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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">94ZgKK4tdpJKVkXhTgjd5Hs</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00005</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2007000200005</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(07)08800205</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2007000200005</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Revasculariza&#231;&#227;o da descendente anterior proximal com stents revestidos por f&#225;rmacos</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Guardado</surname>
            <given-names>Jorge Humberto</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Moreno</surname>
            <given-names>Ra&#250;l</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Costa</surname>
            <given-names>Jo&#227;o</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Perez-Viscayno</surname>
            <given-names>Maria J.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Segura</surname>
            <given-names>Lu&#237;s</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Alfonso</surname>
            <given-names>Fernando</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Hern&#225;ndez</surname>
            <given-names>Rosana</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Escaned</surname>
            <given-names>Javier</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ba&#241;uelos</surname>
            <given-names>Cami&#241;o</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Macaya</surname>
            <given-names>Carlos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Madri</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state"/>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Cl&#237;nico Universitario San Carlos</institution>
        <country country="ES">Spain</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>02</month>
        <year>2007</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>88</volume>
      <issue>2</issue>
      <fpage>159</fpage>
      <lpage>166</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>02</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2006</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>14</day>
          <month>12</month>
          <year>2005</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>11</day>
          <month>04</month>
          <year>2006</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>OBJETIVO: Avaliar o progn&#243;stico cl&#237;nico dos doentes coron&#225;rios submetidos a revasculariza&#231;&#227;o percut&#226;nea com implanta&#231;&#227;o de stents revestidos com f&#225;rmacos na descendente anterior proximal. M&#201;TODOS: Cento e setenta doentes consecutivos, com idade m&#233;dia de 65 anos, 49 (29%) mulheres, receberam implante de pelo menos um stent revestido com f&#225;rmaco, no nosso centro. O n&#250;mero total de stents revestidos com f&#225;rmaco implantados foi 189, dos quais 115 (61%) de sirolimus (CYPHER&#174;) e 74 (39%) de paclitaxel (TAXUS&#174;). Em 100 (60%) dos casos, estava presente doen&#231;a coron&#225;rio multivaso. Em 61 (36%) dos doentes tratou-se outro segmento coron&#225;rio para al&#233;m da descendente anterior proximal. Efetuou-se um seguimento cl&#237;nico durante um tempo m&#233;dio de 11 &#177; 5 meses e controle angiogr&#225;fico entre os seis e os nove meses. Obteve-se um endpoint final composto por morte, infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio e pela necessidade de reinterven&#231;&#227;o sobre a descendente anterior. Analisou-se secundariamente a ocorr&#234;ncia de reestenose, a necessidade de reinterven&#231;&#227;o sobre o segmento proximal da descendente anterior e a trombose de stent. RESULTADOS: O procedimento teve &#234;xito angiogr&#225;fico imediato em todos os doentes. Registraram-se duas mortes, dois infartos agudos do mioc&#225;rdio, e duas reinterven&#231;&#245;es coron&#225;rias percut&#226;neas por trombose de stent no per&#237;odo intra-hospitalar. Aos seis meses de seguimento, observou-se mais uma morte card&#237;aca e identificaram-se tr&#234;s infartos do mioc&#225;rdio; houve necessidade de tr&#234;s novos procedimentos de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o. At&#233; ao final do seguimento, verificaram-se mais tr&#234;s mortes, tr&#234;s infartos do mioc&#225;rdio e oito revasculariza&#231;&#245;es da descendente anterior, duas delas por cirurgia. A sobreviv&#234;ncia livre de eventos card&#237;acos adversos maior foi de 91%. A mortalidade card&#237;aca foi de 3%. A reestenose bin&#225;ria no segmento proximal da descendente anterior foi de 4,1%. A sobreviv&#234;ncia livre de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do vaso alvo foi de 94%. N&#227;o se observaram casos de trombose tardia de stent. CONCLUS&#195;O: A revasculariza&#231;&#227;o percut&#226;nea da descendente anterior proximal com a implanta&#231;&#227;o de stents revestidos com f&#225;rmacos constitui uma estrat&#233;gia terap&#234;utica segura e muito eficaz em curto e longo prazos.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>Angioplastia</kwd>
        <kwd>transluminal</kwd>
        <kwd>percut&#226;nea coronariana</kwd>
        <kwd>stent</kwd>
        <kwd>sirolimo</kwd>
        <kwd>paclitaxel</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>20</day>
        <month>03</month>
        <year>2007</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>ARTIGO ORIGINAL</bold>
    </p>
    <p> Revasculariza&#231;&#227;o da descendente anterior proximal com <italic><bold>stents</bold></italic> revestidos por f&#225;rmacos</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Jorge Humberto Guardado; Ra&#250;l Moreno; Jo&#227;o Costa; Maria J. Perez-Viscayno; Lu&#237;s Segura; Fernando Alfonso; Rosana Hern&#225;ndez; Javier Escaned; Cami&#241;o Ba&#241;uelos; Carlos Macaya</bold>
    </p>
    <p> Hospital Clinico San Carlos - Madri, Espanha</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVO:</bold> Avaliar o progn&#243;stico cl&#237;nico dos doentes coron&#225;rios submetidos a revasculariza&#231;&#227;o percut&#226;nea com implanta&#231;&#227;o de <italic>stents</italic> revestidos com f&#225;rmacos na descendente anterior proximal. </p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS:</bold> Cento e setenta doentes consecutivos, com idade m&#233;dia de 65 anos, 49 (29%) mulheres, receberam implante de pelo menos um <italic>stent</italic> revestido com f&#225;rmaco, no nosso centro. O n&#250;mero total de <italic>stents</italic> revestidos com f&#225;rmaco implantados foi 189, dos quais 115 (61%) de sirolimus (CYPHER<sup>&#174;</sup>) e 74 (39%) de paclitaxel (TAXUS<sup>&#174;</sup>). Em 100 (60%) dos casos, estava presente doen&#231;a coron&#225;rio multivaso. Em 61 (36%) dos doentes tratou-se outro segmento coron&#225;rio para al&#233;m da descendente anterior proximal. Efetuou-se um seguimento cl&#237;nico durante um tempo m&#233;dio de 11 &#177; 5 meses e controle angiogr&#225;fico entre os seis e os nove meses. Obteve-se um endpoint final composto por morte, infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio e pela necessidade de reinterven&#231;&#227;o sobre a descendente anterior. Analisou-se secundariamente a ocorr&#234;ncia de reestenose, a necessidade de reinterven&#231;&#227;o sobre o segmento proximal da descendente anterior e a trombose de <italic>stent</italic>. </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS:</bold> O procedimento teve &#234;xito angiogr&#225;fico imediato em todos os doentes. Registraram-se duas mortes, dois infartos agudos do mioc&#225;rdio, e duas reinterven&#231;&#245;es coron&#225;rias percut&#226;neas por trombose de <italic>stent</italic> no per&#237;odo intra-hospitalar. Aos seis meses de seguimento, observou-se mais uma morte card&#237;aca e identificaram-se tr&#234;s infartos do mioc&#225;rdio; houve necessidade de tr&#234;s novos procedimentos de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o. At&#233; ao final do seguimento, verificaram-se mais tr&#234;s mortes, tr&#234;s infartos do mioc&#225;rdio e oito revasculariza&#231;&#245;es da descendente anterior, duas delas por cirurgia. A sobreviv&#234;ncia livre de eventos card&#237;acos adversos maior foi de 91%. A mortalidade card&#237;aca foi de 3%. A reestenose bin&#225;ria no segmento proximal da descendente anterior foi de 4,1%. A sobreviv&#234;ncia livre de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do vaso alvo foi de 94%. N&#227;o se observaram casos de trombose tardia de <italic>stent</italic>. </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#195;O:</bold> A revasculariza&#231;&#227;o percut&#226;nea da descendente anterior proximal com a implanta&#231;&#227;o de <italic>stents</italic> revestidos com f&#225;rmacos constitui uma estrat&#233;gia terap&#234;utica segura e muito eficaz em curto e longo prazos.</p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave:</bold> Angioplastia transluminal percut&#226;nea coronariana, <italic>stent</italic>, sirolimo, paclitaxel.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A coron&#225;ria descendente anterior &#233; respons&#225;vel pelo fluxo sang&#252;&#237;neo que chega at&#233; cerca de 70% da massa mioc&#225;rdica ventricular esquerda. Da&#237; que a doen&#231;a coron&#225;ria da descendente anterior proximal (DAP) leve ao compromisso isqu&#234;mico de um importante territ&#243;rio do mioc&#225;rdio, contribuindo para o mau progn&#243;stico dos indiv&#237;duos com doen&#231;a coron&#225;ria nessa localiza&#231;&#227;o<sup>1</sup>. </p>
    <p>A revasculariza&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica atrav&#233;s da ponte de art&#233;ria mam&#225;ria interna ou percut&#226;nea com implanta&#231;&#227;o de <italic>stent</italic> tem se revelado estrat&#233;gia segura e eficaz no al&#237;vio dos sintomas. Por&#233;m, mesmo tendo em conta as vantagens da interven&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria percut&#226;nea (ICP), como o menor grau de "invas&#227;o" do procedimento, o sucesso imediato do procedimento, a curta estada hospitalar e a r&#225;pida convalescen&#231;a, os resultados dos ensaios cl&#237;nicos randomizados multic&#234;ntricos (RCT) que compararam directamente as duas op&#231;&#245;es de tratamento favorecem significativamente os doentes submetidos &#224; revasculariza&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica pela menor necessidade a largo prazo de re-interven&#231;&#227;o<sup>2</sup>. A implanta&#231;&#227;o eletiva de <italic>stent</italic> convencional (met&#225;lico), apesar de apresentar melhores resultados que a angioplastia por bal&#227;o, continua a ter grande necessidade de revascularizar o vaso previamente tratado (TVR), em raz&#227;o do fen&#244;meno de reestenose, o "calcanhar-de-aquiles" da ICP. </p>
    <p>Com a introdu&#231;&#227;o da nova gera&#231;&#227;o de <italic>stents</italic> revestidos por f&#225;rmacos (SRF), a taxa tardia de reestenose angiogr&#225;fica tem se verificado, de forma consistente, inferior &#224; observada com a implanta&#231;&#227;o dos <italic>stents</italic> met&#225;licos<sup>3,4</sup>. Em recentes RCT, o uso de SRF com Sirolimus e Paclitaxel no tratamento da DAP resultou num baixo valor de TVR ao final de um ano, respectivamente, de 6,0% e 7,9%<sup>5,6</sup>, pelo que se espera que os SRF consigam reduzir ou mesmo suplantar a &#250;nica vantagem dada pela cirurgia no tratamento da doen&#231;a coron&#225;ria da DAP.</p>
    <p>Nesse sentido, procedemos &#224; avalia&#231;&#227;o do progn&#243;stico cl&#237;nico em longo prazo de uma casu&#237;stica de doentes coron&#225;rios submetidos a ICP com implanta&#231;&#227;o de SRF na DAP. Foram obtidas medidas cl&#237;nicas e angiogr&#225;ficas simples, que permitem ter uma base de compara&#231;&#227;o com trabalhos semelhantes: </p>
    <p>a) Eventos card&#237;acos adversos maiores (MACE), conjunto composto por infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio (IAM), TVR e morte;</p>
    <p>b) Trombose <italic>stent</italic> (TS), taxa de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o da les&#227;o previamente tratada (TLR) e sempre que se obteve uma coronariografia de controle, a reestenose bin&#225;ria intra-<italic>stent</italic> (RIS).</p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#233;todos</bold>
    </p>
    <p><italic>Popula&#231;&#227;o - </italic>Mediante an&#225;lise da base de dados do nosso centro, foram identificados todos os doentes consecutivos ("<italic>all comers</italic>") submetidos a ICP da DAP (segmento angiograficamente definido proximalmente pelo ostium da descendente anterior e distalmente pela bifurca&#231;&#227;o com o primeiro ramo septal) no per&#237;odo entre 3 de julho de 2002 (data da primeira implanta&#231;&#227;o de um SRF na nossa institui&#231;&#227;o) at&#233; 31 de agosto de 2004, quando se utilizou pelo menos um dos seguintes SRF: </p>
    <p>a) <bold>Cypher<sup>&#174;</sup></bold> &#150; <italic>Stent </italic>revestido com Sirolimus em pol&#237;mero de liberta&#231;&#227;o prolongada 140 ug/cm<sup>2</sup> (Cordis Cop., Miami Lakes, Florida). </p>
    <p>b) <bold>Taxus<sup>&#174;</sup></bold>&#150; <italic>Stent</italic> revestido com Placlitaxel em polimero de liberta&#231;&#227;o prolongada 1,0 ug/mm<sup>2</sup> (Boston Scientific Corp., Natick, Massachusetts). </p>
    <p><italic>Angiografia coron&#225;ria, procedimento de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o percut&#226;neo, controle angiogr&#225;fico e avalia&#231;&#227;o da reestenose intrastent </italic>- O cateterismo card&#237;aco esquerdo, sempre que poss&#237;vel, foi realizado por abordagem arterial femoral. Em casos excepcionais, por presen&#231;a de doen&#231;a vascular perif&#233;rica, foi realizado por acesso radial ou braquial.</p>
    <p>Todos os doentes foram submetidos a anticoagula&#231;&#227;o com heparina n&#227;o-fracionada, de modo que o ACT (Activated Clotting Time) ficou compreendido entre 250-350 segundos e, quando sob inibidores da glicoprote&#237;na IIb/IIIa, entre 200-250 segundos. </p>
    <p>Cateteres, fios-guia, bal&#245;es, t&#233;cnicas de ICP (abordagem de bifurca&#231;&#245;es, <italic>stent</italic> direto, dispositivos de protec&#231;&#227;o distal, aspira&#231;&#227;o de trombo etc.) e terap&#234;utica farmacol&#243;gica coadjuvante foram usados de acordo com o crit&#233;rio do operador, seguindo as recomenda&#231;&#245;es existentes. </p>
    <p>Considerou-se sucesso angiogr&#225;fico quando a estenose angiogr&#225;fica residual foi avaliada por estimativa visual em menos de 20% e o fluxo distal igual ou superior ao grau TIMI (Thrombolysis In Myocardial Infarction) II. </p>
    <p>Os doentes foram submetidos a antiagrega&#231;&#227;o dupla com aspirina 150-200 mg, id, e clopidrogel 75 mg, id, por no m&#237;nimo 90 dias. Antiagrega&#231;&#227;o com aspirina foi posteriormente mantida por tempo indefinido.</p>
    <p>O controle angiogr&#225;fico foi realizado entre seis e nove meses. Em 61 (36%) doentes a realiza&#231;&#227;o da coronariografia esteve associada &#224; sua inclus&#227;o em ensaios cl&#237;nicos. Os demais doentes foram referenciados para angiografia coron&#225;ria de controle por protocolo do nosso centro ap&#243;s darem por escrito o seu consentimento. Foram obtidas pelo menos duas proje&#231;&#245;es ortogonais, id&#234;nticas &#224;s de controle imediato p&#243;s-implanta&#231;&#227;o do <italic>stent</italic>. Considerou-se reestenose intra-<italic>stent</italic> (RIS) sempre que a porcentagem de perda luminal em rela&#231;&#227;o ao di&#226;metro de refer&#234;ncia do vaso foi superior a 50% por an&#225;lise quantitativa coron&#225;ria. Inclu&#237;ram-se na an&#225;lise os 5 mm proximais e os 5 mm distais &#224;s margens do <italic>stent</italic>. Considerou-se a RIS como focal (les&#227;o &#250;nica e pontual com menos de 10 mm de extens&#227;o), difusa (com mais de 10 mm de extens&#227;o), proliferativa (quando, al&#233;m de difusa, ultrapassou uma das extremidades do stent) e oclusiva (completa).</p>
    <p><italic>Dados analisados - </italic>Procedeu-se &#224; obten&#231;&#227;o do seguimento cl&#237;nico (hospitalar, aos 30 dias, aos seis meses e &#224; data final do seguimento, 31 de mar&#231;o de 2005) mediante an&#225;lise dos registos na base de dados e pelo contato telef&#244;nico com todos os doentes inclu&#237;dos no estudo. O controle angiogr&#225;fico foi efetuado entre seis e nove meses p&#243;s-implanta&#231;&#227;o do SRF. Obteve-se um <italic>endpoint</italic> final composto por IAM, TVR e morte.</p>
    <p>Definiu-se IAM por aparecimento de ondas Q "de novo" ou por registo de uma subida enzim&#225;tica de creatinofosfoquinase maior que tr&#234;s vezes o valor de refer&#234;ncia, quando associada a um quadro cl&#237;nico ou electrocardiogr&#225;fico sugestivo de isquemia aguda do mioc&#225;rdio.</p>
    <p>Analisou-se secundariamente a ocorr&#234;ncia de RIS, TLR e trombose de <italic>stent</italic> (TS). Para essa &#250;ltima, considerou-se aguda at&#233; as 24 horas; subaguda entre as 24 horas e os 30 dias; e tardia ap&#243;s os 30 dias p&#243;s-procedimento.</p>
    <p>Foram ainda analisados os seguintes par&#226;metros: </p>
    <p>a) Demogr&#225;ficos: idade e sexo; </p>
    <p>b) Fatores de risco cardiovasculares cl&#225;ssicos: hipertens&#227;o arterial, diabetes, tabagismo, dislipidemia e hist&#243;ria familiar de doen&#231;a coron&#225;ria prematura, antes dos 55 anos, em familiares de primeiro grau; </p>
    <p>c) Antecedentes cardiovasculares relevantes: infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio e revasculariza&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria percut&#226;nea e/ou cir&#250;rgica; </p>
    <p>d) Caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas que motivaram a ICP: angina est&#225;vel, angina progressiva e s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda; </p>
    <p>e) Grau de urg&#234;ncia do procedimento: "<italic>bail out</italic>", programado ou urgente; </p>
    <p>f) Caracter&#237;sticas t&#233;cnicas e angiogr&#225;ficas do procedimento:</p>
    <p>f.1) Tipo de les&#227;o &#150; "de novo" <italic>versus</italic> les&#227;o j&#225; anteriormente tratada por ICP ou por ponte aortocoron&#225;ria; </p>
    <p>f.2) Tipo de les&#227;o pela classifica&#231;&#227;o da American Heart Association; </p>
    <p>f.3) Uso de inibidores da glicoprote&#237;na IIb/IIIa, di&#226;metro do <italic>stent</italic>, comprimento do <italic>stent</italic> e &#234;xito do procedimento;</p>
    <p>g) Fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda (an&#225;lise por ventriculografia esquerda).</p>
    <p><italic>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica - </italic>Vari&#225;veis quantitativas foram expressas como m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o e vari&#225;veis discretas como porcentagens. An&#225;lise cumulativa da sobreviv&#234;ncia livre de eventos foi expressa pelas curvas de sobreviv&#234;ncia Kaplan-Meier. Nessa an&#225;lise foi utilizado o programa estat&#237;stico SPSS 11.0 (Chicago, Illinois). </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Resultados</bold>
    </p>
    <p><italic>Caracteriza&#231;&#227;o da popula&#231;&#227;o e do procedimento de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o - </italic>A descri&#231;&#227;o da popula&#231;&#227;o envolvida neste estudo pode ser observada na <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01">tabela 1</xref>. A idade m&#233;dia foi de 65 anos. Salientem-se o predom&#237;nio do sexo masculino (71%), a exist&#234;ncia pr&#233;via de IAM em cerca de metade da popula&#231;&#227;o avaliada, a grande preval&#234;ncia de diab&#233;ticos (40%; n = 58) e um consider&#225;vel n&#250;mero de doentes j&#225; previamente tratados por ICP nesse segmento (18%; n = 31). As caracter&#237;sticas mais relevantes, cl&#237;nicas, angiogr&#225;ficas e do procedimento de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o percut&#225;neo, podem ser observadas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab02">tabela 2</xref>. </p>
    <table-wrap id="tab01">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-02-0159-00005-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <table-wrap id="tab02">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-02-0159-00005-gt02.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>O procedimento foi programado em 47% (n = 79) dos casos. Um quarto dos doentes apresentou-se clinicamente inst&#225;vel (s&#237;ndrome coron&#225;rio agudo), e um ter&#231;o tinha compromisso da fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica global do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo.</p>
    <p>Em 40% (n = 70) observou-se doen&#231;a isolada da DAP. Em 15% (n = 26) dos doentes foi tratada na mesma sess&#227;o uma les&#227;o coron&#225;ria localizada noutro segmento coron&#225;rio. A utiliza&#231;&#227;o de inibidores da glicoprote&#237;na IIb/IIIa foi modesta. S&#243; 19% (n = 33) dos doentes foram submetidos a essa terap&#234;utica.</p>
    <p>A grande maioria das les&#245;es tratadas era complexa: 78% (n = 134) do tipo B2 ou C. Implantaram-se 1,1 SRF por doente, mais Cypher<sup>&#174;</sup> (61%; n = 115) do que Taxus<sup>&#174;</sup> (39% n = 74), com um di&#226;metro m&#233;dio de 3,0 &#177; 0,4 mm e comprimento m&#233;dio de 21,2 &#177; 9,5 mm. Obteve-se sucesso angiogr&#225;fico em 100% (n = 170). Registrou-se um caso de trombose aguda, 10 minutos ap&#243;s o fim da ICP, num doente com IAM submetido a angioplastia de resgate. N&#227;o houve mortalidade periprocedimento. </p>
    <p><italic>Caracteriza&#231;&#227;o do seguimento cl&#237;nico e angiogr&#225;fico - </italic>Foi obtido um seguimento cl&#237;nico em 169 (99,4%) dos doentes durante um tempo m&#237;nimo de 180 dias. O seguimento m&#233;dio foi de 333 &#177; 148 dias. Obteve-se um seguimento angiogr&#225;fico em 84 (51%) dos doentes, efetuado entre seis e nove meses.</p>
    <p><italic>Resultados hospitalares e aos 30 dias - </italic>Para al&#233;m do caso de trombose aguda na sala, verificaram-se mais dois casos de trombose subaguda no contexto de angioplastia prim&#225;ria. Das tr&#234;s TS, duas foram tratadas por angioplastia com bal&#227;o associadamente a abciximad. Uma morte card&#237;aca resultou desse contexto imediatamente antes da reinterven&#231;&#227;o. Observou-se uma outra morte (0,6%) hospitalar, n&#227;o relacionada com a implanta&#231;&#227;o do SRF. Tratou-se de uma mulher de 78 anos, diab&#233;tica, com IAM anterior, referenciada para angioplastia prim&#225;ria, que apresentava doen&#231;a de tr&#234;s vasos e compromisso severo da fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica global do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo. Procedeu-se &#224; ICP da DAP com suporte de bal&#227;o de contrapulsa&#231;&#227;o intra-a&#243;rtico, vindo a paciente a falecer no terceiro dia na unidade coron&#225;ria de choque cardiog&#234;nico. </p>
    <p>Aos 19 dias houve uma reinterven&#231;&#227;o percut&#226;nea sobre o segmento m&#233;dio da DA, para tratar uma les&#227;o "de novo", persistindo o bom resultado angiogr&#225;fico da implanta&#231;&#227;o pr&#233;via de SRF na DAP. </p>
    <p><italic>Resultados aos seis meses - </italic>Ap&#243;s 77 dias faleceu por infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio uma mulher de 82 anos, com antecedentes de ICP sobre os tr&#234;s vasos, incluindo m&#250;ltiplas interven&#231;&#245;es percut&#226;neas na DAP por RIS. </p>
    <p>Na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig01">figura 1</xref> descreve-se o MACE hospitalar, aos 30 dias e seis meses de seguimento. Registre-se a importante contribui&#231;&#227;o da trombose de <italic>stent</italic> para esses eventos. Metade do MACE acumulado (3,6%) aos seis meses deriva de 3 TS (1,8%).</p>
    <fig id="fig01">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-02-0159-00005-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    <p><italic>Resultados no final do seguimento - </italic>Depois de seis meses, as coronariografias p&#243;s-ICP, realizadas em cerca de 84 (51%) dos 170 doentes inclu&#237;dos na nossa s&#233;rie, revelaram sete casos de RIS (8,3% da popula&#231;&#227;o submetida a controle angiogr&#225;fico e 4,1% da popula&#231;&#227;o total), observadas entre os 191 e 386 dias e respons&#225;veis por 43% do MACE final. Quatro estavam localizadas no bordo proximal, duas no corpo do <italic>stent</italic> e uma no bordo distal do <italic>stent</italic>. Na maioria dos casos, eram RIS focais (cinco casos). Tr&#234;s doentes encontravam-se assintom&#225;ticos. Na abordagem &#224; RIS, 6 doentes foram novamente submetidos a revasculariza&#231;&#227;o da DAP (3 por ICP com SRF, 1 por ICP com bal&#227;o, 1 por braquiter&#225;pia e angioplastia de bal&#227;o e 1 por <italic>bypass</italic> de mam&#225;ria interna esquerda para a DA) e em 1 doente optou-se por manter apenas o tratamento m&#233;dico.</p>
    <p>Nas <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig02">figuras 2</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig03">3</xref> podem-se observar a caracteriza&#231;&#227;o da RIS, o seu impacto no MACE e a as op&#231;&#245;es encontradas para o tratamento.</p>
    <fig id="fig02">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-02-0159-00005-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
    <fig id="fig03">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-02-0159-00005-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>Para al&#233;m da necessidade de nova revasculariza&#231;&#227;o da DAP imposta pela RIS, verificou-se uma cirurgia de <italic>bypass</italic> aortocoron&#225;ria por progress&#227;o de doen&#231;a localizada ao tronco comum numa mulher de 69 anos, diab&#233;tica insulino-tratada, insuficiente renal cr&#244;nica e com fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda comprometida, que veio a falecer no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio de choque cardiog&#234;nico. </p>
    <p>Houve mais duas mortes. Aos 182 dias, um homem de 60 anos com antecedentes de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o percut&#226;nea de dois vasos, fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda deprimida e insufici&#234;ncia mitral severa falece por acidente vascular cerebral. Uma mulher de 74 anos, portadora de IRC em tratamento dial&#237;tico e anterior revasculariza&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria percut&#226;nea de tr&#234;s vasos, apresenta morte aos 216 dias de seguimento no servi&#231;o de urg&#234;ncia hospitalar onde chega com parada cardiorrespirat&#243;ria. </p>
    <p>No total, registraram-se 23 eventos (6 mortes, 6 IAM, 9 ICP e 2 cirurgias de <italic>bypass</italic> aortocoron&#225;rio) em 15 (9%) dos doentes (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig04">fig. 4</xref>). A Taxa de TLR foi de 5% e a de TVR foi de 6%. Deve-se destacar que no subgrupo de doentes com doen&#231;a isolada da DAP n&#227;o se observou nenhum MACE. </p>
    <fig id="fig04">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-02-0159-00005-gf04.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>As curvas de sobreviv&#234;ncia (Kaplan Meier) livre de MACE podem ser visualizadas na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig05">figura 5</xref>. </p>
    <fig id="fig05">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-02-0159-00005-gf05.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Desde que em 19 de setembro de 1977 Andreas Gruntzig realizou pela primeira vez uma angioplastia percut&#226;nea coron&#225;ria (como curiosidade, foi sobre a DAP e passados 24 anos n&#227;o havia sinais de perda luminal significativa)<sup>7,8</sup>, a interven&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria percut&#226;nea tenta ganhar o reconhecimento como t&#233;cnica preferencial na revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica. Os primeiros tempos foram dif&#237;ceis, pois a dilata&#231;&#227;o apenas com bal&#227;o motivava acidentes durante o procedimento, muitas vezes irrecuper&#225;veis (dissec&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria e oclus&#245;es agudas), e apresentava taxas muito altas (cerca de 40%-50%) de reestenose no primeiro ano e, por conseq&#252;&#234;ncia, elevada necessidade (mais de 30%) de novas revasculariza&#231;&#245;es do vaso alvo<sup>9</sup>.</p>
    <p>No final dos anos 80, a cirurgia card&#237;aca era o tratamento de elei&#231;&#227;o para os doentes coron&#225;rios mais complexos (diab&#233;ticos, doen&#231;a que envolvesse o tronco comum ou a DAP, doen&#231;a de tr&#234;s vasos, doen&#231;a ostial, oclus&#245;es cr&#244;nicas, bifurca&#231;&#245;es, les&#245;es calcificadas e longas etc.)<sup>10</sup>. Nos anos 1990, os <italic>stents</italic> met&#225;licos permitiram tratar de forma eficaz as complica&#231;&#245;es agudas da angioplastia com bal&#227;o e reduziram substancialmente a vantagem da cirurgia no tratamento da doen&#231;a coron&#225;ria<sup>11,12</sup>. Nos RCT que compararam a ICP com<italic> stent</italic> met&#225;lico e a revasculariza&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica, a diferen&#231;a nas taxas de IAM e de mortalidade foi sempre, de forma consistente, nula. Por&#233;m, a necessidade de novos procedimentos de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do vaso previamente tratado mant&#233;m-se significativamente maior (18% <italic>versus</italic> 4,4%; <italic>Odds ratio</italic> 4,4 IC 95%: 3,3-5.9) naqueles que foram submetidos ao tratamento percut&#226;neo<sup>2</sup>. </p>
    <p>Est&#227;o publicados seis RCT<sup>13-18</sup> que comparam diretamente a ponte de MIE com a ICP com <italic>stents</italic> met&#225;licos. Em todos eles, o valor de TVR foi substancialmente maior, chegando aos 28% para o grupo submetido &#224; revasculariza&#231;&#227;o percut&#226;nea. </p>
    <p>No in&#237;cio deste s&#233;culo, surgiu uma nova gera&#231;&#227;o de <italic>stents</italic>, revestidos com f&#225;rmacos inibidores da hiperplasia intimal. O primeiro RCT com SRF<sup>19</sup> apresentou excelentes resultados e at&#233; se escreveram editoriais<sup>20</sup>, afirmando que o sonho estava concretizado, pois os primeiros resultados desse estudo apontavam para um valor de restenose igual a zero! Infelizmente, logo se constatou que esse fen&#244;meno se mantinha presente<sup>21</sup>, mas agora com uma incid&#234;ncia bastante menor, a um n&#237;vel sem precedentes, quando comparado com a obtida pelos seus cong&#234;neres met&#225;licos (3,2% <italic>versus</italic> 35,4%; p &lt; 0,001)<sup>3</sup>. </p>
    <p>Depois de verificada a seguran&#231;a e efic&#225;cia em curto e m&#233;dio prazos desses novos <italic>stents</italic><sup>22</sup>, algumas das barreiras da revasculariza&#231;&#227;o percut&#226;nea t&#234;m sido progressivamente ultrapassadas, existindo j&#225; estudos em que se avaliaram os SRF no tratamento de les&#245;es do tronco comum, bifurca&#231;&#245;es, oclus&#245;es cr&#243;nicas e de locais anteriormente tratados por ICP, com resultados encorajadores<sup>23</sup>. </p>
    <p>Interessa, contudo, na nossa discuss&#227;o, apontar o n&#237;vel de evid&#234;ncia m&#225;xima em rela&#231;&#227;o ao tratamento da DAP com esses novos <italic>stents</italic>: dois RCT<sup>24,25</sup> compararam diretamente a implanta&#231;&#227;o de SRF com a ponte de mam&#225;ria interna por cirurgia minimamente invasiva e "sem bomba", em doentes com doen&#231;a da DAP. Ambos indicam resultados finais similares com as duas estrat&#233;gias, observando-se um baixo MACE e uma taxa de TVR equivalente num estudo (1,7% <italic>versus</italic> 5,9%) e um pouco menos favor&#225;vel (contudo, bastante melhor que o observado com os <italic>stents</italic> met&#225;licos) para a ICP noutro (14% <italic>versus</italic> 2%). Est&#227;o tamb&#233;m dispon&#237;veis os resultados finais dos RCT, <italic>Sirius </italic>e <italic>Taxus IV</italic>, referentes ao subgrupo com doen&#231;a da DAP<sup>5,6</sup>. Ao fim de um ano a taxa de TVR &#233;, respectivamente, de 6,0% e 7,9%.</p>
    <p>Na nossa casu&#237;stica, a mortalidade card&#237;aca observada (3,0%) foi um pouco mais elevada do que nos RCT, mas esse fato pode ser consequ&#234;ncia do elevado risco dos doentes tratados (60% com doen&#231;a multivaso, 40% diab&#233;ticos, 28% com fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda comprometida e 18% j&#225; anteriormente submetidos a ICP sobre a DAP). Uma explica&#231;&#227;o para essa circunst&#226;ncia pode residir na utiliza&#231;&#227;o preferencial dos SRF nesses cen&#225;rios cl&#237;nicos. </p>
    <p>As tr&#234;s (1,8%) TS registradas, uma aguda e duas subagudas, respons&#225;veis por metade do (50%) MACE aos seis meses, foram observadas no &#226;mbito da angioplastia prim&#225;ria. Nesse contexto, a forte carga tromb&#243;tica ligada ao infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio pode ter sido determinante na ocorr&#234;ncia desses eventos. </p>
    <p>J&#225; os resultados em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; sobreviv&#234;ncia livre de MACE (91%), de TVR (94%) e TLR (95%) s&#227;o sobrepon&#237;veis aos obtidos pelos estudos que at&#233; agora foram realizados com SRF na DAP.</p>
    <p>Mesmo tendo em conta as limita&#231;&#245;es metodol&#243;gicas do nosso trabalho (retrospectivo, aus&#234;ncia de grupo controle, n&#227;o-randomizado e com apenas metade dos doentes submetidos a um posterior controle angiogr&#225;fico da ICP), consideramos poder afirmar que a ICP sobre a DAP com SRF parece ser uma estrat&#233;gia segura e eficaz em curto e longo prazos, com resultados equipar&#225;veis &#224; revasculariza&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica, mesmo que essa fa&#231;a uso do melhor "estado de arte" atual &#150; cirurgia minimamente invasiva e "sem bomba". </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Conclus&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A interven&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria percut&#226;nea sobre a descendente anterior proximal com implanta&#231;&#227;o de <italic>stents</italic> revestidos com f&#225;rmacos apresentou, na nossa casu&#237;stica de doentes consecutivos n&#227;o-selecionados e em longo termo, uma baixa necessidade de TVR (6%) e TLR (5%). N&#227;o se registraram casos de trombose tardia de <italic>stent</italic>. O MACE total desse registo (9% aos 11 meses de seguimento cl&#237;nico) &#233; sobrepon&#237;vel ao observado nos grandes estudos randomizados e multic&#234;ntricos com <italic>stents</italic> revestidos com f&#225;rmacos aplicados &#224; descendente anterior proximal. Os resultados apresentados s&#227;o igualmente compar&#225;veis com os obtidos por meio da revasculariza&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica do mioc&#225;rdio com <italic>bypass </italic>de art&#233;ria mam&#225;ria interna para descendente anterior, raz&#227;o pela qual os autores concluem que essa &#233; uma estrat&#233;gia segura e eficaz, podendo nos casos tecnicamente favor&#225;veis ser uma alternativa ao tratamento cir&#250;rgico.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesses</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflitos de interesses pertinentes.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="end" fn-type="corresp">
        <label>
          <bold>Correspond&#234;ncia:</bold>
        </label>
        <p> Raul Moreno </p>
        <p> Servi&#231;o de Cardiologia Intervencionista &#150; Hospital San Carlos </p>
        <p> Mart&#237;n Lagos, s/n </p>
        <p> 28040 &#150; Madri, Espanha </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="raulmorenog@terra.es">raulmorenog@terra.es</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p> Artigo recebido em 14/12/05; revisado recebido em 02/03/06; aceito em 11/04/06.</p>
  </body>
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      </ref>
      <ref id="B25">
        <mixed-citation>25. Kim JW, Lim do S, Sun K, Shim WJ, Rho YM.    Stenting or MIDCAB using ministernotomy for revascularization of proximal left    anterior descending artery? Int J Cardiol. 2005; 99 (3): 437-41.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Stenting or MIDCAB using ministernotomy for revascularization of proximal left anterior descending artery?</article-title>
          <source>Int J Cardiol</source>
          <date>
            <year>2005</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>437</fpage>
          <lpage>41</lpage>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <volume>99</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Kim</surname>
              <given-names>JW</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lim</surname>
              <given-names>do S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sun</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Shim</surname>
              <given-names>WJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rho</surname>
              <given-names>YM</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
    </ref-list>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Proximal left anterior descending coronary artery revascularization with drug-eluting stents</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>OBJECTIVE: To assess the clinical prognosis of patients with coronary artery diseases undergoing percutaneous revascularization with drug-eluting stent implantation in the proximal left anterior descending coronary artery. METHODS: One hundred and seventy consecutive patients with mean age of 65 years, 49 of them females (29%), undergoing implantation of at least one drug-eluting stent in our medical center. The total number of drug-eluting stents implanted was 189, of which 115 (61%) were sirolimus-eluting (CYPHER TM) and 74 (39%) were paclitaxel-eluting stents (TAXUS TM). In 100 (60%) of the cases, multivessel coronary artery disease was present. In 61 (36%) patients another coronary artery segment was treated in addition to the proximal left anterior descending coronary artery. The mean clinical follow-up period was 11 &#177; 5 months, and angiographic controls were performed between 6 and 9 months. The final endpoint was a composite of death, acute myocardial infarction and need for reintervention on the anterior descending. The secondary endpoint included the occurrence of restenosis, need for reintervention on the proximal segment of the left anterior descending and stent thrombosis. RESULTS: The procedure achieved immediate angiographic success in all patients. Two deaths, two acute myocardial infarctions, and two percutaneous coronary reinterventions due to stent thrombosis were recorded during in-hospital stay. At the sixth month of follow-up, an additional cardiac death and three myocardial infarctions were observed; three repeat revascularization procedures were required. Up to the end of the follow-up, three additional deaths, three myocardial infarctions and eight revascularization procedures of the anterior descending, two of them surgical, were verified. Survival free from major adverse cardiac events was 91%. Cardiac mortality was 3%. Binary restenosis in the proximal segment of the left anterior descending coronary artery was 4.1%. Target vessel revascularization-free survival was 94%. No cases of late stent thrombosis were observed. CONCLUSION: Percutaneous revascularization of the proximal left anterior descending coronary artery with implantation of drug-eluting stents is a safe and very efficient therapeutic strategy in the short and long terms.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Angioplasty</kwd>
        <kwd>transluminal</kwd>
        <kwd>percutaneous coronary</kwd>
        <kwd>stent</kwd>
        <kwd>sirolimus</kwd>
        <kwd>paclitaxel</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>ORIGINAL ARTICLE</bold>
      </p>
      <p> Proximal left anterior descending coronary artery revascularization with drug-eluting stents </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Jorge Humberto Guardado; Ra&#250;l Moreno; Jo&#227;o Costa; Maria J. Perez-Viscayno; Lu&#237;s Segura; Fernando Alfonso; Rosana Hern&#225;ndez; Javier Escaned; Cami&#241;o Ba&#241;uelos; Carlos Macaya</bold>
      </p>
      <p> Hospital Clinico San Carlos - Madrid, Spain</p>
      <p>
        <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end-body2">Mailing Address</xref>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>SUMMARY</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVE:</bold> To assess the clinical prognosis of patients with coronary artery diseases undergoing percutaneous revascularization with drug-eluting stent implantation in the proximal left anterior descending coronary artery. </p>
      <p><bold>METHODS:</bold> One hundred and seventy consecutive patients with mean age of 65 years, 49 of them females (29%), undergoing implantation of at least one drug-eluting stent in our medical center. The total number of drug-eluting stents implanted was 189, of which 115 (61%) were sirolimus-eluting (CYPHER<sup>TM</sup>) and 74 (39%) were paclitaxel-eluting stents (TAXUS<sup>TM</sup>). In 100 (60%) of the cases, multivessel coronary artery disease was present. In 61 (36%) patients another coronary artery segment was treated in addition to the proximal left anterior descending coronary artery. The mean clinical follow-up period was 11 &#177; 5 months, and angiographic controls were performed between 6 and 9 months. The final endpoint was a composite of death, acute myocardial infarction and need for reintervention on the anterior descending. The secondary endpoint included the occurrence of restenosis, need for reintervention on the proximal segment of the left anterior descending and stent thrombosis. </p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS:</bold> The procedure achieved immediate angiographic success in all patients. Two deaths, two acute myocardial infarctions, and two percutaneous coronary reinterventions due to stent thrombosis were recorded during in-hospital stay. At the sixth month of follow-up, an additional cardiac death and three myocardial infarctions were observed; three repeat revascularization procedures were required. Up to the end of the follow-up, three additional deaths, three myocardial infarctions and eight revascularization procedures of the anterior descending, two of them surgical, were verified. Survival free from major adverse cardiac events was 91%. Cardiac mortality was 3%. Binary restenosis in the proximal segment of the left anterior descending coronary artery was 4.1%. Target vessel revascularization-free survival was 94%. No cases of late stent thrombosis were observed. </p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSION:</bold> Percutaneous revascularization of the proximal left anterior descending coronary artery with implantation of drug-eluting stents is a safe and very efficient therapeutic strategy in the short and long terms. </p>
      <p><bold>Key words:</bold> Angioplasty, transluminal, percutaneous coronary; stent; sirolimus; paclitaxel.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Introduction</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The left anterior descending coronary artery is responsible for the blood flow that reaches up to 70% of the left ventricular myocardial mass. As a result, proximal left anterior descending (PAD) coronary artery disease leads to ischemic impairment of a significant myocardial territory, thus contributing to the poor prognosis of individuals with coronary artery disease in this location<sup>1</sup>. </p>
      <p>Surgical revascularization with internal mammary artery bypass grafts or percutaneous stent implantation have proven to be safe and efficient strategies in the relief of symptoms. However, even considering the advantages of Percutaneous Coronary Intervention (PCI) such as less invasiveness, immediate procedural success, short hospital stay, and quick recovery, results of multi-center randomized clinical trials (RCT) comparing the two treatment options directly show that patients undergoing surgical revascularization have significantly less need for reintervention in the long term<sup>2</sup>. Despite offering better results than balloon angioplasty, the elective implantation of a conventional (bare-metal) stent is still frequently associated with the need for target vessel revascularization (TVR) due to restenosis, the "Achilles&#146; heel" of PCI.</p>
      <p>With the introduction of a new generation of drug-eluting stents (DES), late angiographic restenosis rates have consistently shown to be clearly lower than those observed with bare-metal stent implantation<sup>3,4</sup>. In recent RCT, the use of DES with Sirolimus and Paclitaxel in the treatment of PAD resulted in low rates of TVR, of 6.0% and 7.9%, respectively<sup>5,6</sup>, at the end of one year, which leads to the hypothesis that DES will likely reduce or even outweigh the only advantage offered by the surgical treatment of PAD coronary artery disease.</p>
      <p>As such, we conducted the evaluation of long-term clinical prognosis of a consecutive series of patients with coronary artery disease undergoing PCI with DES implantation in the PAD. Simple clinical and angiographic measurements were obtained to provide a basis for comparison with similar studies:</p>
      <p>a) Major Adverse Cardiac Events (MACE), a composite of Myocardial Infarction (MI), TVR, and Death;</p>
      <p>b) Stent Thrombosis (ST), Target Lesion Revascularization rate (TLR), and, whenever a control coronary angiography was obtained, the In-Stent Binary Restenosis (ISR). </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Methods </bold>
      </p>
      <p><italic>Patients</italic> - By analyzing our center&#146;s database, we identified all consecutive patients ("all comers") undergoing PCI of the PAD (segment angiographically defined proximally by the ostium of the anterior descending and distally by the bifurcation with the first septal branch) between July 3, 2002 (date when the first DES implantation was performed in our institution) and August 31, 2004, period in which at least one of the following DES was used:</p>
      <p>a) <bold>Cypher<sup>TM</sup></bold> - A slow-rate release polymer-based Sirolimus-eluting stent 140 &#181;g/cm<sup>2</sup> (Cordis Corp., Miami Lakes, Florida).</p>
      <p>b) <bold>Taxus<sup>TM</sup></bold> - A slow-rate release polymer-based Paclitaxel-eluting stent 1.0 &#181;g/mm<sup>2</sup> (Boston Scientific Corp., Natick, Massachusetts).</p>
      <p><italic>Coronary angiography, percutaneous revascularization procedure, angiographic control and in-stent restenosis assessment -</italic> Left heart catheterization, whenever possible, was performed via the femoral artery approach. In exceptional cases, due to peripheral vascular disease, it was performed via the radial or brachial artery approach. </p>
      <p>All patients underwent anticoagulation with unfractioned heparin, so as to obtain an Activated Clotting Time (ACT) between 250-350 seconds, and between 200-250 seconds when using glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors.</p>
      <p>The use of catheters, guide wires, balloons, PCI procedures (approach of bifurcations, direct stenting, distal protection devices, thrombus aspiration, etc) and coadjuvant pharmacological treatment was left to the surgeon&#146;s discretion, following available recommendations.</p>
      <p>Angiographic success was defined as a residual angiographic stenosis lower than 20% as assessed by visual estimate, and distal flow equal to or greater than TIMI (Thrombolysis In Myocardial Infarction) grade II.</p>
      <p>Patients underwent antiaggregation with both aspirin 150-200mg, id, and Clopidogrel 75mg, id, for at least 90 days. Antiaggregation with aspirin was further indefinitely maintained. </p>
      <p>Angiographic control was performed between the 6th and 9th months. In 61 (36%) patients the performance of coronary angiography was associated with their inclusion in clinical trials. The remaining patients were referred to control coronary angiography for the protocol conducted in our center after giving their written consent. At least two orthogonal projections identical to those of the control performed immediately after stent implantation were obtained. In-stent restenosis (ISR) was considered whenever the percentage of luminal loss in relation to the vessel&#146;s reference diameter was greater than 50% using quantitative coronary analysis. The 5mm proximal and 5mm distal to the stent edges were included in the analysis. The ISR was considered focal (single and localized lesion with less than 10mm extension), diffuse (with more than 10mm extension), proliferative (when, in addition to being diffuse, it extended beyond one of the edges of the stent), or occlusive (complete). </p>
      <p><italic>Data analyzed </italic>- Data concerning the clinical follow-up (in-hospital, at 30 days, at 6 months, and at the last follow-up day, March 31, 2005) were obtained by analyzing database records and by phone contact with all patients included in the study. Angiographic control was performed between the 6th and 9th months after DES implantation. A final endpoint composite of MI, TVR and Death was obtained.</p>
      <p>MI was defined by the onset of Q waves or the recording of enzyme elevation of creatine phosphokinase greater than three times the reference values when associated with clinical or electrocardiographic manifestations suggestive of acute myocardial ischemia.</p>
      <p>The secondary endpoints included ISR, TLR, and Stent Thrombosis (ST). The latter was considered acute up to 24 hours; subacute between 24 hours and 30 days; and late after 30 days post-procedure. </p>
      <p>The following parameters were also analyzed:</p>
      <p>a) Demographic parameters: age and gender;</p>
      <p>b) Classical cardiovascular risk factors: high blood pressure, diabetes, smoking, dyslipidemia, and family history of early-onset coronary artery disease before 55 years of age in first-degree relatives;</p>
      <p>c) Past history of relevant cardiovascular events: myocardial infarction and surgical and/or percutaneous coronary revascularization;</p>
      <p>d) Clinical characteristics that indicated PCI: unstable angina, progressive angina, and acute coronary syndrome;</p>
      <p>e) Urgency of the procedure: bail out, elective or urgent.</p>
      <p>f) Technical and angiographic characteristics of the procedure:</p>
      <p>f.1) Type of lesion &#150; de novo versus target lesion treated with PCI or aortocoronary bypass;</p>
      <p>f.2) Type of lesion according to the American Heart Association classification</p>
      <p>f.3) Use of glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors, stent diameter, stent length, and procedural success;</p>
      <p>g) Left ventricular function (as analyzed by left ventriculography)</p>
      <p><italic>Statistical analysis -</italic> Quantitative variables were expressed as mean &#177; standard deviation, and discrete variables were expressed as percentages. Cumulative analysis of event-free survival was expressed by Kaplan-Meier survival curves. The SPSS 11.0 (Chicago, Illinois) statistical program was used for this analysis.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Results</bold>
      </p>
      <p><italic>Characterization of patients and of the revascularization procedure </italic>- The description of patients involved in this study is shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01-body2">Table 1</xref>. Mean age was 65 years. We point out the predominance of males (71%), the previous occurrence of MI in approximately half of the patients evaluated, the high prevalence of diabetic patients (40%; n=58), and a considerable number of patients previously treated with PCI in this segment (18%; n=31). The most relevant clinical and angiographic characteristics and those regarding the percutaneous revascularization procedure are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab02-body2">Table 2</xref>. The procedure was elective in 47% (n = 79) of the cases. One fourth of the patients were clinically unstable (acute coronary syndrome) and one third had impaired global left ventricular systolic function.</p>
      <table-wrap id="tab01-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-02-0159-00005-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <table-wrap id="tab02-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-02-0159-00005-gt02-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>In 40% (n = 70), isolated PAD disease was observed. In 15% (n = 26) of the patients, a coronary lesion located in another segment was treated during the same procedure. The use of glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors was not frequent. Only 19% (n = 33) of the patients underwent this treatment.</p>
      <p>The great majority of the lesions treated were complex: 78% (n = 134) were type B2 or C. One point one DES were implanted per patient, more Cypher<sup>TM</sup> (61%; n = 115) than Taxus<sup>TM</sup> (39%; n = 74), with a mean 3.0 &#177; 0.4mm diameter and mean 21.2 &#177; 9.5mm length. Angiographic success was achieved in 100% (n = 170). One case of acute thrombosis 10 minutes after PCI was recorded in a patient with MI undergoing rescue angioplasty. No periprocedural deaths were verified. </p>
      <p><italic>Clinical and angiographic follow-up characterization - </italic>One hundred and sixty nine (99.4%) patients were clinically followed for at least 180 days. Mean follow-up was 333 &#177; 148 days. Angiographic controls were obtained in 84 (51%) patients between 6 and 9 months. In-hospital and 30-day Outcomes </p>
      <p>In addition to the case of acute thrombosis in the operation room, two other cases of subacute thrombosis (ST) were verified in the setting of primary angioplasty. Of the three ST, two were treated with balloon angioplasty associated with abciximab. One cardiac death resulted from this context immediately prior to reintervention. One additional in-hospital death (0.6%) not related to DES implantation was observed. The patient was a 78-year-old woman with diabetes and previous MI, who had been referred for primary angioplasty because she presented with a three-vessel disease and severe global impairment of the left ventricular systolic function. PCI of the PAD with intra-aortic balloon counterpulsation support was performed, but the patient died in cardiogenic shock at the third day in the coronary unit.</p>
      <p>At the 19th day, a percutaneous reintervention in the mid-segment of the AD was performed to treat a de novo lesion, and the good angiographic result of the previous implantation of DES in the PAD was maintained. </p>
      <p><italic>Six-month outcomes </italic>- An 82-year-old female patient died of acute myocardial infarction at the 77th day. She had a previous history of three-vessel PCI, including multiple percutaneous interventions in the PAD due to ISR.</p>
      <p>In-hospital MACE and at 30 days and 6 months of follow-up are described in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig01-body2">Figure 1</xref>. We point out the relevant role of stent thrombosis in these events. Half of the accumulated MACE (3.6%) at 6 months results from 3 ST (1.8%).</p>
      <fig id="fig01-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-02-0159-00005-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p><italic>End of follow-up outcomes </italic>- After 6 months, the post-PCI coronary angiographies performed in 84 (51%) of the 170 patients included in our series revealed 7 cases of ISR (8.3% of the population undergoing angiographic control and 4.1% of the total population), observed between days 191 and 386, and accounting for 43% of the final MACE. Four were located in the proximal edge, two along the stent and one in the distal edge of the stent. In most of the cases the ISR were focal (5 cases). Three patients were asymptomatic. In the management of ISR, 6 patients underwent repeat PAD revascularization (3 with PCI with DES, 1 with balloon PCI, 1 with brachytherapy and balloon angioplasty, and 1 with left internal mammary bypass to the AD), and one patient was only medically treated.</p>
      <p>The characterization of ISR, its impact on MACE, and the treatment options available can be observed in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig02-body2">Figures 2</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig03-body2">3</xref>. </p>
      <fig id="fig02-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-02-0159-00005-gf02-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <fig id="fig03-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-02-0159-00005-gf03-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>In addition to the need for repeat revascularization of the PAD due to ISR, an aortocoronary bypass surgery due to progression of the disease located in the common trunk was performed in a 69-year-old female patient with diabetes treated with insulin, chronic renal failure (CRF), and impaired left ventricular function, who died in the postoperative period in cardiogenic shock.</p>
      <p>Two additional deaths occurred. At day 182, a 60-year-old male patient with a previous history of two-vessel percutaneous revascularization, depressed left ventricular function and severe mitral regurgitation died of a stroke. A 74-year-old female patient with CRF undergoing dialysis and previous 3-vessel percutaneous coronary revascularization died at day 216 of follow-up in the emergency room where she was admitted in cardiac arrest. </p>
      <p>In total, 23 events were recorded (6 deaths, 6 MI, 9 PCI, and 2 aortocoronary bypass surgeries) in 15 (9%) of the patients (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig04-body2">Fig. 4</xref>). The rates of TLR and TVR were 5% and 6%, respectively. We should point out that in the subgroup of patients with isolated PAD lesion no MACE was observed. </p>
      <fig id="fig04-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-02-0159-00005-gf04-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>MACE-free survival curves (Kaplan-Meier) are shown in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig05-body2">Figure 5</xref>.</p>
      <fig id="fig05-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-88-02-0159-00005-gf05-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Since September 19, 1977, when Andreas Gruntzig first performed a percutaneous coronary angioplasty (out of curiosity, it was performed in the PAD and after 24 years no signs of significant luminal loss were observed)<sup>7,8</sup>, percutaneous coronary intervention has tried to gain recognition as the technique of choice for myocardial revascularization. Things were hard at the beginning, because the simple balloon dilatation would cause accidents during the procedure, which were frequently irreversible (coronary dissection and acute occlusions) and had very high rates (approximately 40-50%) of restenosis in the first year and, consequently, a high need (more than 30%) for repeat target-vessel revascularization<sup>9</sup>.</p>
      <p> In the late 1980's, cardiac surgery was the treatment of choice for more complex patients with coronary artery disease (those with diabetes, disease involving the common trunk or PAD, three-vessel disease, ostial disease, chronic occlusions, bifurcations, calcified and long lesion, etc)<sup>10</sup>. In the 1990's, bare-metal stents enabled the efficient treatment of acute complications of balloon angioplasty and substantially reduced the advantage of surgery in the treatment of coronary artery disease<sup>11,12</sup>. In the RCT comparing PCI with bare-metal stent and surgical revascularization, the difference in MI and mortality rates was always consistently zero. However, the need for repeat procedures for target vessel revascularization remained significantly higher (18% vs. 4.4%; Odds ratio 4.4, 95%CI: 3.3-5.9) in those undergoing percutaneous treatment<sup>2</sup>. </p>
      <p>Six RCT<sup>13-18</sup> comparing left internal mammary (LIM) artery bypass grafts directly with PCI with bare-metal stents were published. In all of them, the TVR rate was significantly higher, reaching 28% for the group undergoing percutaneous revascularization. </p>
      <p>In the beginning of this century, a new generation of stents coated with inhibitors of intimal hyperplasia was developed. The first RCT with DES<sup>19</sup> showed excellent results and even editorials were written<sup>20</sup> stating that the dream had come true because the first results of this study reported zero percent restenosis! Unfortunately, this phenomenon was soon demonstrated to keep occurring, but now at a quite lower and unprecedented incidence when compared with that obtained with bare-metal stents (3.2% versus 35.4%; p &lt;0.001)<sup>3</sup>.</p>
      <p>After the short and midterm safety and efficacy of these new stents were verified<sup>22</sup>, some of the setbacks for percutaneous revascularization have been progressively overcome, and studies assessing DES in the treatment of lesions in the common trunk, bifurcations, chronic occlusions, and in sites previously treated with PCI have already been published with encouraging results<sup>23</sup>.</p>
      <p>However, our discussion is aimed at showing the level of maximum evidence in relation to PAD treatment with these two new stents: two RCT<sup>24,25</sup> compared the implantation of DES directly with internal mammary artery bypass using a minimally invasive off-pump approach in patients with PAD disease. Both show similar final outcomes with the two strategies: a low MACE and similar TVR rate are observed in one of the studies (1.7% vs. 5.9%), and a slightly less favorable result (although quite better than that observed with bare-metal stents) for PCI in the other study (14% vs. 2%). Final outcomes of the Sirius and Taxus IV RCT are also available, as regards the subgroup with PAD disease<sup>5,6</sup>. At the end of one year, the TVR rate is 6.0% and 7.9%, respectively.</p>
      <p>In our case series, the cardiac mortality observed (3.0%) was slightly higher than in the RCT, but this fact can be a consequence of the high risk of the patients treated (60% with multivessel disease, 40% diabetics, 28% with impaired left ventricular function, and 18% with previous PCI in the PAD). An explanation for this situation could be the preferential use of DES in patients with these clinical presentations. </p>
      <p>The three (1.8%) ST recorded, one acute and three subacute, accounting for half of the MACE at 6 months, were observed with primary angioplasty. In this context, the heavy thrombotic burden related to acute myocardial infarction may have determined the occurrence of these events.</p>
      <p>On the other hand, the results regarding MACE-free (91%), TVR-free (94%), and TLR-free (95%) survival are consistent with those obtained in studies that have been conducted with DES in the PAD.</p>
      <p>Even when the methodological limitations of our study are considered (a retrospective, non-randomized study without a control group and with only half of the patients undergoing further angiographic control of PCI), we think we can state that PCI in the PAD with DES seems to be a safe and efficient strategy both in the short and the long term, with results comparable to those of surgical revascularization, even when the latter uses the current state-of-the-art technique &#150; a minimally invasive off-pump surgery.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Conclusions</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Percutaneous coronary intervention in the proximal left anterior descending artery with implantation of drug-eluting stents showed a low need for TVR (6%) and TLR (5%) in our series of non-selected consecutive patients in the long term. No cases of late stent thrombosis were recorded. Total MACE of this record (9% at 11 months of clinical follow-up) is consistent with those observed in the large randomized and multi-center studies with drug-eluting stents implanted in the proximal left anterior descending artery. The results shown are likewise comparable with those obtained with surgical myocardial revascularization with internal mammary artery bypass for the anterior descending artery. Thus, the authors conclude that this is a safe and efficient strategy that can be an alternative to surgical treatment in technically favorable cases.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
      </p>
      <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fn id="end-body2" fn-type="corresp">
          <label>
            <bold>Mailing Address:</bold>
          </label>
          <p> Raul Moreno</p>
          <p> Servi&#231;o de Cardiologia Intervencionista &#150; Hospital San Carlos</p>
          <p> Mart&#237;n Lagos, s/n</p>
          <p> 28040 &#150; Madrid, Spain </p>
          <p> E-mail: </p>
          <p>
            <email xlink:href="raulmorenog@terra.es">raulmorenog@terra.es</email>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p> Manuscript received December 14, 2005; revised manuscript received March 2, 2006; accepted April 11, 2006.</p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
