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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">xXfBqzxVdhk5WYyycwXHsTb</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00006</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2007000200006</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(07)08800206</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2007000200006</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Homocist&#233;ina e metilenotetrahidrofolato redutase em indiv&#237;duos submetidos &#224; angiografia coronariana</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lima</surname>
            <given-names>Luciana Moreira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Carvalho</surname>
            <given-names>Maria das Gra&#231;as</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Fernandes</surname>
            <given-names>Ana Paulo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sabino</surname>
            <given-names>Adriano de Paula</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Loures-Vale</surname>
            <given-names>Andr&#233;ia Assis</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Fonseca Neto</surname>
            <given-names>Cirilo Pereira da</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Garcia</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233; Carlos Faria</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Saad</surname>
            <given-names>Jamil Abdala</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sousa</surname>
            <given-names>Marinez Oliveira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Belo Horizonte</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">Minas Gerais</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Hospital Socor </institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>02</month>
        <year>2007</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>88</volume>
      <issue>2</issue>
      <fpage>167</fpage>
      <lpage>172</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>11</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2006</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>08</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2006</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>23</day>
          <month>01</month>
          <year>2006</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>OBJETIVO: Determinar os n&#237;veis plasm&#225;ticos de homociste&#237;na e a incid&#234;ncia do polimorfismo C677T no gene da enzima metilenotetrahidrofolato redutase (MTHFR) em um grupo de indiv&#237;duos submetidos a angiografia coronariana, buscando estabelecer a poss&#237;vel correla&#231;&#227;o entre esses par&#226;metros e a gravidade da doen&#231;a arterial coronariana (DAC), bem como investigar a correla&#231;&#227;o entre hiper-homocisteinemia e a presen&#231;a do polimorfismo. M&#201;TODOS: Vinte indiv&#237;duos com aus&#234;ncia de ateromatose nas coron&#225;rias (controles), quatorze indiv&#237;duos apresentando ateromatose leve/moderada e vinte e nove indiv&#237;duos apresentando ateromatose grave foram avaliados. RESULTADOS: Para o par&#226;metro homociste&#237;na foram observadas diferen&#231;as significativas entre as m&#233;dias dos grupos controle e ateromatose grave (p &lt; 0,001). Entre os demais grupos n&#227;o foram observadas diferen&#231;as significativas. O grupo ateromatose grave apresentou uma freq&#252;&#234;ncia de 62,0% e 6,9% para o polimorfismo C677T no gene da enzima MTHFR, em heterozigose e homozigose, respectivamente. Entretanto, n&#227;o foi observada correla&#231;&#227;o entre a presen&#231;a da muta&#231;&#227;o e hiper-homocisteinemia. Foi observada uma correla&#231;&#227;o positiva da ordem de 41,91% (p &lt; 0,001) entre hiper-homocisteinemia e a presen&#231;a de DAC. CONCLUS&#195;O: O achado mais importante deste estudo foi a associa&#231;&#227;o entre hiper-homocisteinemia e a presen&#231;a de estenose coronariana superior a 70%; entretanto, permanece a d&#250;vida se o aumento da concentra&#231;&#227;o plasm&#225;tica de homociste&#237;na constitui um fator determinante para o agravamento da les&#227;o ateroscler&#243;tica nas coron&#225;rias ou se o mesmo &#233; uma conseq&#252;&#234;ncia desta les&#227;o.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>Homociste&#237;na</kwd>
        <kwd>metilenotetrahidrofolato redutase (MTHFR)</kwd>
        <kwd>angiografia coronariana</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>20</day>
        <month>03</month>
        <year>2007</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>ARTIGO ORIGINAL</bold>
    </p>
    <p> Homocist&#233;ina e metilenotetrahidrofolato redutase em indiv&#237;duos submetidos &#224; angiografia coronariana</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Luciana Moreira Lima; Maria das Gra&#231;as Carvalho; Ana Paulo Fernandes; Adriano de Paula Sabino; Andr&#233;ia Assis Loures-Vale; Cirilo Pereira da Fonseca Neto; Jos&#233; Carlos Faria Garcia; Jamil Abdala Saad; Marinez Oliveira Sousa</bold>
    </p>
    <p> Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Hospital Socor, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais - Belo Horizonte, MG</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVO:</bold> Determinar os n&#237;veis plasm&#225;ticos de homociste&#237;na e a incid&#234;ncia do polimorfismo C677T no gene da enzima metilenotetrahidrofolato redutase (MTHFR) em um grupo de indiv&#237;duos submetidos a angiografia coronariana, buscando estabelecer a poss&#237;vel correla&#231;&#227;o entre esses par&#226;metros e a gravidade da doen&#231;a arterial coronariana (DAC), bem como investigar a correla&#231;&#227;o entre hiper-homocisteinemia e a presen&#231;a do polimorfismo. </p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS:</bold> Vinte indiv&#237;duos com aus&#234;ncia de ateromatose nas coron&#225;rias (controles), quatorze indiv&#237;duos apresentando ateromatose leve/moderada e vinte e nove indiv&#237;duos apresentando ateromatose grave foram avaliados. </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS:</bold> Para o par&#226;metro homociste&#237;na foram observadas diferen&#231;as significativas entre as m&#233;dias dos grupos controle e ateromatose grave (p &lt; 0,001). Entre os demais grupos n&#227;o foram observadas diferen&#231;as significativas. O grupo ateromatose grave apresentou uma freq&#252;&#234;ncia de 62,0% e 6,9% para o polimorfismo C677T no gene da enzima MTHFR, em heterozigose e homozigose, respectivamente. Entretanto, n&#227;o foi observada correla&#231;&#227;o entre a presen&#231;a da muta&#231;&#227;o e hiper-homocisteinemia. Foi observada uma correla&#231;&#227;o positiva da ordem de 41,91% (p &lt; 0,001) entre hiper-homocisteinemia e a presen&#231;a de DAC. </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#195;O:</bold> O achado mais importante deste estudo foi a associa&#231;&#227;o entre hiper-homocisteinemia e a presen&#231;a de estenose coronariana superior a 70%; entretanto, permanece a d&#250;vida se o aumento da concentra&#231;&#227;o plasm&#225;tica de homociste&#237;na constitui um fator determinante para o agravamento da les&#227;o ateroscler&#243;tica nas coron&#225;rias ou se o mesmo &#233; uma conseq&#252;&#234;ncia desta les&#227;o.</p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave:</bold> Homociste&#237;na, metilenotetrahidrofolato redutase (MTHFR), angiografia coronariana.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A homociste&#237;na, um amino&#225;cido proveniente do metabolismo da metionina, atualmente tem sido considerado um fator de risco independente para o desenvolvimento de aterosclerose. Estudos demonstram ainda que n&#237;veis elevados de homociste&#237;na possuem a&#231;&#227;o t&#243;xica ao endot&#233;lio vascular<sup>1</sup>. A eleva&#231;&#227;o da homociste&#237;na no sangue possui causas multifatoriais, entre estas a ingest&#227;o elevada de metionina, redu&#231;&#227;o do metabolismo, altera&#231;&#245;es gen&#233;ticas ou defici&#234;ncia de enzimas (cistationina b sintase ou metilenotetrahidrofolato redutase &#150; MTHFR) ou de vitaminas (B<sub>12</sub>, B<sub>6</sub> e &#225;cido f&#243;lico) importantes no processo de metabolismo da homociste&#237;na. Esses fatores podem promover o ac&#250;mulo da homociste&#237;na e, conseq&#252;entemente, a inj&#250;ria do endot&#233;lio vascular<sup>2</sup>, desencadeando o processo de instala&#231;&#227;o das les&#245;es ateroscler&#243;ticas. A MTHFR &#233; uma enzima envolvida na via de transmetila&#231;&#227;o, na qual a homociste&#237;na &#233; convertida em metionina. A muta&#231;&#227;o C677T no gene da MTHFR gera uma variante termol&#225;bil que pode interferir nas atividades enzim&#225;ticas das vias metab&#243;licas da homociste&#237;na e predisp&#245;e &#224; hiper-homocisteinemia<sup>1,3</sup>. Indiv&#237;duos homozigotos para a muta&#231;&#227;o C677T do gene da MTHFR podem apresentar n&#237;veis plasm&#225;ticos de homociste&#237;na duas vezes mais aumentados quando comparados com indiv&#237;duos n&#227;o portadores<sup>4</sup>.</p>
    <p>Alguns estudos<sup>5-7 </sup>demonstraram associa&#231;&#227;o entre hiper-homocisteinemia e doen&#231;a vascular perif&#233;rica, doen&#231;a cerebrovascular e DAC, constatando que a concentra&#231;&#227;o deste amino&#225;cido era significativamente mais elevada que a encontrada em indiv&#237;duos h&#237;gidos. Deste modo, a hiper-homocisteinemia passou a ser considerada fator de risco para as condi&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas citadas. Investiga&#231;&#245;es sobre diferentes fatores, como tabagismo<sup>8</sup>, perfil lip&#237;dico<sup>9</sup>, idade avan&#231;ada<sup>10</sup>, hipertens&#227;o arterial<sup>10</sup>, diabetes mellitus<sup>11</sup> e obesidade<sup>12</sup>, al&#233;m da homociste&#237;na, revelaram que a sua concentra&#231;&#227;o plasm&#225;tica pode ser considerada fator de risco independente para a doen&#231;a ateroscler&#243;tica. Deve ser ressaltado que os valores da homocisteinemia parecem ter tamb&#233;m grande import&#226;ncia como preditores de mortalidade em pacientes com DAC, al&#233;m de mostrar rela&#231;&#227;o com a intensidade do processo ateroscler&#243;tico<sup>13-15</sup>.</p>
    <p>Diante do contexto exposto acima, o presente estudo teve como objetivo investigar a exist&#234;ncia de associa&#231;&#227;o entre hiper-homocisteinemia e a presen&#231;a do polimorfismo C667T no gene que codifica a enzima MTHFR, bem como estabelecer os n&#237;veis plasm&#225;ticos de homociste&#237;na em pacientes com diagn&#243;stico de DAC estabelecido por angiografia e comparando-os com indiv&#237;duos angiograficamente normais, buscando correlacionar as poss&#237;veis altera&#231;&#245;es com a gravidade da les&#227;o.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#233;todos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Foram avaliados 63 indiv&#237;duos, com faixa et&#225;ria de 46 a 68 anos, de ambos os sexos, selecionados em um per&#237;odo de tr&#234;s meses no Departamento de Hemodin&#226;mica do Hospital Socor de Belo Horizonte, em Minas Gerais, ap&#243;s realiza&#231;&#227;o de angiografia coronariana. Os participantes deste estudo foram selecionados buscando uma homogeneidade em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224;s vari&#225;veis sexo, idade, n&#237;vel socioecon&#244;mico e &#205;ndice de Massa Corporal (IMC). Com base nos resultados da angiografia coronariana, os indiv&#237;duos foram divididos em tr&#234;s grupos: controle (n = 20), ateromatose leve/moderada (n = 14) e ateromatose grave (n = 29). O protocolo de estudo recebeu parecer favor&#225;vel sob o ponto de vista &#233;tico e formal do Comit&#234; de &#201;tica em Pesquisa do Hospital Socor e pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica em Pesquisa da UFMG. </p>
    <p>Aos indiv&#237;duos selecionados foi feito o esclarecimento dos objetivos da pesquisa, e aqueles que estiveram de acordo assinaram o Termo de Consentimento Livre e Esclarecido - TCLE. Uma ficha cl&#237;nica de cada indiv&#237;duo com identifica&#231;&#227;o, dados demogr&#225;ficos, hist&#243;ria familiar e resultado da angiografia coronariana foi preenchida pelos cardiologistas do Departamento de Hemodin&#226;mica.</p>
    <p>Foram exclu&#237;dos do estudo indiv&#237;duos portadores de doen&#231;as intercorrentes como dist&#250;rbios da coagula&#231;&#227;o, doen&#231;as renais, hep&#225;ticas, auto-imunes e c&#226;ncer.</p>
    <p>A presen&#231;a das vari&#225;veis tabagismo, sedentarismo e hist&#243;ria familiar para DAC foi constatada com base nas recomenda&#231;&#245;es das III Diretrizes Brasileiras sobre Dislipidemias e Preven&#231;&#227;o de Aterosclerose<sup>16</sup>. Foram considerados diab&#233;ticos indiv&#237;duos com diagn&#243;stico cl&#237;nico pr&#233;vio de Diabetes Mellitus, com glicemia de jejum igual ou superior a 126 mg/dL<sup>17</sup>. Foram classificados como hipertensos indiv&#237;duos com press&#227;o sang&#252;&#237;nea igual ou superior a 140 mmHg para a press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica ou 90 mmHg para a press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica, ou que estivessem fazendo uso de medica&#231;&#227;o anti-hipertensiva<sup>18</sup>.</p>
    <p>As amostras de sangue venoso foram obtidas com o paciente em jejum de 12 horas. Os mesmos foram orientados a n&#227;o praticarem atividade f&#237;sica vigorosa e evitar a ingest&#227;o de etanol, nas 24 e 72 horas, respectivamente, que antecederam a coleta de sangue, na tentativa de obter amostras biol&#243;gicas de pacientes em estado metab&#243;lico de equil&#237;brio. Foram coletados 10 ml de sangue venoso (5 ml sem anticoagulante e 5 ml em EDTA), em tubos do Sistema Vacutainer<sup>&#174;</sup> (Becton-Dickinson). As amostras obtidas sem anticoagulante foram rapidamente centrifugadas a 2500 rpm por 10 minutos para separa&#231;&#227;o do soro, que foi aliquotado e estocado a &#150;70&#186;C, at&#233; o momento da dosagem de homociste&#237;na. Foi extra&#237;do o DNA das amostras obtidas com EDTA, que permaneceu armazenado a -20&#176;C at&#233; a realiza&#231;&#227;o da an&#225;lise gen&#233;tica.</p>
    <p>A determina&#231;&#227;o quantitativa da homociste&#237;na foi realizada no soro utilizando-se o conjunto diagn&#243;stico Axsym&#174; Homociste&#237;na (Abbott&#174; Laboratories - Alemanha), cujo princ&#237;pio anal&#237;tico &#233; o imunoensaio de fluoresc&#234;ncia polarizada, seguindo as instru&#231;&#245;es fornecidas pelo fabricante. O ensaio foi realizado no equipamento Axsym&#174; (Abbott&#174; Laboratories &#150; Alemanha), utilizando-se tr&#234;s soros-controle comerciais para verificar o desempenho do ensaio. A presen&#231;a da muta&#231;&#227;o C677T na enzima MTHFR foi investigada por PCR-RFLP usando-se oligonucleot&#237;deos e endonucleases de restri&#231;&#227;o previamente descritos<sup>3</sup>. As rea&#231;&#245;es de PCR foram realizadas no termociclador PT100 PCR thermocycler (MJ Research, Waltham, USA), usando-se 1 pMol de cada primer (Invitrogen&#174;, S&#227;o Paulo, SP), 0,2 mM de dNTPs (GIBCO BRL&#174;, S&#227;o Paulo, SP), e 1 unidade de Taq polimerase (Phoneutria&#174; &#150; Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brasil). As rea&#231;&#245;es de PCR foram submetidas a 40 ciclos, consistindo de 1 minuto a 94&#186;C para desnatura&#231;&#227;o, 1 minuto a 64&#186;C (C677T) para anelamento dos primers e 2 minutos a 72&#186;C para a extens&#227;o dos mesmos. Os produtos de PCR foram submetidos &#224; digest&#227;o com endonuclease de restri&#231;&#227;o (Hinf I &#150; Promega, Inc.) por 4 horas a 37&#176;C. Amostras de DNA de indiv&#237;duos previamente tipados foram inclu&#237;dos para controle da atividade enzim&#225;tica. As amostras foram submetidas &#224; eletroforese em gel de poliacrilamida, seguida de colora&#231;&#227;o pela prata. </p>
    <p>A angiografia coronariana foi realizada por t&#233;cnica percut&#226;nea, via femoral, tendo sido os filmes examinados por tr&#234;s cardiologistas experientes e os laudos apresentados conforme crit&#233;rios definidos pela redu&#231;&#227;o dos di&#226;metros intraluminais da luz das art&#233;rias: at&#233; 30% de estenose foi classificada como ateromatose leve; de 30 a 69% de estenose foi classificada como ateromatose moderada e acima de 70% de estenose foi classificada como ateromatose grave.</p>
    <p>Para os valores de homociste&#237;na, a an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica foi realizada utilizando-se an&#225;lise de vari&#226;ncia (ANOVA) seguida de teste de Tukey, ap&#243;s transforma&#231;&#227;o logar&#237;tmica dos dados. As vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas (fatores de risco e muta&#231;&#227;o C677T) foram analisadas pelo teste exato de Fisher. Foi utilizado o teste de Spearman para analisar a correla&#231;&#227;o entre a presen&#231;a da muta&#231;&#227;o (vari&#225;vel categ&#243;rica) e os n&#237;veis plasm&#225;ticos de homociste&#237;na (vari&#225;vel cont&#237;nua). A correla&#231;&#227;o entre a presen&#231;a de DAC (vari&#225;vel categ&#243;rica) e a homocisteinemia (vari&#225;vel cont&#237;nua) tamb&#233;m foi analisada pelo teste de Spearman. O tamanho m&#237;nimo da amostra foi definido usando-se o coeficiente de varia&#231;&#227;o descrito previamente na literatura<sup>19</sup>, considerando dez por cento de varia&#231;&#227;o em torno da m&#233;dia, chegando a um n&#250;mero m&#237;nimo de onze indiv&#237;duos em cada grupo para que fossem demonstradas as poss&#237;veis diferen&#231;as estat&#237;sticas com um n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia de 5%. Os programas Sigma Stat vers&#227;o 1.0 e Prism vers&#227;o 3.0 foram utilizados para realizar as an&#225;lises e plotar o gr&#225;fico, respectivamente. </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Resultados</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01">tabela 1</xref> apresenta a caracteriza&#231;&#227;o dos grupos, com rela&#231;&#227;o ao sexo, idade e IMC, bem como os fatores de risco associados &#224; DAC, e mostra o n&#250;mero de indiv&#237;duos e porcentagem da presen&#231;a de determinada vari&#225;vel. N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significativa para as vari&#225;veis tabagismo, hipertens&#227;o arterial, sedentarismo, hist&#243;ria familiar e Diabetes Mellitus entre os tr&#234;s grupos. Os participantes n&#227;o apresentaram sobrepeso ou obesidade, sugerindo a aus&#234;ncia do componente metab&#243;lico nestes indiv&#237;duos.</p>
    <table-wrap id="tab01">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-02-0167-00006-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>Os resultados da dosagem de homociste&#237;na tamb&#233;m s&#227;o apresentados na <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01">tabela 1</xref>, como m&#233;dias e respectivos desvios-padr&#227;o. Foi observada diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significativa entre os grupos controle e ateromatose grave (p &lt; 0,001). Entre os demais grupos n&#227;o foram observadas diferen&#231;as significativas nos n&#237;veis plasm&#225;ticos de homociste&#237;na. A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig01">figura 1</xref> apresenta a distribui&#231;&#227;o dos valores de homociste&#237;na nos grupos estudados. </p>
    <fig id="fig01">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-02-0167-00006-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>A incid&#234;ncia da muta&#231;&#227;o C677T na enzima MTHFR nos grupos controle, ateromatose leve/moderada e ateromatose grave &#233; apresentada na <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab02">tabela 2</xref>, considerando a presen&#231;a da muta&#231;&#227;o em homozigoze ou heterozigose e a aus&#234;ncia da mesma. N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a estat&#237;stica significativa entre os grupos para a muta&#231;&#227;o em heterozigose ou homozigose.</p>
    <table-wrap id="tab02">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-02-0167-00006-gt02.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>Foi observada correla&#231;&#227;o positiva entre n&#237;veis elevados de homociste&#237;na e a presen&#231;a de DAC (r = 0,4191, p &lt; 0,001). Entre os demais par&#226;metros n&#227;o foram observadas correla&#231;&#245;es.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Este estudo de coorte transversal avaliou uma popula&#231;&#227;o de risco intermedi&#225;rio a elevado, j&#225; que todos os indiv&#237;duos selecionados foram encaminhados &#224; cateterismo para avalia&#231;&#227;o de dor tor&#225;cica e apresentaram perfil demogr&#225;fico e fatores de risco para DAC conforme mostrado na <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01">tabela 1</xref>. Os tr&#234;s grupos avaliados apresentaram homogeneidade em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; idade, sexo e IMC. N&#227;o foram observadas diferen&#231;as significativas entre as vari&#225;veis cl&#237;nicas tabagismo, hipertens&#227;o arterial, hist&#243;ria familiar, sedentarismo e Diabetes Mellitus (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01">tab. 1</xref>) na popula&#231;&#227;o estudada. Justifica-se tal fato pela pr&#243;pria estrutura do modelo de estudo aqui utilizado, no qual, embora os participantes do grupo controle apresentassem aus&#234;ncia de ateromatose coronariana, os mesmos apresentaram v&#225;rios fatores de risco para DAC (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01">tab.1</xref>). </p>
    <p>V&#225;rios estudos importantes foram publicados correlacionando n&#237;veis plasm&#225;ticos de homociste&#237;na e DAC. Alguns demonstraram uma associa&#231;&#227;o entre hiper-homocisteinemia e a incid&#234;ncia de DAC, enquanto outros relataram aus&#234;ncia de associa&#231;&#227;o entre os dois par&#226;metros<sup>20</sup>. Algumas raz&#245;es podem explicar os resultados controversos das pesquisas envolvendo a concentra&#231;&#227;o de homociste&#237;na e DAC: os fatores que afetam os n&#237;veis plasm&#225;ticos deste amino&#225;cido s&#227;o diferentes em cada popula&#231;&#227;o. Fatores como h&#225;bitos nutricionais, fatores gen&#233;ticos, estilo de vida e ra&#231;a podem afetar a concentra&#231;&#227;o da homociste&#237;na circulante<sup>6</sup>. Na popula&#231;&#227;o brasileira, que apresenta uma heterogeneidade de etnias<sup>21</sup>, os resultados das pesquisas envolvendo n&#237;veis plasm&#225;ticos de homociste&#237;na e DAC s&#227;o igualmente controversos. Torna-se oportuno ressaltar que a maioria dos autores considera a hiper-homocisteinemia um fator de risco independente para DAC<sup>22</sup>. A an&#225;lise da <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01">tabela 1</xref> permite observar que os n&#237;veis plasm&#225;ticos de homociste&#237;na foram significativamente mais altos em pacientes com ateromatose grave em rela&#231;&#227;o ao grupo controle (p &lt; 0,001). No entanto, n&#227;o foram observadas diferen&#231;as significativas entre os grupos controle e ateromatose leve/moderada, bem como entre os grupos ateromatose leve/moderada e ateromatose grave.</p>
    <p>Folson e cols.<sup>14</sup> sugeriram que n&#237;veis elevados de homociste&#237;na poderiam ser uma conseq&#252;&#234;ncia da DAC e n&#227;o apenas a causa da doen&#231;a. Esses autores tamb&#233;m sugeriram que a hiper-homocisteinemia poderia prever mau progn&#243;stico, refletindo a gravidade da DAC. Entretanto, a hip&#243;tese do aumento da concentra&#231;&#227;o plasm&#225;tica de homociste&#237;na em conseq&#252;&#234;ncia da les&#227;o ateroscler&#243;tica n&#227;o foi aceita por Boston &amp; Selhub<sup>23</sup>, por n&#227;o ser a mesma apoiada pela evid&#234;ncia epidemiol&#243;gica de v&#225;rios estudos. Os achados do presente estudo sinalizam que a hiper-homocisteinemia, se n&#227;o apresenta contribui&#231;&#227;o para a gravidade da DAC nos indiv&#237;duos avaliados, no m&#237;nimo, est&#225; implicada no processo ateroscler&#243;tico. Por&#233;m, a d&#250;vida persiste, ou seja, se o aumento da homociste&#237;na &#233; fator agravante para a doen&#231;a ou se manifesta com o desenvolvimento do processo ateroscler&#243;tico. Estudos prospectivos com acompanhamento, envolvendo um grande n&#250;mero de indiv&#237;duos j&#225; apresentando hiper-homocisteinemia, por&#233;m ainda sem coronariopatia, s&#227;o essenciais para esclarecer, com fidedignidade, a rela&#231;&#227;o entre hiper-homocisteinemia e DAC.</p>
    <p>O m&#233;todo utilizado no presente trabalho para a dosagem de homociste&#237;na preconiza um valor de refer&#234;ncia para esse par&#226;metro de 2 a 20 &#181;mol/L. Outro ponto de controv&#233;rsia entre os autores s&#227;o os valores de refer&#234;ncia da concentra&#231;&#227;o plasm&#225;tica de homociste&#237;na para a popula&#231;&#227;o em geral. Alguns autores consideram a concentra&#231;&#227;o "normal" de homociste&#237;na plasm&#225;tica entre 5 e 15 &#181;mol/L<sup>24-27</sup>, enquanto outros admitem que o valor m&#233;dio na popula&#231;&#227;o em geral para a concentra&#231;&#227;o de homociste&#237;na est&#225; em torno de 9 a 10 &#181;mol/L<sup>28,29</sup>. Boushey e cols.<sup>4</sup> conclu&#237;ram, em estudo de metan&#225;lise envolvendo 27 trabalhos e mais de quatro mil pacientes, que quando os valores de homociste&#237;na s&#227;o maiores que 10 &#181;mol/L, cada 5 &#181;mol/L acrescidos aos valores de homociste&#237;na circulante est&#227;o associados a 80% de risco para DAC em mulheres e 60% em homens. Atualmente, valores iguais ou maiores que 10 &#181;mol/L s&#227;o considerados hiper-homocisteinemia e est&#227;o relacionados com risco aumentado de DAC<sup>30</sup>. Neste estudo, 72% dos pacientes com ateromatose grave apresentaram valores plasm&#225;ticos de homociste&#237;na na faixa de refer&#234;ncia do m&#233;todo utilizado. Observa&#231;&#227;o semelhante foi feita por Gravina-Taddei e cols.<sup>31</sup> analisando idosos com e sem doen&#231;a coron&#225;ria usando m&#233;todo semelhante ao deste trabalho.</p>
    <p>Entre os 63 indiv&#237;duos que compuseram os grupos controle, ateromatose leve/moderada e ateromatose grave, a presen&#231;a da muta&#231;&#227;o C677T no gene da enzima MTHFR em homozigose foi observada apenas em quatro indiv&#237;duos (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab02">tab. 2</xref>), resultando numa incid&#234;ncia de 6,3%. Considerando todos os indiv&#237;duos avaliados no estudo (n = 63), a freq&#252;&#234;ncia observada para a muta&#231;&#227;o em heterozigose foi de 44,4%, totalizando 28 indiv&#237;duos (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab02">tab. 2</xref>). De acordo com Arruda e cols.<sup>32</sup> a preval&#234;ncia dessa muta&#231;&#227;o em caucasianos brasileiros est&#225; em torno de 10,3% e 54,2% em homozigose e heterozigose, respectivamente. No entanto, os indiv&#237;duos avaliados neste trabalho (n = 63) apresentaram 28,1% de caucasianos, 22,8% de negros e 49,1% de mesti&#231;os (mulato, pardo ou outros mesti&#231;os), n&#227;o apresentando diferen&#231;as estatisticamente significativas entre os tr&#234;s grupos para as diferentes etnias.</p>
    <p>A muta&#231;&#227;o C677T no gene da enzima MTHFR foi mais freq&#252;ente em indiv&#237;duos com ateromatose grave (62,0%), entretanto, n&#227;o foi demonstrada diferen&#231;a significativa entre o grupo ateromatose grave e os demais grupos estudados. Uma poss&#237;vel explica&#231;&#227;o para este achado seria o fato de que multifatores est&#227;o relacionados com o aumento dos n&#237;veis de homociste&#237;na e, considerando que o n&#250;mero de participantes avaliados no presente estudo foi insuficiente para qualquer conclus&#227;o nesse sentido, seria necess&#225;rio um estudo epidemiol&#243;gico e multic&#234;ntrico. Pisciotta e cols.<sup>33</sup> demonstraram resultados semelhantes avaliando indiv&#237;duos com hipercolesterolemia e DAC, com uma maior preval&#234;ncia da muta&#231;&#227;o em pacientes com DAC, por&#233;m sem diferen&#231;a significativa em rela&#231;&#227;o aos indiv&#237;duos n&#227;o acometidos pela doen&#231;a.</p>
    <p>A correla&#231;&#227;o positiva observada entre n&#237;veis plasm&#225;ticos elevados de homociste&#237;na e a presen&#231;a de DAC (r = 0,4191, p &lt; 0,001) no presente estudo est&#225; de acordo com a literatura<sup>34</sup>. Entretanto, n&#227;o foi observada correla&#231;&#227;o entre a presen&#231;a da muta&#231;&#227;o e n&#237;veis elevados de homociste&#237;na na popula&#231;&#227;o estudada. Apesar de o grupo ateromatose grave ter apresentado a maior incid&#234;ncia da muta&#231;&#227;o e n&#237;veis significativamente mais elevados de homociste&#237;na, este grupo n&#227;o apresentou diferen&#231;a significativa em rela&#231;&#227;o aos demais grupos quanto &#224; preval&#234;ncia da muta&#231;&#227;o. Resultados semelhantes foram descritos por outros autores<sup>35,36</sup>. Logo, o aumento da homociste&#237;na nestes casos deve ser explicado por outros mecanismos n&#227;o explorados no presente trabalho.</p>
    <p>Entre os indiv&#237;duos com DAC, considerando os participantes dos grupos ateromatose leve/moderada e ateromatose grave (n = 43), 22 apresentaram a muta&#231;&#227;o em heterozigose (51,1%) e 3 em homozigose (6,9%), n&#227;o apresentando diferen&#231;as significativas em rela&#231;&#227;o ao grupo controle. Por outro lado, Almawi e cols.<sup>37</sup> obtiveram uma freq&#252;&#234;ncia maior, de 71,9% da muta&#231;&#227;o em heterozigose nos pacientes com DAC e de 45,5% no grupo controle, com diferen&#231;a significativa entre os dois grupos (p &lt; 0,001). Esses autores demonstraram tamb&#233;m uma incid&#234;ncia bem maior da muta&#231;&#227;o em homozigose (31,3%) em pacientes com ateromatose grave, quando comparada com a do presente estudo (6,9%). O pequeno contingente de amostra dos dados ora apresentados pode ter contribu&#237;do para a obten&#231;&#227;o de dados discordantes com a literatura.</p>
    <p>Neste estudo, n&#227;o foi observada correla&#231;&#227;o entre a presen&#231;a da muta&#231;&#227;o e a presen&#231;a de ateromatose coronariana, considerando todos os indiv&#237;duos dos grupos ateromatose leve/moderada e ateromatose grave (n = 43). Folsom e cols.<sup>14</sup> tamb&#233;m demonstraram uma aus&#234;ncia de associa&#231;&#227;o entre DAC e a muta&#231;&#227;o C677T no gene da enzima MTHFR, em estudo prospectivo envolvendo mais de 15.000 participantes. Da mesma forma, K&#246;lling e cols.<sup>38</sup> demonstraram aus&#234;ncia de associa&#231;&#227;o entre a muta&#231;&#227;o e a presen&#231;a de DAC angiograficamente estabelecida, em estudo caso-controle envolvendo 2.121 pacientes com DAC e 617 indiv&#237;duos angiograficamente normais. Os dois estudos citados demonstraram n&#237;veis significativamente elevados de homociste&#237;na plasm&#225;tica nos indiv&#237;duos com DAC quando comparados com o grupo controle, dados concordantes com o estudo ora apresentado.</p>
    <p>Limita&#231;&#245;es do estudo - Apesar de o n&#250;mero de indiv&#237;duos avaliados ter sido suficiente para demonstrar diferen&#231;a significativa para os n&#237;veis de homociste&#237;na entre os grupos controle e ateromatose grave, os trabalhos da literatura utilizam um contingente amostral bem maior, principalmente para avaliar a associa&#231;&#227;o entre a muta&#231;&#227;o C677T e DAC. Outro fator limitante foi que o presente estudo n&#227;o considerou outros fatores importantes do metabolismo da homociste&#237;na, tais como defici&#234;ncias de outras enzimas tamb&#233;m envolvidas neste metabolismo, h&#225;bitos nutricionais e as concentra&#231;&#245;es plasm&#225;ticas de vitamina B12 e &#225;cido f&#243;lico dos indiv&#237;duos participantes, dados que poderiam enriquecer a discuss&#227;o deste trabalho.</p>
    <p>O achado mais importante deste estudo foi a associa&#231;&#227;o entre hiper-homocisteinemia e a presen&#231;a de estenose coronariana superior a 70%, entretanto permanece a d&#250;vida se o aumento da concentra&#231;&#227;o plasm&#225;tica de homociste&#237;na constitui um fator determinante para o agravamento da les&#227;o ateroscler&#243;tica nas coron&#225;rias ou se o mesmo &#233; uma conseq&#252;&#234;ncia dessa les&#227;o.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Agradecimentos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>&#192; Profa. Dra. &#194;ngela Maria Quint&#227;o Lana, pelo aux&#237;lio na an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica. &#192; Funda&#231;&#227;o de Amparo &#224; Pesquisa de Minas Gerais (FAPEMIG), &#224; Coordena&#231;&#227;o de Aperfei&#231;oamento de Pessoal de N&#237;vel Superior (CAPES), ao Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient&#237;fico e Tecnol&#243;gico (CNPq), pelo apoio recebido.</p>
    <p><bold>Financiamento: </bold>Funda&#231;&#227;o de Amparo &#224; pesquisa de Minas Gerais - FAPEMIG, CAPES e CNPq. </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesses</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflitos de interesses pertinentes.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="end" fn-type="corresp">
        <label>
          <bold>Correspond&#234;ncia:</bold>
        </label>
        <p> Marinez Oliveira Sousa </p>
        <p> UFMG &#150; Faculdade de Farm&#225;cia </p>
        <p> Av. Ant&#244;nio Carlos, 6627 </p>
        <p> 31270-901 Belo Horizonte, MG </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="marinez@farmacia.ufmg.br">marinez@farmacia.ufmg.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p> Artigo recebido em 23/01/06; revisado recebido em 08/03/06; aceito em 11/05/06. </p>
  </body>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Homocysteine and methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase in subjects undergoing coronary angiography</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>OBJECTIVE: To determine plasma homocysteine levels and the incidence of methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) gene C677T polymorphism in a group of subjects who underwent coronary angiography, in an attempt to establish a correlation between these parameters and the severity of coronary artery disease (CAD), as well as investigate the correlation between hyperhomocysteinemia and the presence of polymorphism. METHODS: Twenty subjects with no coronary atheromatosis (controls), fourteen subjects with mild/moderate atheromatosis, and twenty-nine subjects with severe atheromatosis were evaluated. RESULTS: Significant differences were observed in mean homocysteine levels between the control and the severe atheromatosis groups (p &lt; 0.001). No significant differences were observed among the other groups. The severe atheromatosis group showed rates of 62.0% and 6.9% for the C677T MTHFR gene polymorphism, in heterozygous and homozygous subjects, respectively. However, there was no correlation between the presence of mutation and hyperhomocysteinemia. A positive correlation of 41.91% (p &lt; 0.001) was found between hyperhomocysteinemia and CAD. CONCLUSION: The most important finding of this study was the association between hyperhomocysteinemia and coronary stenosis &gt; 70%; yet, whether elevated plasma homocysteine worsens atherosclerosis or is a consequence remains to be established.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Homocysteine</kwd>
        <kwd>methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR)</kwd>
        <kwd>coronary angiography</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>ORIGINAL ARTICLE</bold>
      </p>
      <p> Homocysteine and methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase in subjects undergoing coronary angiography </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Luciana Moreira Lima; Maria das Gra&#231;as Carvalho; Ana Paulo Fernandes; Adriano de Paula Sabino; Andr&#233;ia Assis Loures-Vale; Cirilo Pereira da Fonseca Neto; Jos&#233; Carlos Faria Garcia; Jamil Abdala Saad; Marinez Oliveira Sousa</bold>
      </p>
      <p> Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Hospital Socor, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais - Belo Horizonte, MG - Brazil</p>
      <p>
        <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end-body2">Mailing Address</xref>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>SUMMARY</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVE:</bold> To determine plasma homocysteine levels and the incidence of methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) gene C677T polymorphism in a group of subjects who underwent coronary angiography, in an attempt to establish a correlation between these parameters and the severity of coronary artery disease (CAD), as well as investigate the correlation between hyperhomocysteinemia and the presence of polymorphism. </p>
      <p><bold>METHODS:</bold> Twenty subjects with no coronary atheromatosis (controls), fourteen subjects with mild/moderate atheromatosis, and twenty-nine subjects with severe atheromatosis were evaluated. </p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS:</bold> Significant differences were observed in mean homocysteine levels between the control and the severe atheromatosis groups (p &lt; 0.001). No significant differences were observed among the other groups. The severe atheromatosis group showed rates of 62.0% and 6.9% for the C677T MTHFR gene polymorphism, in heterozygous and homozygous subjects, respectively. However, there was no correlation between the presence of mutation and hyperhomocysteinemia. A positive correlation of 41.91% (p &lt; 0.001) was found between hyperhomocysteinemia and CAD. </p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSION:</bold> The most important finding of this study was the association between hyperhomocysteinemia and coronary stenosis &gt; 70%; yet, whether elevated plasma homocysteine worsens atherosclerosis or is a consequence remains to be established.</p>
      <p><bold>Key words:</bold> Homocysteine, methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR), coronary angiography.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Introduction</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Homocysteine (Hcy), an amino acid derived from methionine metabolism, is considered an independent risk factor for atherosclerosis. Studies demonstrate that increased homocysteine levels have toxic effects on vascular endothelium<sup>1</sup>. Homocysteine elevation has multifactorial causes, including high methionine intake, decreased metabolism, genetic changes, and enzyme (cystathionine b-synthase or methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase - MTHFR) or vitamin deficiency (B<sub>12, </sub>B<sub>6</sub> and folic acid), all of them required for its metabolism. These factors may lead to homocysteine accumulation and, as a result, vascular endothelial damage<sup>2</sup>, thereby triggering atherosclerotic lesions. MTHFR is an enzyme involved in the transmethylation pathway by which homocysteine is converted to methionine. The C677T mutation in the MTHFR gene produces a thermolabile variant that may interfere in enzyme activity of homocysteine metabolic pathways, predisposing to hyperhomocysteinemia (HHcy)<sup>1,3</sup>. Subjects homozygous for MTHFR C677T mutation may show homocysteine plasma levels twice as high as those of heterozygous subjects<sup>4</sup>.</p>
      <p>Some studies<sup>5-7</sup> have demonstrated an association between hyperhomocysteinemia and peripheral vascular disease, cerebrovascular disease and CAD, showing that this amino acid concentration was significantly higher than that found in healthy subjects. Hyperhomocysteinemia, therefore, is considered a risk factor for the aforementioned clinical conditions. Investigations on different factors, such as smoking<sup>8</sup>, lipid profile<sup>9</sup>, advanced age<sup>10</sup>, arterial hypertension<sup>10</sup>, diabetes mellitus<sup>11</sup>, and obesity<sup>12</sup>, in addition to homocysteine, have shown that their plasma concentration may be regarded as independent risk factors for atherosclerotic disease. It should be noted that homocysteine values seem to be paramount also as predictors of mortality in CAD patients, besides showing a relationship with the degree of atherosclerosis<sup>13-15</sup>.</p>
      <p>Considering all the above, this study sought to investigate whether there is an association between hyperhomocysteinemia and C667T polymorphism in the gene encoding the MTHFR enzyme, as well as measure homocysteine plasma levels in angiographically diagnosed CAD patients and compare them with normal subjects, in an attempt to correlate possible changes with the severity of the lesion.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Methods</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Sixty-three subjects of both genders, ages ranging from 46 to 68, were evaluated. These subjects were selected during three months at the Hemodynamics Department of the Hospital Socor in Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, after undergoing coronary angiography. Patient selection emphasized homogeneity in terms of gender, age, socioeconomic status, and body mass index (BMI). Subjects were divided into three groups based on coronary angiography results: control (n = 20), mild/moderate atheromatosis (n = 14), and severe atheromatosis (n = 29). The study protocol was approved by the Research Ethics Committees of Hospital Socor and the Federal University of Minas Gerais. </p>
      <p>All selected subjects were informed about the study&#146;s objectives, and those who agreed to participate signed an informed consent. Cardiologists at the Hemodynamics Department filled out a case report form on each subject containing identification, demographic data, family history, and coronary angiography results.</p>
      <p>Patients with intercurrent diseases, such as coagulation disorders, renal, liver and autoimmune diseases, and cancer, were excluded from the study.</p>
      <p>The presence of smoking, sedentariness, and family history of CAD was established according to the recommendations of the III Brazilian Guidelines for Dyslipidemias and Atherosclerosis Prevention<sup>16</sup>. Subjects previously diagnosed with diabetes mellitus and fasting glucose <underline>&gt;</underline> 126mg/dL considered diabetic<sup>17</sup>. Subjects with systolic blood pressure <underline>&gt;</underline> 140mmHg or diastolic blood pressure <underline>&gt;</underline> 90mmHg or were taking antihypertensive drugs were classified as hypertensive<sup>18</sup>.</p>
      <p>Venous blood samples were collected after a twelve-hour fast. These patients were instructed to refrain from vigorous physical activity and avoid drinking alcohol 24 and 72 hours, respectively, preceding blood collection, in an attempt to obtain biological samples of patients in metabolic steady state. Ten mL venous blood samples (5 mL without anticoagulant and 5 mL in EDTA) were collected into Vacutainer&#174; tubes (Becton Dickinson). Blood samples without anticoagulant were immediately centrifuged at 2500 rpm for 10 minutes; the separated serum was aliquoted and stored at &#150; 70 &#176;C until homocysteine measurement. The DNA was extracted from the blood samples containing EDTA, which remained stored at &#150; 20 &#176;C until genetic analysis was performed.</p>
      <p>Serum homocysteine was measured using the Axsym&#174; Homocysteine assay (Abbott&#174; Laboratories &#150; Germany) based on polarized immunofluorescence technology, according to the manufacturer&#146;s instructions. The assay was performed in the Axsym&#174; (Abbott&#174; Laboratories &#150; Germany) analyzer using three commercial control sera in order to check its performance. Presence of C677T mutation in the MTHFR enzyme was investigated by PCR-RFLP using oligonucleotides and restriction endonucleases described previously<sup>3</sup>. PCR reactions were performed in a PT100 PCR thermal cycler (MJ Research, Waltham, USA) using 1 pMol from each primer (Invitrogen&#174;, S&#227;o Paulo, S.P), 0.2 mM dNTPs (GIBCO BRL&#174;, S&#227;o Paulo, SP), and 1 unit of Taq polymerase (Phoneutria&#174;- Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil). PCR reactions were run for 40 cycles, each consisting of one minute at 94 &#176;C for denaturation, one minute at 64 &#176;C (C677T) for primer annealing, and two minutes at 72 &#176;C for primer extension. The PCR products were digested with restriction endonuclease (Hinf I - Promega, Inc.) during four hours at 37 &#186;C. DNA samples from previously typed subjects were included for enzyme activity control. These samples were then analyzed by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis followed by silver staining. </p>
      <p>Coronary angiography was performed percutaneously via femoral approach. The angiographic films were interpreted by three experienced cardiologists, and reports were presented according to criteria defined by reduced luminal diameter: up to 30% stenosis was classified as mild atheromatosis; 30% to 69% stenosis was classified as moderate atheromatosis, and greater than 70% stenosis was classified as severe atheromatosis.</p>
      <p>For homocysteine values, statistical analysis was performed using analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by Tukey&#146;s test, after logarithmic data transformation. Categorical variables (risk factors and C677T mutation) were analyzed using Fisher&#146;s exact test. Spearman&#146;s test was used for correlation between mutation status (categorical variable) and plasma homocysteine (continuous variable) and between CAD (categorical variable) and homocysteinemia (continuous variable). Minimum sample size was defined by the variation coefficient previously described in the literature<sup>19</sup>, considering ten percent variation for the mean and reaching a minimum of eleven subjects in each group, so that potential statistical differences with 5% significance level would be demonstrated. Sigma Stat 1.0 and Prism 3.0 software were used to carry out the analysis and plot the graph, respectively. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Results</bold>
      </p>
      <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01-body2">Table 1</xref> characterizes the study groups with regard to gender, age, and BMI, as well as risk factors associated with CAD. It also shows the number of subjects and rate of a particular variable. No statistically significant differences were found in smoking, arterial hypertension, physical inactivity, family history, and diabetes mellitus among the three groups. No participant had overweight or obesity, suggesting that these subjects lacked the metabolic component.</p>
      <table-wrap id="tab01-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-02-0167-00006-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>Homocysteine measurements are also presented in <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01-body2">table 1</xref>, as means and respective standard deviations. A statistically significant difference was found between the control group and severe atheromatosis group (p &lt; 0.001). Among the other groups, there were no significant differences in plasma homocysteine levels. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig01-body2">Figure 1</xref> shows the distribution of homocysteine values in the groups studied. </p>
      <fig id="fig01-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-02-0167-00006-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>The incidence of MTHFR C677T mutation in the control, mild/moderate, and severe atheromatosis groups is shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab02-body2">table 2</xref>, taking into account the presence or absence of mutation in homozygosis or heterozygosis. There was no statistically significant difference between groups C677T frequency in heterozygous or homozygous mutation.</p>
      <table-wrap id="tab02-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-02-0167-00006-gt02-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>Positive correlation was found between high homocysteine levels and CAD (r = 0.4191, p &lt; 0.001). No correlation was found among the other parameters.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This cross-sectional cohort study assessed an intermediate-to-high risk population, since all selected subjects were referred for catheterization due to chest pain and presented demographic profile and risk factors for CAD, as shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01-body2">table 1</xref>. The three groups studied were homogeneous with respect to age, gender, and BMI. There were no significant differences in age, smoking, arterial hypertension, sedentariness, family history, and diabetes mellitus among the three groups (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01-body2">Table 1</xref>). This may be explained by the structure of the study model itself, in which, although patients in the control group did not have coronary atheromatosis, they had several risk factors for CAD (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01-body2">Table 1</xref>). </p>
      <p>A number of landmark studies were published that correlate plasma homocysteine levels and CAD. Some have demonstrated an association between hyperhomocysteinemia and CAD incidence, while others reported lack of association between the two parameters<sup>20</sup>. These controversial results involving homocysteine concentration and CAD may be explained by the fact that some factors that affect this amino acid&#146;s plasma levels differ in each population. Homocysteine circulating levels may be affected by dietary habits, genetic factors, lifestyle, and race<sup>6</sup>. In the Brazilian population, characterized by ethnic heterogeneity<sup>21</sup>, the results of studies involving plasma homocysteine levels and CAD are equally controversial. It is well to point out that most authors consider hyperhomocysteine as an independent risk factor for CAD<sup>22</sup>. <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01-body2">Table 1</xref> shows that plasma homocysteine levels were significantly higher in patients with severe atheromatosis, compared with the control group (p &lt; 0.001). Yet, no statistically significant differences were found between the control group and the mild/moderate atheromatosis group, as well as between the mild/moderate atheromatosis group and severe atheromatosis group.</p>
      <p>Folson et al<sup>14</sup> suggested that elevated homocysteine levels may be a consequence, not only a cause, of CAD. These authors also suggested that hyperhomocysteinemia may predict a poor prognosis, reflecting CAD severity. However, the hypothesis of increased homocysteine plasma levels as a result of atherosclerotic lesion was refuted by Bostom &amp; Selhub<sup>23</sup>, because it is not supported by the epidemiological evidence of several studies. This study&#146;s findings indicate that if hyperhomocysteinemia did not contribute to worsen CAD in the assessed subjects, at least it was implicated in the atherosclerotic process. Questions remain, however, as to whether increased homocysteine is an aggravating factor for the disease or manifests itself with the development of the atherosclerotic process. Prospective studies with follow-up involving a large number of subjects with known hyperhomocysteinemia but no coronary disease are essential to authoritatively elucidate the relationship between hyperhomocysteinemia and CAD.</p>
      <p>In the present study, the method used for homocysteine measurement advocates a reference value for this parameter ranging from 2 to 20 &#181;mol/L. Also controversial among authors are the reference values for plasma homocysteine in the general population. </p>
      <p>Some authors regard plasma homocysteine between 5 and 15 &#181;mol/L<sup>24-27 </sup>as "normal", while others believe that the mean value in the general population is around 9 to 10 &#181;mol/L<sup>28,29</sup>. Boushey et al<sup>4</sup>, in a meta-analysis involving 27 studies and more than four thousand patients, concluded that when homocysteine values are greater than 10 &#181;mol/L, each 5&#181;mol/L increment in circulating homocysteine concentration is associated with an 80% CAD risk in women and 60% in men. Currently, values equal to or greater than 10&#181;mol/L are considered hyperhomocysteinemia and linked to increased risk for CAD<sup>30</sup>. In this study, 72% of the patients with severe atheromatosis had plasma homocysteine within the reference range of the method used. Similar observation was made by Gravina-Taddei et al<sup>31</sup>, who analyzed elderly people with and without coronary disease using a method similar to that of this study.</p>
      <p>Among the 63 subjects that comprised the control, mild/moderate atheromatosis and severe atheromatosis groups, the presence of homozygous C677T MTHFR mutation was found in only four subjects (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab02-body2">Table 2</xref>), resulting in a 6.3% incidence. The frequency of heterozygous MTHFR C677T mutation was 44.4%, totaling 28 subjects (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab02-body2">Table 2</xref>), all study subjects considered (n = 63). According to Arruda et al<sup>32</sup>, this mutation prevalence in Brazilian Caucasians is approximately 10.3% and 54.2% in homozygosis and heterozygosis, respectively. Yet, this study (n = 63) was composed of 28.1% Caucasians, 22.8% blacks, and 49.1% mestizos (mulatto, dark skinned or others), with no statistically significant difference among the three groups for the different races.</p>
      <p>The C677T mutation in the MTHFR gene was more frequent in subjects with severe atheromatosis (62.0%); yet, there was no significant difference between the severe atheromatosis group and the others. A possible explanation for this finding is that several factors are related to plasma homocysteine elevation, and since the number of participants evaluated in this study was insufficient to draw any conclusion in this respect, a multicenter, epidemiological study is needed. Pisciotta et al<sup>33</sup> obtained similar results when evaluating subjects with hypercholesterolemia and CAD, with greater prevalence of mutation in patients with CAD, although with no significant difference relative to those without CAD.</p>
      <p>The positive correlation observed between increased plasma homocysteine and CAD (r = 0.4191, p &lt; 0.001) in the present study is in keeping with literature<sup>34</sup>. However, there was no correlation between the presence of C677T mutation and high levels of homocysteine in the population studied. Although the severe atheromatosis group was found to have higher mutation incidence and significantly higher plasma homocysteine levels, no significant difference was observed when compared with the other groups. Other authors reported similar results<sup>35,36</sup>. Therefore, homocysteine elevation in these cases should be explained by other mechanisms that were not examined in this study.</p>
      <p>Among the CAD subjects, mild/moderate atheromatosis and severe atheromatosis groups considered, (n = 43); 22 had heterozygous mutation (51.1%) and three had homozygous mutation (6.9%), with no significant differences when compared with the control group. On the other hand, Almawi et al<sup>37</sup> found higher frequency (71.9%) of heterogygous mutation in patients with CAD and 45.5% in the control group, with a significant difference between both groups (p &lt; 0.001). These authors also demonstrated a significant higher incidence of homozygous mutation (31.3%) in patients with severe atheromatosis, compared to the present study (6.9%). The small sample size herein presented may have contributed to our data being discordant with that reported in the literature.</p>
      <p>In this study, no correlation was found between mutation and coronary atheromatosis, all subjects from the mild/moderate atheromatosis and severe atheromatosis groups considered (n = 43). Folsom et al<sup>14</sup>, in a prospective study involving more than 15.000 participants, also demonstrated the lack of association between CAD and MTHFR C677T mutation. Likewise, K&#246;lling et al<sup>38</sup>, in a case-control study involving 2121 CAD patients and 617 non-CAD patients, demonstrated a lack of association between mutation and angiographically documented CAD. </p>
      <p>Both studies mentioned above have demonstrated significantly elevated plasma homocysteine levels in CAD subjects, as compared with the control group, and these data are consistent with those of the present study.</p>
      <p><italic>Study limitations</italic> - Although the number of subjects evaluated was adequate for demonstrating a significant difference in homocysteine levels between the control group and severe atheromatosis group, studies published in the literature involved much large samples, especially to evaluate the association between C677T mutation and CAD. Another limiting factor was that the present study failed to take into account other key factors in homocysteine metabolism, such as deficiencies of other enzymes involved in this metabolism, dietary habits, and vitamin B<sub>12</sub> and folic acid plasma levels of the participants. These data would have enriched this study&#146;s discussion.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Conclusion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The most important finding of this study was the association between hyperhomocysteinemia and coronary stenosis &gt; 70%; yet, whether elevated plasma homocysteine worsens atherosclerosis or is a consequence remains to be established.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Acknowledgement</bold>
      </p>
      <p>To Professor &#194;ngela Maria Quint&#227;o Lana, PhD, for the statistical analysis. To Funda&#231;&#227;o de Amparo &#224; Pesquisa de Minas Gerais (FAPEMIG), RECOPE (FAPEMIG/FIEMG/IEL-number 32082), Coordena&#231;&#227;o de Aperfei&#231;oamento de Pessoal de N&#237;vel Superior (CAPES), and the Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient&#237;fico e Tecnol&#243;gico (CNPq) for their support.</p>
      <p><bold>Supported by:</bold> Funda&#231;&#227;o de Amparo &#224; pesquisa de Minas Gerais - FAPEMIG, CAPES e CNPq.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
      </p>
      <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Refer&#234;ncias</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fn id="end-body2" fn-type="corresp">
          <label>
            <bold>Mailing Address:</bold>
          </label>
          <p> Marinez Oliveira Sousa</p>
          <p> UFMG &#150; Faculdade de Farm&#225;cia</p>
          <p> Av. Ant&#244;nio Carlos, 6627</p>
          <p> 31270-901 &#150; Belo Horizonte, MG - Brazil</p>
          <p> E-mail: </p>
          <p>
            <email xlink:href="marinez@farmacia.ufmg.br">marinez@farmacia.ufmg.br</email>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p> Manuscript received January 23, 2006; revised manuscript received March 8, 2006; accepted May 11, 2006.</p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
