determined by the PD team of PUCRS&#146; School of Dentistry, whose members were blind to the presence or not of ACS. Both bacterial plaque and the patient&#146;s hygiene status were etiologically quantified and qualified, as well as severity of gingival inflammation and the presence of plaque retentive factors, which favor plaque formation and buildup around the teeth.</p>
      <p>Patients presenting characteristics of gingivitis or periodontitis on clinical periodontal examination were defined as having periodontal disease. Patients with hyperemia, gingival edema, irregular gingival contour and gum bleeding, either spontaneous or on probing during examination, were considered as having gingivitis. Periodontitis, the most severe degree of PD, was characterized by periodontal pocket formation, loss of periodontal attachment and alveolar bone, and gingival inflammation.</p>
      <p>Periodontal disease severity was determined based on the number of missing teeth; on probing depth, characterized as the distance in millimeters from the gingival margin to the probeable base of the gingival sulcus, in all teeth; and on the clinical level of attachment, characterized as the distance from the cementoenamel junction (CEJ) to the base of the gingival sulcus, also in all teeth. Instruments used for this evaluation were periodontal scalers and pliers, periodontal probe calibrated in millimeters (10 mm) and mouth mirror, manufactured by Duflex. </p>
      <p>Statistical analysis - Sample size was calculated in 114 patients, 57 in each group, for a statistical power of 90%, difference in primary endpoint of 20%, and alpha level <underline>&lt;</underline> 0,05. The chi-square test was used for association between PD and ACS. To check the relationship between PD and periodontitis, as independent variables, and other variables with ACS, a logistic regression analysis was performed, using the forward Wald method. Data were processed and analyzed using Excel and SPSS for Windows version 11.0.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Results</bold>
      </p>
      <p>One hundred and fifteen subjects were analyzed in this study. Mean age was 59.3 in the ACS group and 70 in the control group (p &lt;0.001). Thirty-two subjects (55.2%) in the ACS group were men, the same occurring in the control group, where 32 subjects (56.1%) were men.</p>
      <p>General characteristics of both groups regarding cardiovascular risk factors are described in <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01-body2">Table 1</xref>.</p>
      <table-wrap id="tab01-body2">
        <label>Table 1</label>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-02-0185-00009-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>Prevalence of SAH, dyslipidemia, and family history of CAD was significantly higher in the ACS group. This finding was expected when comparing groups with such characteristics. The diabetes mellitus, smoking and obesity variables were statistically similar between both groups. </p>
      <p>Periodontal disease was diagnosed in 26 patients (44.8%) of the ACS group and 15 patients (26.6%) of the control group, which translated into an odds ratio (OR) of 2.3 (95% CI =1-5); p = 0.04, as shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab02-body2">Table 2</xref>.</p>
      <table-wrap id="tab02-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-02-0185-00009-gt02-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>When different forms of PD were taken into account, the absolute frequency of subjects free of PD in the ACS group was 15 (26.3%) patients and in the control group, 11 (19%) patients. The absolute frequency of toothless subjects in the case group was 21 (36.9%) and in the control group, 27 (47.4%). The absolute frequency of subjects with gingivitis in the ACS group was 7 (12.1%) and in the control group, 10 (17.6%). All these were comparative results, with no statistical significance. When evaluating subjects with periodontitis, the most severe form of PD, the absolute frequency was 19 (32.8%) in the case group, whereas in the control group was 5 (8.8%), OR = 5.1 (1.7-14.8); p = 0.003 (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab03-body2">Tab. 3</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="tab03-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-02-0185-00009-gt03-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>In the multivariate analysis, PD loses its power of association with ACS, yielding an OR of 1.8 (95% CI 0.7-4.7); p = 0.24. However, the subgroup of subjects with periodontitis showed a statistically significant difference regarding ACS incidence, compared with the group free of this form of PD, with an OR of 4.5 (95% CI =1.3-15.6); p = 0.019, as shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab04-body2">Table 4</xref>.</p>
      <table-wrap id="tab04-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-02-0185-00009-gt04-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Cardiovascular diseases rank among the leading causes of death in our country and thereby have an important clinical and epidemiological role<sup>1-3</sup>. Several studies have already identified risk factors for the development of atherosclerotic diseases and, consequently, of CAD, such as dyslipidemia, SAH, DM, and cigarette smoking<sup>10,13,29-35</sup>. Evidence suggests that endothelial dysfunction detected by the presence of inflammatory<sup>17,18</sup> and possibly serological markers<sup>24,25</sup>, associated with traditional cardiovascular risk factors such as those mentioned above<sup>13-16</sup>, may be a common early event, resulting in increased systemic inflammatory response<sup>36,37</sup> and contributing to both the atherosclerotic process and development of acute ischemic events<sup>13-16</sup>.</p>
      <p>A study carried out by Emingil et al<sup>22</sup> suggests that the presence of PD may induce a systemic inflammatory response, resulting in elevated serum levels of inflammatory markers, such as TNF-a, interleukins, and CRP, that contribute to plaque instabilization and atherosclerotic events<sup>17,18</sup>. However, evidence conclusively linking these phenomena is limited and arguable<sup>25,26</sup>.</p>
      <p>It must be underscored that both CAD and PD are multifactorial diseases, and it is important that a detailed analysis of the results be made that takes into account the prevalence of other risk factors in the ACS and control groups. Published studies showed that approximately 70% of patients with fatal and non-fatal ACS are smokers<sup>22,38</sup>. In our study, the prevalence of smokers in the ACS group was 37.9%. This finding may be related to our sample size. We believe that, in a larger sample, the presence of this variable would be closer to those reported in the literature. Nevertheless, as this variable is an important risk factor for the development of PD and there was no statistically significant difference regarding its presence in either group, the confounding bias for the analysis was reduced or eliminated.</p>
      <p>With respect to the presence of DM, its association with atherosclerotic disease and ACS is well-established<sup>38</sup>. As for its association with PD, Emrich et al<sup>39</sup> found a positive association between periodontal bone loss (periodontitis) and type-2 DM, with an OR of 3.43 (95% CI; 2.28-5.16). Sepp&#228;l&#228; et al<sup>36</sup> suggest that subjects with uncontrolled type-1 DM have higher periodontal bone loss, as compared with subjects with controlled type-1 DM, suggesting also an association between this type of DM and PD. In our sample, no statistically significant difference was found regarding the presence of DM in either group; therefore, the confounding factor for this variable might have been eliminated.</p>
      <p>A statistically significant difference was observed concerning age between both groups, in that mean age of the control group was greater, as well as having a larger number of subjects older than 60. It is known that the age factor also accounts for increased cardiovascular risk, and this finding may have reduced both the significance and magnitude of our results.</p>
      <p>Ever since the first studies focused on associating periodontal and cardiovascular diseases were published, we have noticed that few of them sought to evaluate the association between PD and ACS<sup>23,39</sup>. Some of these studies attempted to establish an association only between PD and AMI<sup>33, 35</sup>.</p>
      <p>Hujoel P et al<sup>25</sup> published a prospective cohort study involving 8032 patients with periodontal and medical evaluation who were followed for about 10 years. These patients were divided into three groups: 1859 with periodontitis, 2421 with gingivitis, and 3752 healthy subjects. The endpoints evaluated were coronary death, hospital admission for ACS, or need for myocardial revascularization during this period. After adjustment for cardiovascular risk factors, no association was found either between gingivitis and CAD, with an OR of 1.05 (95% CI; 0.88-1.26), or between periodontitis and CAD, with an OR of 1.14 (95% CI; 0.96-1.36).</p>
      <p>Lopez et al<sup>37</sup> evaluated the association between PD and ACS parameters in patients ranging from 30 to 50 years old. Cases were patients admitted for ACS, and controls were patients admitted for elective surgery. Of 86 patients, only 61 were studied. After logistic regression analysis, the association between PD severity, characterized also by loss of clinical attachment and ACS, yielded an OR of 3.17 (95% CI = 1.31-7.65), and the association between probing depth and ACS yielded an OR of 8.64 (95% CI =1.22-61.20), whereas the number of missing teeth showed no association with ACS. These results identified an association between PD severity and ACS. In our study, the association between PD and ACS, through multivariate analysis, yielded an OR of 1.8 (95% CI, 0.7&#150;4.7; p = 0.24), with no significant difference. This result was consistent with that reported by Hujoel et al<sup>25</sup>. However, a multivariate analysis revealed an independent association between periodontitis, the most severe form of PD, and ACS, evidenced by an OR of 4.5 (95% CI: 1.3-15.6), which is consistent with the results reported by Lopez et al<sup>37</sup>. Of note, our study and that of Lopez are among the few that assessed patients with ACS, comparing them with a control group, regarding the presence or not of PD and periodontitis. Most studies published in the literature analyze the relationship between PD and the presence or not of CAD<sup>20-21.</sup></p>
      <p>Our results emphasize the hypothesis that oral infectious processes may be implicated in inflammatory and thrombotic phenomena, leading to the development of acute coronary events. Such processes may induce cytokine release (IL-1 beta, TNF-a) in the presence of (LPS). It is believed that these substances act systemically, from the periodontal vascular complex, or are released from coronary endothelial cells, promoting platelet aggregation and thrombus formation<sup>21-23</sup>. A recent study demonstrated that the elimination of advanced periodontitis by full-mouth tooth extraction reduces inflammatory and thrombotic markers of cardiovascular risk, corroborating the hypothesis that management of periodontal disease may lower the risk of cardiovascular events<sup>27</sup>.</p>
      <p>Among the limiting factors of our study, we highlight the impossibility, for technical and financial reasons, of performing inflammatory marker determination and serological measurement of infectious agents, which could have contributed to the analysis of the patients studied.</p>
      <p>In the future, randomized studies involving larger number of patients and simultaneous analysis of other risk markers &#150; inflammatory, genetic, and serological - may further our knowledge and contribute to a better understanding of the role of inflammatory and infectious processes in atherothrombotic events, responsible for the development of acute ischemic events.</p>
      <p>Based on the results of our study, we can conclude that no independent association was found between PD and ACS. An independent association was found, however, between periodontitis and ACS.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
      </p>
      <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fn id="end-body2" fn-type="corresp">
          <label>
            <bold>Mailing Address:</bold>
          </label>
          <p> Luiz Carlos Bodanese</p>
          <p> Rua Tauphick Saadi, 437/601</p>
          <p> 90470-040 &#150; Porto Alegre, RS - Brazil</p>
          <p> E-mail: </p>
          <p>
            <email xlink:href="bodanese@cardiol.br">bodanese@cardiol.br</email>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p> Manuscript received January 25, 2006; received manuscript revised February 24, 2006; accepted February 24, 2006.</p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
