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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">zqsZBp6jyWDQttptSpb5K4p</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00007</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2007000200007</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(07)08800207</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2007000200007</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica e restaura&#231;&#227;o ventricular por meio da pacopexia</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Breda</surname>
            <given-names>Jo&#227;o Roberto</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Aguiar</surname>
            <given-names>Luciano Figueiredo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Branco</surname>
            <given-names>Jo&#227;o Nelson Rodrigues</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Catani</surname>
            <given-names>Roberto</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pinto</surname>
            <given-names>Ibraim</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Nakano</surname>
            <given-names>Edson</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Buffolo</surname>
            <given-names>Enio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Escola Paulista de Medicina </institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>02</month>
        <year>2007</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>88</volume>
      <issue>2</issue>
      <fpage>173</fpage>
      <lpage>178</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>18</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2006</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>15</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2006</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>28</day>
          <month>12</month>
          <year>2005</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>OBJETIVO: Analisar o desempenho ventricular esquerdo ap&#243;s revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica associada &#224; restaura&#231;&#227;o da geometria ventricular pela "pacopexia", em pacientes portadores de miocardiopatia isqu&#234;mica com significativa disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular, nos quais a restaura&#231;&#227;o ventricular foi conseguida com t&#233;cnica especial. M&#201;TODOS: Revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica associada &#224; restaura&#231;&#227;o da geometria ventricular atrav&#233;s de t&#233;cnica especial, sem utiliza&#231;&#227;o de pr&#243;teses ou outros materiais sint&#233;ticos. RESULTADOS: Ap&#243;s o procedimento cir&#250;rgico, foi observada melhora da classe funcional em 93,10% dos pacientes. Houve um aumento significante na compara&#231;&#227;o pr&#233; e p&#243;s operat&#243;rias da fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo e diminui&#231;&#227;o do di&#226;metro sist&#243;lico do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo. N&#227;o houve altera&#231;&#227;o significante do di&#226;metro diast&#243;lico do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo e do volume sist&#243;lico. O tempo de seguimento ap&#243;s a opera&#231;&#227;o variou de 1 m&#234;s a 3 anos e 4 meses. CONCLUS&#195;O: A t&#233;cnica de restaura&#231;&#227;o ventricular atrav&#233;s da pacopexia mostrou-se eficaz no tratamento da grave disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular de origem isqu&#234;mica, com impacto sobretudo na melhora da classe funcional dos pacientes estudados.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>Insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca congestiva</kwd>
        <kwd>revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica</kwd>
        <kwd>fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>20</day>
        <month>03</month>
        <year>2007</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>ARTIGO ORIGINAL</bold>
    </p>
    <p> Revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica e restaura&#231;&#227;o ventricular por meio da pacopexia</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Jo&#227;o Roberto Breda; Luciano Figueiredo Aguiar; Jo&#227;o Nelson Rodrigues Branco; Roberto Catani; Ibraim Pinto; Edson Nakano; Enio Buffolo</bold>
    </p>
    <p> Escola Paulista de Medicina &#150; UNIFESP - S&#227;o Paulo, SP</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVO:</bold> Analisar o desempenho ventricular esquerdo ap&#243;s revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica associada &#224; restaura&#231;&#227;o da geometria ventricular pela "pacopexia", em pacientes portadores de miocardiopatia isqu&#234;mica com significativa disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular, nos quais a restaura&#231;&#227;o ventricular foi conseguida com t&#233;cnica especial. </p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS:</bold> Revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica associada &#224; restaura&#231;&#227;o da geometria ventricular atrav&#233;s de t&#233;cnica especial, sem utiliza&#231;&#227;o de pr&#243;teses ou outros materiais sint&#233;ticos. </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS:</bold> Ap&#243;s o procedimento cir&#250;rgico, foi observada melhora da classe funcional em 93,10% dos pacientes. Houve um aumento significante na compara&#231;&#227;o pr&#233; e p&#243;s operat&#243;rias da fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo e diminui&#231;&#227;o do di&#226;metro sist&#243;lico do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo. N&#227;o houve altera&#231;&#227;o significante do di&#226;metro diast&#243;lico do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo e do volume sist&#243;lico. O tempo de seguimento ap&#243;s a opera&#231;&#227;o variou de 1 m&#234;s a 3 anos e 4 meses. </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#195;O:</bold> A t&#233;cnica de restaura&#231;&#227;o ventricular atrav&#233;s da pacopexia mostrou-se eficaz no tratamento da grave disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular de origem isqu&#234;mica, com impacto sobretudo na melhora da classe funcional dos pacientes estudados.</p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave:</bold> Insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca congestiva, revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica, fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>As doen&#231;as cardiovasculares s&#227;o respons&#225;veis pelo maior n&#250;mero de mortes no Ocidente<sup>1</sup>. Entre elas, a insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca congestiva (ICC) representa parcela consider&#225;vel dessas mortes.</p>
    <p>Aproximadamente 23 milh&#245;es de pessoas s&#227;o portadoras de ICC, e dois milh&#245;es de novos casos s&#227;o diagnosticados a cada ano no mundo<sup>2</sup>. O principal fator de risco para o desenvolvimento de ICC nos Estados Unidos &#233; a doen&#231;a isqu&#234;mica do cora&#231;&#227;o<sup>3</sup>. </p>
    <p>No Brasil, segundo dados do Sistema &#218;nico de Sa&#250;de do Minist&#233;rio da Sa&#250;de (Datasus), cerca de um ter&#231;o dos pacientes internados tem como diagn&#243;stico ICC<sup>4</sup>. Embora os dados epidemiol&#243;gicos n&#227;o sejam precisos, pode-se estimar que a doen&#231;a isqu&#234;mica do cora&#231;&#227;o tamb&#233;m represente o principal fator etiol&#243;gico em nosso meio, por&#233;m a doen&#231;a de Chagas e a febre reum&#225;tica permanecem ainda como desafios a serem vencidos<sup>5,6</sup>.</p>
    <p>Dentre as op&#231;&#245;es cir&#250;rgicas no tratamento da miocardiopatia de origem isqu&#234;mica destaca-se a revasculariza&#231;&#227;o isolada do mioc&#225;rdio<sup>7,8</sup>. Entretanto, o desenvolvimento de ICC refrat&#225;ria nos portadores de doen&#231;a arterial coronariana est&#225; relacionada &#224; dilata&#231;&#227;o ventricular e &#224; altera&#231;&#227;o da esfericidade ventricular, com desenvolvimento de regurgita&#231;&#227;o mitral<sup>8-14</sup>. </p>
    <p>O conceito de cora&#231;&#227;o helicoidal descrito originalmente por Torrent-Guasp, envolvendo a din&#226;mica ventricular esquerda de forma espiralada e em duplo h&#233;lice, ressalta a import&#226;ncia das estruturas do arcabou&#231;o card&#237;aco para um melhor desempenho hemodin&#226;mico, e a perda da forma el&#237;ptica do cora&#231;&#227;o produz altera&#231;&#245;es significativas na capacidade do ventr&#237;culo de se encher e/ou ejetar sangue. Os procedimentos cir&#250;rgicos realizados com o prop&#243;sito de restaurar a arquitetura card&#237;aca respons&#225;vel por uma fun&#231;&#227;o normal s&#227;o chamados de "pacopexia", em homenagem a Francisco Torrent-Guasp, que ofereceu as bases para t&#233;cnicas cir&#250;rgicas idealizadas com a finalidade de melhorar o desempenho ventricular<sup>15</sup>. </p>
    <p>Embora os procedimentos de "pacopexia" sejam mais favor&#225;veis em miocardiopatias dilatadas com insufici&#234;ncia mitral secund&#225;ria, sua utiliza&#231;&#227;o foi ampliada para exclus&#227;o de regi&#245;es fibr&#243;ticas do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, especialmente no tratamento do septo interventricular<sup>12,15</sup>.</p>
    <p>O objetivo deste trabalho &#233; analisar o desempenho ventricular esquerdo ap&#243;s revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica associada &#224; restaura&#231;&#227;o da geometria ventricular pela "pacopexia", em pacientes portadores de miocardiopatia isqu&#234;mica com significativa disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular, nos quais a restaura&#231;&#227;o ventricular foi conseguida com t&#233;cnica especial. O desempenho ventricular esquerdo foi analisado por meio de dados cl&#237;nicos e ecocardiogr&#225;ficos verificando-se a fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (FEVE), seus di&#226;metros cavit&#225;rios e o volume sist&#243;lico.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#233;todos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Entre fevereiro de 2000 e novembro de 2004, 34 pacientes portadores de miocardiopatia isqu&#234;mica foram submetidos a revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica associada a "pacopexia". O grupo foi constitu&#237;do de 27 pacientes do sexo masculino e sete do sexo feminino, com idades variando de 43 a 73 anos (m&#233;dia de 60,50&#177;8,86 anos). </p>
    <p>Todos os pacientes apresentavam miocardiopatia isqu&#234;mica e quadro cl&#237;nico compat&#237;vel com ICC atual ou pregressa, e no pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio imediato tr&#234;s (8,83%) encontravam-se em classe funcional (CF) II; 22 (64,70%) em CF III; nove (24,47%) em CF IV, pela classifica&#231;&#227;o da New York Heart Association (NYHA), com sintomas congestivos associados, apesar de doses adequadas de medicamentos. O tempo de seguimento ap&#243;s a opera&#231;&#227;o variou de um m&#234;s a tr&#234;s anos e quatro meses (m&#233;dia de 9,67&#177;7,23 meses).</p>
    <p>Como caracter&#237;stica, apresentavam a dilata&#231;&#227;o da cavidade ventricular esquerda aferida nos per&#237;odos sist&#243;lico e diast&#243;lico pelo ecocardiograma transtor&#225;cico e d&#233;ficit acentuado da contratilidade ventricular esquerda, verificado por meio do ecocardiograma transtor&#225;cico e/ou ventriculografia esquerda realizada durante a cinecoronariografia. </p>
    <p>Todos os pacientes foram submetidos a revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica associada a restaura&#231;&#227;o da geometria ventricular por meio de "pacopexia", e em dois pacientes foi feita associadamente a corre&#231;&#227;o da regurgita&#231;&#227;o mitral pela plastia da v&#225;lvula com aplica&#231;&#227;o de anel r&#237;gido de Carpentier-Edwards.</p>
    <p>O protocolo do estudo foi aprovado pela Comiss&#227;o de &#201;tica e Pesquisa da Escola Paulista de Medicina (UNIFESP), e os pacientes concordaram em participar do estudo, assinando o termo de consentimento informado. </p>
    <p>T&#233;cnica operat&#243;ria - A opera&#231;&#227;o iniciava-se com monitoriza&#231;&#227;o hemodin&#226;mica pela medida da press&#227;o arterial m&#233;dia, press&#227;o venosa central e d&#233;bito urin&#225;rio, al&#233;m de monitoriza&#231;&#227;o respirat&#243;ria com oximetria de pulso.</p>
    <p>A opera&#231;&#227;o era realizada de maneira habitual; a via de acesso foi esternotomia mediana, com canula&#231;&#227;o a&#243;rtica e da veia cava inferior pelo &#225;trio direito (ou bicaval quando foi necess&#225;ria a abordagem da v&#225;lvula mitral) ap&#243;s hepariniza&#231;&#227;o sist&#234;mica (4 mg/kg), com hipotermia moderada a 32&#176;C.</p>
    <p>Como m&#233;todo de prote&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica foi utilizada a cardioplegia sang&#252;&#237;nea anter&#243;grada hipot&#233;rmica (aproximadamente a 18&#176;C), com acr&#233;scimo de pot&#225;ssio (15 mEq/l) na indu&#231;&#227;o. Nas doses subseq&#252;entes, em intervalos de 15 minutos, foi administrado o sangue do perfusato a 32&#176;C, sem adi&#231;&#227;o de nenhuma outra subst&#226;ncia. </p>
    <p>Ap&#243;s a confec&#231;&#227;o das anastomoses entre as art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias pass&#237;veis de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o e o enxerto escolhido (art&#233;ria tor&#225;cica interna esquerda ou veia safena) realizava-se a "pacopexia" do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo.</p>
    <p>A restaura&#231;&#227;o da geometria ventricular pela "pacopexia" incluiu ventriculotomia feita paralalelamente &#224; art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria interventricular anterior, seguida da inspe&#231;&#227;o da por&#231;&#227;o septal e da parede livre do ventr&#237;culo, com identifica&#231;&#227;o e delimita&#231;&#227;o das &#225;reas de fibrose. A parede livre do ventr&#237;culo era ent&#227;o suturada &#224; por&#231;&#227;o septal, objetivando a exclus&#227;o das &#225;reas de fibrose da parede anterior e do ter&#231;o anterior do septo. Com o embricamento da parede livre &#224; por&#231;&#227;o septal, finaliz&#225;vamos o procedimento com a sutura da por&#231;&#227;o septal remanescente sobre a parede livre, mediante sutura cont&#237;nua hemost&#225;tica. </p>
    <p>Nos dois pacientes que tinham importante refluxo mitral foi realizada a aplica&#231;&#227;o de um anel r&#237;gido completo de Carpentier-Edwards de tamanho 28 mm.</p>
    <p>Ao t&#233;rmino da opera&#231;&#227;o, os pacientes em normotermia eram conduzidos &#224; Unidade de P&#243;s-Operat&#243;rio, onde foram monitorizados continuamente. </p>
    <p>Todos os pacientes foram acompanhados durante a evolu&#231;&#227;o hospitalar e ambulatorial por um mesmo membro da equipe cir&#250;rgica, com preenchimento de protocolo para compara&#231;&#227;o de dados pr&#233; e p&#243;s-operat&#243;rios.</p>
    <p>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica - As an&#225;lises estat&#237;sticas consistiram na compara&#231;&#227;o dos par&#226;metros estudados nos tr&#234;s per&#237;odos de observa&#231;&#227;o, em que os dados foram colhidos para cada paciente. As observa&#231;&#245;es foram efetuadas nos seguintes per&#237;odos: </p>
    <p>1. Antes da opera&#231;&#227;o &#150; Observa&#231;&#227;o pr&#233;-operat&#243;ria.</p>
    <p>2. Antes da alta hospitalar &#150; Observa&#231;&#227;o p&#243;s-operat&#243;ria.</p>
    <p>3. Ap&#243;s a alta hospitalar &#150; Observa&#231;&#227;o atual.</p>
    <p>Os par&#226;metros observados foram: </p>
    <p>&#149; Fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo.</p>
    <p>&#149; Di&#226;metro diast&#243;lico do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo.</p>
    <p>&#149; Di&#226;metro sist&#243;lico do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo.</p>
    <p>&#149; Volume sist&#243;lico.</p>
    <p>Com o objetivo de verificar a relev&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica das diferen&#231;as dos par&#226;metros no tempo, foram realizados testes de hip&#243;teses n&#227;o-param&#233;tricos, comparando duas a duas a evolu&#231;&#227;o de cada par&#226;metro (pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio versus p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio, pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio versus medida atual e p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio versus medida atual). O teste apropriado para a compara&#231;&#227;o de duas amostras pareadas &#233; o de Willcoxon (ordena&#231;&#227;o por postos).</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Resultados</bold>
    </p>
    <p><italic>Classe funcional</italic> - Na an&#225;lise dos pacientes quanto &#224; evolu&#231;&#227;o da classe funcional antes e ap&#243;s a opera&#231;&#227;o, observa-se que, excetuando-se os &#243;bitos ocorridos, 93,10% dos pacientes apresentaram melhora da classe funcional e apenas 6,90% (dois pacientes) n&#227;o apresentaram melhora (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="grf01">gr&#225;fico 1</xref>).</p>
    <fig id="grf01">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-02-0173-00007-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    <p><italic>Fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular</italic> &#150; Fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (FEVE):</p>
    <p>N&#227;o houve varia&#231;&#227;o estatisticamente significativa quanto a FEVE na compara&#231;&#227;o entre pr&#233; (36&#177;11,91) e p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio imediato (32&#177;9,80) (p = 0,1349), nem entre o pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio e o n&#237;vel atual (40&#177;10,26) (p = 0,1854).</p>
    <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o ao p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio imediato, por&#233;m, houve um aumento significativo em compara&#231;&#227;o com os n&#237;veis atuais (p = 0,0002) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="grf02">gr&#225;fico 2</xref>).</p>
    <fig id="grf02">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-02-0173-00007-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>Volume sist&#243;lico:</p>
    <p>N&#227;o h&#225; evid&#234;ncias estat&#237;sticas de varia&#231;&#227;o do volume sist&#243;lico nas observa&#231;&#245;es entre pr&#233;, p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio imediato e nas observa&#231;&#245;es atuais (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="grf03">gr&#225;fico 3</xref>).</p>
    <fig id="grf03">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-02-0173-00007-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>Valores:</p>
    <p>&#149; Pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio (118&#177;62) &#150; P&#243;s-operat&#243;rio (139,76&#177;52,79) (p = 0,2191).</p>
    <p>&#149; Pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio (118&#177;62) &#150; Atual (111&#177;47,86) (p = 0,7854).</p>
    <p>&#149; P&#243;s-operat&#243;rio (139,76&#177;52,79) &#150; Atual (111&#177;47,86) (p = 0,2049).</p>
    <p>Di&#226;metro diast&#243;lico do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (DDVE):</p>
    <p>N&#227;o h&#225; evid&#234;ncias estat&#237;sticas de varia&#231;&#227;o do di&#226;metro diast&#243;lico nas observa&#231;&#245;es entre pr&#233;, p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio imediato e nas observa&#231;&#245;es atuais (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="grf04">gr&#225;fico 4</xref>).</p>
    <fig id="grf04">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-02-0173-00007-gf04.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>Valores:</p>
    <p>&#149; Pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio (65,50&#177;10,82) &#150; P&#243;s-operat&#243;rio (67&#177;7,52) (p = 0,3380).</p>
    <p>&#149; Pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio (65,50&#177;10,82) &#150; Atual (64&#177;7,26) (p = 0,4689).</p>
    <p>&#149; P&#243;s-operat&#243;rio (67&#177;7,52) &#150; Atual (64&#177;7,26) (p = 0,0513).</p>
    <p>Di&#226;metro sist&#243;lico do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (DSVE):</p>
    <p>N&#227;o houve varia&#231;&#227;o significativa entre o di&#226;metro sist&#243;lico nas observa&#231;&#245;es entre pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio (53,85&#177;10,83) e p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio imediato (55,95&#177;7,76) (p = 0,1931), nem nas observa&#231;&#245;es pr&#233;-operat&#243;rias e nas atuais (50&#177;7,92) (p = 0,5721).</p>
    <p>Houve uma redu&#231;&#227;o significativa entre as observa&#231;&#245;es de p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio imediato e os n&#237;veis atuais (p = 0,0172) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="grf05">gr&#225;fico 5</xref>). </p>
    <fig id="grf05">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-02-0173-00007-gf05.jpg"/></fig>
    <p><italic>An&#225;lise de sobreviv&#234;ncia</italic> - No conjunto de dados, observamos a presen&#231;a de cinco &#243;bitos dentre os 34 pacientes, sendo quatro &#243;bitos procedentes de causas relacionadas ao objeto de estudo (dois &#243;bitos por choque cardiog&#234;nico e dois por arritimia ventricular), e um deles n&#227;o relacionado. Os &#243;bitos relacionados &#224; opera&#231;&#227;o ocorreram em at&#233; oito dias ap&#243;s o procedimento, n&#227;o havendo mais nenhum &#243;bito posterior a esse intervalo.</p>
    <p>A an&#225;lise de sobreviv&#234;ncia pela curva de Kaplan-Meier resultou, ao final do per&#237;odo estudado, em uma probabilidade m&#233;dia de sobreviv&#234;ncia estimada de 88,24%, com intervalo de confian&#231;a ao n&#237;vel de 5% variando entre 77,41% e 99,07% (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="grf06">gr&#225;fico 6</xref>).</p>
    <fig id="grf06">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-02-0173-00007-gf06.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O tratamento cl&#237;nico da ICC est&#225; fundamentado no conhecimento dos mecanismos hemodin&#226;micos e neuro-humorais dessa s&#237;ndrome, por&#233;m essa modalidade terap&#234;utica n&#227;o &#233; definitiva, proporcionando apenas uma melhora tempor&#225;ria da qualidade de vida<sup>16</sup>. Apesar da otimiza&#231;&#227;o do tratamento cl&#237;nico, uma parcela consider&#225;vel desses pacientes acaba evoluindo para os est&#225;gios mais avan&#231;ados da doen&#231;a, e o transplante card&#237;aco passa a ser o tratamento de elei&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <p>O aumento no n&#250;mero de pacientes que desenvolvem ICC se deve a uma maior sobrevida ap&#243;s infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio, especialmente pela melhoria da terap&#234;utica para tratamento da doen&#231;a arterial coron&#225;ria. Por&#233;m, essa maior sobrevida &#233; freq&#252;entemente acompanhada de algum grau de dano mioc&#225;rdico causado pela remodela&#231;&#227;o ventricular, iniciando um ciclo vicioso que leva a fal&#234;ncia card&#237;aca<sup>17</sup>. </p>
    <p>A remodela&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo p&#243;s-infarto &#233; um fen&#244;meno complexo que envolve fatores moleculares, neuro-hormonais e gen&#233;ticos. Esses fatores s&#227;o capazes de produzir dilata&#231;&#227;o das c&#226;maras card&#237;acas, altera&#231;&#227;o da forma e disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular<sup>18</sup>.</p>
    <p>A doen&#231;a isqu&#234;mica como causa de ICC &#233; conseq&#252;&#234;ncia da dilata&#231;&#227;o e remodela&#231;&#227;o ventricular ap&#243;s o infarto do mioc&#225;rdio<sup>19</sup>. Embora a reperfus&#227;o precoce da art&#233;ria relacionada ao infarto, por meio de tromb&#243;lise ou angioplastia, possa limitar a expans&#227;o da dilata&#231;&#227;o ventricular, cerca de 20% dos pacientes podem apresentar essa complica&#231;&#227;o apesar da terap&#234;utica agressiva<sup>20</sup>. Em estudo recente, Bolognese e cols. observaram que 30% dos pacientes tratados por angioplastia prim&#225;ria com sucesso evoluem com dilata&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda (definida como aumento de 20% do volume diast&#243;lico final) em um per&#237;odo de seis meses ap&#243;s o procedimento<sup>21</sup>.</p>
    <p>A revasculariza&#231;&#227;o isoladada do mioc&#225;rdio representa uma op&#231;&#227;o terap&#234;utica para esses pacientes. O Coronary Artery Surgery Study (CASS) mostrou grande benef&#237;cio na sobrevida de pacientes revascularizados com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (FEVE) abaixo de 35%<sup>22</sup>. Al&#233;m desse trabalho, o estudo multic&#234;ntrico de administra&#231;&#227;o dos veteranos (Veterans Administration Coronary Artery Bypass Surgery Cooperative Study Group) comprovou o aumento da sobrevida ap&#243;s revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica em pacientes com disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular grave e angina<sup>23</sup>. Desse modo, a revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica &#233; capaz de produzir uma eleva&#231;&#227;o da FEVE, melhora dos par&#226;metros hemodin&#226;micos, aumento da sobrevida e redu&#231;&#227;o dos sintomas congestivos. </p>
    <p>O tratamento da les&#227;o culpada pela isquemia mioc&#225;rdica, cl&#237;nico ou cir&#250;rgico, n&#227;o &#233;, entretanto, garantia de cura para o paciente, sendo obrigat&#243;ria a avalia&#231;&#227;o do tamanho e da fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular para determina&#231;&#227;o do progn&#243;stico em termos do desenvolvimento de fal&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, inclusive com grave impacto econ&#244;mico e social<sup>17</sup>. </p>
    <p>Assim, o desenvolvimento de miocardiopatia isqu&#234;mica est&#225; relacionado &#224; dilata&#231;&#227;o ventricular e poss&#237;vel regurgita&#231;&#227;o mitral, com altera&#231;&#227;o da esfericidade ventricular e conseq&#252;ente deteriora&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica. O tratamento cir&#250;rgico da miocardiopatia isqu&#234;mica deve englobar a revasculariza&#231;&#227;o coronariana, a corre&#231;&#227;o da regurgita&#231;&#227;o mitral e a restaura&#231;&#227;o da geometria ventricular<sup>24</sup>. </p>
    <p>A restaura&#231;&#227;o da geometria ventricular com redu&#231;&#227;o do volume ventricular est&#225; baseada na excis&#227;o de &#243;bvias &#225;reas de cicatriz na parede anterior do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo. A excis&#227;o e a sutura linear dessas &#225;reas de cicatriz discin&#233;tica t&#234;m sido utilizadas por muitos anos, embora essa t&#233;cnica possa n&#227;o tratar adequadamente &#225;reas de fibrose do septo interventricular<sup>24</sup>. O reparo endoventricular com imbrica&#231;&#227;o septal busca exatamente uma melhor abordagem para tratamento do septo interventricular, e essa estrat&#233;gia de restaura&#231;&#227;o ventricular cir&#250;rgica tem sido aplicada para seguimentos discin&#233;ticos e tamb&#233;m acin&#233;ticos do m&#250;sculo card&#237;aco<sup>14</sup>.</p>
    <p>O princ&#237;pio de restaura&#231;&#227;o da geometria ventricular foi bem descrito por Dor e cols. mediante plastia endoventricular com retalho circular e exclus&#227;o de todas as &#225;reas cicatriciais, com aplica&#231;&#227;o tanto em &#225;reas de discinesia quanto de acinesia<sup>13</sup>. Em um registro multic&#234;ntrico, com a utiliza&#231;&#227;o dessa t&#233;cnica, observou-se uma baixa mortalidade e sobrevida aceit&#225;vel ap&#243;s tr&#234;s anos de seguimento, al&#233;m de menor taxa de reinterna&#231;&#227;o por ICC quando comparada com a revasculariza&#231;&#227;o isolada do mioc&#225;rdio<sup>24</sup>.Outra importante contribui&#231;&#227;o &#233; dada pelo grupo RESTORE, formado por dez centros internacionais, realizando o procedimento de restaura&#231;&#227;o ventricular desde 1998<sup>14</sup>. </p>
    <p>O aneurisma cl&#225;ssico de ventr&#237;culo &#233; caracterizado por uma por&#231;&#227;o discin&#233;tica ventricular demarcada por um colo que separa a &#225;rea cicatricial daquela com m&#250;sculo contr&#225;til. Esse tipo de les&#227;o pode ser corrigido mediante a t&#233;cnica de Jatene, que preconiza a reconstru&#231;&#227;o geom&#233;trica ventricular com aplica&#231;&#227;o de sutura circunferencial no colo do aneurisma com exclus&#227;o da &#225;rea de discinesia<sup>14</sup>. Atualmente, esse tipo de les&#227;o n&#227;o ocorre t&#227;o freq&#252;entemente pelo advento das t&#233;cnicas de reperfus&#227;o precoce da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria acometida pelo processo ateroscler&#243;tico. </p>
    <p>No presente estudo, a restaura&#231;&#227;o da geometria ventricular foi obtida por meio da "pacopexia" com t&#233;cnica especial, que se mostrou satisfat&#243;ria, especialmente para o tratamento de &#225;reas cicatriciais do septo interventricular. Al&#233;m disso, essa t&#233;cnica n&#227;o envolve a utiliza&#231;&#227;o de material sint&#233;tico, como pr&#243;teses ou barras de tecido, podendo contribuir para uma menor resposta inflamat&#243;ria tecidual. Estudos anteriores mostraram que peric&#225;rdio bovino e compostos de teflon est&#227;o associados com infiltra&#231;&#227;o inflamat&#243;ria mononuclear no tecido adjacente e indu&#231;&#227;o de resposta imunol&#243;gica tipo enxerto-hospedeiro<sup>25</sup>.</p>
    <p>O seguimento desses pacientes revelou uma melhora importante do tipo funcional, no qual 93,10% deles apresentaram melhora quando comparamos a CF antes e ap&#243;s a opera&#231;&#227;o (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="grf01">gr&#225;fico 1</xref>), com prov&#225;vel benef&#237;cio em termos de qualidade de vida. </p>
    <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, pode-se dizer que n&#227;o representa o par&#226;metro de maior acur&#225;cia na determina&#231;&#227;o do resultado em longo prazo, sendo fundamental a an&#225;lise do volume ventricular<sup>24</sup>. Apesar disso, notamos uma diminui&#231;&#227;o da FEVE entre o pr&#233; e p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio imediato (antes da alta hospitalar) com recupera&#231;&#227;o em rela&#231;&#227;o aos n&#237;veis atuais.</p>
    <p>O tamanho da cavidade ventricular esquerda ap&#243;s a restaura&#231;&#227;o geom&#233;trica representa fator determinante na sobrevida desses pacientes, e neste estudo, com exce&#231;&#227;o do di&#226;metro sist&#243;lico do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (DSVE), os demais par&#226;metros de volume ventricular n&#227;o mostraram diferen&#231;as estatisticamente significantes na compara&#231;&#227;o pr&#233; e p&#243;s-operat&#243;rias. A aparente aus&#234;ncia de melhora no desempenho ventricular esquerdo pode estar relacionada ao m&#233;todo de avalia&#231;&#227;o usado neste trabalho (ecocardiograma transtor&#225;cico), o que poder&#225; ser modificado pelo uso de outros m&#233;todos (com destaque para a resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica). </p>
    <p>Apesar da gravidade dos pacientes deste estudo, em virtude da disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular presente no pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio, a an&#225;lise de sobreviv&#234;ncia ap&#243;s a opera&#231;&#227;o se mostrou favor&#225;vel, com probabilidade m&#233;dia de sobreviv&#234;ncia de 88,24%, no per&#237;odo de tempo considerado. A curva de sobreviv&#234;ncia foi influenciada por uma mortalidade operat&#243;ria de 11%, relacionada principalmente ao avan&#231;ado grau de disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular apresentada pelos pacientes no momento da opera&#231;&#227;o. </p>
    <p>Desse modo, a forma de restaura&#231;&#227;o ventricular utilizada neste trabalho difere das demais t&#233;cnicas descritas na literatura pesquisada, principalmente pela ampla possibilidade de tratamento do septo interventricular e pela n&#227;o-utiliza&#231;&#227;o de materiais sint&#233;ticos. A cl&#225;ssica sutura linear n&#227;o corrige adequadamente o componente septal e as demais t&#233;cnicas envolvem suturas circulares e muitas vezes o uso de materiais sint&#233;ticos. </p>
    <p>O sucesso dos procedimentos de restaura&#231;&#227;o ventricular est&#227;o baseados nos seguintes aspectos: revasculariza&#231;&#227;o completa do mioc&#225;rdio, diminui&#231;&#227;o do volume ventricular e restaura&#231;&#227;o da forma, que foram integralmente respeitados na t&#233;cnica apresentada neste trabalho. </p>
    <p>Assim, o entendimento da anatomia e da fun&#231;&#227;o do cora&#231;&#227;o normal permitir&#225; ao cirurgi&#227;o a utiliza&#231;&#227;o de t&#233;cnicas que possam restaurar a geometria ventricular o mais pr&#243;ximo do ideal em termos de forma e tamanho, com prov&#225;vel implica&#231;&#227;o em termos de melhoria da fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Conclus&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>1. Observou-se melhora do tipo funcional em 93,10% dos pacientes do grupo estudado, na compara&#231;&#227;o entre dados do pr&#233; e p&#243;s-operat&#243;rios.</p>
    <p>2. Houve aumento estatisticamente significante da fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo na compara&#231;&#227;o entre dados do p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio imediato (antes da alta hospitalar) e dados de avalia&#231;&#227;o atuais.</p>
    <p>3. Houve redu&#231;&#227;o significante do di&#226;metro sist&#243;lico do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo na compara&#231;&#227;o entre os valores de p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio e atuais.</p>
    <p>4. Estudos prospectivos adicionais ser&#227;o necess&#225;rios para avalia&#231;&#227;o em longo prazo dos resultados obtidos neste estudo.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesses</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflitos de interesses pertinentes.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="end" fn-type="corresp">
        <label>
          <bold>Correspond&#234;ncia:</bold>
        </label>
        <p> Jo&#227;o Roberto Breda </p>
        <p> Rua Ricardo Cavatton, 287/14 Lapa de Baixo </p>
        <p> 05038-110 &#150; S&#227;o Paulo, SP </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="jbreda@cardiol.br">jbreda@cardiol.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p> Artigo recebido em 28/12/05; revisado recebido em 15/05/06; aceito em 18/05/06.</p>
  </body>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Myocardial revascularization and ventricular restoration through pacopexy</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>OBJECTIVE: To analyze left ventricle performance after myocardial revascularization associated to ventricular geometrics restoration by "pacopexy" in schemic myocardiopathy patients with significant ventricular dysfunction in whom ventricular restoration was obtained through special technique. METHODS: Myocardial revascularization associated to ventricular geometrics restoration through special technique, with no use of prosthesis or other synthetic materials. RESULTS: Patients&#8217; functional class was shown to have improved 93.10% after surgical procedure. Pre- and post-surgical comparison showed significant increase in left ventricle ejection fraction as well as decrease in left ventricle systolic diameter. No significant change was observed in left ventricle diastolic diameter or systolic volume. Post-surgical follow-up time length ranged from 1 month to 3 years and 4 months. CONCLUSION: Ventricular dysfunction restoration technique through pacopexy showed to be effective for the management of severe ventricular dysfunction from schemic causes. Major impact was observed in the functional class of patients under study.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Heart failure</kwd>
        <kwd>congestive</kwd>
        <kwd>myocardial revascularization</kwd>
        <kwd>ventricular function</kwd>
        <kwd>left</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>ORIGINAL ARTICLE</bold>
      </p>
      <p> Myocardial revascularization and ventricular restoration through pacopexy </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Jo&#227;o Roberto Breda; Luciano Figueiredo Aguiar; Jo&#227;o Nelson Rodrigues Branco; Roberto Catani; Ibraim Pinto; Edson Nakano; Enio Buffolo</bold>
      </p>
      <p> Escola Paulista de Medicina &#150; UNIFESP - S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</p>
      <p>
        <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end-body2">Mailing Address</xref>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>SUMMARY</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVE:</bold> To analyze left ventricle performance after myocardial revascularization associated to ventricular geometrics restoration by "pacopexy" in schemic myocardiopathy patients with significant ventricular dysfunction in whom ventricular restoration was obtained through special technique.</p>
      <p><bold>METHODS:</bold> Myocardial revascularization associated to ventricular geometrics restoration through special technique, with no use of prosthesis or other synthetic materials. </p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS:</bold> Patients&#146; functional class was shown to have improved 93.10% after surgical procedure. Pre- and post-surgical comparison showed significant increase in left ventricle ejection fraction as well as decrease in left ventricle systolic diameter. No significant change was observed in left ventricle diastolic diameter or systolic volume. Post-surgical follow-up time length ranged from 1 month to 3 years and 4 months. </p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSION:</bold> Ventricular dysfunction restoration technique through pacopexy showed to be effective for the management of severe ventricular dysfunction from schemic causes. Major impact was observed in the functional class of patients under study.</p>
      <p><bold>Key words:</bold> Heart failure, congestive; myocardial revascularization; ventricular function, left.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Introduction</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Cardiovascular diseases are responsible for the largest number of deaths in the Western World<sup>1</sup>. Among them Congestive Heart Failure (CHF) is accountable for quite a considerable share of deaths.</p>
      <p>Approximately 23 million people are CHF carriers, and 2 million new cases are diagnosed every year worldwide<sup>2</sup>. Major risk factor for the development of CHF in the US is ischemic heart disease<sup>3</sup>. </p>
      <p>In Brazil, data from the Ministry of Health (Unified Health System &#150; DATASUS) show that about one third of patients admitted to hospitals are diagnosed with CHF<sup>4</sup>. Although epidemiological data are not accurate, ischemic heart diseases can be estimated to also be accountable as a major etiologic factor in our scenario. Chagas disease, in its turn, and rheumatic fever are still posed as challenges to be overcome<sup>5,6</sup>.</p>
      <p>From all surgical options for ischemic myocardiopathy treatment, isolated myocardial revascularization stands out<sup>7,8</sup>. However, the development of refractory CHF in coronary artery disease carriers is associated to ventricular dilation and changes in ventricular sphericity, with the development of mitral regurgitation<sup>8-14</sup>. </p>
      <p>The concept of the helicoid heart as described by Torrent-Guasp &#150; spiral, double helix left ventricular dynamics - emphasizes the relevance of cardiac structure for better hemodynamic performance. The loss of heart elyptical shape results in significant changes in the ventricular ability of getting filled with and/or ejecting blood. Surgical procedures carried out with the purpose to restore the cardiac architecture responsible for normal function are called "pacopexy", after Francisco Torrent-Guasp, who contributed with the bases for the surgical techniques designed to improve ventricular performance<sup>15</sup>. </p>
      <p>Although "pacopexy" procedures are more favorable in dilated myocardiopathies with secondary mitral failure, its utilization has been expanded for the exclusion of left ventricle fibrotic regions, especially for the treatment of the interventricular septum<sup>12,15</sup>.</p>
      <p>The purpose of this paper is to analyze left ventricle performance following myocardial revascularization, as well as ventricular geometrics restorarion through "pacopexy" in patients who are ischemic myocardiopathy carriers and who present significant ventricular dysfunction, and whose ventricular restoration was obtained through special technique. Left ventricle performance was analyzed through clinical and echocardiographic data, with left ventricle ejection fraction (LVEF), cavitary diameters, and systolic volume having been assessed.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Methods</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Thirty-four ischemic myocardiopathy patients were submitted to myocardial revascularization associated to "pacopexy" in the time period between February, 2000 and November, 2004. The group was made up by 27 males and 07 females, age range 43-73 years of age (mean 60.50 &#177; 8.86 years of age). </p>
      <p>All patients had ischemic myocardiopathy and clinical condition compatible with CHF &#150; current or previous. At immediate preoperative, 3 patients (8.83%) reported functional class II (FC II); 22 (64.70%) patients reported FC III; and 9 patients (24.47%) reported FC IV, following New York Heart Association (NYHA) classification, with associated congestive symptoms despite proper medication dosing. Post-surgery follow-up varied from 1 month to 3 years and 4 months (mean 9.67 &#177; 7.23 months).</p>
      <p>Patients presented the following characteristics: systolic and diastolic dilation of left ventricular cavity measured by transthoracic echocardiogram; significant left ventricular contractility deficit, measured by transthoracic echocardiogram and/or left ventriculography during cinecoronariography. </p>
      <p>All patients were submitted to myocardial revascularization associated to ventricular geometric restoration through "pacopexy". Two patients also had concurrent correction of mitral regurgitation though valvoplasty, when Carpentier-Edwards annuloplasty ring was applied.</p>
      <p>Study protocol was approved by the Research and Ethics Committee at Escola Paulista de Medicina (UNIFESP). Patients agreed to participate by signing the informed consent. </p>
      <p>Surgery technique - Surgery started with hemodynamic monitoring through average blood pressure measuring, central venous pressure measuring, and urinary debit, in addition to respiratory monitoring with pulse oximetry.</p>
      <p>Surgery was carried out as routine, with access through median esternotomy, with aortic and lower cava cannulation through right atrium (or bicaval when mitral valve approach was necessary) after systemic heparinization (4 mg/kg), under moderate hypothermia at 32 &#176;C.</p>
      <p>Hypothermic antegrade cardioplegy was used as myocardial protection method (approximately at 18 &#176;C), with potassium increase (15 mEq/l) at induction. Perfusion blood at 32 &#176;C was administered in subsequent doses at 15-minute intervals and with no other substance added. </p>
      <p>After anastomoses were carried out between revascularizable coronary arteries, and after graft was selected (left inner thoracic artery or saphena), "pacopexy" was carried out in the left ventricle.</p>
      <p>Ventricular geometry restoration through "pacopexy" includes ventriculotomy parallel to anterior interventricular coronary artery followed by inspection of septal portion and of ventricle free wall, with the identification and delimitation of areas with fibrosis. The free ventricle wall was then sutured to septal portion with the purpose of excluding fibrosis areas in anterior wall and anterior third of septum. With free wall imbricated to septal portion, the procedure was finalized by suturing remaining septal portion over free wall through hemostatic continuous suture. </p>
      <p>A full, 28 mm Carpentier-Edwards annuloplasty ring was applied to the two patients who reported significant mitral reflux.</p>
      <p>After surgery, normothermic patients were taken to Post-Surgery Unit, where they were kept under full time monitoring. </p>
      <p>Patients had the same surgery team member in charge of both in-hospital and outpatient unit follow-up. A protocol was filled out to be used for comparison between pre- and post-surgery data. </p>
      <p><italic>Statistical analysis</italic> - Statistical analyses compared parameters studied at three observation points in time, where data were collected from each patient. Observations were carried out in the following time periods: 1) Before surgery &#150; Pre-Surgical Observation; 2) Prior to Discharge &#150; Post-Surgical Observation; 3) After discharge &#150; Current Observation.</p>
      <p>Parameters observed were: Left Ventricle Ejection Fraction; Left Ventricle Diastolic Diameter; Left Ventricle Systolic Diameter; Systolic Volume.</p>
      <p>With the purpose of verifying statistical relevance of parameters differences along time, non-parametric hypotheses tests were carried out by comparing the following pairs in the evolution of each parameter (pre-surgery x post-surgery; pre-surgery x current measure; post-surgery x current measure). Willcoxon (signed rank) is the appropriate test for the comparison of paired samples.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Results</bold>
      </p>
      <p><italic>Functional class</italic> - Patients&#146; anaysis in regard to functional class evolution prior to and after surgery showed that except for deaths, 93.10% of patients had functional class improvement, while only 6.9% (2 patients) did not report improvement (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="grf01-body2">Graph 1</xref>).</p>
      <fig id="grf01-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-02-0173-00007-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p><italic>Ventricular function</italic> &#150; </p>
      <p>a) Left Ventricle Ejection Fraction (LVEF): No significant statistic difference was reported for immediate post-surgery LVEF when pre-surgery (36&#177;11.91) and post-surgery data were compared (32&#177;9.80) (p = 0.1349); neither for pre-surgery and current level (40&#177;10.26) (p = 0.1854). However, in immediate post-surgery, significant increase was reported when data were compared with currrent levels (p = 0.0002) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="grf02-body2">Graph 2</xref>);</p>
      <p>b) Systolic volume: No statistic evidence was reported for systolic volume variation at pre-operative or immediate post-operative points in time, neither in current observations (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="grf03-body2">Graph 3</xref>).</p>
      <fig id="grf02-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-02-0173-00007-gf02-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <fig id="grf03-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-02-0173-00007-gf03-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>Values:</p>
      <p>&#149; Pre-operative (118&#177;62) &#150; Post-operative (139.76&#177;52.79) (p = 0.2191)</p>
      <p>&#149; Pre-operative (118&#177;62) - Current (111&#177;47.86) (p = 0.7854)</p>
      <p>&#149; Post-operative (139.76&#177;52.79) &#150; Current (111&#177;47.86) (p = 0.2049)</p>
      <p>c) Left ventricle diastolic diameter (LVDD): </p>
      <p>No statistic evidence was reported for diastolic diameter variation at pre-operative or immediate post-operative points in time, neither in current observations (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="grf04-body2">Graph 4</xref>).</p>
      <fig id="grf04-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-02-0173-00007-gf04-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>Values:</p>
      <p>&#149; Pre-surgery (65.50&#177;10.82) - Post-surgery (67&#177;7.52) (p = 0.3380)</p>
      <p>&#149; Pre-surgery (65.50&#177;10.82) - Current (64&#177;7.26) (p = 0.4689)</p>
      <p>&#149; Post-surgery (67&#177;7.52) &#150; Current (64&#177;7.26) (p = 0.0513)</p>
      <p>c) Left ventricle systolic diameter (LVSD):</p>
      <p>No significant variation was reported bewteen pre-operative (53.85&#177;10.83) or post-operative (55.95&#177;7.76) (p = 0.1931) systolic diameter, neither between pre-operative and current (50&#177;7.92) (p = 0.5721). </p>
      <p>Significant reduction was reported between immediate post-operative levels and current levels (p = 0.0172) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="grf05-body2">Graph 5</xref>). </p>
      <fig id="grf05-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-02-0173-00007-gf05-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p><italic>Survival analysis</italic> - Data showed 5 deaths among the 34 patients: 4 deaths were related to the object of study (2 from cardiogenic shock and 2 from ventricular arrhythmia), and 1 unrelated. Surgery related deaths occurred within 8 days after procedure. No other death was reported after that point in time.</p>
      <p>Survival analysis by Kaplan-Meier curve resulted estimated survival average probability at 88.24%, CI5%, variation between 77.41% and 99.07% (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="grf06-body2">Graph 6</xref>).</p>
      <fig id="grf06-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-02-0173-00007-gf06-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The clinical treatment of CHF is based on the knowledge of hemodynamic and neurohumoral mechanisms of this syndrome. However, the therapeutic mode is not definitive, and stands only for temporary life standard quality improvement<sup>16</sup>. Despite clinical treatment optimization, a considerable number of patients end up developing into more advanced stages of the disease, and heart transplant becomes elective treatment. </p>
      <p>The increase in number of patients that develop CHF is a result of longer survival periods following acute myocardial infarction (AMI), especially from more efficacious therapeutics for the management of coronary artery disease. However, that longer survival period is often associated to some degree of myocardial impairment caused by ventricular remodelling, which triggers a vicious cycle leading to heart failure<sup>17</sup>. </p>
      <p>Post-infarction left ventricle remodelling is a complex phenomenon involving molecular, neurohormonal, and genetic factors. Those factors may result in cardiac chambers dilation, and ventricular change and dysfunction<sup>18</sup>.</p>
      <p>Ischemic disease as the cause for CHF is a result of dilation and ventricular remodelling after myocardial infarction<sup>19</sup>. Although early reperfusion of infarct-related artery - through thrombolysis or angioplasty &#150; may limit ventricular dilation expansion, approximately 20% of patients may present such complication despite aggressive therapeutics<sup>20</sup>. In a recent study, Bolognese et al have observed that 30% of patients treated through successful primary angioplasty develop left ventricular dilation (defined as a 20% increase of final diastolic volume) within 6 months after the procedure<sup>21</sup>.</p>
      <p>Myocardial revascularization in itself is a therapy option for those patients. The Coronary Artery Surgery Study (CASS) showed to be highly beneficial for the survival of revascularized patients with left ventricle ejection fraction (LVEF) below 35%<sup>22</sup>. In addition to that study, the Veterans multicenter administration study (Veterans Administration Coronary Artery Bypass Surgery Cooperative Study Group) contributed with evidence of survival after myocardial revascularization of patients with serious ventricular dysfuncation and angina<sup>23</sup>. Therefore, myocardial revascularization has the ability to increase LVEF, improve hemodynamic parameters, extend survival time, and reduce congestive symptoms. </p>
      <p>However, clinical or surgical treatment of the lesion blamed for myocardial ischemia is no guarantee for cure. Ventricular size and funcation must be assessed for prognostic determination in terms of heart failure development, which includes high economic and social impact<sup>17</sup>. </p>
      <p>Therefore, the development of ischemic myocardiopathy is associated to ventricular dilation and possible mitral regurgitation, with changes in ventricular sphericity and resulting deterioration of systolic function. Surgical management of ischemic myocardiopathy should encompass coronary revascularization, correction of mitral regurgitation, and ventricular geometry restoration<sup>24</sup>. </p>
      <p>Ventricular geometry restoration with ventricular volume reduction is based on the excision of obvious scar areas in left ventricle anterior wall. Excision and linear suture of those dyskinetic scar areas has been done for quite many years, although the technique may not properly treat fibrosis areas in the interventricular septum<sup>24</sup>. Endoventricular repair with septal imbrication is an attempt for a better approach for the treatment of interventricular septum; the surgical ventricular restoration strategy has been used both for dyskinetic and akinetic follow-ups of cardiac muscle<sup>14</sup>.</p>
      <p>The principle of ventricular geometry restoration has been well described by Dor et al through endoventriculoplasty with a circular graft and the exclusion of all scar areas, with application both in discynesia and akinesia areas<sup>13</sup>. A multicenter study using that technique showed low mortality rate and acceptable survival after 3 years of follow-up, in addition to lower rate of repeat hospitalization due to CHF if compared to myocardial revascularization alone<sup>24</sup>. Another important contribution was brought up by the RESTORE group, made up of 10 international centers that have carried out ventricular restoration procedure since 1998<sup>14</sup>. </p>
      <p>Classical ventricular aneurysm is characterized by a diskynetic ventricular portion circumscribed by a collum that separates the scar area from contractile muscle. This sort of lesion can be corrected through Jatene&#146;s technique, which recommends ventricular geometric reconstruction by using circumferencial suture in aneurysm collum, and the exclusion of discynesia area<sup>14</sup>. Currently, this type of lesion is not frequent as a result of the availability of early reperfusion techniques of the coronary artery under atherosclerosis. </p>
      <p>In the present study, ventricular geometry restoration was obtained through special technique "pacopexy", which showed to be satisfactory, particularly for the treatment of scar areas in the interventricular septum. Additionally, the technique does not involve the use of synthetic material such as prostheses or tissue bars, and may, therefore contribute with lower tissue inflammatory response. Previous studies have shown that bovine pericardium and teflon compounds are associated to mononuclear inflammatory infiltration in adjacent tissue and graft-host type immunological response induction<sup>25</sup>.</p>
      <p>The follow-up of those patients showed significant functional improvement, with 93.10% of them showing improvement when pre and post-surgery Funcional Class (FC) was compared (Fig. 1), with possible benefits in terms of life standard quality. </p>
      <p>In regard to left ventricle ejection fraction, one could say it is not the best accuracy parameter in determining long-term results - ventricular volume analysis is crucial<sup>24</sup>. In spite of that, some LVEF decrease could be observed between pre-surgery and immediate post-surgery (before hospital discharge), showing recovery when compared to current levels. </p>
      <p>After geometric restoration, left ventricular cavity size is a major factor in determining the survival of those patients. In the present study, except for left ventricle systolic diameter (LVSD), all other ventricular volume parameters showed no statistically significant difference when comparing pre and post-surgery points in time. The apparent lack of improvement in left ventricular preformance may be associated to the method used for assessment in the present study (transthoracic echocardiogram). That can be changed by using other methods (particularly MRI). </p>
      <p>Despite patients&#146; severe condition in the present study &#150; due to pre-surgery ventricular dysfunction &#150; post-surgery survival analysis showed to be favorable, with mean survival probability at 88.24%, in the period being considered. Survival curve was influenced by an 11% surgery mortality rate, basically related to the advanced stage of ventricular dysfunction presented by patients at the time of surgery. </p>
      <p>So, the ventricular restoration technique used in the present study differs from all other techniques described in the literature under research, especially for making available a wide option range for interventricular septum treatment, as well as for not making use of synthetic materials. Classical linear suture does not properly correct the septal component; all other techniques involve circular sutures and many times the use of synthetic materials. </p>
      <p>Successful ventricular restoration procedures are based on the following aspects: full myocardial revascularization, ventricular volume reduction, and shape restoration - all fully complied with in the technique used in the present study. </p>
      <p>Therefore, the understanding of normal heart anatomy and function will help the surgeon to use the techniques that will allow ventricular geometry to be restored as close as possible to ideal shape and size, with possible implication in ventricular function improvement.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Conclusion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>1. Statistically significant left ventricle ejection fraction increase was shown when comparing immediate post-surgery (before hospital discharge) and current evaluation data.</p>
      <p>2. Significant reduction of left ventricle systolic diameter was shown when comparing post-surgery and current values.</p>
      <p>3. Additional prospective studies are required for long term assessment of the results obtained in the present study.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
      </p>
      <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fn id="end-body2" fn-type="corresp">
          <label>
            <bold>Mailing Address:</bold>
          </label>
          <p> Jo&#227;o Roberto Breda</p>
          <p> Rua Ricardo Cavatton, 287/14 &#150; Lapa de Baixo</p>
          <p> 05038-110 &#150; S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</p>
          <p> E-mail: </p>
          <p>
            <email xlink:href="jbreda@cardiol.br">jbreda@cardiol.br</email>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p> Manuscript received December 28, 2005; revised manuscript received May 15, 2006; accepted May 18, 2006.</p>
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  </sub-article>
</article>
